1

-1

-2

.
:
-1

-2

-1 :

-

:

.
.
.

:
-1

-2

-2 :
.
) 9 (1-1

.
:
-1 2
:

.
.
:

) : (

:
1-2 11

-1

-2

-3

-4

******************************************************************************

100

%30
30 100 30
70 .

:
= m1
= n1

= m2
= n2

= Msol

= nsol

= Mw

= Wt

= +
:
-1 g 3.6 NaCl g 100 . .
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-2 g 50
%62 .2
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5
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..

-3 g 500 %0.9 .
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....

-4 NaOCl %3.62
g 1500 . .
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........................................................................

100

v :
%20
20 100 . 80
:
-1 ml 35 ml 155 . .
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...

-2 ml 24 1.1L

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...

-3 ml 15 %15 .
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..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....

) = ( n

) = ( M
)( m
)( Mw

n1
Vsol

=

:
.2M
mol 2 ml 1000 .
:
-1 mol 3
. ml 750
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........................................................................................................................................................................

-2 g 122 LiF
. 3M :

F= 19

Li = 7

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.

-3 BaS 1031.5 3.5M

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..

-4 9mol NaCl 80mol

. g/ml 1.3 Na = 23 :

Cl = 35.5

O = 16

H=1

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8
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.....................................

-1 CuSO4.5H2O 100ml . 1.5M :

Cu = 63.5

S = 32

O = 16

=1

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-2 C2H5OH 100ml 0.15M g/ml 0.789

C = 12

O = 16

H=1

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............................................................................................................................................................................................................

:


= M1
M1 V1 = M2 V2
=V1

= M2

=V2
:
-1 0.5L HCl 5M 2L HCl .
C = 12 :

O = 16

H=1

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-2 H2SO4 0.5 M 100ml

M 0.25
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-3 CaCl2 M 0.3 0.5L

. 2M
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.......................................................................

. 2.5m

) = ( m

)(

 2.5mol 1000

10

:
-1 mol 2 800g
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..........................................................................................................................................................................

-2 Ba(OH)2 M 1
Ba = 137 :

H=1

O = 16

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................................................................

-3 g 20 NaCl . g 90
. Cl= 35.5 :

Na= 23

H= 1

O = 16

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.........................................................................................................

:
.

nB
nA + nB

=X

nA
nA + nB

=X

-1 g 36 HCl g 64 H2O
:

Cl= 35.5

O = 16

H= 1

11
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..................................

-2 NaOH %22.8
H= 1
O = 16
Na= 23
Cl= 35.5
:
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.................................

-3 H2SO4 0.325
100ml Cl= 35.5 .

S= 32

O = 16

H= 1

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:



) ( :
-1
-2

12

:
-1 .

-2
.
-3
.
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
:
. :
-1

-2

:
-1

-2

-3

:

100 .
:
-1

-2

:
-1 : .
-2 :
-3 :

:
-1 :

13

-2 :

.
:
:

S2

=P
2

S1
= P1

=S1
=P1

=S2
=P2

:
-1 g 0.85 atm 4 . C 25
atm 1 .
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

-2 CO2 0.12mol/L 4atm CO2

L 1 atm 310-4 O= 16 .

C = 12

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14
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..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

.
:
. :
: .
: .
: .
:
:
.


.
:
) (
1 3 2Na+ + SO4 :

--

Na2SO4

:

.
Tb = Kb m :

15

:
= Tb ) = Tb ( )(C
= Kb ) / ( )( C/m
= m ) ( )) ( m / (



.
:

Kb m1

Tb

M1 m2
= m1 :
:

= m2

Kb m1

= M1
Tb = X

M1 m2

= X X1000 X X

1000
:


:
= X

m X Kf = Tf
=



:

Kf m1
=

M1 m2

Tf

16

Kf m1

M=1 m2

Tf = X

= X X1000 X X

1000
:
-1 CaCl2 0.1M 100g
. C/m (Ca = 40 Cl=35.5 ) 0.512
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-2 AlCl3 7.26g 250g

. C/m 0.512
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-3 ) ( C3H8O3 500g
) ( 5C- C/m 1.86
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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17
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

-4 345g BaCl2 700g

. Cl=35.5 Ba =137 ) 1.86

( C/m

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-5 ) ( 1.03C-
C/m 1.86

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-6 100.2C
C/m 0.512 C/m 1.86
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:
: .
: .

18

:
:
:
: CO2 39

19

:
:
-1 : .
-2 :

20

) ( :
.
: - .
:
.
:
-1 ) : ( J

-2 ) ( cal : g 1
) ( 1C
cal = 4.184 J = 1 = 1000

1 1 -3

) 1 = ( 1000

J 142 . . cal
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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KJ 86.5 . . Cal
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:
1g .

q = c m T
= q )( J
= C ) ( C. J / g
= m ) ( g
= T ) ( C

T =T

T -

 . (J/g. C)2.44

21

2.44J .
:
-1 44.7g C 65.4
. 0.129J/g. C
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-2 10g C 50.4 C 25
. 114J .
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-3 g 4.50 J 2.76 C 25
.
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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-4 m 2 m 1.25 m 1
C 18.4 C 29 J/g. C 4.184
. g/cm3 1
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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:

.
:

22

-1 .
-2

:

:
.
.
:
.
:
.

. :

=
:
-1 g 4.68 J 256
. C 182 .
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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23
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-2 g 58.5 g 125
C 106.1 C 10.5
J/g.C 4.184
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:
:


) : ( H
.
) : ( H .
H = H f - Hi
= Hf

= Hi
= H
C + 24 KJ

A + B

=H
C

A + B + 24KJ

:
.

24

KJ 2808
C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 +6H2O + 2808KJ

27KJ
NH4+ + NO3

NH4NO3 + 27KJ

: ( Hcomb) :

:
. :
-1 ) : ( Hvap
-2 ) : ( Hfus
)( + = H
)( - = H

.

:
-1 mol 0.25 . H = - 6.01 KJ
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....

-2 g 25.7 ) ( CH3-OH H =3.22KJ

H=1 :

O=16

C=12

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....

-3 275g ((NH3 H =-
5.66KJ H=1 :

N = 14

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:

: 1 mol 0.25 :
CO2 + 2H2O + 891KJ

CH4 + 2O2

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.......

: 2 54g :
6CO 2 + 6H2O + 2808KJ
H = 1 :

C6H12O6 + 6O2
O = 16

C = 12

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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.......

: 3 g 206
. H =-286KJ/mol H = 1 :

26
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..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........

:
:

:
-1
-2 H
2C + O2
2CO2
/1 H1=-566KJ :
H2 :

??=4C + 2O2

4CO2

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...

/2 H3 :

????=2H2O2

2H2O + O2

:
H1=-572KJ -1
H2=-188KJ -2

2H2O

2H2 + O2
H2 + O2

H2O2

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......

/3 H2

2Al + 3/2 O2

H2=-400KJ

????=Al2O3
Al2O3

2Al + 3/2 O2

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

27
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..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........

( Hf ):

. ) atm 1 ( C 25
) ( Hrxn
:
) =Hrxn ( ) (
:
:
: 1 + 2H2O(g) :

)CH4(g) + 2O2(g

)CO2(g

:
O2=ZERO KJ

CH4=-75KJ

H2O=-286KJ

CO2 = -396KJ

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........

: 2 P4O10(s) :

)P4O6 (s) + 2O2(g

:
P 4O10(s)= -2940KJ

P4O6 (s)= -1640 KJ

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

28
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....

76 35

29

:
.
=

) ( t

:
=



/ ) ( M/s
] [

:
: 1 C4H9Cl 0.22M
0.001M 4s . .
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................

: 2 2HCl :

H2 + Cl2

] [ H2
s
0.03
0.00
0.02
4.00
-1 H2
-2 Cl2
-3 HCl 0.05M/S 4S

] [ Cl2
0.05
0.04

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

30

:
:
-1
-2 ) (
:
-1
-2
) ( :

.
:
+ = H :

<

-=H

>

+=H

- =H

= H

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

31
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

-2

-1

-1 :

-3

-4

-5

.
/
-2 :

.
/ .
-3 :
.
) (
-4 :


.
/
-5 :
:
/ 37

+=H

 : .

32

:
.
R = K [ A ] :
] = [ A
= K
= R

:
cC+dD

Aa + b B

R = K[A ]a[ B ]b
:


:
:
2NO + H2
N2 + 2H2O
R = K [ H2 ][ NO ]2
NO
H2
) ( 3 = 1 + 2
:
bB : aA A
: 1
.
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................

A + B
: 2 C
A B .
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

33
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................

: 3 2NOBr

2NO + Br2

. R = K [Br2 ][ NO ]2 .
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................

34

:
-1 :

( CH4 + 2O2
/ CO2 + 2H2O ) :

-2 ) (
.

( N 2 + H2
) NH3
.

:
-2

N2 +3H2 2

-3

-1

H2
NH3

NH3

N2

.
.

:
))
((
:

35

aA + bB

cC+dD

) :( Keq
:
.
] [ D ]d[ C

] [B ]b[ A

= = Keq

:
)) Keq > 1 ((
)) Keq < 1 ((
:

-1 :
.
)H2(g) + I2(g
2HI(g) :
:
] [ HI

] [ I2] [ H2

= = Keq

-2 :

.

:
.
:

:
2NO(g)+CL2(g) .1
CO2(g) +2H2O(g) .2
6SO2(g) .3
CaO(s) + CO2(g) .4

)2NOCl(g
)CH4(g) + 2O2(g
)S8(s) + 8O2(g
)CaCO3(s

36
2NH3(g) .5

)N2(g) + 3H2(g

:
=0.533M [N2(g) ] 0.9

] )1.6M=[H2(g

]M =[ NH3(g

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37

.1

.5

CO2 + NO

CO + NO2 /
-1

-2
N2 + 3 H2
2 NH3
4= 3 +1
= 2

)

(

)

2NO2

N2O4+14K

.11

N2O4+46K

.12

2SO2+O2

) (

)(

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38
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......................................................................................................................

.
:
/ 1
Keq = 3-1022.7
]0.054mol/l=[S2

]0.184mol/l=[H2S

:
)2H2(g) + S2(g

)2H2S(g

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39
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137 18
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Ksp:
.
Ba+2(aq) + SO4-2(aq) :

)BaSO4 (S

Ksp [SO4-2] [Ba+2 ]=:

[Ba+2 ]=: S mol/l
[SO4-2 ]=: S mol/l

Ksp = SS :

Ksp = S2

:
/ 1 CuCO3 298K :
)Cu+2(aq) + CO3-2(aq

)CuCO3 (S

Ksp= 2.5 10-10

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40
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..............................

/2 g/L Ksp= 1.2 10-29 :

O=16

P=31

Ca=40

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:
:

-1 Ksp> Qsp
-2 Ksp= Qsp
-3 Ksp< Qsp
Qsp : .
Ksp .

/1 100ml 0.01M NaCl 0.02M

Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 . . Ksp(PbCl2)= 1.7 10-5
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/2 100ml 0.01M AgNO4 0.25M

K2SO4 Ag2SO4 . . Ksp(Ag2SO4)= 1.2 10-5
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41
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:
.
.
/ BaSO4
Na2SO4
SO-24
.

42

:
:
: 158
: 3-2
-1
-2
-3
-4
ZnCl2 + H2

HCl + Zn

-5

CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

CaCO3 + HCl

:
: 158
:
-1
-2
-3

+H3O OH

43
) (+H )
(-OH :
-1 :
.
-2 :
.
-3 :
.
.

H3O+ + OH

H2O + H2O

: .
: .
:
-

H+ + Cl

HCl

Na+ + OH

NaOH

:
-1

: ) (
: ) (
:

44

H 3O

Cl-

HCl + H2O

:
-1

-2

:
:

+
NH4
H2S
HS
C6H5COOH
+H3O
+
)3NH(CH3

NH3
HS
O-2
--N
ClO4
NO3

:
.
HF - HCl - HClO4 HNO3 /

.

:
:
:

-1
-2
:

.1 ) (
.2
.3 ) p
(

45
:

):
(
++
PH3 -Cu - NH2 - NH3 H2O - BF3 - F - H2O - AlCl3

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HCl - HNO3 - H2SO4

:
.
/

CH3COOH - H2CO3

:
: Ka

)H3O+(aq) + CN-(aq
] [ HCN
] [ -CN] [ H3O

)HCN(aq) + H2O(l

= = Keq

] [ HCN

= = Ka

] [ -CN] [ H3O

46

NaOH - KOH - Ca(OH)2

:
.
/

NH3 - CH3NH2

:
: Kb

)NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq
] [ -OH] [ +NH4
] [ NH3

)NH3(g) + H2O(l
] [-OH ] [ +NH4

= = Keq

[[ NH3

= = Kb

:
pH
pOH
:

H3O+ + OH

H2O+H2O

Kw= 1X10-14

] Kw=[ OH- ] [H3O+

:
-1 0.012M ] [ H
+

-2 0.025M ] [ -OH

47
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pH : pOH
:
pH + pOH = 14] [H+ ] = 10-PH = [ -OH

[ OH- ] - log= POH

log[H+] =pH

10-pOH

: pH
14

-1 = /

-2 =

:
-1 pH . 1X10 M
-2

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-2 pOH 1X10-4 M
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48

pH = 7.4

-3

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-4

pH] [+H ] [ -OH pOH = 5.60

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..

.
:

NaCl /

NaCl + H 2O

NaOH + HCl

:
: +H
-OH
.
:

MA X VA = MB X VB
:

49

MA

-:

VA

-:

MB

-:

-: B
:
-1 :
-2 :
:

/1 HCOOH (( NaOH 18.28ml

0.1M ) ( 25ml .
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/2 NH3 HCl 49.9 ml 0.59M

ml 25
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....................................................................................................

:
.

:

-1 :
pH = 7 NaCl

-2 :

pH < 7 NH4Cl
-3 :

pH > 7 KF
:

50

.

:

:

CH3COOH + H2O

CH3COO- + H3O+

CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH-