2. s[ssLji xqsLi][xtsQ|ms ?

zmsV xqsLi][xtsQ|msszqsLij |msRsV! Fs xqsLi][xtsQ|ms[ |msR[ zmsNRPV }qs

RW. "|msRsV xqsLi][xtsQ|msRLi y*LS ysVV NRPWy xqsLi][xtsQLigS soLiRsRV' @s
%sxtsQRVLi zmsNRPV sVsxqsV[ yVNRPVs[ [RWLi[, "zmssV xqsLi][xtsQ|msRLi y*LS
ysVV xqsLi][xtsQLigS soLiVysVV' @s %sxtsQRVLi |msRV gRizLiy.
sW \lLiL`i= sL`iuyms[ INRP @zqs|qsLi mx ss%sV[ @sWLiVV c gS FyV
FyRVRVLij. ryRVLiRLi ALRiVsVLi xmsRN]LiTLi sLRiNRPV xmsN`P FgSsV=[ FyV FyT
L][NRPV sVWRVsLiR sVLiT @LiVVRV sLiRyNS xqsLiFyjxqsVLij.
sNTP xmsjs[sLRiNRPV Rs RLiTNTP xmsLizmsxqsW gRiRLi[ Rs RLiT [zqss ORPQLRiWFyRV
@xmsV[ RgjiLRi RgjiLRi LiVV s[ sLRiNRPW dlLi[zqsLij. AsV C %sRLigS NRPxtsQxmsRsNTP
NSszqss qx sWQQLjis "RLiTVVNRP @xmsVV dLRiVxqsVysV' @s qx sLiRXzms F~LiRVRVLij.
%dsVNRPV %dsV zmsNRPV sVR xqsLiLiyV FsLiR \sVs[, RVxtsQryxxqsLi sVLi sRG
sT @LiRNRPLi[ LigSsV, RXRLigSsV soLiVLij. zmsV NRPWy @V\sxmso ]LiRLRigS
ANRPL<jiRVsoyLRiV. %dsVLRiV gRisVsLi RW}qs mx syVlgi[ sRVxqsV=[ }mssV[xmsTs
ARyLiy RRLiRV][ sVLi xqsLiLiyV [sy[ @LiVV soLiLRiV.
3. y ORPQ Li G%sV?
BLi sLRiRWs dxqsVNRPVs[sVVLiRV sWszqsNRP qx sLiVVLSs, aSLkiLRiNRP RXRy*s,
{sR RXztsQ[ |msVN][y. INRP {sLigS sos NRPVLRiyT y RLiT INRP
\|qssNRPVT RWs sVVLiRVsVLi[ Fys sRVNRPWRRV.
yLjiNRPsLi, sVLi %s[V [s zmsyTs ylLi` @N_LiLi[, BLidsL][
RWs[ AaRPs sxmssVLi[ sj[xqsVN][y. [NRPF[ @Rs[ A {sR Fs
LRiWxmsosWFy[ A[LiRVN][y.
s[sV AL][ NSxqsV RRVsoRVsxmsVRV R RLiRVV |msLixmsNRPLi[ NSNRPVLiy RV
|msLixmsNRPLi[ |msLRigRiRLi s NRP[ xmsj sWLRiV[}ms LSsRLi s xmsLkiORPQ FsLi yNRPV
gS gRiVLRiVLij. A RLRiVyR s[sV @sLiRxmspL`i ryLiVV xqsW[ Rj%ssxmsVRV INRP
sVLi sWryLRiV aRPR dxqsVN][sRLi s A xqsLisR=LRiLi sWNTP sWLRiV sWLRiVV LSsRLi
NRPWy yNRPV gRiVLRiVLij.
A RLRiVyR ylLi` @N_Lids=[ NSqs @N_Li=, @N_Li=[ sVLi sWLRiV][
DdLRiR ryjLiRgRigSsV. INRP sVsztsQ INRP {sRsV @jgRi%sVLiRRLi |msR NRPxtsQs[V%dsV NSRV.
@ @jgRi%sVLiR[s xmsORPQLi[ A LRiLigSs sj[zqs s[lLi[ LRiLigSs FssVN][sRLi NRPWy

@ryRs[V%dsV NSRV.

4. y OSQQ s ryjLiRRLi[ s[sNRPR soysV?

xms sVWRV sN][, ALRiVsN][ %dsV zmsyRV Rs gRisWs ryjLiRysNTP FsLiR
RWLRiLi[ soyRV? @s %sxtsQRWs gRisVsxqsW soLiy. sVLid xmsLkiORPQQ[, mnsBRVLki
mx sLkiORPQQ[ sWLRiVV qx sLjigS LSNRPF[ "\|mnss[ sWyRV FyxqsLiVV[ y[. sVLi sWLRiVV
LSNRPFLiVVy xmsn LRiy[RV' @s @FyRVLi GLRiLRiRVN][NPR WRRV.
@lgi[ INRP zmsyRV gRiLiLiVVN][, sVlLi[ sVRVsVLiRVN][ @yVxmsT[ FsLiR
]LiRLRigS gRiz}qs @LiR sVLij. sVVLigS ARzmsVs RRLiRVV RsV zmsV
}mssV[ mx sT[ qx sVLigS xmsVN][gRiLRiV.
@xmssLRiNRPV RVLRiVgS sos @sWLiVV ssLigS soLiRLi, Dy{qssLigS soLiRLi,
G][ A[xqsW soLiRLi, BLisds }mssV[xmsTs ORPQV. RRLiRVV RsV
NRPWRVLRiV }mssV[ mx sTs %sxtsQRWs A @sWLiVV }mssLRiNRPV gRiVLjiLiRNRPF[, @j A
RRLiRVNRPV RsV NRPWRVLji\|ms xqsVsbPR RXztsQ [Rs %sxtsQRWs xqsWxqsVLij.
zmsV RsV OSQQNRPV FsLiR RWLRiLi[ soyLRis %sxtsQRVLi gRiVLjiLiRszqsLij C
%sR LigS RRLiRV[.
qx sLiLiy V :
AzqsFyxqsVV G%dsV [NRPFLiVVy, RRLiRV AxqsVxms[ soLiRysNTP s[NTP c s[V
LRiLiVVy zmsV |msR%s gRiVsos NRPuyV @j%sV|ms, G][ %sRLigS RV xqsLiFyjLi,
RRLiRV AL][gSs NSFyRVN][sRLi N][xqsLi NRPxtsQxmsRLi sVsLi RWxqsWs[ soyLi.
L][L][NTP xmsxmsLiRLi sVLjiRVzqsN`PgS sWLRiV][Lij.
sWss xqsLiLiys ALij NRP xqsLiLiyV G %sR LigS y%sVs[ [ryW y [qs
ss "@LiRLRiVLi'[ NTPRVL`igS LSaSsV. BVsLi xmsLjizqsRVV GLRiRNRPVLiy soLiyLi[
sVsVxtsv sVR (sVVLigS RLiT, zmssVR) sVLi xqsLiLiyV soLiy.
sVLi xqsLiLiyV FyLi[ %syyV yVgRiV.
1. xqsVsRR*Li
2. IxmsLiRLi
3. xmsbPLi[ }qs*R.
4. @sgSxs.

1. xqsVsRR*Li :
"xmsxmsLiRLi[ RRLiRVNRPV @RLiR %sV\ss sj ysVV' @s xms zmsyTNTP
RW. C %sxtsQRVLi zmsV VxqsVN][yLi[ RRLiRVV %dss xqsVsRLigS
LiT RW. "xqsWLiVVFgSs[ BLiNTP s. BLi RgRiLRi Rs R FsRVLRiV
RWxqsVLiVLij' @s ss zms[ NRPgSLi[ A R zmsyT FsLi][ AFyRVR][
|msLiRszqs soLiVLij.
zms RLiTLiRszqss xqsLiRLSV @s[NRPLi LSsRV. ysNTP RgjisVgSs[ RVV,
RLiRVV xmssLjiLiRsRV. sWsVWVgS sos qx ssVVRLi RVFnysV ssmx sVRV AVgS,
FVgS \|msN]y %sVgRiy qx ssVRW[ sWsVWVgS soLiW s[Vmx nsWy*LS sVsVxtsv
LRiOTPQxqsVLij. @lgi[ N][xmsLi ssmx sVRV RLiTLiy, %sVgRiy qx ssVRW[ sNRPRgS }mssV
RWzmsLiRszqss RR RRLiRV[. ksNTP N]s xqsV:
__ %dsVLRiV zms][ RxmsVgS xmssLjiLisV %dsVNRPszms}qs @j %dsV zms RgRiLRi IxmsVN][LiT.
(C mx soxqsNRPLi sVVR[ yzqss INRP Fyxms BLigkitx sv ALjiNRP sVd BLiN]NRPryLji RRsLiT)
__ yLji [s xqsQXbPLiRRLi gSds, ys RgRiLRiNRPV dxqsVN][sRLi gSds @xmsVRxmsVRV
[RVLiT. @j AFyRVRsV xqsWxqsVLij.
__ sVLki gRiLidLRiLigS soLiRLi %dsV sQQNTPy*s RWLiRsRVgSds %dsV zms RgRiLRi
sWRLi gRiLidLRiLigS soLiRLiT. y G %sxtsQRVLi[\sy RxmsT[ %dsVLRiV
R xmsRNRPLiT. rysV W RWxmsLiT.
__ gRiRgS %ssLiT. NRPLiR V Bs*R V.
2. IxmsLiRLi :
G zmsyT\ZNPy RsV RRLiRVV RsVsV }mssV][ LijLiyLRiV @s Ex FsLiR
g]xms xqsLiRXzmssxqsVLij. BLiRNRPVsVVLiRV yxmsL`i[ INRP Fyxms BLiNTP AxqsLigS s}qs s[LRiV
s[LRiV RRLiRVV Fs xmssLjiryL][ LSRVRLi Ljigjisj. A Fyxms BLiNTP AxqsLigS s}qs R
RLiRVV mx sLiRVN][NRPF[ sVVR[ y Rmx sTLij. ORPQLi ORPQLi sVs }mssVsV
sLRiWzmsLiRVN][szqss "AsaRPNRPR' FsLi][ soLij. ksNTP N]s qx sV.
__ xms ryRVLiRLi %dsV zmss A L][ Fs gRiTLi][ @Tgji VxqsVN][LiT.
__ yT NSLRiNRPsW[ FyVxmsLiRVN][LiT.
__ %dsV zmsyT xqsWVZNP yT @sXj G[VLRiLigS[ Fs DLi][ @Tgji
VxqsVN][LiT.

__ xqsW RWssLRi= xmnsLiORPQsNTP, }mslLiLi= [NTP, FgRiqsNSLRiV BsxmsVRV %dsV

LRiNRPys[ xmsLixmsNRPVLiy RxmsNRPVLiy %dsVLRiV gSs [NRP BRLRiW NRPzqsgSs sLiT.

@j sVLi xmsR.
__ %dsV zmsLi[ %dsV ZNPLiRVNRPV gRiLRi*sW yNRPV }qs RVLiT.

3. xmsbPLi[ }qs*R :
zmsNTP |msRsV xmsbPLi[ }qs*R NSy. %dsV zmsV J|mssgS sLiVVdgS
soLiRsNTP FsLiR }qs*RsryL][, @LiRgS s %sVs |msLiRysNTP NRPWR ][LRiRyLRiV.
NRPVVLi xqsV sVR NRPWR "BLiLSORPQs' gS |msLRiVgRiVRVLij.
%dsV zmsV %sVsVTlgi[ xqssVLixqs\sVs xmsaRPNRPV DR\sVs qx ssWyys*LiT.
FsNRPQ\[ zmsNRPV xmsbPLi[ }qs*R [][ @NRPR y {mnsLig`i=s NTP |ms[ryLRiV. A
%sRLigS [RVRLi s A {mnsLig`i= y[ @gjixmsLS*y NRPVR NRPVR DTNTP INRPryLjigS
}msyLiVV. @xmsVRV A {mnsLig`i=s RV sNRPV][ xmsLiRVN][sysNTP BxtsQxmsRyLRiV. %dsVNRPV
sWszqsNRPLigS RWLRisVsoyLRiV.
4. @sgSx s :
sVs%dsVR sVs gRiRLi yWNRPV xmssLi, sVs RVW sos xmsLjixqsLS xmssLi xqsxtsQLigS
sVsNRPV @sgSx\s soLiT. BRLRiV sNRPVV |ms [xqsVNRPVsxmsVRV, lLiLiRV gRiyV NRPzqs INRP
sLRisWsLigS %sLiRRLi FyLRiLiryLiVV. A sLRisWss[V RRLiRVVgS LRiWxmsojRVN]s
zms %sxtsQRVsV dLjijRVRVLij. sVsNTP sVs gRiRLi INRP @sVsLi. sVs zmsNTP sVss[V
INRP @sVsLi. NS gRiRLi[ sVsLi s[LRiVNRPVs FyhS RV}msgRi
xmsRVLiy.
s[sV y sVV\|ms#s xqsLisR=LRiLi[ [sV=T [ , ALiR L`i }%ds ssV Rjs[yTs.
A RLRiVyR AlLi[RV qx sLisR=LSNTP @zqssWs, @LiVVsr sLi \|qsLiqx sV mx soxqsNSV
RRsRLi LjigjiLij. sW @LiVVNTP s[sV xmsj}ss xqsLisR=LRiLi[s[ @zqssWs xmsoxqsNS
yT NRPLRiLiNSs %sxtsQRW xmsRLi y*LS %sV= @Li` Ws,@ [sV= U [ Li
sWsVWV xmsoxqsNS ryLiVVsVLi INRPsVV \|msNTP lgiLiLi sVLi xmsoxqsNS xms @sgSxs
GLRiLRiRgRigSsV.
y sVVxmsLiVV qx sLisR=LS sRVxqsV @sVys s[sV y NRPVsWLRiVTNTP xmsNRPFLiVV
soLi[ yTNTP NRPWy A xmsoxqsNSV RRsysNTP sVL][ xmsj}sV xqsLisR=LSV xms[j. C
%sRLigS xmsj}sV xqsLisR=LS @sVys (xmsoxqsNSNRPV xqsLiLijLi)@RsNTP Bs*gRigSsV.

IZNP[ryLji sVW][ sVV%dsVRNTP ss A zmsyTNTP yVg][ sVV%dsVRNTP, @LiVV][ sVV%dsVRNTP

[LRiysNTP xaS yNRPV xmsss xqsLisR=LSV xmsNRPFsRV.
....... y qx sLiRLS[ sVs gRiRLi sVsNTP s[VV [}qsjgSs[ soLiVLij. sVsZNPRV\lLis
qx ssVxqsV c ys mx sLjitx sQLjiLis %sysLi, sVs @sVyV sVs zmsNTP %ssLjiLi
xmsgRigji[, Bsds %sR rFyyVgS DxmsWgRimx sRyLiVV.

dNRP N][ V :
xmssVsztsQNUP dNRP N][V N]sVLiLiVV. INRP RLiTNTP gSylgi[ @yV
soLiRsRV. INRP RNTP LigSLRiLi xms, dlLixms gS zms soLiRsRV. RsV dNRP
N][ zmsV @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVs[gRi RW.
RsV {sR sVLi RVxmsRsNTP ysVLiR NRPxtsQxmsRVRVyL][, @ xmsR[NRP
NRPVVLisNTP FsLiR sxtsQLi sxqsVLi][ zmsNTP @LiR sV[V [ y[ [*xtsQLi rys[ INRP
%sR\sVs NRPVgRiVRVLij. "ysVgRiW TFRWLi, RsV zmssy sVLi sWLRiLi[
|msRyLi' @s @xmsRVLi xms Rd RLiTNTP C dNRP N][ xms soLiy.
@Li xmsLjizqs[ |msLjigjis zmsV LRiVgRiVV ][LRis |msLiRVN][NRPVLiy rysVW
ys @sLRiVNRPVLiLRiV. dNRP N][V GLRi[ NSLRiV sVWRV %syVgS
%sLiRsRV.
1. @yV.
2. RVLi.
3. xms[ xms[ @[ RxmsV [RVLi
1. @yV :
FyR xmsR RVLi sWLRisNTP \ LRiLi NSy. sWszqsNRP rysVLiR QLi NSy. Rs%dsVR
RsNTP NRPLi[ NSy. NSds ysVLij sVsVxtsvNTP C sVWRW soLiRso. sVVLigS
RLiRVV FsxmsV\[ INRP NRPVVLisNTP @jNS\lLi |msRsLi RLiVVLiRRLi sVVRV|msRy][
@xmsVRV ys A}msyLRiV FssLRiW soLiRLRiV. "C @yVs s[sV AsLiys
F~LiRVRVysV. C AsLiys NSRs[ xNRPV %dsVZNP[sVVLij?' @s[ ][LRis C NRPVVLi
|msRV @yV [xqsVNRPVLiLRiV. @LixmsVRV zmsV N]LiRNSLi @gji sVgji soy
RLRiVyR LRiVgRiVV ][LRis @yV [xqsVNRPVLiLRiV.
2. RVLi :
xms sVsztsQ FsLiRVNRPV RVxmsRyRV @sysNTP y LRiNSVgS y

NSLRiVyLiVV. N]LiRsVLij dNRPs RW}qs RVxmsRyLRiV. sVLjiN]LiRsVLij

yVgRiLiRxqsV s[VR %dsVRsVLi NTPLiRNRPV RW}qs RVxmsRyLRiV. N]LiRsVLij lLi[xmso
sVyxLi ILigRiLi \QsVNTP s=soLi[ C L][ ryRVLiRLi sVLi[ @][LRiNRP\sVs
<ss][ RVxmsRRVLiLRiV. N]LiRsVLij lLi[xmso DLjibPORPQ @y NRPWy C LS y
sLRiLigS DLiRgRiVgRiVyLRiV. RVLi s[LRiV s[LRiV ryLiVV[ sVsVxtsv R|msRVRW
soLiVLij. RsVNTP RVsVy NRPWy zms sVVLiRV RsV NRPVsLi @Ry ss[Vk
[Rs sLRiWzmsxqsW soLiy. Bj y NTPNRPxmsLRi\sVs yNUPRVR @LiVVy NRPWy @
RVRLi RxmsRV.

3.xms[xms[ @[ RxmsV [ RVLi :

"NRPxtsQV yLiR @s[ FyV. RxmsNRPVLiy sVLiL][ @[ sxqsVLij' @sVN]s
FyR xmsRRV N]srygjiLiRRLi y xmsoLSRs\sVs xmsR. CaSsLi \sxmso %s Rs*RLi
y*LSNSs, [NTP LRiORPQlLi[ NRPVN][sRLi y*LSgSs, [xtsQLi zmsLiRVN][sRLi s NSs
sVLiL][V LSso. sVLiL][V sVLi sQQNTPR*Li |msLiRVNRPVLi[ sryLiVV.
sVsLi NRPuy FsRVL]s[ \ LSs |msLiF~LijLiRVNRPVLi[ sryLiVV. sVsLi Fss NRPuy[
soy NRPWy sVs zmsNTP @j RVss*NRPFss[V sVLij. sVLki NRPxtsQV FsNRPVQ\s,
ys zmsV RxmsRVRVLi[ @xmsVRV yLjis NRPWL][ xmsLi ysVLi xmsR.
sVsLi ALij NRP xmsLRi\ sVs BLiRV[ soLiT sVs zmsNTP INRP xmsp @sLi |ms[NRPF[ %ds\sLiR
sLRiNRPV @sLi |msysZNP[ xmsRVLiy.
NSds A %sxtsQRVLi zmsNTP RVss*NRPWRRV. @sLi |msRLi yyxmso RVLRiLi
@LiVVsxmsVRV A zmssV NRPWL][ ysVLiRVNRPV @sLi |ms[NRPFRVysW,
@LiRVNRPsxqsLRi\sVs RVN][xqsLi ysVLiR NRPxtsQxmsRVRVysW, @LiVVyNRPWR A RLiRVNRPV
]LRiNRPLi [][, @LiRVs zmsNRPV @sLi |ms[NRPFRVsLiRVNRPV ysVV FsLiR
RxmsRVRVysW RV[RVLiT.
zmsV NRPWy RLiTNTP G %sRLigS xqsRVLi RW @s A[LiRLi
sVVRV|msRyLRiV. (BNRPR INRP mx sp LiT [NPR FsLi @sj ZNP[s Li INRP DyxLRi
sWRs[V) s s NRPuysV NRPWy mx sLiRVN][sLi y*LS sWszqsNRP qx sLiLiyV
gRiVxmsRyRVs[ C LRiRLiVVR D[aRPLi.