3D equations

2 x 1

|P1 P2|=

( xh )2 + ( yk )2 +(zl)2=r 2

|u|=|ca|=|c||a|=

1
a 1
|a|

Properties of dot product

a b=a1 b 1+ a2 b2 +a3 b3
2

a a=|a|

a ( b+c )=a b+ a c

Vector properties

0 a=0

a+b=b+ a

a b=b a
a+0=a

( ca ) b=c( a b)
c ( a+b ) =ca+ cb
a b= a bcos

( cd ) a=c (da)

|a|b
a+ ( b +c )=( a+ b ) +c
a+ (a ) =0

cos=

a b

a b iff a b=0

cos=

a i a1
=
|a||i| |a|

( c +d ) a=ca+da
1 a=a
i= 1,0,0

cos =

cos =

a i a2
=
|a||i| |a|

a i a 3
=
|a||i| |a|

j= 0,1,0
a
k = 0,0,1
u=

1
a
|a|=
|a|
|a|

a b
com p a b=

( a|a|b )|aa|= |aa|b a

pro j a b=

Properties of the Cross Product

a b= a2 b3 a3 b2 , a3 b1a 1 b3 , a1 b2a2 b1

| ||

i
j k
a a a a a a
a1 a2 a3 = i 2 3 j 1 3 + k 1 2
b2 c 3
b1 b 3
b 1 b2
b1 b2 b 3

| | | | |

a b :a , b

v line L= a , b , c =direction of L
tv= ta ,tb , tc
r= x , y , z

|a b|=|a||b|sin {0 }

r 0= x 0 , y 0 , z 0

a b iff a b=0

x , y , z = x 0 +ta , y 0 +tb , z0 +tc

|a b|=areaunder parallelogram determined by ab

Parametric equations of the line L through the point P0

(x0,y0,z0)

a b=b a

x=x 0+ at y= y 0+ bt z=z 0 +ct

( ca ) b=c ( a b )=a (cb)

symmetric equations

a ( b+ c )=a b+a c

t :=

( a+b ) c=a c+ b c
a ( b c )=( a b ) c

| |

a1 a 2 a3
a ( b c )= b1 b 2 b3
c 1 c2 c 3

x x0 y y 0 zz 0
=
=
a
b
c

line segment r 0 r 1 given by the vector equation

r ( t ) =( 1t ) r 0 +t r 10 t 1

vector equation of a plane .r r 0=P 0 P

n ( rr 0 ) =0

The volume of the paralleliped determ ined by a ,b , c

|b c||a||cos|=|a ( b c )|=V

n r=n r 0
where n=normal vector planerr 0 is the

a ( b c )=( a c ) b( a b ) c
=r F
EQUATIONS OF LINES, VECTORS, AND
PLANES

r=r 0+ tv

Change in position vector that is

perpendicular to n forming the
plane.
scalar equation for the plane wheren= a ,b ,c
r= x , y , z r 0= x0 , y 0 , z 0

 a ,b ,c xx 0 , y y 0 , zz 0 =0

vector function continuous at a if

a ( xx 0 ) +b ( y y 0 ) +c ( zz 0 )=0

lim r (t)=r (a)

ta

ax +by +cz +d =0

Distance point P1 the plane using vector P0 P1

b=P0 P1= x 1x 0 , y1 y 0 , z 1z 0
n
n b

D=|com pn b|=
a ( x1 x0 ) + b ( y 1 y 0 ) + c ( z 1z 0 )

a +b2 + c2
2

( a x1 +b y 1 +c z 1) ( a x 0 +b y 0 +c z0 )

a x1 +b y 1 +c z1 +d

a +b 2+c 2
2

limits of a vector function

r ( t ) = f ( t ) , g (t ) , h(t) then

lim r (t)= lim f ( t ) , lim g ( t ) , lim h(t )

ta

t a

ta

t a

a + b2 +c 2
2