Pagbuo ng Layunin ng

Pagtuturo
Chem R. Pantorilla

Ano
ang
taxonomy ng
pagkatuto?

Binuo ito ni Dr. Benjamin Bloom

noong 1956 upang maitaguyod
ang mas mataas na mga anyo ng
pag-iisip (higher forms of
thinking) gaya na mga konsepto
sa pag-aanalisa at pagtatasa,
mga pamamaraan, at mga
prinsipyo kaysa tanging pagkilala
lamang ng mga bagay.
www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html

Tatlo ang domeyn ng pagkatuto:

Ano ang
kognitibong
taxonomy ng
pagkatuto?
Bakit dito
nakatuon ang
pagsusulit?

Kognitibo na tumutukoy sa kaalaman

Apektib o pandamdamin na nagbibigaydiin naman sa pagbabago ng damdamin o
mga bahaging pang-emosyon (pag-uugali
at sarili)
Saykomotor na tuon ang pagsasagawa/
manwal o pisikal na kasanayan
(kasanayan)

Bakit dito
nakatuon ang
pagsusulit?

Sa paggawa ng pagsusulit, ang mga

kakayahan
sa
pagkatuto
ay
nakatuon sa bahaging kognitibo.
Sinusukat sa pagsusulit ang mga
kaalamang natamo ng mga magaaral mula sa proseso ng pagtuturopagkatuto na nagawa/naganap sa
klasrum o sa klase.

Ano ang
ibig sabihin
ng learning
outcome?

Learning outcomes ay mga layunin

na naglalarawan sa pag-unlad at
pagbabago ng isang mag-aaral dahil
sa karanasan ng pagkatuto (learning
experience). Higit pa rito, tinutukoy
nito ang kaalaman, mga kasanayan,
pag-uugali, at gawi (habit) ng pagiisip ng mag-aaral na nakamit mula
sa karanasan ng pagkatuto. (Suskie,
2009).

 Narito ang ilan sa katanungan na maaring

makatutulong sa talakayan ng talaan ng mga

Paano
gumawa nito
ayon sa
kognitibong
antas ng
pagkatuto?

outcomes:

1.Ano ang nais mong gawin ng mga magaaral?

2.Anong kaalaman, kakayahan o kasanayan
ng ideyal na mag-aaral ang dapat na
ipakikita?
3.Paano maipakita ng mga mag-aaral ang
kanilang natutunan?

Mahalaga sa
pagsulat ng
learning
outcome:

nakatuon sa ugali ng mag-aaral

gumamit ng payak, tiyak na mga
pandiwang salita
mamili ng nararapat na metodo ng
pagtatasa o asesment
ilahad ang nais na performance
criteria

Kapag nakilala o batid na ang nais na kinalabasan,

isaalang-alang ang sumusunod na katangian:

Kayarian ng
OUTCOME
na pahayag

Specific- nakatuon sa tiyak na kategorya

ng kaalaman ng mag-aaral. Kung
masyado itong malawak, magiging
mahirap ang pagsukat nito.
Measureable- maaring makuha ang mga
datos para masukat ang kaalaman o
natutunan ng mag-aaral.

Kayarian ng
OUTCOME
na pahayag

Attainable- Magagawa o maaabot ang

kinalabasang nais makita sa mga magaaral.
Results-Focused- Makatutuhanan at may
kaugnayan sa competency na nais
mapaunlad sa mag-aaral.
Timed bound- magagawa sa tiyak na
panahon.

Ilan na mga
outcome na
pahayag ang
aking
susulatin o
gagawin?

3-4 na mga outcome.

Subuking ituon ito sa mga
mahahagang layunin ng
pagtuturo. Pakaisipin, sa huli,
kailangan mong sukatin ang
lahat ng mga ito.

Teaching in
Blooms: A
guide to levels
of learning and
teaching
strategies

Blooms
Category

Definition

Knowledge
Information
Gathering

recalling or
remembering
something
without
necessarily
understanding,
using, or
changing it

Action Verb
Tell, list, describe,
name, repeat,
remember, recall,
identify, state, select,
match, know, locate,
report, recognize,
observe, choose,
who, what, where,
when, cite, define,
indicate, label,
memorize, outline,
record, relate,
reproduce, underline

What the
Teacher
Does
Directs
Tells
Shows
Examines

Learning
Activities
Lecture, reading,
audio/visual,
demonstration,
question and
answer period,
memorize and
recite

Teaching in
Blooms: A
guide to levels
of learning and
teaching
strategies

Comprehen
sion
Deeper
Understanding of
Knowledge

understanding
something
that has been
communicated
without
necessarily
relating it to
anything else

Explain, restate,
find, describe,
review, relate,
define, clarify,
illustrate,
diagram, outline,
summarize,
interpret, paraphr
ase, transform,
compare
similarities and
differences, derive
main idea,
arrange, convert,
defend, discuss,
discuss, estimate,
extend,
generalize, give
examples, locate,
report, translate

Demonstrat
es
Listens
Questions
Compares
Examines

Discussions,
reflection,
illustrate main
idea,

Apply
Use of
Knowledge

Teaching in
Blooms: A
guide to levels
of learning and
teaching
strategies

using a
general
concept to
solve
problems in a
particular
situation;
using learned
material in
new and
concrete
situations

Apply, practice,
employ, solve,
use, demonstrate,
illustrate, show,
report, paint,
draw, collect,
dramatize,
classify, put in
order, change,
compute,
construct,
interpret,
investigate,
manipulate,
modify, operate,
organize, predict,
prepare, produce,
schedule, sketch,
translate

Shows
Facilitates
Observes
Criticizes

Role plays,
case studies,
fishbowl
activities,
construct a
model,
collection of
photographs

Analyze
Compare and
Contrast

Teaching in
Blooms: A
guide to levels
of learning and
teaching
strategies

breaking
something down
into its parts;
may focus on
identification of
parts or analysis
of relationships
between parts,
or recognition of
organizational
principles

Analyze, dissect,
detect, test,
deconstruct,
discriminate,
distinguish, examine,
focus, find
coherence, survey,
compare, contrast,
classify, investigate,
outline, separate,
structure,
categorize, solve,
diagram, determine
evidence and
conclusions,
appraise, break
down, calculate,
criticize, debate,
experiment, identify,
illustrate, infer,
inspect, inventory,
question, relate,
select

Probes
Guides
Observes
Acts as a
resource

Practice by
doing,
simulated job
settings, write a
commercial to
sell a product,
make a flow
chart, put on a
play or skit,
write a
biography, plan
an event

Evaluate
Judging the
Outcome

Teaching in
Blooms: A
guide to levels
of learning and
teaching
strategies

judging the
value of
material or
methods as
they might be
applied in a
particular
situation;
judging with
the use of
definite criteria

Coordinate, judge,
select/choose,
decide, debate,
evaluate, justify,
recommend, verify,
monitor, measure,
the best way, what
worked, what could
have been
different, what is
your opinion, test,
appraise, assess,
compare, conclude,
contrast, criticize,
discriminate,
estimate, explain,
grade, interpret,
rate, relate, revise,
score, summarize,
support, value

Accepts
Lays bare
the criteria
Harmonizes

Use in real
situations, on
the job
training, create
a new product,
write a new
language code
and write in it,
persuasively
present an
idea, devise a
way to solve a
problem,
compose a
rhythm or put
new words to
a song

Create
Original or new
creation

Teaching in
Blooms: A
guide to levels
of learning and
teaching
strategies

creating something
new by putting
parts of different
ideas together to
make a whole.

Create, hypothesize,
design, construct,
invent, imagine,
discover, present,
deduce, induce, bring
together, compose,
pretend, predict,
organize, plan, modify,
improve, suppose,
produce, set up, what
if, propose, formulate,
solve (more than one
answer), arrange,
assemble, categorize,
collect, combine,
devise, explain,
generate, manage,
perform, prepare,
rearrange, reconstruct,
relate, reorganize,
revise, argue for

Reflects
Extends
Analyzes
Evaluates

 Facts - Specific and unique data or instance.

Knowledge
Dimension

Concepts - A class of items, words, or ideas that are

known by a common name, includes multiple specific
examples, shares common features. There are two
types of concepts: concrete and abstract.
Processes - A flow of events or activities that describe
how things work rather than how to do things. There
are normally two types: business processes that
describe work flows and technical processes that
describe how things work in equipment or nature. They
may be thought of as the big picture, of how
something works.

Procedures - A series of step-by-step actions

and decisions that result in the achievement of a
task. There are two types of actions: linear and
branched.

Knowledge
Dimension

Principles - Guidelines, rules, and parameters

that govern. It includes not only what should be
done, but also what should not be done.
Principles allow one to make predictions and
draw implications. Given an effect, one can infer
the cause of a phenomena. Principles are the
basic building blocks of causal models or
theoretical models (theories).

The
Remem UnderKnowledge
ber
stand
Dimension

The Cognitive
Dimension

Facts
Concepts
Processes
Procedures
Principles
Metacognitiv
e

Apply Analyze Evaluate Create

 1. Natutukoy nang w alang pagkakamali ang apat na

pangunahing grupo ng pagkain.The student will
(Knowledge)
2. Nabubuod ng mga pangyayari sa kwento na may
wastong gramar sa wikang Filipino.

Halimbawang
outcome

3. Nakapagbibigay ng sariling opinyon/tindig sa

personal na pang-aatake ng kalabang politiko kaysa
politikal na programa nito.
(Analysis)
4. Nakapagbibigay o nakasusulat ng iba ngunit kapanipaniwalang buod mula sa binasang kuwento.
(Synthesis)