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:

(Kalat)

kmoutou@phs.uoa.gr
daphne.roumani@gmail.com


, ,
,
,

vs


1.

2.

: , +

3.

: -; , ,

4.

:
; ;

5.

: ; ,
, , (Descartes problem)

6.

( , )

;
o -

o, ,

o, ,

- -
/:
:


/

-
-
-,
:
,
,
/


5 , 3.5 , . . 100 (
)
Descartes
Gall & Spurzheim (~1800): (
- ;)
Flourens:
Jackson: , ,

Broca (1861): tan
Wernicke (1876): ,
/ ( )


oFritsch & Hitzig 1870 ( )
[ ]
oHess 1944 ( )
oPenfield (): (
)
oHolst & St.Paul 1960 (
) [

o,
oTrans-magnetic stimulation (TMS):

Penfield


( )

vs : silver method + the neuron doctrine

(Brodmann)


(neuron):


()

( ) 86100x109 (nerve cells)


vs. :
,
() :
,


o (
)
o ( )
o (-
)
o ( )
o ( )

o (, ,
)
o Golgi ( )


1. :
(,
, )
2. : (
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3. : (
, , output)
*

:
(- :
, , )

:
: ( &
)

vs

:

: .

().


( : ).
* (transduction) =

.

: - : ()
()
[ ]

:
o (INPUT)
o ()
o/ (OUTPUT),
+

o ( )
o
o ,

o ()
o ( )

( )
1. (sensory neurons):


(receptors):
, , ( )

2. (motor neurons):
(
).
3. (interneurons):
[ ]

( )

:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:
.
ALS ()

()
.

. ,
.


,

.


o- -
(=)
o10 10
(
)
o

o :
- (+ ):

- Schwann:

-



. .. ,

.
()

(

&
oo

o
:


(1/2)
o
o ( )-

o:
o ,

,

o:

=
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o: , . ! ( )
;
o ( ),

o+ ( )
o ;
o, (02, CO2)
o
o, , ,
o ( !)
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