Mixed Signal Electronics Introduction

Mixed-Signal-Electronics
Dr.-Ing. Henzler
Dipl.-Ing. Michael Lders
Prof. Dr. Schmitt-Landsiedel
Lehrstuhl fr Technische Elektronik
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Henzler, Schmitt-Landsiedel
Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2010
Mixed-Signal-Team
Prof. Dr. Schmitt-Landsiedel

dsl@tum.de
Dr. Henzler
henzler@tum.de
Dipl.-Ing. Lders
michael.lueders@tum.de
Course and Online Material
Lecture notes
available in the Fachschaft EI
Online material comprising

annotated slides
video stream of past lectures
www.lte.ei.tum.de/homes/henzler
Student Discussion Forum
Ask questions online other students can benefit, too

Try to answer other questions improves your
understanding
Administratives
Lecture:
Stephan Henzler
henzler@tum.de
office hours: online consultation
Tutorial:
Michael Lders
michael.lueders@tum.de
office hours online & by arrangement
Exam:
in written form,
preliminary date February, 15th 2011, 14:00
Credits: 4.5 ECTS credits
Language: english
Today everything is digital

Why do we need Mixed-Signal-Electronics?
Digital System, e.g.
- digital communication
(DSL, GSM, , LTE)
- computer equipment
- multimedia
(DVD, mp3, camera )
- control application
(e.g. automotive)
discrete sequence of
numbers from a discrete set
The Macroscopic World is Purely Analog

motion/acceleration
sense organs
temperature
mechanical force
sound waves
light
electromagnetic
field
Digital System, e.g.

- digital communication
(DSL, GSM, , LTE)
- computer equipment
- multimedia
(DVD, mp3, camera )
- control application
(e.g. automotive)
discrete sequence of
numbers from a discrete set
sensors/
actuators
time
even digital
signals on a
transmission
channel
continuous time
and values
Our environment is always analog
You just have to investigate the system in-depth!
Topics of MSE Course

Sample & hold circuits
Switched-capacitor circuits
Data converter fundamentals (ADC, DAC)
converter parameters and characteristics
Nyquist rate D/A Converters
Nyquist rate A/D Converters
Oversampling Converters
Outlook: More mixed signal building blocks
11
Recommended Literature
Relevant chapters:
Chapter 7:
Comparators.
Chapter 8:
Sample-and-Holds
Chapter 9:
Discrete Time Signals
Chapter 10:
Switched Capacitor Circuits
Chapter 11:
Data Converter Fundamentals
Chapter 12:
Nyquist-Rate D/A Converters
Chapter 13:
Nyquist-Rate A/D Converters
Chapter 14:
Oversampling Converters
12
Additional Literature & References

Razavi. Principles of Data Conversion System Design.
Wiley, 1994.
Allen, Holberg. CMOS Analog Circuit Design. Oxford, 2010.
Baker, Li, Boyce. CMOS Circuit Desig, Layout, Simulation.
Wiley, 1997.
Gregorian, Temes. Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for
Signal Processing. Wiley 1986.
Oppenheim. Zeitdiskrete Signalverarbeitung. Oldenbourg
1999.
Norsworthy, Schreier, Temes. Delta-Sigma Data
Converters. IEEE Press, 1997.
Schreier, Temes. Understanding Delta Sigma Data
Converters. IEEE Press 2005.
13
Constraints of Mixed Signal Circuits in SoC
PROS
CONS
Cheap implementation of complex

signal processing tasks
System-on-chip (SOC)
Small pcb footprint
Fast time reference/clock
Digitally assisted analog
All advantages of digital
systems, e.g. robustness, noise
immunity, data storage,
reconfigurability, efficient highly
automated design and test
Need to build analog circuits in

digital process, i.e.
Devices optimized for high
switching speed not for analog,
(e.g. small gm/gds)
Transistors with high field
and short channel effects
(VG), Vth(W,L,VDS,VBS), Igate, IDB
Signal contamination due to digital
switching noise, e.g. cross talk,
supply noise substrate coupling
several 100mA digital currents
V analog signals
14
Generic Structure of Mixed-Signal Systems

System Perspective
Circuit Perspective
15
Representation of Discrete Time Signals and

Spectral Transformation
xs(t) = xc(t)
=
=
X
n
X
n
X
n
(t nT )
x(nT )(t nT )
x[n](t nT )
16

Fourier Transformation
X(!) =
+1
Z
x(t)ej!tdt
1
x(t) =
2
+1
Z
X(!)ej!td!
generalization
X(s) =
s = j
+1
Z
x(t)estdt
1
Laplace Transformation
17
Spectral Transformation of Discrete Time Signal

Insertion of sampled signal in Fourier formula:
X(!) =
+1
Z X
1 n
=
=
X
n
X
n
x(nT )(t nT )ej!tdt
x(nT )
+1
Z
ej!t(t nT )dt
1
x(nT )ej!nT
FT of sampled signal
2f
Normalization of frequency to sampling frequency: - = !T =
fs
generalization
X
X
n
j-n
X(-) =
X(z) =
x[n]e
z = ej- = ej!T
FT of discrete sequence
x[n]z
z-Transformation
18

Spectrum of a sampled signal:
s(t) =
X
n
(t nT )
xs(t) = xc(t) s(t)
2 X
2
(! k!s) !s =
$ S(!) =
T k
T
1
$ Xs(!) =
Xc(!) S(!)
2
X
1
=
Xc(!)
(! k!s)
T
k
1X
=
Xc(! k!s)
T k
Sampling means multiplication

of continuous time signal with
pulse train
In frequency domain this translates

into convolution of signal spectrum
with spectrum of pulse train.
This is simply a copy and shift of
the spectrum to multiples of the
sampling frequency
21
Sampling and Aliasing 1

fsampling = 1 f signal,1 = 0.22
1
0.8
0.6
amplitude
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
10
15
samples
23

fsampling = 1 f signal,2 = 0.22 + fsampling
1
0.8
0.6
amplitude
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
10
15
samples
24

Only with the Nyquist criterion it is assured that the samples
represent the signal unambiguously
1
0.8
0.6
amplitude
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
10
15
samples
25
Aliasing in the Frequency Domain
26
Practical Sampling: Sample & Hold

Remember: All realizable signals have
finite slope
finite pulse width
finite bandwidth
finite value
Hence sampling means always SAMPLE & HOLD
28
Sampling with Finite Pulse Width

xsh(t) = xs(t) h(t)
=
1
X
n=1
xsh(!) =
xc[n] [(t nT ) (t nT )]
+1
Z
1
X
1 n=1
1
X
n=1
xc[n] [(t nT ) (t nT )] ej!t dt
xc[n]
nT
Z +
ej!t dt
nT
1
h
inT +
1 X
j!t
=
xc[n] e
nT
j! n=1
29
Sampling with Finite Pulse Width

1
1 X
Xsh(!) =
xc[n] ej!nT ej! ej!nT
j! n=1
1
X
1
1 ej!
j!
xc[n]ej!nT
n=1
j1
2 !
e
1
j!
2
= Xs(!)e
= Xs(!) e
2j 1
2 !
1 !
sin
2
j 1 !
2
j 1
2 !
1 !
2
Distortion of base band and damping of mirror spectra

visible in DAC
not visible in ADC
30
Legal Notice
This lecture is recorded (audio, video, and slides) and streamed
to the internet. By attending this lecture you agree that any
question or comment that you give during the lecture is audible
in the stream. You will not be visible unless you walk into the
front part of the lecture room. Please keep out of this area
during the lecture.
If you want to ask a question or give comments which are not
recorded, please consult the lecturer after the lecture or the
teaching assistant during office hours.
The e-learning version of this lecture will be available on the
course webpage a few days later.
32

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Mixed-Signal-Electronics

Prof. Dr. Schmitt-Landsiedel

Course and Online Material

available in the Fachschaft EI

Online material comprising

Student Discussion Forum

Ask questions online other students can benefit, too

Today everything is digital

The Macroscopic World is Purely Analog

Digital System, e.g.

Topics of MSE Course

Additional Literature & References

Constraints of Mixed Signal Circuits in SoC

Cheap implementation of complex

Need to build analog circuits in

Generic Structure of Mixed-Signal Systems

Representation of Discrete Time Signals and

Representation of Discrete Time Signals and

Spectral Transformation of Discrete Time Signal

x(nT )(t nT )ej!tdt

Representation of Discrete Time Signals and

xs(t) = xc(t) s(t)

Sampling means multiplication

In frequency domain this translates

Sampling and Aliasing 1

Sampling and Aliasing 2

Sampling and Aliasing 3

Aliasing in the Frequency Domain

Practical Sampling: Sample & Hold

Sampling with Finite Pulse Width

xc[n] [(t nT ) (t nT )] ej!t dt

Sampling with Finite Pulse Width

Distortion of base band and damping of mirror spectra

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