Metrology & Quality Assurance (MEL 311)

Text Books
Title

Engineering Metrology

Author

I. C. Gupta

Publisher

Dhanpat Rai Publications

Title

Engineering Metrology and Measurements

Author

Raghavendra and Krishnamurthy

Publisher

Oxford

Title

Statistical Quality Control

Author

M. Mahajan

Publisher

DhanpatRai

Assessment
Course
Assessment

Sessional I : 15%, Sessional II : 15%,

Teachers Assessment : 10%, End Exam : 60%

Concept of Metrology
Metrology concerns
measurements.

itself

with

the

study

of

Measurement is an act of assigning an accurate and

precise value to a physical variable.
Meaningful measurements require common and
defined measurement standards.
Measurements provide a basis to judge the process
information, quality assurance and process control.

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy: It is the degree of agreement of the
measured dimension with its true magnitude.
Precision: It is the degree of agreement of the repeated
measurements of a quantity made by using the same
method, under similar conditions.
Repeatability is random in nature and, by itself, does
not assure accuracy, though it is a desirable
characteristic. Accuracy and Precision are desirable
characteristics for any measuring instrument.

Accuracy and Precision

Precise but not

not Accurate

Accurate but not

Precise

Precise and
Accurate

Not Precise and

not Accurate

Accuracy: It is the degree of agreement of the measured

dimension with its true magnitude.
Precision: It is the degree of agreement of the repeated
measurements of a quantity made by using the same
method, under similar conditions.

Inspection
Inspection is defined as a procedure in which a part or
product characteristic is examined to determine whether
it conforms to the design specification.
Basically inspection is carried out to evaluate a specific
design or quality attribute of a component or product.
In inspection, the part either passes or fails. Inspection
become a very important aspect of quality control.
Inspection is essential to accomplish interchangeability of
manufactured components or spare parts.

Some Terminology
Calibration
Calibration is a comparison of two instruments, one of known uncertainty
(standard) and one of unknown uncertainty (your instrument).
Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the smallest variation in input, which can be detected as an
output. Good resolution is a prerequisite in order to detect sensitivity.
Stability and Drift
Stability is an error that is a function of time, whereas Drift is a function of
temperature (of the measurement electronics).
Tolerance
The maximum allowable deviation on the dimensional or geometrical
characteristics from a specified value.

Dimensional Features

Linear Measurements

Dial Gauge or Indicators

Used
to
check
the
variation
in tolerance during the inspection process
of
a
machined
part,
measure
the deflection of a beam or ring under
laboratory conditions
Dial indicators typically measure ranges
from 0.25mm to 300mm, with graduations
of 0.001 mm to 0.01mm

Slip Gauges

Supporting Elements

Angle Plate

Surface Plate

V-Block

Limits, Fits and Tolerances

Comparators
A comparator compares the
unknown dimensions of a
part with some standard
setting which represents the
basic size.
Dimensional variations from
the standard setting are
amplified and measured.

Inspection for limits is generally done by using

Limit Gauges

Production Drawing is basis for Inspection

Geometrical Features

Radial and Axial Run-out

Run-out is a surface control and It controls the surfaces
that are constructed
(i) Around a datum axis (Radial run-out).
(ii) Perpendicular to a datum axis (Axial run-out).

Car wheel
Axis of Rotation

Measurement of
Axial Run-out

Roundness/Cylindricity

Squareness Measurement

Autocollimator for Flatness and Straightness Measurement

Surface Roughness (Ra) Measurement

Screw Thread Measurement

Tool Makers Microscope

Tool maker microscope is a
precision Optical Microscope
which magnifies the object under
observation.
A high precision micrometric X-Y
stage and the Z axis travel is used
to measure the dimensions.
Measurement on parts of complex
form e.g. - profile of external
thread, tools, gauges, etc.

Profile Projector
Profile projector is an optical
instrument utilized for linear
measurements.
It is a valuable instrument in
manufacturing line for the
quality control assessment .
The projector magnifies the
profile of the specimen, and
shows this on the built-in
projection screen.

Machine Vision Systems

Profile mapping using coordinate

measuring machine (CMM)

Most of the geometrical features can be

measured using CMM

Next Topic:

Standards of Measurement