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Prediction of Harmonics Produced by Multiple Variable Speed Drives With Randomly Fluctuating Loads
Prediction of Harmonics Produced by Multiple Variable Speed Drives With Randomly Fluctuating Loads
El Jihad MOHAMMED
Ahmed CI&NTI
Abstract'
This paper presents statistical description of the magnitude
of the sum of injected harmonic currents produced by
multiple ac drive with randomly fluctuating loads using
bivariate normal distribution (BND) method. The effects of
motors speeds and input line reactance variations upon the
probabilistic behavior of the magnitude of the vectorial sum
of random harmonic vectors are investigated. Monte Carlo
simulation is performed to just& the obtained results.
1 Introduction
With the passing years, the number and the power ratings
of variable speed drives do not cease growing in the electrical
distribution systems so that, harmonics which they generate
become alarming for electrical supply utilities and consumers
considering the harmful effects which they create. The
increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has
resulted in a continued growth in the application of variable
speed drives and consequently in increasing harmonic levels.
For accurate prediction of the harmonics effect on electrical
equipment and power devices optimization, it is very
important to take into account the randomly varying
operating conditions of variable speed drives. Several studies
have suggested that to achieve a more realistic analysis of
harmonic problems, the probabilistic approach is suitable
since it allows to take into account the random variations of
harmonics [l-41. The simplest tool for achieving the vectorial
sum of random harmonic vectors resorts to a Monte Carlo
simulation. However, Monte Carlo simulation is time
consuming and does not provide an intuitive insight to the
problem of harmonic currents summation. Analytical
methods based on models such as bivariate normal
distribution (BND) are indispensable to the interpretation of
results obtained from the simulation. The BND model is
based on the assumption that, if several number of
independent random nonlinear loads operate simultaneously,
2 AC drive model
The ac drive considered here is shown in fig. 1. The
inverter is supplied by a six-pulse thyristor rectifier through a
LC filter. The three-phase induction motor is supplied by a
six-pulse voltage-source inverter. The ac current waveform is
mainly generated by the rectifier, which constitute the first
stage of the converter. The following simplifying
0-7803-5957-7/00/$10.00
0 2000 IEEE
1157
qq+
(7)
T=mw+b
R,m
cosa =
A
++ -9mJ xz c
&
- sin(h - 1)s
+ sin(h - 1)ah-1
cos6 =
&
Rr m
6
- -9mJXz c
1158
9fi
A&
9fi
+ -R,-,x,
A
i- -
&
=CO+D
A&
-Rr+-XXc
6
A2
1.35 V
k 3 VLN
Zy=-[ 2 d l X c
IC2
A2
1.35 V
(9)
k=l
k=l
k=l
f ( i )=
(15)
where,
4 Simulation results
A system containing N identical ac drives that operate
independently is shown in fig. 2. Since our primary focus is
the analytical approach, some simplifying assumptions are
made to reduce computational efforts. Interactions which can
appear between drives due to ac reactances are not
considered. The ac drives are assumed to have the same
power and voltage ratings; they have the same per unit
parameters : m = -1.4, b = 1.9, R, = .05 p.u. and V = 1.0 p.u.
Each drive speed w is chosen randomly and independently of
each other, between
and U,,,, with a uniform distribution
(?Cain
1159
- 0ma1).
used to compute pdfs using and cdfs using (15) and (16),
respectively. As can be noticed in those figures, there is
significant difference due to commutation. As ac reactance
increases the magnitude of the sum of the harmonic current
reduces for a given probability. There's significant reduction
in higher order harmonic magnitude as ac reactance
increases. It has been observed that when X, increases,
vectorial sums of higher order harmonic currents approaches
rapidly to their arithmetical sums.
05
1.5
2
2.5
ilh ham& curmm 0 Y.)
.\
1.5
1160
5 Conclusion
This study focused on analyzing the statistical parameters
of the BND model of several induction motor drives
employing six-pulse thyristor converters. By using the
deterministic model of the converters and a piece-wise
approximation of torque-speed characteristics of mechanical
loads, the pdfs and cdfs of the sum of harmonic currents were
derived in terms of motor speeds applying BND approach.
Numerical results were provided to show the effect of
commutation and the influence of the variations interval of
motors speeds on the resultant harmonic currents.
Comparison of the pdfs obtained from the BND model and
those from Monte Carlo simulation has shown that the BND
model is justified when N 2 5 in our illustrative numerical
example.
h\
References
05
1.5
2
3
4
I t h h l m ~ n l ~ c ~ i i mIt ( p ~
7th h w n c u r r r t (pu )
a)
b)
Fig. 5 - pdfs (curves) of the resultant harmonic
currents iph produced by 3, 5 and 10 induction drives
and the results of Monte Carlo simulation (dots)
Appendix
Rectangular components Z, and Zy , given by (3) and (4),
can be written as Z, = g(w) and I, = h(w), by using eqns. (8) and (9)
and the following trigonometric identities:
1161