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Met Hemoglobine Mia
Met Hemoglobine Mia
Met Hemoglobine Mia
Methemoglobinemia" were written before 2006 and are based on documents published
before 2006. The ACGIH document "Methemoglobin Inducers" was revised in 2006. In
the revised document, some of the chemicals that were in Table 1 are now in Table 2.
The following chemicals were moved from Table 1 to Table 2: Anisidine, MBOCA, Nitric
oxide, Nitrogen trifluoride, Propylene glycol dinitrate, Toluidine (o, m, and p isomers),
and Xylidines. The changes will be reflected in the web version of Haz-Map with the
2006 update. Also, other chemicals that can induce methemoglobinemia have been
added to the web version of Haz-Map, but have not been added to these two web
pages.
Chemical Name
CAS #
Aliphatic Nitrates
6423-43-4
PGDN
Aliphatic Nitros
n-Propyl nitrate
627-13-4
Aromatic Amines
2-Chloro-m-toluidine
95-81-8
2-Chloro-5-methylaniline;
Methylbenzenamine; 6-Chlorom-Toluidine
Aromatic Amines
3-Chloroaniline
108-42-9
m-Chloroaniline;
Chlorobenzenamine; MCA; mAminochlorobenzene
Aromatic Amines
4,4-Methylene
chloroaniline)
101-14-4
DACPM; MBOCA
bis(2-
Aromatic Amines
Aniline
62-53-3
Aromatic Amines
Dichloroaniline
isomers)
27134-276
Dichloroaniline
Aromatic Amines
Dimethylaniline
121-69-7
N,N-Dimethylaniline
Aromatic Amines
Diphenylamine
122-39-4
Anilinobenzene,
Phenylbenzenamine
Aromatic Amines
m-Toluidine
108-44-1
3-Aminotoluene, 3-Toluidine
Aromatic Amines
Monomethyl aniline
100-61-8
MA,
(Methylamino)benzene,
Methylphenylamine,
NPhenylmethylamine
Aromatic Amines
N-Isopropylaniline
768-52-5
N-IPA,
Isopropylaniline,
Benzenamine,
NPhenylisopropylamine
Aromatic Amines
o-Chloroaniline
95-51-2
2-Chloroaniline
(mixed
DPA,
Aromatic Amines
o-Toluidine
95-53-4
o-Aminotoluene,
2Aminotoluene,
Methyl-2aminobenzene, o-Methylaniline,
2-Methylaniline
Aromatic Amines
p-Toluidine
106-49-0
para-Aminoanisole; 4-Anisidine;
Methoxyaniline
Aromatic Amines
1300-73-8
Aminodimethylbenzene,
Aminoxylene,
Dimethylaminobenzene,
Dimethylaniline,
Xylidine
isomers
Aromatic Nitros
2-Nitronaphthalene
581-89-5
beta-Nitronaphthalene
Aromatic Nitros
25321-146
Dinitrotoluol,
Methyldinitrobenzene
Aromatic Nitros
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
118-96-7
1-Methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene;
TNT; Trinitrotoluene;
Aromatic Nitros
m-Dinitrobenzene
99-65-0
meta-Dinitrobenzene
Aromatic Nitros
m-Nitroaniline
99-09-2
1-Amino-3-nitrobenzene;
Nitroaniline; meta-Nitroaniline;
3-Nitrobenzenamine
Aromatic Nitros
m-Nitrotoluene
99-08-1
m-Methylnitrobenzene,
Methylnitrobenzene,
metaNitrotoluene, 3-Nitrotoluene
DNT,
Aromatic Nitros
Nitrobenzene
98-95-3
Essence
of
mirbane,
Nitrobenzol, Oil of mirbane
Aromatic Nitros
o-Dinitrobenzene
528-29-0
ortho-Dinitrobenzene;
Dinitrobenzene
Aromatic Nitros
o-Nitrochlorobenzene
85-73-3
Chloro-o-nitrobenzene;
Chloronitrobenzene; 2-Chloro1-nitrobenzene;
;
2Nitrochlorobenzene; 2-CNB
Aromatic Nitros
o-Nitrotoluene
88-72-2
o-Methylnitrobenzene,
Methylnitrobenzene,
orthoNitrotoluene, 2-Nitrotoluene
Aromatic Nitros
p-Dinitrobenzene
100-25-4
para-Dinitrobenzene
100-01-6
para-Aminonitrobenzene,
Nitroaniline,
Nitrobenzenamine,
Nitrophenylamine, PNA
Aromatic Nitros
p-Nitroaniline
4p-
Aromatic Nitros
p-Nitrochlorobenzene
100-00-5
p-Chloronitrobenzene;
Chloronitrobenzene; 1-Chloro4-nitrobenzene;
4Nitrochlorobenzene; PCNB
Aromatic Nitros
p-Nitrotoluene
99-99-0
p-Methylnitrobenzene,
Methylnitrobenzene,
paraNitrotoluene, 4-Nitrotoluene
Fluorides,
Inorganic
Nitrogen trifluoride
7783-54-2
Irritant Gases
Nitric oxide
10102-439
Mononitrogen monoxide
Nitrosobenzenes
p-Dinitrosobenzene
105-12-4
Benzene,
p-dinitroso-; 1,4Dinitrosobenzene
Others
Methyl Nitrite
624-91-9
Definition of Methemoglobinemia
"Methemoglobin is the oxidized form of hemoglobin in which the iron in the heme
component has been oxidized from the ferrous (+2) to the ferric (+3) state. This renders
the hemoglobin molecule incapable of effectively transporting and releasing oxygen to
the tissues. Normally, there is about 1% of total hemoglobin in the methemoglobin form.
A small amount of methemoglobin exists in red cells as a result of normal oxidative
functions." (ACGIH Documentation of TLVs)
It is not the presence of methemoglobin but the amount that is important. There are no
signs or symptoms when 0 to 15% methemoglobin levels are present. A concentration
of 15 to 20 % results in "chocolate brown" blood and clinical cyanosis. Symptoms of
hypoxia such as dyspnea, fatigue and headache appear when the concentration
reaches 20 to 45%. "Administration of methylene blue is indicated in symptomatic
patients with methemoglobin levels greater than 30%." (See Chapter 72,
"Methemoglobin-Forming Chemicals" by Donna L. Seger, in Sullivan)
"In the United Kingdom between 1961 and 1980, chloroaniline, p-toluidine,
nitrobenzene, and nitrochlorobenzene were the most common industrial causes of
methemoglobinemia. Dermal exposure was a more frequent route of toxicity than
inhalation with these compounds." (Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical
Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier
Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.)
"Historically, most work-related episodes of methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia
have been due to exposure to aromatic nitro and amino compounds. These compounds
have been used most extensively as intermediates in the synthesis of aniline dyes; they
are used also as accelerators and antioxidants in the rubber industry and in the
production of pesticides, plastics, paints, and varnishes." (Rugo HS, Damon LE,
"Occupational Hematology," p. 206, LaDou)
Agent
Source/Use
Inorganic nitrates/nitrites
Butyl/isobutyl nitrite
Amyl nitrite
Nitroglycerin
Aniline/aminophenols
Nitrobenzene
Sulfonamides
Phenazopyridine
Antimalarials
Sulfones
p-Aminosalicylic acid
Naphthalene
Copper sulfate
Resorcinol
Chlorates
Combustion products
Local anesthetics
Laundry ink
Industrial solvents; gun-cleaning products
Antibacterial drugs
Pyridium
Chloroquine; Primaquine
Dapsone
Bactericide (tuberculostatic)
Mothballs
Fungicide for plants, seed treatment
Antiseborrheic, antipruritic, antiseptic
Matches, explosives, pyrotechnics
Fires
Benzocaine; lidocaine; Propitocaine; Prilocaine