BABCOCK UNIVERSITY,

ILISHAN - REMO,
OGUN STATE.

COLLEGE OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

TERM PAPER
THE IMPACT OF BREXIT ON NIGERIA AND AFRICA

PRESENTED TO: PROFESSOR ADENIJI AINA, PHD

BY
ORILOYE, G.

PG/15/0035

18TH SEPTEMBER, 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Abstract
2
Introduction
3
Background
3
Statement
4
Objectives
4

to

the

of

the

of

the

Study
Problem
Study

Significant of the Study

Theoretical Framework

Methodology
5
Finding Analysis

LITERATURE

REVIEW

7
BREXIT IMPACT ON AFRICA

12

RECOMMENDATION
15

BIBLIOGRAPHY
18

APPENDIX

19

Abstract
This research paper gives a broad overview of Brexit and the economic and
political impact of Brexit on Nigeria and African in general. The study went on
to investigate the relationship between Britain Economy and Nigerian
Economy and also look at the relationship between African Economy and
British Economy. The research question concluded by asking if a decision
taken in Britain could affect Nigeria or Africa?
The researcher

employed primary data collection

method to gather

information from African and Nigerians. Several literatures were reviewed and
the study concluded by noting that there is strong relationship between
Nigeria and African Economies with that of Britain. The study then
recommended that Nigeria and Africa countries should reduce their
dependence on Britain by diversifying their economies. The paper was
2

divided into introduction, objective of the study, statement of problem,

theoretical

framework,

literature

review,

research

methodology,

recommendation and reference.

Key

Word:

BREXIT,

Economies,

Foreign

Direct

Investment,

Immigration, Remittances

1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union has
created shockwaves at the international level, with widespread discussion
of the consequences for the rest of the world. This article presents
different analyses of the implications of Brexit for Nigeria, the largest
economy in Africa, which has significant economic ties with the UK. A
member of the Commonwealth, Nigeria is the second largest export
market for the UK in Africa, while the UK is the largest provider of foreign
direct investment and development assistance to Nigeria. However, the
possible slowdown of the UK economy in the short term and the
renegotiation of its trade agreements with the rest of the world could
disrupt trade between the two countries and directly affect Nigeria. A
recent report by EXX Africa on the likely impact of Brexit on African
economies suggests that these uncertainties could deal a blow to on3

going reforms in Nigeria, particularly with regards to monetary policy and

the liberalization of the oil sector, the goal of which is to attract new
investment to finance the country's growing budget deficit. Other analysts
view the weakening of the UK and the pound sterling as an opportunity for
Nigerian importers, adding that the UK occupies a relatively small space in
total trade with the EU. The same is argued in the case of military cooperation, since it is mainly France and the United States that support the
country in the fight against Boko Haram. A concern shared by most
analysts, however, is the impact of Brexit on the remittances of
Nigerian migrants based in the UK, which currently amount to
more than USD 21 billion per year. Given the anti-immigration
discourse from Brexit supporters, it is feared that the UK could adopt
stricter migration policies, limiting migrants' room for manoeuvre and
resulting in a lasting decline in this important source funding for Nigeria.
The paper seeks to investigate the impact of Britain's exit from European
Union on Nigeria and Africa economically, politically and otherwise.
1.2

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The study seeks to examine the potential impact of Brexit on Nigeria and
Africa at large by seeking to understand the following parameters.
1.

Will Britains exit from the EU affects Nigeria negatively?

2.

Will Britain exit from the EU affect African Economy adversely

3.

What is the implication of Britain's decision for Nigeria?

1.3

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The paper seeks to investigate the generally held belief that Britain exit
from the EU will adversely affect Nigeria and African Economy by asking
the following pertinent questions that would be investigated in the course
of the research work.
1. What is the relationship between Nigerian Economy and British
Economy?
2. What is the relationship between African Economy and British
Economy?
3. Can a political decision taken in Britain adversely affect Nigeria and
other African State?
1.4

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The study is significant because it allows us the opportunity to investigate

the impact Britains decision will have on Nigeria economically, politically
and the effect it will have on African economy and politically.
The study is also important in the sense that it will enable Britain itself to
understand beyond the issue of referendum. The Country's decision was
the first time member country of the EU will invoke the provision of Article
50 of the Treaty on European Union. It is now clear to the British that
leaving the EU is more than immigration or casting vote at a referendum
to

say

yes.

It

actually

involve

trade,

relationship

and

treaties

reorganization. The study provides a new template for the understanding

of international treaties and the exit process.
1.5

THEORETICAL FAMEWORK

For the sake of this research work, the research topic would be
investigated using Scientific Method as our theoretical framework. It is
believed

that

Aristotle

invented

scientific

method

because

his

demonstrative discourses were replete with sophisticated analysis of

logical implications and it was a completely original method of analysis. In
fact, we cannot separate scientific method from the history of science.
The experts insist that the ancient Egyptians had used empirical method
in the study of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. It is also said that
Thales, the ancient Greek philosopher, while studying natural phenomena
refused to rely on any supernatural, religious or mythological clarifications
because he believed that every phenomenon must had a natural cause. At
the same time, the deductive reasoning of Plato was also considered an
important contribution to scientific method.
1.6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Our main source of investigation here would be primary data collection

method. We would gather the needed information directly from Nigerians
who are also Africans in our attempt to know the impact of Brexit on
Nigeria and Africa.

Since the research directly involve Africans and

Nigerian, a questionnaire was administered to ascertain the impact of

Brexit on Nigeria and Africa. Twenty five adults were selected and
surprisingly, 3 did not know the concept exit at all, where 14 believe there
would be a significant reduction in foreign direct investment to Nigeria
and African from Britain, 2 do not believe the British decision would make
any difference to Nigeria and Africa while 6 believed that inspite of the

short term adverse consequences, the country and the continent will
rebound to the pre-Brexit position.
1.7

FINDINGS ANALYSIS

CLASS OF RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS

FEMALE

15

MALE

10

TOTAL

25

Source: Field Research (2016)

From the analysis of the data collected, Twenty five adults were selected
and surprisingly, 3 did not know the concept exist at all, while 14 believed
there would be a significant reduction in foreign direct investment to
Nigeria and Africa from Britain, 2 do not believe the British decision would
make any difference to Nigeria and Africa in terms of FDI. While 6 believed
that in spite of the short term adverse consequences, the country and the
continent will rebound to the pre-Brexit position.

1.8

LITERATURE REVIEW

A new report by NKC African Economics has shed more light on how
Britains leaving the European Union (EU) would impact Nigeria and Africa.
According to the report titled Mapping out the impact of surprise
Brexit vote the immediate impact on Africa was first largely contained

to the continents most sophisticated market, Nigeria and South Africa,

weighing on both the fragile Naira and the Rand and the countries Stock
Exchange (JSE).
The report states that due to the depth of liquidity and range of financial
market instruments, Nigeria is viewed as a liquid risk proxy for the African
region. By contrast, external spill-over effects to the rest of the continent
were considerably more muted and largely contained to the more liquid
sovereign credit and currency forward agreements. Still, the report says,
volatile global risk sentiment and systemic risk concerns brought forth
anxieties concerning the potential impact on Africa in the wake of the
unprecedented Brexit vote. According to Dr. Andrew S. Nevin,
(Partner and Chief Economist at PwC Nigeria) Brexit caught the
world unawares. How will this impact Nigeria? It is believed that there will
be both short term and medium term impacts. In the short term:

Brexit is bad timing for Nigeria. Just as we have addressed the fuel
subsidy and FX regime issues setting us up for a rebound following
the massive reduction in oil prices Brexit creates market turmoil;

When there is this much uncertainty, there is always a flight to

safety, with capital flowing into USD, Yen, gold or other safe haven
assets, and out of emerging markets. So although Nigeria is not
involved in Brexit, they will feel the impact.

What that means is it could take a longer time for the flexible exchange
rate market to take off because the market was banking on Foreign
Portfolio Investments (FPIs) as liquidity suppliers. Right now, the Central

Bank of Nigeria (CBN) remains the major liquidity provider through

interventions and that has implications for foreign reserves (US$26.3
billion, -9%YtD). Relatedly, Brexit may cause a possible delay in Nigeria's
capital raising plans. There is a Eurobond issuance in the pipeline, which
should be very attractive because of yield and Nigeria's superb fiscal
position at the Federal level. But Brexit could derail investors' short-term
appetite, meaning that if Nigeria wants to keep to the original timetable,
the pricing will increase.
Similarly, with the USD strengthening, crude prices have been declining,
putting further pressure on the economic rebound. If production returns to
normal, Nigeria can do fine with oil in the $45-$50 range, but if it drops
out of this range to $30s (or worse), it will further delay their recovery.
Looking at the medium-term, the biggest risk to Nigeria is if corporations
and portfolio managers focus on the Brexit issue and stop paying
attention to Nigeria and Africa. Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) as at
2015 had declined 66% from a peak of US$8.6 billion in 2009, reaching its
lowest level in the past 11 years. With the implementation of the flexible
exchange rate regime, we had expected a rebound of interest in investing
in Nigeria, albeit lagged. Though Nigeria ranks 169th in ease of Doing
Business, the reality is their size and future demographics make Nigeria
perhaps the last untapped large opportunity for international companies
seeking growth. This interest is essential to help in the rebound, and bring
them back to growth rates in excess of 5%. So just as Nigeria was
generating interest on the basis of diversification into many other sectors
(beyond oil), the Country may find it harder to get its attention right now.
9

The main impact of a Brexit on Nigeria would be further deterioration of

the countrys already struggling economy, which has been caused by the
fall in global oil prices and a steep drop in local crude production due to an
insurgency in the Niger Delta. There is extensive trade and security
cooperation between the UK and Nigeria that would be likely to face
several years of disruption as the UK departs from the EU. Nigeria is the
UKs second-largest export market in Africa. Bilateral trade between the
two countries is currently worth USD8.3 billion and projected to reach
USD25 billion by 2020. The UK is also Nigerias largest source of foreign
investment, with assets worth over USD1.4 billion. Moreover, UK-Nigerian
remittances account for USD21 billion a year. The UK is also one of the
largest development assistance donors to Nigeria, although Nigeria is not
as aid-dependent as most continental counterparts.
A slowing UK economy on the back of a departure from the EU and
potential disruption as the UK renegotiates its trade agreements, would be
likely to reduce trade flows, foreign direct investment, and Nigerian
remittances. There is also no guarantee that other EU countries will make
up the UK shortfall in trade and investment, as other EU countries look to
Iran for more reliable access to oil and to Asia for cheaper labour. On 24
June, Nigerian stocks ended a three-day rally, falling 1.4% over worries of
Britains vote to leave the EU. Nigerian banks, such as Fidelity Bank and
Zenith Bank, recorded the biggest losses. Nigerian stocks had previously
rallied 8.5% after the government floated the naira and ended a highly
controversial currency peg.

10

As a result, new portfolio inflows will slow, which will hamper the
implementation of the countrys new foreign exchange mechanism. On 20
June, the central bank introduced a more flexible foreign currency policy,
removing a de facto peg of around 197 naira to the US dollar. The nairas
16-month peg to the dollar had overvalued the Nigerian currency, resulted
in an economic contraction, and harmed investments. The implementation
of the fuel sector liberalization, including the termination of a burdensome
state-subsidy scheme, would be likely to face implementation issues. The
sectors liberalization will add to fuel importers margins and will allow
shipments of fuel to resume. The liberalization of the fuel marketing sector
and the proposed introduction of a flexible exchange rate are both aimed
at soothing foreign investor concerns and to attract new fundraising to
finance a record budget deficit widened by a fall in oil revenues. The
effective implementation of the new currency regime and establishing its
credibility will be key to attracting new foreign direct investment and
portfolio flows. Finance Minister Kemi Adeosun is due to launch a planned
Eurobond sale later in 2016. The government plans to raise USD10 billion
of new debt of which USD5 billion would come from foreign investors.
Much of this planning would be delayed as risk averse investors steer
away from Nigerian debt.
Beyond trade and investment, the UK is also a key partner in Nigerian
security. The UK has been crucial to drawing international attention to the
Islamist Boko Haram insurgency in Nigerias northeast. There is a risk that
the UK would become distracted from international security threats, such
as those by Boko Haram, as it negotiates its departure from the EU.
11

However, the US and France have proven more crucial partners than the
UK in combating Boko Haram, thus mitigating the effect on counterinsurgency efforts.
An exit from the European Union would also have dire consequences for
development assistance. In a recent article, Kevin Watkins, a Brookings
non-resident senior fellow and executive director of the Overseas
Development Institute (ODI)an international development think tank
based in London highlights the consequences of the Brexit on
development assistance. The U.K. is one of the biggest contributors to the
European Development Fund, the EUs development assistance arm,
which provides funds to developing countries and regions. The U.K.
currently contributes 409 million$585 million making up 14.8 percent
of contributions to the fund (Figure 1). The fund is one of the worlds
largest providers of multilateral concessional aid, with disbursements
exceeding ones channelled through the World Banks International
Development Association (IDA). While a Brexit would deprive the EDF of
British resources for development assistance, Watkins argues that the
direct disbursement of aidset to replace the U.K.s contribution to the
fundfrom the U.K. to recipient countries will have a more narrow
geographical reach than aid funnelled through the EDF.

Not everybody

agrees.
In an interview with Radio France International (RFI), James Duddridge,
British

Member

of

Parliament

and

leave

advocate,

states

that

development assistance would be more effective under a situation where

the U.K. is not part of the EU. He states that when U.K. development aid is
12

channelled through the European Development Fund, it is less efficient

than when it is directly allocated to African countries through British
organizations such as DFID. In addition, he stresses that in a post-Brexit
era, the U.K. would increase security assistance to African nations. He
gives the example of the EU reducing funds available to AMISOM (the
African Union Mission in Somalia) by 20 percenta decision the U.K.
opposed
Under the present umbrella of the European Union, the U.K. benefits from
a myriad of trade agreements. In a recent interview, World Trade
Organization Director-General Robert Azevedo stated that a Brexit would
lead to unprecedented negotiations between the U.K. and the WTOs 161
other members. Bilateral trade agreements signed between the EU, on
one hand, and other countries and regional communities, on the other,
would also have to be renegotiated. One example of such deals is the
recent EU-SADC (Southern Africa Development Community) Economic
Partnership Agreement. The agreement, signed on June 10, includes
clauses on allowing free access to the EU market for select SADC
countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, and Swaziland). The
agreement also introduces more flexible rules of origin, with the aim of
promoting the development of regional value chains. Within the European
Union, the U.K. is one of Africas largest trade partners (Figure 2). The
share of U.K. trade in bilateral trade between the EU and Africa has
recently declined. The Brexit, followed with the annulment of trade
agreements, could accentuate said decline. For instance, scholars from
North-West University argue that the Brexit would cause a 0.1 percent
13

decline in Nigeria's GDP due to the strong trade ties between the two
nations.
1.9

BREXIT IMPACT ON AFRICA

In regional terms, Africa was the largest beneficiary of UK aid in 2015,

receiving GBP2.54 billion1. Of this amount, some of the largest recipients
of aid on the continent were Ethiopia (GBP331.4 million), Nigeria (GBP
253.5 million), Sierra Leone (GBP 213.8 million), South Sudan (GBP205.2
million) and Tanzania (GBP 199.7 million). Funding was given in support of
programmes such as education, water, healthcare and sanitation. Just last
month, the UKs Department for International Development (DFID) sent
emergency shelter kits to Ethiopia due to the recent flooding that has
displaced thousands of Ethiopians2. During the Ebola outbreak in Liberia,
DFID donated 16% of its budget to the ministry of finance in Liberia
through the EU3. For Lord-Gustav Togobo, Songhais Director of Healthcare
& Social Impact, Brexit means there will likely be change in UK
development assistance over medium term yet this could also yield
opportunities: In the short term, commitments will still be met between
the UK and the continent. These are social interventions which cannot just
be erased. But in the medium-long term, the UK will probably start pulling
out gradually because the focus will be more on domestic affairs. Also, for
a country like Ghana, we have to look at it from the fact that Ghana has
attained middle income status: the more it strengthens economically, the
more rapidly aid will decline. Africa has already begun the process of
finding its own solutions to African problems, with the likes of Tony
Elumelu, but this will heighten. Entrepreneurs will be looking to find even
14

more social impact solutions and private capital from impact investors will
still seek out such opportunities.
Moreover, a sharp slowdown in the UK and/or the UK, should it occur,
would be mirrored in falling aid flows. Dramatic withdrawals of donor
finance could be a catalyst for political risk events of varying severity. For
example, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyattas current stated policy of
repatriating Somalian refugees in Dadaab Camp should be viewed in the
context of cuts to EU funding for African Union peacekeeping last year. As
such, in addition to calculating financial dependence on donor support,
risk management strategies must also consider the ability of local
politicians, newly without these resources, to meet the expectations of
their constituents/clients.
Another key issue that could be affected by the Brexit is one of
agricultural subsidies. For years, the U.K. has criticized the current
subsidies European countries have in place, which have hindered African
farmers trade capacities. In his argument in favor of the leave option,
James Duddridge voiced his concerns over the EUs Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP), which puts in place subsidy systems with harmful effects on
African farmers competitiveness. With more than 60 percent of Africas
economically active population working in agriculture, the subsidies take
an important toll on the livelihoods of a majority of Africans. The U.K. has
been a key opponent of the subsidies. In a situation where the U.K. was to
leave the EU, there would not be a strong voice within the EU advocating
for the livelihoods of African farmers.

15

In sum, there are a number of ways through which the Brexit could have
an impact on African countries, starting with its impact on the global
economy,

reduced

development

British

issues,

as

outwardness
well

as

when

decreased

it

comes

bilateral

to

global

development

assistance and trade. They are all difficult to quantify but broadly point to
a negative impact on African countries. The Brexit referendum is rather
inopportune as African countries are facing serious external shocks such
as the fall in commodity prices, an economic slowdown in China, and
higher external borrowing costs. There is not much that they can do on
the external front that leaves adequate and timely domestic policies the
priority.
The only certainty in all this is uncertainty. Uncertainty on the markets and
uncertainty over the future of trade relations between the UK and Africa.
The most internationally traded African currency, the South African rand,
is already having a bumpy ride in the wake of the UK's decision to leave
the European Union. Measures of implied volatility for emerging markets,
which are gauges of how currencies are expected to swing, are breaking
recent records. For its part, the rand has lost more than 8% against the US
dollar, although it has gained against the tumbling pound.
The UK referendum has political implications for African countries,
including Nigeria. To a large extent, the conception of regional economic
blocs in Africa has been predicated on the success of the European Union.
To further the agenda to facilitate free movement of persons, goods and
services around the continent, the African Union has announced the
commencement of the e-passport for Africa.
16

1.10

RECOMMENDATION

1. Nigeria should reduce her dependence on the UK through real

diversification of the economy. The fact that we are still comfortable
with the annual receipt of aid and foreign direct assistance from the
UK and EU is a red flag signals because as African Countries began
to attain middle income countries like Ghana recently did, those aid
will begin to dry up
2. Africa as continent should reduce her dependence on foreign aid.
Africans like the likes of Tony Elumelu, Aliko Dangote and the
Otedola must begin to look inward to help bring African solutions to
African problems.
3. Leaders across the continent should deliberately work to reduce the
continent's

vulnerability

to

external

shocks

like

the

Brexit

referendum outcome. A decision taken in the UK politically,

economically or otherwise will continue to affect Nigeria and Africa
as long as we remain dependent on the UK.
1.11

CONCLUSION

Britain's historic decision to leave the European Union (EU) is fraught with
economic, political, immigration and diplomatic implications that would
spread far beyond the borders of the island nation. For the EU, losing onesixth of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) size in one fell swoop is quite
staggering. But the EU will have to soldier on, foster a more inclusive
economic bloc and prevent the unravelling of the European project.

17

As Europes second largest and the world's fifth largest economy, there
has been an uncertainty over the competitiveness of the United Kingdom
as a key investment hub since it is now going to lose the market access
that it has by virtue of its membership in the EU's single market. This and
other uncertainties around the renegotiation of UK-EU economic relations
sent the global financial and oil markets plunging the day after the
referendum result was announced.
Those who campaigned for Brexit, have maintained that the UK can
negotiate better trade deals for itself when it leaves the EU. The UKs
economy largely thrives on trade. Measured as a share of GDP, trade
accounts for about 59 percent of the UKs economy. Exports alone
accounted for 28.4 percent of the countrys GDP in 2014. This is slightly
lower, compared to smaller economies such as France (28.7 percent), Italy
(29.6 percent) and Spain (32.5 percent). Supporters of Brexit insist Britain
will not get better terms of trade if the country were to remain in the EU
since trade agreements between European Union countries and non-EU
countries are negotiated by the European Commission, albeit on behalf of
EU member states.
Without knowing whether or not the rhetoric of getting better trade deals
with UKs largest trading partner can be positive, investors are expected
to delay investment decisions in the UK. Long-term investment is
encouraged by an assurance of market access. But UK firms will lose that
automatic access to the biggest single market in the world when the
country exits the EU. UK Overseas Trade Statistics for April 2016,
published by HM Revenue and Customs, already shows that UK recorded a
18

trade deficit of 35.2 billion for the first quarter of 2016, a 14.5 percent
increase from a 30.8 billion deficit posted in Q1 2015.

Before the

referendum on June 23, the International Monetary Fund warned that

Brexit would slow the UK's economic growth as disruptions to trade could
ensue during the process of the negotiations. The UKs economy grew at
2.2 percent in 2015, after expanding by 2.9 percent in 2014, the fastest
pace of growth since 2007. GDP growth rate, however, slowed to 0.4
percent in the first quarter of 2016 as uncertainty over Brexit became
widespread.

According to Open Europe, an independent think-tank which did an

economic modelling of the trade impacts of Brexit, UKs economy would
shrink by 2.2 percent by 2030 if the country leaves the EU on January 1,
2018. The immediate fallouts of the Brexit vote have shown that a decline
in the UKs economy is not hypothetical.

Should the British economy

become weaker post-Brexit, the country would scale back its investment
in development projects in countries like Nigeria, even if temporarily. As of
December 2014, the UK Department for International Development had a
portfolio of 40 projects in Nigeria with a planned budget of 232 million for
2014/2015, which included grants to non-profits, technical assistance and
partnerships with other development agencies. As a member of the British
Commonwealth, Nigeria has strong ties with Britain. After South Africa,
Nigeria is Britain's second largest trading partner in Africa, with 6 billion
(about N2.4 trillion or $8.52 billion) in bilateral trade volume last year.
Demand for UK goods and services in Nigeria could rise as the value of the
19

British pound depreciates due to weak economic performance in the UK.

The value of the British pound already fell to a 31-year low on the day
after the Brexit referendum. But while UK exports become cheaper for
foreign buyers, there would be no immediate incentive to import more
Nigerian products to the UK. Besides, the value of Nigerian non-oil exports
to the UK in 2015 was less than $40 million, while the value of imports of
pharmaceutical products alone was $70.6 million, according to the
International Trade Centre.

REFERENCES
Andrew, N.(2016)brexit-uncertainty-nig-implications.pdf
James, D. (2016, July 5) The end of British outwardness. Retrieved from
www.brookings.edu/opinions/africas-powerhouse
Jean D.(2016, July11) Brexits impact on Africa retrieved from

www.biztechafrica.com/article/brexits-impactafrica/11526\l
Mthuli,N. (2014, July 11), Global Economic Spillovers into Africa in HighLevel

Roundtable available on Finance, Conference Report.

Olu, F. (2016, August 2) Royal Society of Arts, London, LSE United

Kingdom.

20

Kevin, W.(2016, July 29) Brookings Non-Resident Senior Fellow and

Executive

Director of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)

Robert, A.(2016, July 2) World Trade Organization Director-General,

London, UK
Lord, G.(July5,2016) Songhais Director of Healthcare & Social Impact, Mali

APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
Department of Political Science,
Babcock University,
Ilishan-Remo,
Ogun State,
13th August, 2016.
Dear Respondent,
I a postgraduate students of the Babcock University, carrying out a research on
The Impact of Brexit on Nigeria and Africa. You have been chosen as a respondent for this
study. Kindly assist by indicating your honest response to the following questions below.
Your response will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you.
SECTION A
21

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Please tick ( ), as considered appropriate.
1) Sex: Male
2) Religion:

Female
Christianity

Islam

Others

SECTION B (THEMATIC ISSUES)

Please tick ( ), as considered appropriate
3) Is there a relationship between British Economy and that of Nigeria? Yes
No
4) Is there a relationship between British Economy and that of Africa?
Yes
No
5) Can a political decision taken in Britain adversely affect Nigeria and
other African State?
Yes
No
6) Could there have been alternative to the Brexit vote?
Yes
No
7) If there is a relationship, is it sustainable in view of current reality?
Yes

22

No