Water Demand Calculation

Estimation of Housing Unit

From the site layout plan, the number and type of housing units is set out and for designing
purposes, the following water demand or per unit consumption have been agreed to be as
being reasonable by all the State Water Authorities in Malaysia :
a) Low Cost Houses

910 litres/unit/day

b) Single storey terrace houses

1360 litres/unit/day

c) Semi-detached/double storey terrace houses

1590 litres/unit/day

d) Shop houses (2 storey)

2730 litres/unit/day

e) Shop houses (3 storey)

4090 litres/unit/day

f) Shop houses (4 storey)

4550 litres/unit/day

g) Bungalows/shop houses (single storey)

2270 litres/unit/day

The calculation of water demand without providing any fire demand based on the formula is
as follows :
Node

Description

Demand Flow Rate Calculation

Water Demand

Quantity

(litre/day)

Node 1-3

Shop/Office 3 storey

4090

(litre/day)

TOTAL WATER DEMAND

Table 1
*unit conversion

Total Demand

Total water demand without additional water demand

8180
8180 litre/ day

PEAK WATER DEMAND

Node

Average

Peak Flow Rate Calculation = Average Flow Rate x Peak

Flow Rate

Factor

(litre/sec)

Peak Factor

Average Flow
(litre/sec)

Peak Flow Rate

(litre/sec)

1-2

0.0947

2.5

0.0947

0.237

23

0.0947

2.5

0.0947

0.237

Table 2

Peak Water Demand

FIRE FLOW DEMAND

JKR standard recommend risk category of the fire flow requirement is according to Table 3 is
Class D with average total flow 1140 litre/min and the number of hydrant outlets used
simultaneously is one unit. The recommend fire flow requirement discharge is 50minutes
duration with average flow of 15 litre/second.
Average Total Flow

Spanning (m)

(litre/min)

Maximum No. of
Hydrant Outlets
Used Simulteneously

Class A Risk

4100

90

3 @ 1370 litre/min

2700

90

2 @ 1370 litre/min

1370

90

Large buildings,
shopping complexes,
high rise buildings,
large industrial
estates, warehouse
and ports.
Class B Risk
Congested areas
with buildings up to
5 storey.
Class C Risk

Shop storey up to 3
storey, light industry
Class D Risk

1140

120 terrace

Residential terrace

150 detached/semi

house, detached.

detached

Semi detached
Class E Risk

680

180

Others
Table 3

Total water demand with additional water demand

*unit conversion

Total Water Demand, Q

Peak Water Demand + Fire Flow Demand

0.237 litre/sec + 19 litre/sec

19.237 litre/sec

*unit conversion

PROPOSED PIPE
Proposed diameter of PVC Class D Pipe is 180mm
Area, A

Velocity, V

r2

(0.09m)2

0.025 m2

Q
A

=
=

0.76 m/s

DESIGN OF WATER TANK

Water demand for 1 unit of shop :

Each floor should have 1 water tank for water storage. Therefore, each floor has water
demand of 1.36 m3/day
Design tank :
Diameter of tank,

= 2.5m
h = 1.5 m

Height of tank, h
Volume of tank, V

= 1.5m
= 1/3r2h = 1/3(1)2(2)
= 2.45 m3
Types of Tank = Poly tank

= 2.5 m

Pipe 2

Pipe 1

Layout plan

HEAD LOSS ON PIPE, P1 :

2

Head loss due to surface resistance, hf

8 f LQ
2
5
gD

Where,
L = pipe length
f = coefficient of surface resistance
Q = Water demand
D = Diameter of pipe
g = gravitational acceleration
Considering water at 20oC , the kinematic viscosity of water is :
Viscosity, v

1.792 x 10

1.792 x 10

1.012 x 10-6 m2/s

1.165 1

( ( ) )
T
1+
25

1.165 1

( ( ) )
20
1+
25

Substitute Q = 0.019 m3/s , v = 1.012 x 10-6 m2/s, and D = 0.18 m

Reynolds number, R =
=
=

4Q
v D
4(0.019 )
(1.012 x 106 )(0.18 )

132,803.9 > 4000 (Turbulent flow)

As the R is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent. The roughness height for PVC pipe is =
0.05 mm (5 x 10-5 )m.

Friction coefficient, f

1.325 I n (

5.74
+
3.7 D R 0.9

1.325 I n (

0.019

5 x 10
5.74
+
)
3.7 ( 0.18 ) ( 132803.9 )0.9

Head loss due to surface resistance, hf

8 f LQ
2
5
gD

8( 0.019)( 24 )(0.019 )
2 (9.81)(0.18 )5

0.07m

Head loss due to minor loss, hm

kf

8Q
2
4
gD

Where kf is form loss coefficient. For service connection, kf may be taken as 1.8.

Head loss due to minor loss, hm

Therefore, head loss, hL

1.8

0.05m

= hf + hm
= 0.07m + 0.05m
= 0.12 m

HEAD LOSS ON PIPE, P2 :

8( 0.019 )
2
( 9.81 )(0.18 )4

Head loss due to surface resistance, hf

8 f LQ
2 g D5

Where,
L = pipe length
f = coefficient of surface resistance
Q = Water demand
D = Diameter of pipe
g = gravitational acceleration
Considering water at 20oC , the kinematic viscosity of water is :
Viscosity, v

1.165 1

( ( ) )

1.792 x 106 1+

T
25

1.165 1

( ( ) )
20
1+
25

1.792 x 10

1.012 x 10-6 m2/s

Substitute Q = 0.019 m3/s , v = 1.012 x 10-6 m2/s, and D = 0.18 m

Reynolds number, R =
=
=

4Q
v D
4(0.019 )
(1.012 x 106 )(0.18 )

132,803.9 > 4000 (Turbulent flow)

As the R is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent. The roughness height for PVC pipe is =
0.05 mm (5 x 10-5 )m.

Friction coefficient, f

1.325 I n (

5.74
+
3.7 D R 0.9

1.325 I n (

0.019

Head loss due to friction, hf =

8 f LQ
2 g D5

5 x 10
5.74
+
)
3.7 ( 0.18 ) ( 132803.9 )0.9

=
=

Head loss due to minor loss, hm

8( 0.019)( 12.24 )( 0.019 )

2 ( 9.81)(0.18 )5

0.04m

kf

8 Q2
2 g D4

Where kf is form loss coefficient. For service connection, kf may be taken as 1.8.

Head loss due to minor loss, hm

Therefore, head loss, hL

8( 0.019 )
2
( 9.81 )(0.18 )4

1.8

0.05m

= hf + hm
= 0.04m + 0.05m
= 0.09 m

Pipe No.

Friction loss, hf

Minor loss, hm

Head loss, hL

(m)

(m)

(m)

Length (m)

24

0.07

0.05

0.12

12.24

0.04

0.05

0.09