NAME :

(a)

5 SAINS
Figures 9.1 and 9.2 show energy level diagrams.
(Rajah 9.1 dan 9.2 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga)

Energy

Energy
Mg(s) + FeSO4

CaCO3 + 2NaCl

H= + 12.6 kJ

H= - 200 kJ
CaCl2 + Na2CO3
MgSO4 + Fe

FIGURE 9.1

(i)

FIGURE 9.2

Compare both the energy level diagrams above. Your explanation should
include the following
(Bandingkan kedua-dua gambar rajah aras tenaga di atas. Penerangan
anda haruslah mengandungi perkara berikut.)

ionic equations (persamaan ion)

type of chemical reactions (jenis tindak balas kimia)
energy content of reactants and products (kandungan tenaga bahan
dan hasil tindak balas)
[6 marks]

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(ii)

Based on Figure 9.1, calculate the change in temperature of the solution if

excess magnesium powder is added to 50 cm 3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 iron(II)
sulphate solution.
(Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1, hitung perubahan suhu larutan jika serbuk
magnesium berlebihan ditambah kepada 50 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat
0.2 mol dm-3) .
[ Specific heat capacity of solution : 4.2 J g -1 oC-1]
[Muatan haba tentu larutan : 4.2 J g -1 oC -1 ]
[4 marks]

( b ) In an experiment to determine the heat of displacement, excess

zinc is added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution.
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Calculate the temperature change if the heat of displacement is

105 kJmol-1.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1;
Density of the solution = 1 g cm-3]

Dalam eksperimen untuk menentukan haba penyesaran, zink

berlebihan ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 larutan
argentum nitrat. Hitungkan perubahan suhu jika haba penyesaran
dalam eksperimen itu ialah -105 kJ mol-1.
[ Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g-1 OC-1 ;
Ketumpatan larutan= 1 g cm-3 ]
( 4 MARKS)

(2) A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride
by using 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium
chloride solution. Table 8 shows the results of the experiment.
Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan
argentum klorida dengan mengguna 25 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 larutan argentum nitrat dan 25
cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 larutan natrium klorida. Jadual 8 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen
tersebut.
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Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution / C

29.0

Suhu awal larutan argentum nitrat

Initial temperature of sodium chloride solution / C

28.0

Suhu awal larutan natrium klorida

Highest temperature of the reaction mixture / C

34.0

Suhu tertinggi campuran tindak balas

[Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2J g-1 C-1;
Density of solution = 1 g cm-3]
[Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan = 4.2J g-1 C-1;
Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]

Table 8 / Jadual 8

(i)

State the meaning of heat of precipitation.

Nyatakan maksud haba pemendakan.
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(ii)

Calculate:
Hitungkan:

the heat change during the reaction

perubahan haba semasa tindak balas

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[1 mark]
[1 markah]

the number of moles of silver chloride formed

bilangan mol argentum klorida terbentuk
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

the heat of precipitation for this reaction

haba pemendakan bagi tindak balas tersebut
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

Draw an energy level diagram .

Lukiskan gambarajah aras tenaga .
[2 markah]

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(3) Diagram 8 shows graph of the value of heat of combustion of alcohol versus the number of
carbon atoms per molecule of alcohol.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan graf nilai haba pembakaran alkohol melawan bilangan atom karbon
per molekul alkohol.
Combustion heat / kJ mol-1
Haba pembakaran

Number of carbon atoms per

molecule
Diagram 8

Bilangan atom karbon per molekul

Rajah 8

(i)

Based on the graph in Diagram 8, state the relationship between the number of
carbon atoms and the heat of combustion.
Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan graf dalam Rajah 8, nyatakan perhubungan antara
karbon dengan haba pembakaran.

bilangan atom

Jelaskan jawapan anda.

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

(ii)
6

Calculate the heat released when 3.0 g of propanol is completely burn in air.

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[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1, O = 16]

Hitungkan haba yang dibebaskan apabila 3.0 g propanol terbakar lengkap dalam
udara.
[Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, H = 1, O = 16]
[3 marks]
[3 markah]

4.

(a)

What is meant by heat of neutralisation?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba peneutralan?
[2 marks]

(b)

Two experiments were carried out to determine heat of neutralisation between two different
acids and an alkali. Table 10.1 shows the results of the experiments.
Dua experimen telah dijalankan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan antara dua asid yang
berbeza dan suatu alkali. Jadual 10.1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut

( Specific heat capacity of water; 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ; Density of water : 1 g cm-3)
(Muatan haba tentu air; 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ; Ketumpatan air : 1 g cm-3)

Experiment

Substance

Volume

Concentration

Eksperimen

Bahan

Isipadu

Kepekatan

Heat of
neutralisation,
Haba

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/ cm3

/ mol dm-3

Peneutralan,
H (kJ/mol)

Hydrochloric
acid

25.0

2.0

25.0

2.0

25.0

2.0

Asid hidroklorik

Sodium
hydroxide
Natrium
hidroksida

-57

Ethanoic acid
Asid etanoik

II

-55
Sodium
hydroxide

25.0

Natrium
hidroksida

2.0

Table 10.1
Jadual 10.1

(i)

Write a chemical equation for the reaction in experiment I .

Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas dalam eksperimen 1.
[2 marks]

(ii)

Calculate the heat change in experiment I .

Hitungkan perubahan haba dalam eksperimen I.
[2 marks]

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(iii)

Draw an energy level diagram for experiment I .

Lukiskan gambarajah aras tenaga bagi eksperimen 1.
[2 marks]

(iv)

Based on the data provided in Table 10.1, explain why heat of neutralisation for
Experiment II is lower than in Experiment I.
Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 10.1, terangkan mengapa haba peneutralan bagi
eksperimen II lebih rendah berbanding eksperimen 1.
[2 marks]

(v)
If the experiment is repeated using sulphuric acid to replace hydrochloric acid and all
other conditions are the same, predict the heat change. Explain your answer.
(Jika eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan asid sulfurik untuk menggantikan asid
hidroklorik tetapi semua keadaan lain adalah sama, ramalkan perubahan haba yang
dijangkakan.Terangkan jawapan anda)

[4 marks]

(c)

Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation between ethanoic acid
and sodium hydroxide. Your answer should contain of the following:
Huraikan satu eksperimen makmal bagi menentukan haba peneutralan antara asid etanoik
9

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dengan natrium hidroksida. Jawapan anda mestilah mengandungi perkara berikut:

List of materials and apparatus

Senarai bahan dan radas

Procedures of the experiment

Kaedah eksperimen

Precautionary steps
Langkah berjaga-jaga

[10 marks]

10

(a)

Heat change/release when 1 mol of water formed from the reaction between an
acid and alkali.

(b)(i)

1. Correct formula of reactants

2. Correct formula of product

10

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HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

(ii)

(iii)

1. No. of mole = (2.0x 25.0)/1000 = 0.05

2. Heat change = 0.05 x 57 = 2.85 kJ /2,850 J

1. Vertical exes labeled energy with two energy level

2. Energy level of reactants is higher than products and H= -57 kJmol -1

Energy

HCl + NaOH

H = -57 kJmol-1

NaCl + H2O

(iv)

1. Ethanoic acid is weak acid// Ethanoic acid ionize partially in water

2. Heat absorbed to ionized ethanoic acid

(v) The heat of neutralisation is two times

(Haba peneutralan adalah dua kali ganda)
Hydrochloride acid is monoprotic acid , sulphuric acid is diprotic acid
(Asid hidroklorik ialah asid monoprotik, asid sulfuric ialah asid diprotik)
1 mole HCl produces 1 mole H+ ion // HCl H+ +

Cl-

(1 mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol ion H+ ion // HCl H+ +

Cl-)

1 mole H2SO4 produces 2 mole H+ ion // H2SO4 2H+ + SO42(1 mol H2SO4menghasilakan 2 mol ion H+ // H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-

(c)
11

1. Materials: sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid

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2. 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is measured using a

measuring cylinder and poured into a plastic cup.

3. 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is measured using another

measuring cylinder and poured into a plastic cup.

4. The initial temperature of the solutions are measured after a few

minutes.
5. The hydrochloric acid is then poured quickly and carefully into the

sodium hydroxide solution

6. The mixture is stirred using a thermometer and the highest

temperature reached is recorded.

7. Results:

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = T1 0C.

= T2 0C

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid

= T3 0C

Highest temperature

Calculations
8. Average temperature of acid and alkali

= T1 + T2

2
= Tx 0C
9. Increase in temperature = (T 3-Tx) = 0C
10. Heat released in the reaction

= (50 +50) ( C )
= P Joule

11. Number of mole of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid

= 50 x 2
1000

= 0.1 mol
12. Heat of neutralisation, H = P /(0.1x1000)

kJmol -1

1
Max

12

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10
Total

13

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20

(a)

(i)
Characteristic

Figure 9(i)

Figure 9(ii)

(Ciri)

(Rajah 9(i))

(Rajah 9(ii))

Type of
chemical
reaction

Exothermic reaction

Endothermic reaction

(Tindak balas
eksotermik)

(Tindak balas endotermik)

The energy content in

the reactants exceed the
energy content in the
products

The energy content in the

reactants less than the
energy content in the
products

(Kandungan tenaga
bahan tindak balas
melebihi kandungan
tenaga hasil tindak
balas)

(Kandungan tenaga bahan

tindak balas kurang
daripada kandungan
tenaga hasil tindak balas)

Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3

(Jenis tindak
balas kimia)
Energy content
of reactants
and products
(Kandungan
tenaga bahan
tindak balas
dan hasil
tindak balas)
Ionic equation
(Persamaan
ion)

(ii)

Number of moles of FeSO4 = MV

1000
= (0.2)(50)
1000
= 0.01 mol

Heat change = 0.01 x 200 kJ

= 2 kJ // 2000 J

Heat change = mc
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2000
(50)(4.2)

= 9.5 oC

(c)
Number of mole of lead(II) nitrate

= = 0.1 mol

or
Number of mole of sodium sulphate

= = 0.1 mol

Ratio of mole :
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 / Na2SO4 1 mol PbSO4
0.1 mol Pb(NO3)2 / Na2SO4 0.1 mol PbSO4
Energy chage/heat given off

= 200 4.2 10
= 4200 J

Heat of precipitation of PbSO4 =

4200
0.1

= 42000 J mol-1 / 4.2 kJ mol-1

15

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(c )

No. of mol of silver nitrate = 100 X 0.5 /1000// 0.05

1 mol of silver nitrate reacted to release 105 kJ heat

Therefore, 0.05 mol silver nitrate reacted to produce 105 X 0.05
1
= - 5.25 kJ/mol

5250 = 100 X 4.2 X

= 12.5 OC

No

Explanation
16

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Mark

Mark

8
(a)(i)

Able to draw energy level diagram

Sample answer
Energy
NaOH + HCl
H=-57kJ mol-1
NaCl + H2O
1 Vertical axis with arrow and labeled energy and with 2 energy levels
2 Reactants and products are written on the correct energy level
3 H = - 57 kJ mol -1 (correct value, negative sign and correct unit)
1
1

(ii)

Able to state a correct observation

Sample answer
The mixture/container becomes hot // temperature increases / rise / higher

(b)(i)

Able to state the meaning of heat of precipitation

Answer
Heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous
solution

(ii)

Able to calculate heat change in the reaction

Answer
Heat change = (50 X 4.2 X 5.5 ) // (50 x 4.2 x 5.5)J
// 1155 J // 1.155 kJ

17

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Able to calculate number of moles of silver chloride formed

Answer
No of moles =

25x 0.5
// 0.0125
1000

Able to calculate heat of precipitation of silver chloride

Answer
Heat of precipitation = -

1155
1.155
Jmol 1 //
kJmol 1
0.0125
0.0125

// -92400 Jmol-1 // -92.40 kJmol-1

Note: Ecf from calculation of heat released and number of moles

Must have correct unit & negative sign

(iii)

Able to predict the temperature change and give reason

Sample answer

(c)(i)

Temperature change = 5.5C

Reason = concentration of solution remain unchanged

Able to state the relationship between the number of carbon atoms and the heat of
combustion and give reason
Sample answer
1 As the number of carbon atoms increase, heat of combustion of alcohol

increase.
2 More carbon dioxide gas and water produced.
3 More bonds are formed

(ii)

Able to calculate the heat released

Answer
18

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1
1

Number of mole of propanol =

Heat released =

19

3.0
/ 0.05
60

3 .0
X 2017kJ / 0.05 X 2017kJ / 100.85kJ / 100850J
60

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