Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Psychological Empowerment
Psychological Empowerment
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Smith, C.A., Organ, D.W., & Near, J.P. (1983). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its
nature and its antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Spreitzer, G.M. (1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment.
Academy of Management Journal, 39, 483- 504.
Thomas, K.W., & Velthouse, B.A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An
"interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15,
666-681.
Thorlakson, A.J.H., & Murray, R.P. (1996). An empirical study of empowerment in the
workplace. Group and Organization Management, 21(1), 67-83.
Yukl, G.A. (1988). Development and validation of the Managerial Practices
Questionnaire. Technical report, State University of New York, Albany.
Received December 2, 1997
Revised August 21, 1998
Accepted November 20, 1998
Empowerment scale items Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3
Goal Internalization
I am inspired by what we are trying to achieve as an organization .85 .17 .14
I am inspired by the goals of the organization .84 .17 .06
I am enthusiastic about working toward the organization's objectives .83 .20 .09
I am keen on our doing well as an organization* .64 .25 .18
I am enthusiastic about the contribution my work makes to the organization* .63 .26 .20
Perceived Control
I can influence the way work is done in my department .10 .86 .10
I can influence decisions taken in my department .20 .83 .12
I have the authority to make decisions at work .28 .79 .08