2010 Bridges EN1993 GSedlacek PDF

Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010
Design of steel-bridges
Overview of key content of EN 1993-Eurocode 3
Illustration of basic element design
g
G. Hanswille, W. Hensen, M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek
LIST OF CONTENTS
1. The European Standard Family and Steel bridges

2. Load assumptions for steel bridges
3. Modelling of steel bridges
4. Specification of bearings
5. Choice of steel
6 D
6.
Design
i off b
bridge
id elements
l
t
6.1. Stability rules
6 2 Fatigue rules
6.2.
6.3. Rope structures
CROSS SECTION OF A BOX GIRDER BRIDGE WITH AN

ORTHOTROPIC DECK
HASELTALBRCKE SUHL
NAVIGATION THROUGH STANDARDS

Load combination
EN 1990
Safetyy aspects
p
EN 1990-A2
G/Q-values
EN 1993
1993-1-1
11
Imperfections
f
EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993-1-5
Stability of plates
EN 1993
1993-1-9
19
Fatigue
EN 1998-3
Self-weight
actions
design
Materials
EN 1090-2
Welding
CE-marking
CE
marking
EN 1337-6
Traceability
Thermal actions
EN 1991-1-5
Connections
Ropes
p
Prefabrication
EN 1090-2 Corrosion protection

EN 1090
1090-2
2
EN 1991-1-4
Bearings
execution
product
conformity
EN 1991-2
Wind actions
General
Seismic design
EN 10025
Traffic actions
EN 1991-1-1
Site work
EN 1993-2
EN 1993-1-8
EN 1993-1-11
EN 1337
EN 1090-2
EN 1337
Tolerances
EN 1090-2
Inspection
EN 1090
1090-2
2
Maintenance
EN 1337-10
SURVEY OF THE EUROCODES

EN 1990
Eurocode: Basis of Design
EN 1992 to EN 1996
EN 1991
Eurocode 2: Concrete structures
Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures
1-1
1
1 Self weight
Eurocode 3: Steel structures
1-2 Fire Actions
Eurocode 4: Composite structures
1-3 Snow
Eurocode 5: Timber structure
1-4 Wind
Eurocode 6: Masonry structures
1-5
1
5 Thermal Actions
1-6 Construction Loads
1-7 Accidential Actions
2
Traffic on bridges
3
Loads from cranes
EN 1997 and EN 1998
4
Silo loads
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design
Eurocode 8: Design in seismic areas
EN 1999
Eurocode 9: Aluminium structures
1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES

EN 1090 Part 1 Delivery Conditions for prefabricated steel components
Standa
ard syste
em for
steel structures
hEN
product standards
for steel materials,
semi- finished
products etc.
Eurocode: EN 1990 Basis of structural design

EN 1090 Part 2
Execution of
steel structures
Eurocode 1: EN 1991 Actions on structures

Eurocode 3: EN 1993 Design rules for steel structures
HSS up to
S700
1.12

Load combination
Safety aspects
Self-weight
actions
G/Q-values
designer
G
General
l
design
Fatigue
Materials
Traceability
Ropes
Prefabrication
execution
ti
Corrosion protection
CE-marking
g
Connections
Bearings
Seismic design
Welding
Wind actions
Thermal actions
Imperfections
Stability of plates
Traffic actions
Site work
Tolerances
product
conformity
Inspection
p
Maintenance
Tasks for designer and contractor
contractor

EN 1993-Part 1-1
General rules
1-5
Plate buckling
1-8
Connections
1-9
Fatigue
1-10
1-11
Choice of material
Rope structures
EN 1993-Part 2
Steel bridges
Annex A
Requirements for bearings
Annex B
A
Annex
C
Requirements for expansion joints

R
Recommendations
d ti
for
f orthotropic
th t
i plates
l t
Design rules for steel bridges in Eurocode 3

Limit State Concept

ULS
Ed Rd
SLS
Ed Cd
Fatigue E c
Choice of material
b
based
d on fracture
f t
mechanics
h i
(EN 1993-1-10)
Stability of members and plates
Si l -value
Single
l for
f combined
bi d
actions,
FEM-methods
(EN 1993-1-1) (EN 1993-1-5)
Fatigue assessments unless
recommended details are used
(EN 1993-2) (EN 1993-1-9)
Basic features of design rules for bridges
10
2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

11
900 kN
500 kN
2 kN
275
11,0 m
Load-model LM1

12
1000 kN
12
600 kN
6
300 kN
3
11,0 m
Load-model LM1 (draft German NA)

Statistical distribution of characteristics of vehicle
13

Modelling of vehicles and surfaces
14

15
Modelling of bridges

Load-model and simulations
16

17
Dynamic effects

K 210
18
K 138
Reference bridges for reliability analysis

Definition of target -value
19

20
P r o b a b ilis t ic d e s ig n
Qd
re q u ire d
f y W
EC 1 - P art 2 L o ad M o d el
req u
w h e re
LM
Qd
1 ,1 0
1, 3 5
M
M
Qd
LM
Q
Definition of Q-value
LM
Q

21
Q-values from LM1

Effect of modification:
Effect of modification:
22
aQ1q1K = 9 8 kN/m
aQ2q2K = 2,5 5 kN/m

Forecast of freight-volume
23

Development of permits for heavy vehicles
24

Results of WIM-measurements in NL
25

26
Fatigue load model specified in EN 1991

480 kN
Number of expected trucks

per year for a single lane
Traffic Category
1: 2-Lane Highways with a high rate of
heavy vehicles
2: Highways and roads with a medium
rate of heavy vehicles
3: Main roads with a low rate of heavy
vehicles
4: Country roads with a low rate of
heavy vehicles
Number of heavy vehicles N

2 106 / a
0,5 106 / a
0,125 106 / a
0,05 106 / a
Fatigue loading model FLM 3

Concep
pt for fatig
gue asses
ssment w
with
equivallent consttant ampllitude stre
ess range
es
Ff
fa t
27
m ax
Mf
s a fe ty fa c to r
fo r fa tig u e s tr e n g th
r e fe re n c e fa tig u e s tre n g th
a t 2 1 0 6 c y c le s
m a x im u m s tr e s s r a n g e fr o m
E C 1 - 2 lo a d m o d e l
d a m a g e e q u iv a le n c e fa c to r
re p re s e n tin g th e s p e c tr u m
crack size a
critical
crack
size acrit
d a m a g e e q u iv a le n t
im p a c t fa c to r
s a fe ty fa c to r
fo r fa tig u e lo a d
Ff = 1,00
Mf = 1,00 1,15 for damage tolerance
Mf = 1,25 1,35 for safe life method
detectable
crack
size a0
time
Inspection interval
Assessment method for FLM 3

Fatigue details welded attachments and stiffeners
EN 1993-1-9 - Fatigue resistance
28

29
Required moment of inertia from ULS and fatigue design for detail
category 71
Moment of Resiistance W/L [cm2m/m]
= 1 ,0
ULS
= 0 ,8
F a tig u e
S pa n L [m ]
Span limits for fatigue design

Joint for hanger

Alternatives for joints of hangers:
optimised
ti i d jjoint:
i t
continuously increasing stiffness (K90)
low curvature from bending
end of hanger with hole and inclined cut
low
l
stresses
t
att end
d off hanger
h
for
f
K50
ratio of inclined cut and connecting plate
avoiding of stress peak at end of
hanger
Recommendations for durable detailing
30

31
Hanger connection for arch bridges
2
3
4
Substitution of fatigue checks for critical details

Standard orthotropic steel deck with continuous stringers with

cope holes in the web of the cross beam
Substitution of fatigue checks by structural detailing

rules
32

33
Structural detailing for deck plate

connection of deck p
plate to troughs
g
75
HV
HV
HV
300
300
design life
load model 4
without layer
< 10 years
asphaltic
30 - 50 years
sealing
PmB 45
thermosetting
70 - 90 years
resin
PmB 25
12
14
300
fr t = 12 mm
Recommended details of orthotropic deck

34
Structural detailing for cross beams

75
12
hT
> 0,15 h T
25
hQTr
t Steg
tLtrough = 6 mm
tweb = 10 - 16 mm; verification of net web section required
hcrossbeam 700 mm

Potential positions of cracks in the asphalt layer
Durability of asphalt layer
35

36
Steel bridges serviceability limit state
distance b
between cross g
girders
a [m]
Requirements
q
for the minimum stiffness of stringers
g
depending on the distance between crossbeams
5
A
4
3
0
1000
5000
10000
15000
20000
second moment of area IB of the stringers including deckplate [m4]

Condition for curve A
1,20m
IB
2
1 heavy traffic lane

2 web of main girder or
longitudinal girder

37
Plate buckling
Verification to
web breathing
longitudinal edge
transversee edge
a1
a2
a3
aG
stiffened panel length

y
bG
subpanel
a4
stiffened paneel width
b21
Definition of a plated
element

38
3. MODELLING OF STEEL BRIDGES

39
Shear lag effect
GS

Subdivision of a moment-distribution to elements with standard shape
40

-factor for shear lag
41

42
Differences in modelling
Modelling for ULS
Modelling for fatigue

43
Modelling for ULS
Fatigue effects on web stiffeners

44
Modelling for ULS
Frame and distorsional effects
4. SPECIFICATION FOR BEARINGS

Design principles for individual bearings

- Permission of movements minimizing the reaction forces
- No tensile forces
- No
N significant
i ifi
t redistribution
di t ib ti off fforces tto other
th b
bearings
i
from accomodation to installation tolerances
p
of installation conditions with details
- Specification
of construction sequence and time variable conditions
- Measure to avoid unforeseen deformation of the bearings
(non uniform contact)
45

Construction documents
Bearing plan (drawing of the bearing system)
Bearing installation drawing (structural details)
Bearing schedule (characteristic values from each
action, design values from combination of action)
46

sliding
47
rolling
displacement
rotation
Functional principles of bearings
deforming

48

49

50
Actions for permanent and transient design situations

No.
Action
Eurocode
R f
Reference
tto ttemperature
t
T0
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07
1991 1 5 2004 07
1.1
1.2
1.3
Self-weight
Dead loads
Prestressing
1.4
1.5
Creep concrete
Shrinkage of concrete
DIN EN 1991-1-7:2007-02
DIN EN 1991-1-7:2007-02
DIN EN 1992-1:2005-10 and
DIN EN 1994-2:2006-07
DIN EN 1992-1:2005-10
DIN EN 1992-1:2005-10
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2 12
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
Traffic loads
Special vehicles
Centrifugal forces
Nosing forces
Brake and acceleration forces
Footpath loading
Wind on structure without traffic
Wind on structure with traffic
Range uniform temperature
Vertical temperature difference
Horizontal temperature difference
Soil Settlements
Bearing resistance/friction forces
Replacement of bearing
Pressure and suction from traffic
Wind during erection
2.17
2.18
Construction loads
Accidental actions
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-4:2005-07
DIN EN 1991-4:2005-07
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07, 6.1.3 and 6.1.5
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07, 6.1.4 and 6.1.5
DIN EN 1991-1-5:2004-07, 6.1.4 and 6.2
DIN EN 1997-1:2009-09
1997 1:2009 09
DIN EN 1337, Part 2 to 8
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-2:2004-05
DIN EN 1991-4:2005-07 and
DIN EN 1991-1-6:2005-09
DIN EN 1991-1-6:2005-09
DIN EN 1991-1-7:2007-02
For transient design situations reduction of variable actions due to limited duration EN 1991-2, 4.5.3. For steel
bridges also actions from installation of hot asphalt according to technical project specifications.

Actions in accidental design situations

Specifications according to EN 1991-2
Limitation of bridge movements by structural measures
measures,
e.g. stop devices at abutments
Actions in seismic design situations

Specifications according to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-2
51

Determination of design values of movements and bearing forces

Principles
C
Combination
bi i according
di to EN 1990
1990, 6
6.5.3.2
5 3 2 (2) with
i h partial
i l ffactors according
di to
EN 1990, A.2 and particular rules for climatic temperature effects
Movements due to creep and shrinkage by multiplying mean values in
EN 1992-2 and EN 1994-2 by a factor of 1.35
Verification of static equilibrium (uplift of bearings) and anchoring devices
b applying
by
l i 0.05
0 05 GK spanwise
i
Consideration of deformations of foundation, piers and bearings in the
modelling
g of the structure, see EN 1991-2, 6.5.4.2
Use of 2nd order theory for accounting for deformations of piers after
installation of bearings if required by EN 1992-1-1, 5.8.2 (6).
For calculation of pier deformations ky = 0
0,5
5 may be applied to geometric
member imperfections in EN 1992-1-1, 5.2.
52

53
Determination of design values of movements and bearing forces

Climatic temperature effects
Maximum and minimum constant temperature component:
Ted,
ed min = T0 - F TN,con
N con - T0
Ted, max = T0 + F TN,exp + T0
additional safety element
charact. Values EN 1991-1-5, 6.1.3.3
partial factor F = 1,35
reference temperature during installation of the bearings, e.g. +10C
Table E.4: Recommended values for T0

Case
T0 [C]
Installation of bearing
steel bridges
composite bridges
concrete bridges
Installation with measured Temperature and with correction

Resetting with bridge set at T0
Installation with estimated T0 and without correction by

resetting with bridge set T0
10
10
10
Installation with estimated temperature T0 and without

correction by resetting and also one ore more changes in
position of the fixed bearing
25
20
20
Td = Ted,max
ed max - Ted,min
ed min
For non-linear behaviour stepwise determination
Td = F TN

54
Reaction forces at fixed points resulting form resistance of the bearing system
For sliding bearings:
FH d
a G ,sup Gk Q 1 Qki Qi 0i Qki

Q Q1k
G
r
G
,
inf
k
other variable actions

vertical actions of traffic load
Forces from
acceleration
l ti and
d
braking
self weight, dead loads

coefficient of friction according EN 1337-1, 62.
For PTFE sliding bearings max = 0,03
For elastomeric bearings
FH d
forces from
acceleration
and braking
Gsup Asup q ,d ,sup

Q Qk1
G
A
inf q , d ,inf
inf
Shear deformations of the bearings
according EN 1337-3
plan shear area of bearings
nominal
i l values
l
off shear
h
modulus
d l
2
Gsup = 1,05 N/mm
Ginf = 0,75 N/mm2
Choice of material
5. CHOICE OF MATERIAL
55
Assumption for a0
c 3 2 10 6
a d a0 f
a0
ad
fatigue loading
initial crack
design crack
Safety assessment based on fracture mechanics

Kappl,d
appl d Kmat,d
mat d
Kmat,d (T27J, TEd)

Kappl,d (member shape, ad, 1Ed)
Toughness-temperature - Load-strain-diagram
Design situations in the upper-shelf region B and the transition region A of the
toughness-temperature diagram
56
57
Safety assessment based on temperature

K*appl,d Kmat,d
Transformation
Assessment scheme
Action side
TEd = Tmin + Tr + T + TR [[T + Tpl ]
lowest air temperature in combination
with Ed:
Tmin = -25 C
radiation loss:
Tr = - 5 C
influence of stress, crack imperfection
and member shape and dimension:
14
K
b
appl 20 eff 10
k
25
T 52ln R6
[C]
70
additive safety element:

TR = +7 C (with = 3,8)
TEd TRd
TEd TRd
Resistance
TRd = T100
Influence of material toughness
T100 = T27J 18 [C]
Choice of material to EN 1993-1-10
58
National quality tests
AUBI-test according to SEP 1390 (1996)
59
trend analysis for the AUBI correlation
60
Choice of material given in Table 3.1 of EN 1993-2
61
62
Example: Thick plates for the composite Elbebridge Vockerode (EN 1993-1-10)
Bridge system and construction
Plate thickness for S355 J2G3
Cross section
Support
75
Span
75 115 135 115 85 85 60 60 60 115
140 145
Support
Upper chord
145
140 115 60 60 60 85 85 115 135 115
75
Bottom pplates
50
30 70 70 95 45
40
70
70
125,28
Construction at supports
50
70 95 45 30
40
40
40
70
75
Bridge St. Kilian
63
Bridge St. Kilian
64
Cast node for the bridge St. Kilian
65
Cast node for the bridge St. Kilian
66
67
6. DESIGN OF BRIDGE-ELEMENTS
6.1 STABILITY RULES
68
Common design rules for column, lateral torsional, plate and shell buckling
Ed
Ed
Ed
Ed
sk
EN 1993-1-1
a0
lat. tors. buckl.
a
b
0,80
a
b
0,80
0,40
a0
0,40
0,20
0,20
EN 1993-1-6
1,0
0,8
0,8
0 60
0,60
EN 1993-1-5
0,60
Ed
1,2
1,0
1,00
shell buckling
ult , k
crit
1,2
EN 1993-1-1
1,20
Ed
plate buckling
Rk
R crit
E d /2
p [-]
1,00
lk
column buckling
ult , k E d R k
crit E d R crit
1,20
Ed
0 6
0,6
06
0,6
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,00
0,00
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
0,5
Ed
1,5
R k
M
2,5
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
_
p [-] 1,5
ult ,k
M
2,0
2,5
3,0
0,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Column buckling
69
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Column buckling curves
70
6.1 STABILITY RULES

71
Selection of buckling curves
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Test evaluation weak axis buckling
72
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Test evaluation weak axis buckling
73
6.1 STABILITY RULES

M-values according to EN 1990 Annex D
74
6.1 STABILITY RULES

European buckling curve

N pll
N crit
,
Rk , N pl
Rd
2nd order theory with imperfection

!
E d Rk
75
Rk
Ed Rd
d
N
N
pl , d
crit
d , d
Rd
d N
M
pl
Consequences:
Option 1:
Ed M .Ed
Option 2:
N crit ,d
Option 3:
M 1,0
N crit
Option 4:
Option 5:
1
M
ed e0
1 2
M*
d
M
Equivalence of buckling curves and 2nd order theory
6.1 STABILITY RULES

76
M-values for 2nd order analysis

d
0,5
0,685
0,870
0,477
0,661
0,895
1,03
1,0
1,136
0,597
0,953
1,082
0,627
1,05
15
1,5
1 846
1,846
0 342
0,342
1 43
1,43
1 734
1,734
0 369
0,369
1 08
1,08
2,0
2,806
0,209
1,906
2,605
0,228
1,09
3,0
5,476
0,10
2,859
5,039
0,109
1,09
6.1 STABILITY RULES

77
Imperfections for members with various boundary conditions
NEd
NEd
NEd
EI
a1
x
ini e0 d sin
Me e0 dNEd
1
x
sin
N
1 Ed
Ncrit
2
crit
ini e0 d
,max crit
crit
Me e0 d
NEd
crit
N
1 Ed2 crit,max
EI crit
Use of buckling mode as imperfection
NEd
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Example for a column on elastic supports
78
6.1 STABILITY RULES

79
Column buckling
Lateral torsional buckling
NEd
M
Ed 1
Npl,Rk My ,Rk
Fl
NFlEd My ,Ed
1
NFlpl,Rk MFly ,Rk
NEd NEde *
Npl,Rk My,Rk
Mz ,Ed
1
1
NEd
1
Ncrit
Mz ,Rk
Mz ,Ed NFlcrit *
e
Mz ,crit MFly ,Rk
1
1
Mz ,Ed
1
Mz ,crit
Fl
M
y,Rk
e M 0,2 Fl
Npl,Rk
*
My,Rk
e N 0,2
Npl,Rk
*
1
1
N N N 0,2
1 N2
N
M M
2
Fl
0,2
1 1
M
2
M
0,5 1 0,2
2
Equivalence of flexural and lateral torsional buckling
6.1 STABILITY RULES

80
Comparison of LTB-curves
LT
Lateral torsional buckling
for GIT=oo
1,0
Lateral torsional
buckling for a beam
HEB 200
Bc a
B b
Bc
00
0,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
LT
6.1 STABILITY RULES

81
Procedure for lateral torsional buckling assessments using the buckling curves:
1. Input parameters:
ult , k
Rk
Ed
crit
R crit
Ed
ult ,k
critt
2. Modification of imperfection factor:

*
crit

crit
*
where
*
crit
is determined without effect of G I D
3. Use of flexural buckling curve:
0 ,5 1 * 0 ,2 2
2 2
4 Assessment for design point xd

4.
ult ,k
1
M
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Comparison of laterial torsional buckling curves
82
6.1 STABILITY RULES

83
check:

ult ,k
crit
*,
ult ,k
1
M
Determination of design point xd
6.1 STABILITY RULES

84
Example: Portal frame
Lateral support
3
2
5565
24015
24012
5505
0
kneepoint
1068
4
5
8000
24012
S 355 J2 G3
24015
7
0
24420
6.1 STABILITY RULES

85
ult,k,min=1,55
1 55
Moment distribution [kNm]
ult,k (xd)=1,94
Distribution of compression forces [kN]
6.1 STABILITY RULES

86
Example: Modal out-of-plane deformation crit=1.85
xd
6.1 STABILITY RULES

87
1. Calculation with extreme value ult,k,min
ult ,k 1.55
2. Calculation design point xd
ult ,k 1.94
crit 1.85
*
crit
1.84
1.55
0.915
1.85
*
crit
1.54
*
0.49 0.408

crit
1.85
1.94
1.05
1.85
LT 0.51 * 0.2 2 1.064
LT 1.225
2 2
0.622 0.50
0.59 0.50
contact splice sufficient
contact splice sufficient
ult 0.622 1,55
0.88 1.00
1.10
M
ult ,k 0.59 1.94
1.04 1.00
1.10
M
Check of out-of-plane stability
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Example: Composite bridge
88
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Example: Cross-section of the composite bridge
89
6.1 STABILITY RULES

90
Example: Moment distribution critical for out-of-plane stability of main girders
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Example: cross-beam at supports
91
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Example: intermediate cross-beam all 7,50 m
92
6.1 STABILITY RULES

93
Example: crit-values and modal out-of-plane deformations
critical area
critical area
critical area
6.1 STABILITY RULES

94
Example: Input for ult,k-values

330
295
250
180
critical areas
6.1 STABILITY RULES

95
Checks for lateral-torsional buckling

in field at point P1
ult ,k
330
1,83
180
crit 8 ,8576
1,83
0 ,45
8 ,8576
*
crit
8 ,37
8 ,37
0 ,76 0 ,72
8 ,86
at support (point P1)

ult ,k
295
1,184
250
crit 17 ,489
1,184
0 ,26
17 ,489
*
crit
15,20
15 ,20
0 ,76 0 ,66
17 ,49
0 ,69
0,554
0 ,82
0 ,96
ult ,k 0 ,82 1,89
1,37 1,00
1,10
M
ult ,k 0 ,96 1,184
1,03 1,00
M
1,10
6.1 STABILITY RULES

96
Column buckling and plate buckling

Column-like behaviour:
imposed loads
on loaded edge
resulting displacements i
at loaded edge
Plate-like behaviour:
resulting loads
on loaded edge
imposed displacement
on loaded edge
6.1 STABILITY RULES

97
Example: Torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1
b3 t 3
CM
9
b3
IM 4 t
3
A sin
Column:
x
e
;G
E
21
Plate:
y
x
w A sin
b

ECM G I M
N cr
iM2
N
cr crit
A
2
2
2
E t
6
b
1 2 2 1
2
2

12 1 b
b
0
,
9
0
,
429
i a 0
cr
N crit
A
E t 2 2 b
6
2 1
2
2
12 1 b
b 2
e 0,429

6.1 STABILITY RULES

98
column-like behaviour
Torsional buckling
compression
stress
N
N
A
response
strain
plate-like behaviour
compression
strain
response
stress
bending
geometric strain effect:
N
N
2
2
N crit
e s N crit
geom s o

2
l 4 b
N
1
N crit
2
N
A E
M 1 f y
6.1 STABILITY RULES

99
column buckling
plate buckling
1 f y
1 f y
bending
k fy
fy
fy
compression
* 0
sd b
0 0.2
assumption:
bending
0 0.7
1
0.5 1 * 0.2
1 1 1
* * * 0.2
*
sd b
assumption:
* 0.2
* 0.2
1
~
2
compression
* 0
1 1
0 .5 1 * 0 .2
6.1 STABILITY RULES

100
Column buckling curve and plate buckling curve

, *,
1 Euler
2
Winter
0. 22
* 0 0.7
Column buckling
6.1 STABILITY RULES

101
Stress- and strain-controlled plate buckling

x
imperfect
perfect
x x E x
imperfect
x
x E x
6.1 STABILITY RULES

102
Modification of imperfection factor

4
*
crit
crit
*
crit
crit
column
plate
a
b
b
1
a

2
b 2
1
a
6.1 STABILITY RULES

103
Interaction between column buckling and plate buckling

*
crit
crit
column
plate
Winter
column buckling
c c 2 c
cr , p
1; 0 1
cr ,c
cr , p crit
*
cr ,c crit
6.1 STABILITY RULES

104
Hybrid cross-section due to different stress-limits
resulting force
yield plateau
6.1 STABILITY RULES

105
Yielding effect in hybrid cross-sections

Method 1
Method 2
6.1 STABILITY RULES

106
Yielding effect in bending

Method 1
Method 2
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Extension of method 2
107
Choice of material
6.1 STABILITY RULES
108
Methods in bridge design

Method 1
Method 2
Use of effective cross-section
Use of stress-limit
6.1 STABILITY RULES

109
Method 1
Method 2
plate
l t buckling
b kli ffor stress
t
components
t
global
l b l plate
l t b
buckling
kli
crit ,
crit ,
crit ,
Ed x , Ed , z , Ed , Ed , crit
x
glob
z
6.1 STABILITY RULES

110
Plate-buckling coefficients
Method 1
Method 2
,
w
* 0.13
for rigid
end post
ultl ,
crit ,
ult ,
crit ,
glob
ult ,
crit ,
ultl ,k
crit , global
6.1 STABILITY RULES

111
Method 1: Effective cross-section for x

Cross-section assessment
xEd
f yd
f yd
1,0
f yk
Rd 1,1
Rd
Reduction factor
Effective web
beff
b
bc w
1
beff ,1 0,4 beff
bt ,eff b f
k 0,43 fr 1
p2
(for 0 )
beff , 2 0,6 beff
Effective flange
k
p 0 ,5533
1,0
Slenderness
p
f yk
x ,Pi
16
1 0 ,112 1 2 1
fr 1 1
Critical stress
x ,Pi k e
2 E st t 2
12b 2 1 2
6.1 STABILITY RULES

112
Method 1: Resistance to shear

rigid end
post
flexible end
postt
w
f yk
3 cr
flexible end post
rigid end post
reduction factor w
w 0 ,83
0 ,83 w 1,08
w 1,08
1.0
1.0
0 ,83 / w
0 ,83 / w
1,37 0 ,7 w
Vbw ,Rd w hw t w
0 ,83 / w
V Ed
Vbw ,Rd
f yd
3
6.1 STABILITY RULES

113
Assessment for plate buckling

Method 1
Method 2
Interaction
gglob ult ,k
M
interaction
Ed
1
M
fy
2
1 1 f , Rd 23 1 1
V
M pl , Rd
3 Ed 1
VRd
6.1 STABILITY RULES

German National Annex

Method 1 only applicable to girders without longitudinal
stiffners
The use of Method 1 should be supplemented by
checking global buckling with Method 2 for
characteristic load level E k and M 1,10
114
6.1 STABILITY RULES

115
Example: cross-section check for a composite bridge
Cross-section at support
Cross-section at midspan
stresses
hw
98 ,5 109
tw
M Ed 107 ,25 MNm
V Ed 7 ,47 MN
stresses
M Ed 56 ,1 MNm
V Ed 1,0 MN
hw
151 192
tw
< 345 MPa

< 295 MPa
stresses :
stresses :
k 5 ,78
M f ,Rd 117 ,31 MNm

MN
Vbw ,Rd 8 ,14 MN
hw
98,5 51
tw
cr 112 ,6 MPa
k 5 ,80
M pl ,Rd 135 ,6 MNm
Vbw ,Rd 4 ,44 MN
w 1,33
w 0 ,675
1,0
0,5
4,44
hw
151 51,4
tw
w 48 ,2 MPa
w 2 ,03
w 0 ,50
6.1 STABILITY RULES

116
Panel plate buckling check with method 2

=83 Mpa
176
0,94
187.3
k 23
k 6
8000
3,13
2560
e 19.6 MPa
cr 23 19.6 450.8 MPa crit 2,55

cr 6 19.6 117 .6 MPa crit 1,42
2
1
1 1
1
1
2
2
crit 4 cr 4 crit ,
crit
crit ,
,
ult ,k
crit 1.127
fy
E2 3 E
k
0.888
1.56
2
k
ult ,k
1,18
crit
0.51 0.13 0.80 1.15

w ult ,k 0.73 1.56
1.03 1.00
M
1.10
0.73
6.1 STABILITY RULES

117
Verification of stiffened web plate for launching, Bridge Oehde
6.1 STABILITY RULES

Stiffened web panel and loading
118
6.1 STABILITY RULES

119
Use of method 2 for stress-assessment
Stiffener :
max M 44,3 kNm
152 68 220 240 MPa
Webplate:
max M 2,83 kNm
64 176 240 240 MPa
6.1 STABILITY RULES

120
6.2 FATIGUE RULES
Standardized Whler- curve for welded details
121
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

122
Damage equivalence
D
Di
nEi
N Ri
3EI n Ei
3C 2 10
Damageequivalence:
e3 nEi Ei3 nEi
Ei nEi
Ei
1
3
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

Reservoir-counting method
123
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

Various design situations

Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Modified
M
difi d
Whler curve
for using the
Miner-rule
124
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

125
Representations of fatigue spectrum
cut off
spectrum for design

after vibrations
cut off
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

126
Distribution of weights of heavy vehicles
total weight type 1
total weight type 2
total weight type 3
total weight type 4
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

127
Load-models for fatigue checks of road bridges

FLM 3
Main structure
Detailed FLM 4
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

128
Safety-plan for damage tolerant design

D
inspection intervals
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Ei nEi
3
Ff
c
6
2 10
Mf
1

Fff Mff
1 1
1 n 4
Ej nEj
5
Ff
D
6
5 10
Mf
1
4
4
1
n
5
Ff Mf
Fff Mff 1.0
n 4 1 3
Ff Mf 1.15
Ff Mf 1.35
4
1 1
1.155
4
n
1 0
1.355
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

129
Mean value m
Characteristic value: m 1,645
1 645
Design value:
C t l off actions
Control
ti
N 2 Mf 5 2 1,15
No control of actions
N 4,5 Mf 5 4,50 1,35
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

130
Assessment procedures
Ff E 2
Crossing
g of FLM3
stress history
c
Mf
Use of -values
E 2 max min
1 2 3 4
counting
ti method
th d
Miner-rule
effects of
other lanes
E 2
design life
traffic composition
span length
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

1 value from simulations with Auxerre traffic
131
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

132
Example: Fatigue assessment for a composite bridge

= 1.947
= 1.90
= 1.715
= 1.947
= 1.90
31.3
1
23.6
stress
st
ess ranges
a ges (max min) at lower
o e flange
a ge
Transverse weld from stiffener: E 2 1.9 31.3 59.5 80 MPa
Butt weld of flange:
E 2 1.9 26.6 44.8 77 MPa
6.2 FATIGUE RULES

133
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Rope-structures - Stayed cable bridges

Definition
Anyy prestress
p
is g
generated by
yp
preloading
g
Preloading is a process to impose
forces or
deformations
The effects of preloading may be
variations
i ti
off stresses
t
(prestress)
(
t
)
variations of deformations
other variations of permanent stage
134
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

135
Examples for preloading processes

1a) Prestressing by internal
tendons
1b) Prestressing of trusses by

cables in hollow sections
1c) Prestressing by external

tendons
1d) Prestressing of joints

subjected to tension or friction
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

136

2) Prestressing by propping
4) Prestressing by imposed deformation

steel
steel
cast of concrete
cast of concrete
composite
composite
3) Prestressing by sequence of casting concrete

phase 1
phase 2
phase 1
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

137

5a)) Prestressing
g of
cable structures
g of
5b)) Prestressing
arches by string-elements
b ow -st rin g
5c) Prestressing of guyed

masts
5d) Prestressing of cable

stayed structures
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

138
Principles
It is possible to define
f
the preloading or prestressing
process by all necessary steps including controls

It is not possible to define prestress as an effect of prestressing
or preloading in a general way, that covers all cases
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

139
Example for the applicability of prestress
stress before prestresses:
q 0,l 0
stress immediately after prestressing:
prestress:
p
es ess
q 0 , l
q 0 , l 0 , l q 0 , l q 0 , l 0
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES
Exam
mple forr the non
n-appliccability o
of
presstress
140
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

Conclusion
P in EN 1990
a) preloading or prestressing process leading to a
structural shape or behaviour as required
b) prestress in specific cases where defined
141
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

Treatment of preloading and prestressing processes in the

construction phase
Target:
attainment of the required structural form

and distribution of effects of (G+P)
Conclusion: calculation with characteristic values, linear

material law:
stress limitations and prestressing of cables.
142
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES


construction phase
143
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES


service phase
Target: ULS verification on the basis of:
pe
permanent
a e ac
actions
o s G(G
(G+P))
permanent from resulting from (G+P)
imperfections of the form
variable actions Q{QK1 + 0QQ2}
C
Conclusion:
l i
C
Calculation
l l ti with
ith th
the permanentt fform associated
i t d
with the effect from G(G+P)
144
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES


service phase
145
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

Treatment at counterflexure points
Treatment at counterflexure points, or where the action

effects from (G+P) are limited (e.g.
(e g by decompression):
G = G, where 0,05 0,10
applied to influence surfaces.
146
6.3 ROPE STRUCTURES

147
7. ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING STEEL BRIDGES

148

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Dissemination of information for training Vienna, 4-6 October 2010

G. Hanswille, W. Hensen, M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek

1. The European Standard Family and Steel bridges

CROSS SECTION OF A BOX GIRDER BRIDGE WITH AN

NAVIGATION THROUGH STANDARDS

EN 1090-2 Corrosion protection

SURVEY OF THE EUROCODES

1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES

EN 1090 Part 1 Delivery Conditions for prefabricated steel components

Eurocode: EN 1990 Basis of structural design

Eurocode 1: EN 1991 Actions on structures

1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES

Tasks for designer and contractor

1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES

Requirements for bearings

Requirements for expansion joints

Design rules for steel bridges in Eurocode 3

1. THE EUROPEAN STANDARD FAMILY AND STEEL BRIDGES

Limit State Concept

Basic features of design rules for bridges

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Load-model LM1 (draft German NA)

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Statistical distribution of characteristics of vehicle

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Modelling of vehicles and surfaces

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Load-model and simulations

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Reference bridges for reliability analysis

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Definition of target -value

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Q-values from LM1

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Development of permits for heavy vehicles

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Fatigue load model specified in EN 1991

Number of expected trucks

Number of heavy vehicles N

Fatigue loading model FLM 3

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Assessment method for FLM 3

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Fatigue details welded attachments and stiffeners

EN 1993-1-9 - Fatigue resistance

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Moment of Resiistance W/L [cm2m/m]

Span limits for fatigue design

2. LOAD ASSUMPTIONS FOR STEEL BRIDGES

Joint for hanger