Giaotrinhtutuonghochiminh 2 0666 PDF

CHNG
IV
T TNG H CH MINH
V NG CNG SN VIT NAM
I - Q U A N N I M C A H CH M I N H V V A I T R
V B N C H T C A N G C N G S N V I T N A M
1. V s ra i ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam
K h i c p c c y u t cho s ra i ca n g C n g sn,
x u t p h t t h o n c n h c t h ca n c N g a v ca phang
t r o c n g n h n c h u u , V.I.Lnin n u l n h a i y u t , d l
s k t h p c h ngha M c v i p h o n g t r o c n g n h n .
K h i c p s h n h t h n h n g C n g s n V i t N a m , b n
c n h hai y u t c h ngha M c - L n i n v p h o n g t r o cng
n h n , H C h M i n h c n k n y u t t h ba, l phong
t r o y u n c . T r o n g b i Thng
thc
chnh
v i t n m
1953, H C h M i n h cho r n g , n g k t h p p h o n g t r o cch

m n g V i t N a m v i c h ngha M c - L n i n . N h n d p k
n i m 30 n m t h n h l p n g , H C h M i n h v i t b i Ba
nm hot ng
ca ng,
trong
mi
c h r : C h ngha M c -
Lnin kt h p v i phong tro c n g n h n v phong tro yu

n c d n t i v i c t h n h l p ng
Cng sn ng
Dng
128
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
v o u n m 1930. y c h n h l m t q u a n i m q u a n
t r n g ca H C h M i n h v s h n h t h n h n g C n g s n
V i t N a m , l s p h t t r i n s n g to c h ngha M c - L n i n
t r n c s t n g k t thc t i n V i t N a m .
H C h M i n h thy r v a i tr to l n ca c h ngha M c Lnin i v i c c h m n g V i t N a m v i v i q u t r n h h n h
t h n h n g C n g sn V i t N a m . N g i c n g n h gi cao v
tr, v a i t r l n h o ca g i a i p c n g n h n V i t N a m t r o n g
sp x p lc l n g c c h m n g . S l n g giai c p c n g n h n
V i t N a m t u y t n h n g t h e o H C h M i n h , v a i t r l n h o
ca lc l n g c c h m n g k h n g p h i d o s l n g ca lc
l n g q u y t n h . H C h M i n h c h r c i m ca g i a i
cp c n g n h n V i t N a m l: k i n q u y t , t r i t , t p t h , c
t chc, c k l u t . G i a i c p t i n t i n n h t t r o n g s n x u t ,
gnh trch n h i m n h c h ngha t bn v quc
gy n g m t x h i m i , giai cp c n g n h n c t h t h m
n h u n t t n g c c h m n g n h t , tc l c h n g h a M c L n i n . n g t h i , tnh t h n u t r a n h ca h n h h n g v
g i o d c c c t n g l p k h c . H C h M i n h c h r r n g , s d
giai cp c n g n h n V i t N a m g i v a i t r l n h o c c h
mng V i t N a m c n l v : giai cp c n g n h n c c h ngha
Mc - Lnin. Trn n n tng u tranh, h xy d n g n n
n g theo c h ngha M c - L n i n . n g ra c h t r n g ,
n g l i k h u h i u c c h m n g , li c u n g i a i c p n n g d n
v t i u t sn v o u t r a n h , b i d n g h t h n h n h n g
phn t tin tin.
H C h M i n h n u t h m y u t p h o n g t r o y u n c , coi
129
n l m t t r o n g ba y u t k t h p d n n v i c h n h thnh
n g C n g sn V i t N a m v n h n g l d o sau y :
Mt l, phong
ln
trong
qu
tro yu
trh pht
nc
c v tr, vai Beo cc k to
trin ca dn
tc Vit Nam.
Ch
ngha y u n c l gi tr tnh t h n t r n g t n t r o n g lch s

d n tc V i t N a m v l n h n t c h o q u y t n h s
n g h i p c h n g n g o i x m ca d n tc ta. C h t n h ring trong
h n 80 n m b thc d n P h p h , p h o n g o y u nc
ca n h n d n ta d n g l n m n h m n h n h n g l p s n g cn
n i t i p n h a u . P h o n g t r o y u n c l i n tc v b n b trong
h n g n g h n n m d n g n c v g i n c k t t h n h ch
ngha y u n c v n t r t h n h gi tr v n h a t t p
n h t ca d n tc V i t N a m .
Hai l, phong
tro yu
chung.
nc
tro cng nhn
bi v hai phong
kt hp
tro u
vi
c mc
phong
tiu
K h i g i a i c p Gng n h n V i t N a m ra i v c phong
t r o u t r a n h , l c u l u tranh k i n h t , v sau n y l
u a n h c h n h tr, t h p h o n g t r o c n g n h n k t h p c
ngay t u v k t h p lin tc v i p h o n g o y u n c . G
s ca s k t h p g i a h a i p h o n g t r o n y l d o x h i nc
ta t n t i m u t h u n c b n gia t o n t h d n tc V i t Nam
v i b n q u c v tay sai. V v y , gia hai p h o n g t r o u
c m t m c t i u c h u n g , y u c u c h u n g : g i i p h n g d n tc,
l m cho V i t N a m c h o n t o n c l p , x y d n g t
n c h n g c n g . H n na, c h n h b n t h n p h o n g t r o cng
n h n , x t v ngha n o , l i m a n g tnh c h t ca p h o n g tro
y u n c , v p h o n g t r o u tranh ca c n g n h n k h n g
130
n h n g c h n g l i ch p bc giai cp m c n c h n g l i c h p
bc d n tc.
Ba l, phong
cng
nhn.
tro nng
dn
kt hp
vi phong
Ni n phong tro yu nc Vit Nam
tro
phi
k n p h o n g tro n n g d n . u t h k XX, n n g d n
V i t N a m c h i m t i k h o n g h n 90% d n s. G i a i
n n g d n l b n n g m i n h t n h i n ca g i a i c p
cp
cng
n h n . V i t N a m , d o i u k i n lch s c h i p h i , k h n g c
cng n h n n h i u m h x u t t h n trc t i p t n g i n n g
d n n g h o . D o , gia p h o n g t r o c n g n h n v p h o n g
tro y u nc c m i quan h cht ch v i nhau. Giai cp
cng n h n v giai cp n n g d n h p t h n h q u n c h lc
ca c c h m n g .
Bn l, phong
nhn
t quan
tro yu
trng
ra i ca ng
thc
nc
ca tr thc
y s kt hp
Cng sn
Vit Nam.
Vit Nam
cc yu
t cho
l
s
Phong tro y u n c
Vit N a m n h n g thp n i n u t h k XX ghi d u n m

n t b i v a i h
ca t r t h c , t u y s l n g k h n g
nhiu
n h n g l i l n h n g " n g i n " cho c c p h o n g t r o y u n c

b n g l n c h n g t h c d n P h p x m l c v b n tay
sai,
cng n h t h c y s canh t n v chn h n g t nc.

T r o n g lch s V i t N a m , m t t r o n g n h n g n t n i b t n h t
l s b n g p h t ca c c t chc y u n c m t h n h v i n
v n h n g n g i l n h o t u y t i a s l t r t h c . V i
mt bu nhit huyt, yu nc, thng ni, c m gin bn
cp nc v bn bn nc, h rt nhy cm v i thi
cuc
do v y , h ch n g v c c h i n n h n n h n g
131
" l u n g g i m i " v t t n g ca t t c c c t r o l u t r n t h
gii di vo Vit Nam.
2. Vai tr ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam
Sc m n h to l n ca n h n d n ch p h t h u y k h i c tp
h p , o n k t v c l n h o b i m t t chc c h n h tr l
n g C n g sn V i t N a m . H C h M i n h k h n g n h : "Lc
l n g ca g i a i cp c n g n h n v n h n d n lao n g l rt to
l n , l v c n g v t n . N h n g lc l n g y c n c n g lnh
o m i chc c h n t h n g l i " , giai c p m k h n g c ng
1
l n h o t h k h n g l m c c h m n g c . T r o n g c u n sch
ng
cch mnh
x u t b n n m 1927, H C h M i n h vit:
" C c h m n h trc h t p h i c ci g ? T r c h t p h i c ng
c c h m n h , t r o n g th v n n g v t chc d n chng,
n g o i t h lin lc v i d n tc b p bc v v sn giai cp mi
n i . n g c v n g c c h m n h m i t h n h c n g , c n g nh
n g i c m li c v n g t h u y n m i chy" . H C h M i n h cho
2
r n g : " M u n k h i i lc p h n g h n g , q u n c h n g p h i c
n g l n h o n h n r tnh hnh,
phng
ng
li v nh
chm cho n g .
C c h m n g l cuc u t r a n h Tt gian kh. Lc l n g k

c h r t m n h . M u n t h n g l i t h q u n c h n g p h i t chc
rt cht ch; ch kh p h i k i n q u y t . V v y , p h i c n g
t chc
7
v gio c/c n h n d n t h n h m t i qun tht
manh,
n h k ch, t a n h l y c h n h q u y n .
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.9, tr.290.

2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr.267-268.
132
C c h m n g thng l i r i , qun c h n g v n cn c n g
lnh o" .
1
S ra i , t n t i v p h t t r i n ca n g C n g s n
V i t N a m p h h p v i q u y l u t p h t t r i n ca x h i , v
n g k h n g c m c c h t t h n , n g o i l i ch ca giai c p
c n g n h n , ca n h n d n lao n g , l i ch ca t o n d n tc
V i t N a m , l i c h ca n h n d n t i n b t r n t h g i i , n g
k h n g c l i ch n o k h c .
V a i t r l n h o ca n g C n g sn V i t N a m ,
tnh
q u y t n h h n g u t s l n h o ca n g i v i c c h
m n g V i t N a m c thc t lch s c h n g m i n h , k h n g
c m t t chc c h n h tr n o c t h thay t h c . M i m u
toan n h m h t h p h o c n h m x a b v a i t r l n h o ca
n g C n g s n V i t N a m u x u y n tc thc t lch s c c h
m n g d n tc ta, t r i v i m t l l u n l n thc t i n , u i
n g c l i x u t h p h t t r i n ca x h i V i t N a m .
3. Bn cht ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam
H C h M i n h k h n g n h : n g C n g sn V i t N a m l
n g ca g i a i c p c n g n h n , i t i n p h o n g ca g i a i c p
cng n h n , mang b n cht giai cp c n g n h n .
Q u a n i m ca
H Ch Minh hon ton tun
th
n h n g q u a n i m ca V . I . L n i n v x y d n g n g k i u
m i ca g i a i c p v sn. N h n g , H C h M i n h c n c m t
c c h t h h i n k h c v v n " n g ca ai". T r o n g Bo
co
H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.7, tr.228-229.

133
chi
tr ti i hi i biu ton quc ln th ca
ng
( t h n g 2-1951), H C h M i n h n u r : "Trong g i a i o n ny,

q u y n l i ca g i a i c p c n g n h n v n h n d n l p n g v ca
d n tc l m t . C h n h v n g Lao n g V i t N a m l ng
ca g i a i c p c n g n h n v n h n d n lao n g , cho n n n phi
l n g ca d n tc V i t N a m ' " . N m 1953, H C h M i n h v i t
" n g Lao n g l t chc cao n h t ca giai c p c n lao v i
b i u cho l i ch ca c d n tc... n g l n g ca giai cp lao
n g , m c n g l n g ca t o n d n " . N m 1957, H Ch
2
M i n h k h n g n h : n g l i t i n p h o n g ca g i a i cp cng
n h n , n g t h i c n g l i t i n p h o n g ca d n tc. Trong
t h i k m i n Bc x y d n g c h ngha x h i , n m 1961, H
C h M i n h t i p tc k h n g n h : n g ta l n g ca giai cp,
n g t h i c n g l ca d n tc, k h n g t h i n t , t h i n v . N m
1965, H C h M i n h cho r n g : n g ta x n g n g l i tin
p h o n g , l b t h a m m u ca giai c p v sn, ca n h n d n lao
n g v ca c d n tc.
Tuy c nhiu cch th hin khc nhau n h vy nhng
q u a n i m n h t q u n ca H C h M i n h v b n c h t giai cp
ca n g l ng ta mng
bn cht giai cp cng nhn.
n y c n g g i n g n h n g ta m a n g t n l ng
Lao
iu
ng
n h n g b n c h t g i a i c p ca n g c h l b n c h t giai cp
c n g n h n . T r o n g Bo co chnh
tr t i i h i l i , k h i n u ln
n g ta c n l n g ca n h n d n lao n g v ca t o n d n
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.6, ti.175.

2. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.7, tr.230-231.
'M
tc, H C h M i n h c n g n u l n t o n b c s l l u n v c c
n g u y n tc t chc, sinh h o t n g , n h n g n g u y n tc n y
t u n t h m t c c h cht c h hc t h u y t v n g k i u m i ca
giai c p v sn ca V.I.Lnin.
H C h M i n h k h n g n h b n cht giai cp c n g n h n
ca n g ta da t r n c s t h y r s m n h lch s ca g i a i
cp c n g n h n V i t N a m . C n cc g i a i cp, t n g l p k h c
chu s l n h o ca g i a i cp c n g n h n , tr t h n h n g
m i n h ca g i a i c p c n g n h n . N i u n g q u y n h b n c h t
giai c p c n g n h n k h n g p h i c h l s l n g n g v i n
x u t t h n t c n g n h n m c n n n t n g l l u n v t
t n g ca n g l c h ngha M c - L n i n ; m c t i u ca
n g c n t t i l c h ngha c n g sn; n g t u n t h m t
c c h n g h i m t c , c h t c h n h n g n g u y n tc x y d n g n g
k i u m i ca g i a i c p v sn. H C h M i n h p h p h n n h n g
quan i m k h n g n g n h k h n g n h gi n g v a i t r to.
l n ca g i a i c p c n g n h n , c n g n h q u a n i m sai t r i c h
c h t r n g c n g n n g m k h n g t h y r v a i t r to l n ca c c
giai cp, t n g l p k h c .
Q u a n n i m n g k h n g n h n g l n g ca g i a i c p
c n g n h n m c n l n g ca n h n d n lao n g v ca
t o n d n tc c ngha l n i v i c c h m n g V i t N a m .
n g i d i n cho l i ch ca t o n d n tc cho n n n h n d n
V i t N a m coi n g C n g sn V i t N a m l n g ca c h n h
mnh. Trong thnh phn, ngoi cng n h n cn c nhng
n g i u t t h u c g i a i c p n n g d n , h thc v c c t h n h
p h n k h c . n g ta c n g k h n g n h r n g , b o m v
t n g c n g bn cht giai cp c n g n h n , ng l u n l u n gn
135
b ' m t t h i t v i giai cp c n g n h n , n h n d n lao n g v

t o n t h d n tc trong tt c cc t h i k ca c c h m n g . Trong
q u t r n h r n l u y n n g , H C h M i n h l u n l u n c h trong
tnh t h n g n h t gia y u t giai cp v y u t d n tc. Sc
m n h ca n g k h n g ch bt n g u n t giai c p c n g nhn
m c n bt n g u n t cc tng l p n h n d n lao n g k h c .
4. Quan nim v ng Cng sn Vit Nam cm quyn
a) ng lnh o nhn
ng cm
dn ginh
chnh
quyn,
tr
thnh
quyn
Qua n h n g n m t h n g h o t n g t h c t i n , tm ti hc
h i , n g h i n c u l l u n , H C h M i n h t m t h y con ng
c c h m n g c h ngha M c - L n i n v q u y t n h i theo
con n g ca C c h m n g T h n g M i v i . K h i sp tr
t h n h n g v i n , n g t h i c n g l m t t r o n g n h n g n g i
s n g l p n g C n g sn P h p , H C h M i n h - n g i cng
sn u t i n ca V i t N a m - s m xc i n h c l p d n tc
g n l i n v i c h ngha x h i l con n g t t y u ca cch
mng Vit Nam.
T l t n g cao c y, H C h M i n h t h y c n p h i c
m t n g c n g sn l n h o p h o n g t r o c c h m n g , thc
h i n m c tiu. n i t r n . C h n h v v y , t n h n g n m 1920 tr
i , N g i tch cc c h u n b c ba m t : c h n h tr, t t n g v
t chc t i n t i t h n h l p n g . T i n m 1930, n g Cng
sn V i t N a m ra i , n h d u m t trang m i t r o n g lch s
d n tc ta.
T r o n g ng
cch mnh,
H C h M i n h k h n g n h v
136
tr, v a i t r q u a n t r n g ca n g c c h m n g - n h n t u
tin, q u y t n h s thng l i ca cch mng. T h u h i u bi
hc lch s v sc m n h ca q u n c h n g , l i c soi r i
d i n h s n g ca c h ngha M c - L n i n , N g i c h r : c n g
n n g l gc c c h m n g , n h n g "trc p h i l m cho d n g i c
ng". D n ' p h i c t chc, c l n h o t h m i t r
t h n h lc l n g to l n , m i l c h , l gc c c h m n g c .
N u d n k h n g c t chc th n h a " m i n i m t
chic". n g v n g c "phi
c c h ngha l m ct'".
T h n h l p n g l m i t h n h v i n t r o n g n g t h n g
nht v t tng, t thng nht trong h n h ng. N g i
n g h i n c u n h i u hc t h u y t t r n t h g i i , t m ti, suy
n g m , la c h n v k h n g n h : "By g i hc t h u y t n h i u ,
c h ngha n h i u , n h n g c h ngha c h n c h n h n h t , c c h
m n h n h t l c h ngha M c - L n i n " . Tm li, H C h M i n h
2
n h t q u n cho r n g : c c h m n g V i t N a m m u n t h n h c n g
p h i i theo c h ngha M c - L n i n .
N h v y , n g C n g sn V i t N a m l n g c c h m n g
c h n c h n h , m a n g b n c h t ca g i a i c p c n g n h n . n g
k h n g bao g i "hy sinh q u y n l i ca g i a i c p c n g n h n v
n n g d n cho g i a i c p k h c " . n g d u t g i a i c p v sn,
l n h o g i a i cp v sn, l n h o c c h m n g V i t N a m l
e m l i cuc s n g t do, h n h p h c cho t o n t h d n tc.
n g k h n g p h i l m t t chc t t h n v v v y , m c c h ,
t n ch-ca n g l " t n t m " , " t n lc", " p h n g s" v " t r u n g
t h n h " v i l i ch ca d n tc V i t N a m .

137
C h c m t n g n h t h m i c t h e m l i c l p cho
d n tc, t d o , h n h p h c cho n h n d n , p h n v i n h cho t
n c v a c n c i l n c h ngha x h i .
V i n g l i c h n h tr n g n , t chc c h t c h , n g
l n h o t o n t h d n tc g i n h c h n h q u y n , t h n h lp
n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g h a . c n g l t h i i m
n g C n g sn V i t N a m tr t h n h n g c m q u y n .
b) Quan nim ca H Ch Minh v ng cm quyn
" n g c m q u y n " l k h i n i m d n g t r o n g khoa hc
c h n h t r , c h m t n g c h n h t r i d i n cho m t g i a i cp
a n g n m g i v lnh o chnh quyn iu hnh,
q u n l t n c n h m t h c h i n l i c h c a g i a i cp
mnh. Khi n i m "ng cm quyn" tng c dng
p h b i n t i cc n c t bn c h ngha, cc nc ny,
nu m t c h n h n g c i biu g i n h c a s phiu
ti cc cuc bu c trong quc h i th n g tr thnh
ng cm quyn.
V m t t h u t n g , t r o n g d i s n t t n g H C h M i n h c
t h bt gp cc k h i n i m c n g ch m t h i n t n g ng
l n h o x h i sau k h i g i n h c c h n h q u y n n h
n c : " n g n m q u y n " , " n g l n h o c h n h quyn",
" n g c m q u y n " . T r o n g , t h u t n g " n g c m quyn"
p h n n h r n h t , c h n h x c n h t v a i t r l n h o ca n g
C n g s n V i t N a m t r o n g q u t r n h c i t o x h i c, xy
n g c h x h i m i , x h i x h i c h ngha.
C m t " n g c m q u y n " c H C h M i n h g h i trong
b n Di chc ca N g i n m 1969. T h e o H G h i M i n h , n g
c m q u y n l n g t i p tc l n h o s n g h i p c c h m n g
138
trong iu kin ng lnh o qun c h n g n h n d n

g i n h c q u y n lc n h n c v n g trc t i p l n h o
b m y n h n c t i p tc h o n t h n h s n g h i p c
l p d n tc, d n c h v c h ngha x h i .
Khi cha c chnh q u y n , n h i m v chnh trong cc
cuc u t r a n h ca d n tc d i s l n h o ca n g l
lt chnh q u y n b l thc d n v phong k i n , thit l p
c h n h q u y n n h n d n . P h n g t h c l n h o , c n g tc
c h y u ca n g l g i o d c , t h u y t p h c , v n n g t
chc q u n c h n g , a q u n c h n g v o u t r a n h g i n h
chnh quyn.
Theo C h tch H C h M i n h , b n c h t ca n g k h n g
thay i . K h i c c h n h q u y n t r o n g tay, m t v n m i cc
k to l n , c n g l t h t h c h h t sc n n g n ca n g l
n g i n g v i n c n g sn k h n g c l n g q u n n h i m v ,
mc c h ca m n h , p h i t o n t m , t o n p h c v n h n d n ;
t r n thc t, c m t s c n b , n g v i n t h o i h a b i n
cht tr t h n h "quan c c h m n g " . V i C h tch H C h M i n h ,
"c l p - T d o - H n h p h c " l b n cht ca c h ngha x
h i . l i m x u t p h t x y d n g n g ta x n g n g
v i danh h i u " n g c m q u y n " .
Mc ch, l tng
ca ng cm
quy
n :
T h o H C h M i n h , n g ta k h n g c l i ch n o k h c
n g o i l i ch ca T quc, a m n h n d n . l m c c h , l
t n g cao c k h n g bao g i thay i t r o n g s u t q u t r i n h
l n h o c c h m n g V i t N a m . N g i ch r: " N h n g n g i
c n g sn c h n g ta k h n g m t p h t n o c q u n l t n g
cao c c a m n h l p h n u cho T q u c h o n t o n c l p ,
139
cho c h ngha x h i h o n t o n t h n g l i t r n t n c ta v
t r n t o n t h g i i " . K h i tr t h n h n g c m q u y n ,
1
mc
c h , l t n g k h n g n h n g k h n g thay i m c n c
t h m n h n g i u k i n v sc m a n h n h m h i n t h c h a mc
c h , l t n g y .
ng
cm quyn
y t trung
va l ngi
thnh ca nhn
lnh
o,
va l
ngi
dn:
Q u a n i m n y ca H C h M i n h v n g c m q u y n l
s v n d n g , p h t t r i n h t sc s n g to l l u n M c - Lnin
v n g v sn k i u m i .
n g C n g sn V i t N a m "l n g i l n h o , l n g i
y t t h t t r u n g t h n h ca n h n d n " . X c n h " n g i
l n h o " l x c n h q u y n l n h o d u y n h t c
ng
i v i t o n b x h i v k h i c c h n h q u y n , n g lnh
o c h n h q u y n n h n c . i t n g l n h o ca n g
l t o n t h q u n c h n g n h n d n t r o n g t o n d n tc, n h m
e m l i c l p cho d n tc, t d o , m n o v h n h p h c
cho n h n d n - m t r c h t l q u n c h n g n h n d n lao
n g . N h n g m u n l n h o c n h n d n lao
ng,
t r c h t n g p h i c t c c h , p h m c h t , n n g lc cn
thit. V "qun c h n g ch q u m n n h n g n g i c t
c c h , o c " v "Ch t r o n g u t r a n h v c n g t c h n g
n g y , k h i q u n c h n g rng ri tha n h n c h n h sch n g
n v n n g lc l n h o ca n g , t h n g m i g i n h
c a v lnh o" .
2
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, U I , tr.372.

A40
"L n g i l n h o " , theo H C h M i n h , b n g g i o d c ,

t h u y t p h c , n g p h i l m cho d n t i n , d n p h c d n
theo. n g l n h o n h n g q u y n h n h v lc l n g u
n i d n , cho n n n g "Phi i n g l i q u n
chng,
k h n g c quan liu, mnh lnh v g p n h n dn" , m

1
p h i g i o dc, t u y n t r u y n , gic n g d n c h n g thc

t n h h . n g t h i , n g p h i t chc, o n k t h l i
t h n h m t k h i t h n g n h t , b y c c h cho d n v h n g d n
h h n h n g . V v y , chc n n g l n h o v s l n h o
ca n g p h i b o m t r n t t c c c m t , c c l n h v c ca
i s n g x h i , p h i q u a n t m c h m lo n i s n g n h n
d n t v i c n h n v i c l n : " n g v a lo tnh c n g v i c
l n n h i n n k i n h t v v n h a lc h u ca n c ta
t h n h m t n n kinh t v v n ha tin tin, n g thi l i
l u n l u n q u a n t m n n h n g v i c n h n h t n g c m m
m u i c n t h i t cho i s n g h n g n g y ca n h n d n " .
2
L n g i l n h o , n g p h i s u s t , g n b m t t h i t
v i n h r . d n , l n g n g h e k i n ca d n , k h i m t n hc h i
n h n d n v p h i c h u s k i m s o t ca n h n d n , b i "S
l n h o t r o n g m i c n g t c t h i t thc ca n g , t p h i t
trong
qun
chng
ra, r li ni qun
chng*.
ng phi
thc h n h t r i t d n c h , m t r c h t d n c h t r o n g n i
b n g , p h t h u y c m i k h n n g tr t u s n g to
ca q u n c h n g ; l n h o n h n g p h i c h n g bao b i n , l m
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.10, tr.606,4.

141
thay, p h i t h n g q u a c h n h q u y n n h n c "ca d n , do
d n v v d n " n g t h c h i n q u y n l n h o ca m n h
i v i t o n x h i . D o , n g p h i l n h o N h nc
m t c c h t o n i n , m t r o n g v t r c h t l l n h o
x y n g l u t p h p q u n l , i u h n h x h i ; n g
t h i , n g p h i t h n g x u y n c o i t r n g c n g t c g i o dc,
o t o v b i d n g i n g c n b , v i n chc h o t ng
o n g b m y n h n c , l u n b o m cho N h n c thc
s t r o n g sch, v n g m a n h , t h c s l N h n c "ca d n ,
do d n v v dn".
V i t c c h n g i l n h o , H C h M i n h c n cp
m t c c h s u sc n v i c n g p h i thc h i n c h k i m
tra v p h t h u y v a i t r t i n p h o n g ca i n g n g vin,
c n b ca n g .
L n g i l n h o , theo t t n g H C h M i n h , n g
c n g c n g h a bao h m c t r c h n h i m "l n g i y t"
c a d n . Song, " y t" y k h n g c n g h a l "ti t , ti
i h a y t h e o u i q u n c h n g " m l t n t m , t n lc
p h n g s n h n d n n h m e m l i c c q u y n v l i c h cho
n h n d n . N g i n h n m n h : " p h n g s n h n d n , th
p h i p h n g s cho ra t r . N g h a l v i c g c l i cho d n ,
t h p h i l m cho k c . V i c g h i cho d n , t h p h i h t
sc t r n h " . N g i s d n g c m t " y t t r u n g t h n h " l
1
n h c n h v c h r v a i t r , t r c h n h i m ca m i c n b ,
n g v i n t r o n g m i h o t n g ca m n h u p h i quan
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.6, tr.88.

14f
t m t h c s n l i ch ca n h n d n : " k h t r c t h i n h ,
v u i sau t h i n h " , t n t y v i c n g v i c , g n g m * t r c
n h n dn, phi t h n g x u y n "t k i m i m , t p h bnh,
t sa cha n h m i n g y p h i ra m t " . P h i l m cho d n
tin, d n phc d n h t lng n g h , g i p . M i cn
b , n g v i n " u l c n g bc ca d n , n g h a l g n h
vic c h u n g cho d n , c h k h n g p h i u d n n h
t r o n g t h i k d i q u y n t h n g tr ca P h p , N h t " .
1
M t k h c , ngha c m t "y t t r u n g t h n h
ca
n h n d n " , theo t t n g H C h M i n h i h i m i c n b ,
ng v i n p h i c t r i thc khoa he, t r n h c h u y n m n ,
n g h i p v g i i ; thc s t h m n h u n o c c c h m n g :
"Cn, k i m , l i m , c h n h , c h c n g v t " . K h n g c h n m
v n g v thc h i n t t quan i m , n g l i ca n g , m
cn phi bit t u y n t r u y n , v n n g li c u n q u n c h n g
i theo n g , a s n g h i p c c h m n g i n t h n g l i
cui cng.
N h v y , "l n g i l n h o", "l n g i y t" t u y l
hai k h i n i m n h n g u c H C h M i n h s d n g v ch
ra s g n b t h n g n h t , q u a n h b i n c h n g gia h a i k h i
n i m v i n h a u . D l " n g i l n h o " h a y " n g i y
t", theo q u a n i m ca H C h M i n h , u c n g c h u n g m t
mc c h : v d n . L m t t chc n n g " l n h o " v l m t r n
n h i m v " y t" cho n h n d n l c s v n g chc n h t b o
m u y t n v n n g lc l n h o ca n g k h n g n h n g
c n s u , b m chc trong
l n g giai cp c n g n h n , m

143
c n toong c cc t n g tp q u n c h n g n h n d n lao n g v
t r o n g t o n t h d n tc V i t N a m .
ng cm quyn ,
dn l ch:
V n c b n n h t ca m t cuc c c h m n g l v n
c h n h q u y n . T u y n h i n , theo C . M c , m i l c n h ca vo
x h i m i c h c h a p h i l x h i m i . V v y , v n quan
t r n g l c h n h q u y n thuc v a i . H C h M i n h n g h i n
c u k i n h n g h i m , l l u n ca c c cuc c c h m n g t r n t h
g i i v k t l u n : "Cch m n g r i t h q u y n giao cho dn
c h n g s n h i u , c h t r o n g tay m t b n t n g i " . N h
1
v y , theo H C h M i n h , q u y n lc p h i t h u c v n h n dn.
N g i cp x y d n g m t N h n c ca d n , do d n
v v dn.
H C h M i n h n h n m a n h r n g , n g l n h o cch
m n g l t h i t l p v c n g c q u y n l m c h ca n h n
d n . Theo N g i , q u y n lc t h u c v n h n d n l b n cht,
l n g u y n tc ca c h m i , m t k h i xa r i n g u y n tc n y ,
n g s t r t h n h i l p v i n h n d n . D n l m c h , n g
l n h o , n g p h i l y " d n l m gc".
M t k h c , d n m u n l m c h t h c s t h p h i theo n g .
M i n g i d n p h i b i t l i ch v b n p h n ca m n h t h a m
gia v o x y n g c h n h q u y n .
V i t t n g n h n v n cao c v m i q u a n h b i n
c h n g gia n g v i d n , H C h M i n h l u n suy t , t r n tr
tm g i i p h p h u h i u n h m t h c h i n n g u y n tc d n l
c h , d n l m gc. Theo N g i , c c h y ch c t h t r t h n h
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, ti.270.

144
h i n thc, k h n g b v i p h m k h i c n b , n g v i n c n l
n g i y t t r u n g t h n h ca n K n d n .
li- T TNG H CH MINH

V XY D N G N G C N G SN V I T N A M
TRONG SCH, V N G MNH
1. Xy dng ng - Quy lut tn ti v pht trin
ca n g
T t n g H C h M i n h v xy d n g n g C n g sn
V i t N a m t r o n g sch, v n g m n h c h i m m t v tr c b i t
quan t r n g t r o n g t o n b d i sn t t n g ca N g i . N g i
lin tc c p v n x y d n g n g v h n h t h n h m t h
thng cc l u n i m m a n g tnh n h t q u n .
H C h M i n h b n v x y d n g n g k h n g p h i l k h i
trong n g c g t b i n hay t r o n g n g "c v n n i
cm" m i - c n n m t g i i p h p tnh t h . V i N g i , x y
d n g n g l m t n h i m v t t y u , t h n g x u y n n g
h o n t h n h v a i t r c h i n s t i n p h o n g trc g i a i cp, d n tc
v n h n d n . X y d n g n g c H C h M i n h t ra n h
mt n h i m v va cp bch, va lu di. K h i cch m n g gp
kh khn, xy d n g n g cn b, ng vin cng c lp
t r n g q u a n i m , b n h t n h , s n g sut, k h n g t ra b n g ,
l n g t n g , b i q u a n . N g a y c k h i c c h m n g t r n t h n g l i
cng cn n xy d n g n g xy d n g n h n g quan
i m , t t n g c c h m n g khoa hc, n g n n g a c h q u a n , t
m n , lc q u a n t u v ri v o c n b n h "kiu n g o c n g sn" theo c c h n i ca V . I . L n i n .
KMMTIIICM
145
T n h t t y u k h c h q u a n ca c n g t c x y d n g n g
c H C h M i n h l g i i h t sc t h u y t p h c theo c c cn
c sau y :
- Xy d n g n g b c h n h b i q u t r n h p h t trin
l i n t c ca s n g h i p c c h m n g d o n g l n h o . n g
l n h o giai c p v n h n d n n h q u c , p h o n g
kin, xy d n g c h d n ch m i , to i u k i n tin dn
l n c h ngha x h i n h m g i i p h n g d n t c , g i i p h n g
g i a i c p v g i i p h n g con n g i . S n g h i p c c h m n g do
n g l n h o l m t q u t r n h , bao g m n h i u t h i k,
n h i u g i a i o n ; m i t h i k , g i a i o n c n h n g m c tiu,
n h i m v c t h v n h n g y u cu r i n g . T r c d i n bin
ca i u k i n k h c h q u a n , b n t h n n g p h i t chnh
n , t i m i v n l n l m t r n t r n g t r c h t r c giai
c p v d n tc. S i n h t h i , m i k h i c c h m n g c h u y n giai
o n , bt u t r i n khai thc h i n n h i m v m i , H Ch
M i n h bao g i c n g c h t r n g trc
ng.
ht phi
xy
dng
C h t r n g v a k h n g n h n g v t r , v a i tr
l n h o ca n g , v a t h h i n k h n n g n h y b n , l m
c h t h i cuc ca n g i n g u t chc n g . T r o n g suy
n g h v n h n thc ca H C h M i n h , n g ta l n ln,
t r n g t h n h g n l i n v i s p h t t r i n ca t n c v d n
t c , n g t h c s l " m t c t h s n g " l u n t h o n t h i n v
v t ln.
- i v i ton ng, H C h M i n h cng ch r: ng
s n g t r o n g x h i , l m t b p h n h p t h n h c c u ca x
h i ; m i c n b , n g v i n u c h u n h h n g , t c n g ca
m i t r n g x h i , c c q u a n h x h i , c c i t t v c i x u ,
c i tch cc, t i n b v ci t i u cc, lc h u . D o , m i c n
.146
b, n g vin phi thng xuyn rn luyn; ng phi c h

n v i c x y d n g n g . K h n n g t i p n h n n g u n sinh lc
t i m t n g v " k h n g " c c c n b n h x h i " t h m t h u " v o
n g l p h thuc v o h i u q u c n g tc x y d n g n g .
T r o n g h o n c n h x h i thuc a na p h o n g k i n , k i n h t
n n g n g h i p l c h y u , t r n h sn x u t lc h u m t i n
d n ln c h ngha x h i n h V i t N a m th v i c x y d n g
n g c n g p h i c q u a n t m c bit.
- Xy d n g n g l c h i m i c n b , n g v i n t
r n l u y n , g i o dc v t u d n g t t h n , h o n t h n h c c
n h i m v m n g v n h n d n giao p h , c b i t l g i
c cc p h m cht o c c c h m n g t i u b i u .
n g ta mc d c c s k h p c n c , c n h n g c n b
v n g v i n t n t y , h y sinh v c n g oanh l i t , n h n g theo
H C h M i n h , "v i u k i n k h k h n , m s n g c n b v
n g v i n c h a c h u n l u y n h n h o i cho n n t t n g
v trnh c h n h tr c n t h p k m v lch lc. i u t r
ra m i k h u y t i m n h : k h n g n m v n g c h n h s c h
t r n g k k h n g c h i n , t lc c n h sinh; k h n g p h n b i t r
r n g b n v ch, b n h q u a n l i u , c n g t h n v n n t h a m
h h a k h n n g , v.v.'".
X y d n g n g l l m cho m i c n b , n g v i n h i u
r , h i u ng* v t h c h n h t t q u a n i m , n g l i ,
c h n h s c h ca n g . M t k h c , g i p cho c n b , n g
vin phi nhn l i m n h , p h t huy mt tt, loi b mt x u
v n c t r o n g m i c o n n g i . H C h M i n h cho r n g , c n

147
b , n g v i n k h n g p h i l t h n t h n h , h l c o n n g i .
l con n g i t h ai c n g c h a i m t t t - x u , t h i n - c
t h n g x u y n u tranh v i nhau. T r o n g i u k i n mi
t r u n g tt, n u cn b, n g vin n lc t u d n g , phn
u , r n l u y n t h m t t t , m t t h i n s n i l n , y li
m t c , m t x u . T , h s t r t h n h n g i t t , l m
g n g cho q u n c h n g , c ch cho n g , cho c c h m n g .
N g c l i , trong m t m i t r n g x h i k h n g lnh mnh,
y r y s d i t r , l a l c , n u c n b , n g v i n b u n g
t h , t h i u c h p h n u t h m t c , m t x u s n i l n chi
phi, k i m c h m t tt, m t thin v lc , h tr thnh
n g i b tha h a , b i n c h t , c h i cho n g , cho
dn,
t h m ch tr t h n h t i p h m .
V t h , m i c n b , n g v i n l u n g i t r n p h m cht
t t p ca m n h , g i c n g l t n g c c h m n g , v n g v n g
v m i m t n g m i i u kin, m i t r n g x h i khc
n h a u th c n g v i s t g i c r n l u y n , p h n u , h c n cn
n s g i p , k i m sot, q u n l t p h a n g . X y d n g
n g k h n g t h b u n g lng vic tht cht c n g tc k i m a,
q u n l c n b , n g v i n . X y d n g n g n u k h n g c
t n g v tr, n g a n g t m m l i b u n g l n g k i m sot,
q u n l th r t d l m cho m t b p h n c n b , n g v i n b
t h o i h a , b i n c h t v o c v l i sng, d n n tha h a
c v c h n h tr.
T r n b n h d i n p h t t r i n c n h n , x y d n g n g theo
t t n g H C h M i n h tr t h n h nhu cu t hon
thin,
c u t lm ng sch nhn cch ca mi cn b, ng
nhu
vin.
148
- Trong i u k i n n g tr t h n h ng cm quyn,
v i c x y d n g n g l i c H C h M i n h coi l c n g v i c
c n g p h i t i n h n h t h n g x u y n h n ca n g . B i l ,
v i m t n h n q u a n c b i t n h y b n v c h n h tr, N g i
n h n t h y v n h n d i n r t n h h a i m t v n c ca
q u y n lc: mt
mt,
q u y n l c c sc m n h to l n c i
t o x h i c, x y d n g x h i m i n u b i t s d n g n g ;
mt
khc,
q u y n lc c n g c sc p h h o i g h g m n u
n g i n m q u y n lc b t h o i h a , b i n c h t , i v o c o n
n g h a m m u n q u y n l c , c h y theo q u y n l c , t r a n h
g i n h q u y n lc, l i d n g q u y n lc l m q u y n , l n g
q u y n , c q u y n , c l i , b i n q u y n lc ca n h n d n
t h n h c q u y n ca c n h n , V.V.. V v y , n g p h i c
bit quan t m n vic chnh n v i m i hn ch,
n g n chn, y li v ty t r m i t n n do t h o i h a , b i n
c h t g y ra t r o n g i u k i n n g l n h o c h n h q u y n
nh nc.
N h n thc n g s t c n g qua l i gia m i t r n g x
h i v v a i t r l n h o ca n g , c i m p h t t r i n t m
l , n h n c c h ca c n b , n g v i n , H C h M i n h i n
m t n h n i n h m a n g tnh t r i t l v t h c t i n s u sc, c g i
tr p h q u t o n g v n x y d n g , i m i n g : " M t
d n tc, m t n g v m i c o n n g i , n g y h m qua l v
i , c sc h p d n l n , k h n g n h t n h h m nay v n g y
m a i v n c m i n g i y u m n v ca n g i , n u l n g d
k h n g t r o n g s n g n a , n u sa v o c h ngha c n h n " .
1
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i 2, to.557-558.

149
N h n n h l m t c h n l . N p h n n h n g thc
t i n v c thc t i n k h n g ch V i t N a m m cn
n h i u n i t r n t h g i i k i m n g h i m . N l l i c n h tnh
c n g h a r t s u xa i v i n g C n g s n c m q u y n ,
i v i m i n g v i n c n g s n , n h t l n g v i n cng
s n c c h c , c q u y n , g i c c v t r t h e n c h t t r o n g b
m y n h nc.
N h n m t c c h t n g q u t , theo H C h M i n h , x y dng
n g m a n g tnh q u y l u t v l n h u c u t n t i , p h t t r i n ca
b n t h n n g . i m i n g n h m l m cho n g thc s
t r o n g sch, v n g v n g v c h n h tr, t t n g v t chc; lm
cho i n g c n b , n g v i n k h n g n g n g n n g cao p h m
c h t v n n g lc t r c n h n g y u c u , i h i n g y c n g cao,
c n g p h c t p ca n h i m v c c h m n g . o i m i n g s
l m cho t o n n g t r t h n h m t k h i t h n g n h t v nhn
thc v t t n g , l m c s cho s t h n g n h t v h n h n g ,
sc li con t h u y n c c h m n g V i t N a m t i n v pha
t r c , v t qua n h n g k h c q u a n h y t h t h c h .
2. Ni dung cng tc xy dng ng Cng sn Vit Nam
a) Xy dng ng v t tng, l lun
t mc tiu cch mng, H C h M i n h ch r: phi
d a v o l l u n c c h m n g v k h o a h c c a c h n g h a
M c - L n i n . K h i h u n l u y n cho c n b c c h m n g t n m
1925 n n m 1927, H C h M i n h k h n g n h : " n g m u n
v n g t h p h i c c h ngha l m c t , t r o n g n g ai c n g p h i
h i u , ai c n g p h i theo c h ngha y . n g m k h n g c c h
ngha c n g n h n g i k h n g c tr k h n , t u k h n g c b n
150
ch nam'"; "ch ngha" y l c h ngha M c - L n i n . H C h

M i n h v c h ngha M c - L n i n n h tr k h n ca
con
n g i , n h b n ch n a m i n h h n g cho con t u i , i u
ni l n v a i t r cc k q u a n t r n g ca l l u n y t r o n g t t c
cc t h i k c c h m n g . V i ngha , theo N g i , c h
ngha M c - L n i n tr t h n h "ct", tr t h n h n n t n g t
t n g v k i m ch n a m cho m i h n h n g ca n g C n g
sn V i t N a m .
Trong vic t i p n h n v v n d n g c h ngha M c - L n i n ,
H C h M i n h l u n h n g i m sau y :
Mt l, vic hc tp, nghin
Mc - Ln phi lun ph
Hai l, vic vn dng
lun ph
hp
cu, tuyn
truyn
hp vi tng i
ch ngha
vi tng hon
ch
ngha
tng.
Mc - Ln
phi
lun
cnh. Theo H C h M i n h , v n
d n g c h ngha M c - L n i n p h i t r n h g i o i u , n g
t h i c h n g l i v i c xa r i c c n g u y n tc c b n ca
ch
ngha M c - L n i n . i u n y h o n t o n n g v i l i c n
d n ca
C.Mc, P h . n g g h e n , V.I.Lnin i v i n h n g
n g i c n g sn t r n t h g i i k h i c c n g cho r n g : n h n g
quan i m ca c c n g c h l p h n g p h p c h d n h n h
n g t r o n g thc t .
Ba l, tron g
qu trn h
hc tp, k tha nhng

sn khc,
mnh
ng
ng,
k nghim
thi ng
b sung
hot
ta phi
vo ch ngha
ng
ta phi
ch
tt ca cc ng
cng
tng kt k nghim
ca
Mc - Ln.
C h ngha
M c - L n i n l h c t h u y t n u l n n h n g v n c b n
n h t , t r n c s m i n g v n d n g v o h o n c n h , i u
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr. 268.

151
k i n r i n g ca m n h . T r o n g q u t r n h v n d n g , m i n g
li gii quyt thnh cng nhng v n m i , tng kt thnh
n h n g v n l l u n b s u n g v l m g i u t h m n i d u n g
l l u n M c - L n i n . y l t h i v t r c h n h i m t h n g
x u y n ca n g ta.
Bn l, ng
s trong
sng
ta phi
tng cng
ca ch ngha
Mc
u tranh
- Ln.
bo
C h chng
gio i u , c h i , xt l i ch ngha M c - Lnin; chng li

n h n g l u n i m sai t r i , x u y n tc, p h n h n c h ngha
Mc - Lnin.
b) Xy dng ng v chnh tr
T tng H C h M i n h trong vic xy d n g ng v
c h n h tr c n h i u n i d u n g , bao g m : x y d n g n g l i
c h n h tr, bo v c h n h tr, x y d n g v thc h i n n g h i quyt,
x y d n g v p h t t r i n h t t n g c h n h tr, c n g c l p
t r n g c h n h tr, n n g cao b n l n h c h n h tr... T r o n g , theo
H C h M i n h , n g l i c h n h tr l m t v n c t t trong
s t n t i v p h t t r i n ca n g . H o c h n h n g l i
c h n h tr t r t h n h m t t r o n g n h n g v n cc k quan
trng trong xy dng ng.
n g C n g sn V i t N a m c m q u y n c v a i t r n h
h n g p h t t r i n cho t o n x h i . n g thc h i n v a i t r
l n h o c h n h tr ca m n h c h y u b n g v i c r c n g
l n h , n g l i c h i n lc, p h n g h n g p h t t r i n k i n h t x h i c n g n h s c h lc v q u y n h n h n g m c t i u p h t
t r i n ca x h i theo h n g l u d i c n g n h t n g g i a i o n .
n g m u n x y d n g n g l i c h n h tr n g n c n p h i
coi t r n g n h n g v n : n g l i c h n h tr p h i d a t r n c
152
s l l u n ca c h n g h a M c - L n i n , v n d n g n v o
h o n c n h c t h ca n c ta t r o n g t n g t h i k ; t r o n g x y
d n g n g l i c h n h tr, p h i hc t p k i n h n g h i m ca c c
n g c n g sn anh e m , n h n g p h i tnh n n h n g i u
k i n c t h ca t n c v ca t h i i t r o n g t n g g i a i
o n h o c c t h i k d i ; c n g l i c h n h tr n g ,
n g p h i t h t s l i t i n p h n g d n g c m , l b t h a m
m u s n g s u t ca g i a i c p c n g n h n , ca n h n d n lao
n g v c c d n tc.
H C h M i n h l u cn p h i gio dc n g l i , chnh
s c h ca n g , t h n g t i n t h i s cho c n b , n g v i n
h lun lun kin nh lp trng, g i vng bn lnh
c h n h tr t r o n g m i h o n c n h . n g t h i , N g i c n g
c n h b o n g u y c sai l m v n g l i c h n h tr s g y h u
qu n g h i m t r n g i v i v n m n h ca T quc, sinh
m n h c h n h tr ca h n g t r i u n g v i n c n g n h ca
h n g t r i u n h n d n lao n g .
c) Xy dng ng v t chc, b my, cng tc cn b
- H
thng
t chc
ca
ng.
H Ch Minh
khng
n h sc m n h c a n g b t n g u n t t chc, m t t
chc t i n p h o n g c h i n u ca g i a i c p c n g n h n . H
t h n g t c h c ca n g t t r u n g n g n c s p h i c h t
c h , c t n h k l u t cao. M i c p t c h c c c h c n n g ,
nhim v ring.
T r o n g h t h n g t chc n g , H C h M i n h r t coi t r n g
v a i t r ca c h i b . B i l , i v i b n t h n n g , c h i b l t
chc h t n h n , q u y t n h c h t l n g l n h o ca n g ; l
m i t r n g t u d n g , r n l u y n v c n g l n i g i m s t n g
153
v i n ; chi b c v a i t r q u a n t r n g t r o n g v i c g n k t gia
ng vi qun chng nhn dn.
- Cc nguyn
tc tchest
hot
ng:
+ Tp trung d n ch
y l n g u y n t c c b n t r o n g x y d n g n g . Gia
"tp t r u n g " v " d n c h " c m i q u a n h k h n g k h t vi
n h a u , l hai v ca m t n g u y n tc. H C h M i n h v i t v
m i q u a n h n h sau: T p t r u n g t r n n n t n g d n ch;
d n c h d i s c h o t p t r u n g . H o c , N g i v i t : "Ch
ta l c h d n c h , t t n g p h i c t do. T do l
t h n o ? i v i m i v n , m i n g i t do b y t kin
ca m n h , g p p h n tm ra c h n l. l m t q u y n l i m
c n g l m t ngha v ca m i n g i .
K h i m i n g u i p h t b i u k i n , tm t h y c h n l,
l c q u y n t d o t t n g h a ra quyn
chn
t do phc
tng
l" .
1
+ T p t h l n h o , c n h n p h t r c h
H C h M i n h g i i t h c h v t p t h l n h o n h sau: "V
sao c n p h i c t p t h l n h o ?
V m t n g i d k h n n g o a n ti g i i m y , d n h i u kinh
n g h i m n u , c n g ch t r n g t h y , c h x e m x t c m t
hoc n h i u m t ca m t v n , k h n g t h t r n g t h y v
xem x t t t c m i m t ca m t v n .
V v y , c n p h i c n h i u n g i . N h i u n g i t h n h i u
k i n h n g h i m . N g i th t h y r m t n y , n g i t h t r n g
t h y r m t k h c ca v n .

154
G p k i n h n g h i m v s x e m x t ca n h i u n g i , t h
v n c thy r k h p m i mt. M c thy r k h p
m i mt, th v n y m i c gii quyt chu o , k h i
sai l m " .
1
V c n h n p h t r c h , H C h M i n h cho r n g : "Vic g
c n g n g i b n bc k l n g r i , k h o c h i n h r
r n g r i , th c n p h i giao cho n g i hoc m t n h m t
n g i p h t r c h theo k h o c h m t h i h n h . N h t h m i
c c h u y n t r c h , c n g v i c m i chy.
N u k h n g c c n h n p h t r c h th s sinh ci t n g i
n y y cho n g i kia, n g i kia y cho n g i n , k t q u l
k h n g ai t h i h n h . N h t h th v i c g c n g k h n g xong" .
2
Thc h i n n g u y n tc n y t r o n g c n g tc x y d n g n g
p h i c h khc p h c t c o n c h u y n q u y n , n g t h i
p h i c h n g l i c tnh t r n g d a m t p t h , k h n g d m
quyt o n , k h n g d m chu trch n h i m .
+ T ph bnh v p h bnh
M c ch ca t p h b n h v p h b n h l l m cho
p h n t t trong m i c o n n g i n y n n h hoa m a x u n ,
l m cho m i t chc t t l n , p h n x u b m t d n i , tc l
n i n s v n t i c h n , t h i n , m . M c c h n y c q u y
i n h b i tnh t t y u t r o n g q u t r n h h o t n g ca D n g ta.
B i v , n g l m t thc t h ca x h i , n g bao g m c c
t n g l p x h i , i n g ca n g bao g m n h n g n g i u
t, n h n g toong n g c n g k h n g t r n h k h i n h n g k h u y t

155
i m , k h n g p h i m i n g i u t t , m i v i c u hay, m i
con n g i u c ci t h i n v ci c t r o n g l n g . C h n h v
v y , H C h M i n h cho r n g , thang t h u c t t n h t l t p h
bnh v p h bnh.
Thi , phng
php
t p h b n h v p h bnh c
H Ch M i n h n u r nhng i m n h : phi tin hnh

t h n g x u y n n h n g i ta ra m t h n g n g y ; p h i thng
t h n , c h n t h n h , t r u n g thc, k h n g n nang, k h n g giu
g i m v c n g k h n g t h m b t k h u y t i m ; " p h i c tnh
t h n g y u l n nhau".
+ K lut n g h i m minh, t gic
Sc m n h ca m t t chc c n g s n v ca m i n g
v i n b t n g u n t thc t chc k l u t n g h i m m i n h , t
gic. T n h n g h i m m i n h ca k l u t n g i h i t t c m i
t chc n g , t t c m i n g v i n u p h i b n h n g trc
i u l n g , trc p h p l u t ca N h n c , trc m i
q u y t n h ca n g . n g t h i , n g ta l m t t chc g m
n h n g n g i t n g u y n p h n u cho l t n g c n g sn c h
ngha cho n n t g i c l m t y u c u b t b u c i v i m i t
chc n g v n g v i n . T n h n g h i m m i n h , t g i c i h i
n g v i n p h i g n g m u t o n g cuc sng, c n g tc. U y tn
ca n g b t n g u n t s g n g m u ca m i n g v i n
t r n g v i c t g i c t u n t h k l u t ca n g , ca N h n c ,
ca o n t h n h n d n .
+ o n kt thng nht trong n g
S o n k t t h n g n h t ca n g p h i d a t r n c s l
l u n ca n g l c h ngha M c - L n i n ; c n g l n h , i u l
n g ; n g l i , q u a n i m ca n g ; n g h q u y t ca t
156
chc n g cc cp. n g t h i , m u n o n k t t h n g n h t
t r o n g n g p h i thc h n h d n c h r n g r i toong n g ,
thng x u y n v n g h i m chnh t p h bnh v p h bnh,
thng x u y n tu d n g o c cch mng, chng ch
ngha c n h n v c c b i u h i n t i u cc k h c , p h i "sng v i
n h a u c tnh, c ngha". C o n k t t t t h m i t o ra c s
v n g chc t h n g n h t c h v h n h n g , l m
cho
"ng ta t u y n g n g i n h n g k h i t i n n h ch n h l
mt ngi".
- Cn b, cng tc cn b ca
ng
H C h M i n h ra m t h t h n g c c q u a n i m v c n
b v c n g tc c n b . N g i n h n thc r t r v tr, v a i
ca c n b t r o n g s n g h i p c c h m n g . C n b l ci d y
c h u y n ca b m y , l m t k h u t r u n g g i a n n i l i n gia
n g , N h n c v i n h n d n . M u n v i c t h n h c n g hay
tht b i l do c n b t t hay k m . N g i c n b p h i c
c v ti, p h m c h t v n n g lc, t r o n g , c , p h m c h t
l gc.
H C h M i n h cho r n g , c n g tc c n b l c n g tc gc
ca n g . N i d u n g ca n bao h m cc m t k h u l i n h o n ,
c q u a n h c h t c h v i n h a u : t u y n c h n c n b ; o to,
h u n l u y n , b i d n g c n b ; n h gi n g c n b ; t u y n
d n g , sp x p , b tr c n b ; thc h i n cc c h n h s c h i v i
cn b.
d) Xy dng
ng v o
H Ch M i n h khng nh: M t ng chn chnh cch
157
m n g p h i c o c . o c t o n n u y tn, sc m n h ca
ng, g i p ng t cch lnh o, h n g d n qun
chng nhn dn.
X t v t h c c h t , o c c a n g ta l p c m i ,
o - c c c h m n g . o c m a n g b n c h t c a giai
c p c n g n h n , c n g l o c M c - L n i n , o c c n g
s n c h n g h a m n i d u n g c t l i l c h n g h a n h n o
c h i n u . V t h , H C h M i n h c h r : n g ta l m t
n g c m q u y n . M i n g v i n v c n b p h i t h t s
t h m n h u n o c cch m n g , tht s cn, k i m , lim,
chnh, ch c n g v t. C o c cch m n g trong sng,
n g ta m i l n h o n h n d n u t r a n h g i i p h n g d n
t c , l m cho T q u c g i u m n h , n g b o s u n g s n g .
l m c t i u , l t n g ca n g v c n g l t c c h s m t
ca n g c m q u y n .
G i o d c o c c c h m n g l m t n i d u n g q u a n
t r n g trong vic t u d n g , r n l u y n ca c n b , n g
v i n . N g n c h t v i c u c u t r a n h c h n g c h n g h a c
n h n d i m i h n h t h c n h m l m cho n g l u n l u n
t h t s t r o n g sch.
c bit quan t m n v n o c, gn o c v i
t c c h ca m t n g c h n c h n h c c h m n g , H C h M i n h
g p p h n b sung, m r n g , p h t t r i n q u a n i m ca
c h ngha M c - L n i n v n i d u n g c n g t c x y d n g n g
p h h p v i t r u y n t h n g v n h a , lch s ca c c n c
p h n g ng, trong c V i t Nam.
158
KT LUN
H C h M i n h l n g i s n g l p , n g t h i l n g i g i o
d c v r n l u y n n g C n g sn V i t N a m t r o n g g n 40
n m . T n h u c u g i i p h n g d n tc theo con n g c c h
m n g v sn, v n d n g s n g t o v p h t t r i n c h ngha
Mc - Lnin, H C h M i n h k t h p cht ch gia n h n
thc l l u n v h o t n g , t n g k t thc t i n , x c l p n n
m t h t h n g c c q u a n i m , t t n g v n g C n g sn
v xy d n g n g C n g sn trong i u k i n m t nc
t h u c a n a p h o n g k i n , l n h t n n g n g h i p lc h u v i
cc c i m v n h a t u y n thng p h n g n g . N h n g
q u a n i m , t t n g bao g m c c v n c tnh q u y
lut c lin quan n s h n h t h n h , v tr, vai t r , b n cht
ca n g C n g s n v n h n g v n c tnh n g u y n tc
lin q u a n t i c n g t c x y d n g n g C n g s n V i t N a m
o n g sch, v n g m a n h , n h t l t r o n g i u k i n n g t r
thnh ng cm quyn. Trong h thng cc quan i m ,
H C h M i n h c n h n g p h t k i n c bit s n g to, p h n
n h m i q u a n h b i n c h n g g i a tnh p h b i n v tnh c
t h ca q u y l u t h n h t h n h n g v s n k i u m i t r o n g
iu k i n tng nc; quan i m v s thng nht bin
c h n g g i a b n c h t g i a i c p c n g n h n v i tnh d n tc v
tnh n h n d n , ca n g ; q u a n n i m v n g C n g s n c m
q u y n v c c y u t b o m v a i t r c m q u y n ca n g .
N h n g q u a n i m n y t h t s l s n g t o r i n g ca H C h
M i n h , g p p h n c t h ha v p h t trin l l u n M c L n i n v n g C n g sn.
159
T r o n g giai o n c c h m n g m i , y m n h c n g n g h i p
h a , h i n i h a t n c theo n h h n g x h i c h
ngha v i m c t i u d n g i u , n c m n h , d n c h , c n g
b n g , v n m i n h , d n tc ta a n g n g t r c n h i u t h i c,
v n h i , n h n g c n g k h n g t k h k h n , t h c h thc. V a i tr
l n h o ca n g c n g p h i c k h n g n h , n n g lc
l n h o v sc c h i n u ca n g c n c n n g cao h n
bao g i h t n g a n g t m v i c c y u c u , n h i m v m lch
s d n tc giao p h . T r o n g b i c n h m i , n g ta x c n h
r n h i m v x y d n g k i n h t l t r n g t m , x y n g n g
l n h i m v then c h t g n c h t v i x y d n g n n v n h a
V i t N a m t i n t i n , m b n sc d n tc, t o n n tng
tnh t h n cho s p h t t r i n x h i . Q u n t r i t t t n g H
C h M i n h , n g ta y m n h c n g t c x y n g n g t r n
t t c c c m t : t t n g - l l u n , c h n h tr, t chc v c n
b , o c , l m cho n g t h t s trong
sch, t i t m
cao v o c , tr t u , b n l n h c h n h tr, v n g v n g trc

m i t h t h c h ca lch s.
- V chn h
tr, l n g l i c h n h n g n , b n
l n h c h n h toi v n g v n g t r o n g m i t n h h u n g p h c t p , m i
bc ngot h i m n g h o , m i giai o n cch m n g khc
n h a u . T r n c s k i n n h m c t i u c l p d n tc v c h
ngha x h i , n g b i t t p t r u n g g i n h t h n g l i cho t n g
b c i ln ca c c h m n g . l n g l i c n g r n v
c h i n lc, m m d o v s c h lc, l i n h h o t v b i n p h p
u tranh, t p h p c lc l n g ca t o n d n , t r a n h t h
c s n g t n h v n g h ca q u c t, to t h n h
sc
m n h v ch ca c c h m n g .
160
- V t tng,
l t t n g c c h m n g t r i t , t
t n g c c h m n g t i n c n g , c h n g c h ngha c h i , x t l i ,
gio i u , b o t h . T r n n n t n g c h ngha M c - L n i n , t
tng H C h M i n h , D n g p h i b i t l m g i u tr t u ca
m n h b n g v i c k tha v p h t h u v n h n g t r u y n t h n g t t
p ca d n tc, t h u t h i n h n g t i n h hoa v n hoa ca n h n
loi g i n h t h n g l i cho c c h m n g .
- V t chc, l m t t chc c h n h tr t r o n g sch, v n g
mnh; m t t chc c h i n u k i n c n g v i c c n g u y n tc
nn m n g c t u n t h n g h i m n g t k h i h n h n g t h
m u n n g i n h m t . l m t t chc t r n g c h t l n g
h n s l n g , l y v i c n n g cao v a i t r l n h o v sc c h i n
u ca n g l n h i m v t h n g x u y n ca m i c n b ,
ng v i n v ca t o n n g .
- V o c, li sng,
c n b , n g v i n ca n g coi
trng v i c t u d n g o c , c n , k i m , l i m , c h n h , c h
c n g v t, n n g cao n n g lc, g n b m u t h t v i n h n
d n , d m hy sinh x t h n v s n g h i p c c h m n g .
Trong
mi m i quan h , c n b , n g v i n k h n g n g n g hc t p
v l m theo t m g n g o c H C h M i n h k h n g
ngng h o n t h i n n h n c c h , g i n h c n i m t i n y u t r n
v n ca n h n d n .
C h n g ta t c r t n h i u t h n h t u t r o n g c n g
tc xy d n g n g c m q u y n , n h n g b t c p , y u k m ,
hn c h c n g k h n g p h i t, n h t l s suy t h o i v t
t n g c h n h tr, o c , l i s n g c a m t b p h n c n b ,
ng vin c h a c n g n c h n v y li. N h n g h n c h
n y a n g l m g i m s t n i m t i n ca n h n d n i v i
161
n g , h n c h n n g lc l n h o v sc c h i n u ca
ng. c chiu r i bi n h s n g t t n g H C h Minh,
n g ta q u y t t m x y d n g v m i m t m t c c h thit
thc; x c n h i m i v c h n h n n g p n g n h u cu
p h t t r i n ca g i a i c p v d n tc l q u y l u t t n t i sng
c n ca n g . C h n h t r n ngha , v i c t i p tc y
m n h n g h i n c u , t u y n t r u y n , g i o dc t t n g H Ghi
M i n h v n g v x y d n g n g t r o n g sch, v n g mnh
p h i dc
q u n t r i t n t n g t chc c s n g , t n g cn
b, ng vin.
162
CHNG
T TNG H CH MINH V I ON
DN TC V ON K T QUC
K T
I - T T N G H CH MINH
V I O N K T DN T C
1. Vai tr ca i on kt dn tc trong s nghip
cch mng
a) i on kt dn tc l vn c ngha chin lc,
quyt nh thnh
cng
ca cch
mng
H C h M i n h ch ra r n g , t r o n g t h i i m i , n h b i
cc t h lc quc thc d n n h m g i i p h n g d n tc, g i i
p h n g giai cp v g i i p h n g con n g i , n u ch c t i n h t h n
yu nc th c h a ; c c h m n g m u n t h n h c n g v t h n h
cng n n i , p h i t p h p c t t c m i lc l n g c t h
tp h p , x y d n g c k h i i o n k t d n tc b n v n g .
C h n h v v y , t o n g t t n g H C h M i n h , i o n k t d n
tc l v n c ngha c h i n lc, c b n , n h t q u n v l u
di, x u y n sut t i n t r n h c c h m n g .
163
q u y t c m i lc l n g v o k h i i o n kt
t o n d n , cn p h i c c h n h s c h v p h n g p h p p h h p
v i t n g i t n g . T r o n g t n g t h i k , t n g giai o n cch
m n g , t r c n h n g y u c u v n h i m v k h c n h a u , chinh
s c h v p h n g p h p t p h p c t h v cn t h i t p h i i u
chnh cho p h h p v i t n g i t n g k h c n h a u , song i
o n k t d n tc p h i l u n l u n c n h n thc l v n
s n g c n , q u y t i n h t h n h b i ca c c h m n g .
C h n h sch m t trn ca n g ta v C h tch H C h i M i n h
t ra l thc h i n o n k t d n tc. N h t t n g nht
q u n v c h n h s c h m t t r n n g n , n g ta v C h tch
H Ch M i n h xy dng thnh c n g k h i i o n kt dn
tc, a c c h m n g V i t N a m g i n h c n h i u t h n g l i to
l n . H C h i M i n h v i t : " o n k t t r o n g M t t r n Vit
Mh,
n h n d n ta l m C c h m n g T h n g T m t h n h c n g , lp
n n nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha.
o n k t trong M t t r n Lin
Vit, n h n d n ta d k h n g
c h i n t h n g l i , l p l i h a b n h n g D n g , h o n ton
g i i p h n g m i n Bc.
o n k t t r o n g M t t r n T quc
Vit Nam,
n h n d n ta
g i n h c t h n g l i t r o n g c n g cuc k h i p h c k i n h t,
c i t o x h i c h ngha v t r o n g s n g h i p x y d n g ch
'
ngha x h i m i n Bc" .
T thc tin n h vy, H C h M i n h k h i q u t thnh
1
n h i u l u n i m c tnh c h n l v v a i t r ca k h i i
o n kt:

164
on kt lm ra sc mnh.
H Ch Minh rt nhiu ln
n h n m n h l u n i m n y . N g i v i t : " o n k t l sc
m n h c a c h n g ta. o n k t c h t c h , t h c h n g ta n h t
nh c t h khc p h c m i k h k h n , p h t t r i n m i t h u n
l i v l m t r n n h i m v n h n d n giao p h " ; " o n k t
1
l m t lc l n g v c h c a c h n g ta k h c p h c k h
k h n , g i n h l y t h n g l i " ; " o n k t l sc m n h , o n
2
k t l t h n g l i " ; " o n k t l sc m n h , l t h e n c h t ca
3
thnh cng" ...

4
"By g i c n m t i m r t q u a n t r n g , c n g l i m m .
i m n y m thc h i n t t t h ra con c h u u t t : l
o n kt" .
5
"on kt, on kt, i on

Thnh cng, thnh
kt,
cng, di thnh
cng!'"'...
b) i on kt dn tc l mc tiu, nhim v hng u

ca ng, ca dn
tc
Trong t t n g H C h M i n h , y u nc - n h n ngha o n k t l sc m n h , l m c h n g u n ca m i t h n g l i .
D o d , i o n k t d n tc p h i c x c n h l
mc
tiu, n h i m v h n g u ca ng, p h i c q u n t r i t
t r o n g t t c m i l n h v c , t n g l i , c h t r n g , c h n h
s c h t i h o t n g t h c t i n ca n g . T r o n g L i k t t h c
b u i ra m t ca n g Lao n g V i t N a m n g y 3-3-1951,
, 2. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.7, tr.392,397.

3,4. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, U I , tr.22 154.
165
H C h M i n h thay m t n g t u y n b t r c t o n t h
d n t c : " M c c h c a n g Lao n g V i t N a m c t h
g m t r o n g 8 c h l: on
quc"*.
kt
ton
dn,
phng
' t h c h i n m c t i u n y , N g i t h n g x u y n
nhc n h cn b, n g vin phi t h m n h u n quan im

q u n c h n g , p h i gn g i q u n c h n g , lng nghe qun
c h n g ; v n n g , t chc v g i o d c q u n c h n g , coi sc
m n h c a c c h m n g l n i q u n c h n g ; p h i
thm
n h u n l i dy "d t r m ln k h n g d n cng chu, k h vn

l n d n l i u c n g xong".
i o n k t d n tc l n h i m v h n g u c a n g ,
n g t h i c n g l n h i m v h n g u c a m i g i a i o n
c c h m n g . N h n m n h v n n y l n h n m n h t i vai
t r ca
t h c lc c c h m n g . B i v , c c h m n g
mun
t h n h c n g n u ch c n g l i n g th c h a , m
t r n c s ca n g l i n g , n g p h i c t h h a
t h n h n h n g m c tiu, n h i m v v p h n g p h p cch
m n g p h h p v i t n g giai o n lch s li k o , tp
h p q u n c h n g , t o t h c l c c h o c c h m n g . T h c lc
c h n h l k h i i o n k t d n tc. N m 1963, k h i n i
chuyn v i cn b tuyn truyn v hun l u y n m i n ni
v cch m n g x h i ch ngha, H C h M i n h ch r:
" T r c C c h m n g T h n g T m v t r o n g k h n g c h i n , th
n h i m v t u y n h u n l l m cho n g b o c c d n tc h i u
c m y v i c : Mt l o n k t . Hai l l m c c h m n g hay
k h n g chin i c lp. Ch n gin t h thi. By gi

166
m c c h ca t u y n t r u y n h u n l u y n l: Mt
k t . Hai
l o n
l x y d n g c h n g h a x h i . Ba l u t r a n h
thng nht nc nh" .

1
H C h M i n h c n c h ra r n g , i o n k t d n
tc
k h n g p h i c h l m c t i u ca n g , m c n l n h i m v
h n g u c a c d n tc. B i v , c c h m n g l s n g h i p ca
qun c h n g , phi do q u n c h n g , v qun c h n g . T trong
p h o n g t r o u t r a n h t g i i p h n g v x y d n g x h i
m i t t p , q u n c h n g n y sinh n h u c u o n k t v s
h p t c . n g C n g sn p h i c s m n h thc t n h , t p
hp, h n g
dn qun chng, chuyn nhng nhu
cu,
n h n g i h i k h c h q u a n , t p h t ca q u n c h n g t h n h
n h n g i h i t g i c , t h n h h i n thc c t chc t r o n g
k h i i o n k t , t o t h n h sc m n h t n g h p t r o n g c u c
u tranh v c l p cho d n tc, t d o cho n h n d n v
h n h p h c cho c o n n g i .
2. Lc lng i on kt dn tc
a) i on kt dn tc l i on kt ton
dn
n g t r n l p t r n g giai c p c n g n h n v q u a n i m
q u n c h n g , H C h M i n h cp v n D N v N H N
D N m t c c h r r n g , t o n i n , c sc t h u y t p h c , t h u
phc l n g n g i . C c k h i n i m n y c b i n r t r n g l n .
H C h M i n h t h n g d n g k h i n i m n y c h "mi
dn nc
Vit",
"mi mt ngi
con
con Rng chu Tin", k h n g
p h n b i t d n tc a s hay thiu- s, c tn n g n g
hay
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t . l l , tr.130.

167
k h n g tn n g n g , k h n g p h n b i t "gi, tr, gi, trai,

ngho,
giu
qu tin". N h v y , d n v n h n d n t r o n g t t n g
H C h M i n h va c h i u v i t c c h l m i con n g i
V i t N a m c t h , v a l m t t p h p n g o q u n c h n g
n h n d n , v i n h n g m i lin h c q u k h v h i n t i , h
l c h t h ca k h i i o n k t d n tc v i o n k t d n
tc thc cht l i o n k t t o n d n .
N i i o n k t d n tc c n g c ngha l p h i t p h p
c t t c m i n g i d n v o m t k h i t r o n g cuc u
tranh c h u n g . Theo ngha , n i h m k h i n i m i o n
k t t r o n g t t n g H C h M i n h r t p h o n g p h , n bao g m
n h i u t n g nc, n h i u c p c c q u a n h lin k t qua l i
gia c c t h n h v i n , cc b p h n , cc lc l n g x h i ca
d n tc t n h n l n , t t h p n cao, t t r o n g ra n g o i , t
trn xung di... H Ch M i n h n h i u l n ni: "on kt
ca ta k h n g n h n g r n g r i m c n o n k t lu d i . . . Ta
o n k t u tranh cho t h n g n h t v c l p ca T
quc; ta c n p h i o n k t x y n g n c n h . A i c ti,
c c , c sc, c l n g p h n g s T q u c v p h c v n h n
d n t h ta o n k t v i h " ' . T "Ta" y l c h t h , v a l
n g C n g sn V i t N a m n i r i n g , v a l m i n g i d n
V i t N a m ni chung.
N g i c n ch r , t r o n g q u t r n h x y d n g k h i i
o n k t t o n d n p h i n g v n g t r n l p t r n g g i a i cp
c n g n h n , g i i q u y t h i h a m i quan h giai c p - d n tc
t p h p lc l n g , k h n g c p h p b s t m t lc l n g
. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.7, tr.438.

168
n o , m i n l lc l n g c l n g t r u n g t h n h v s n s n g
phc v T quc, k h n g l V i t gian, k h n g p h n b i l i
q u y n l i ca d n c h n g l c . V i t i n h t h n o n k t
r n g r i n h v y , H C h M i n h n h h n g cho v i c x y
d n g k h i i o n k t t o n d n t r o n g s u t tin t r n h c c h
m n g V i t N a m , t c c h m n g j ; i i p h n g d n tc t i c c h
mng d n ch n h n d n v t cch mng d n ch n h n d n
t i c c h m n g x h i ch ngha.
b) iu kin tht hin i on kt dn tc
- x y d n g k h i d i o n k t t o n d n p h i k
truyn
thng
yu nc
- nhn
ngha
- on
kt
ca
tha
dn
tc. T r u y n t h n g n y c h n h t h n h , c n g c v p h t
trin trong sut q u trnh n g nc v g i nc
hng
n g n n m ca c d n tc, t r t h n h gi tr b n v n g , t h m
s u v o t t n g , t n h c m , t m h n ca m i c o n n g i
V i t N a m , c l u t r u y n qua c c t h h t t h i c c V u a
H n g d n g n c t i B T r n g , B T r i u , T r n H n g o ,
L L i , Q u a n g T r u n g . . . T r u y n t h n g l c i n g u n sc
m n h v c h c d n tc c h i n u v c h i n t h n g m i
t h i n t a i , c h h a , l m cho t n c c t r n g t n , b n
sc d n tc c g i v n g .
- P h i c l n g khon
dung,
lng
vi con
ngi.
H C h M i n h c h r , t r o n g m i c n h n c n g n h m i c n g
ng u c nhng u d i m , khuyt d i m , mt tt, mt
xu... C h o n n , v l i ch c a c c h m n g cn p h i c l n g
k h o a n d u n g ln}',, t r n t r n g ci p h n t h i n d
nh
n h t m i con n g i m i c t h t p h p , q u y t r n g r i
169
m i lc l n g . N g i v i t : " S n g t , b i n r n g t h bao n h i u
n c c n g cha c , v l n g n r n g v s u . C i chn
n h , ci a c n , t h m t c h t n c y t r n , v l n g n
h p n h . N g i m t k i u , t m n , c n g n h c i c h n , ci
a c n " . N g i l y h n h t n g n m n g n tay c n g n
1
n g n n g n d i , n h n g c n m n g n u t h u c v m t bn
tay, n i l n s c n t h i t p h i t h c h i n i o n kt.
N g i cho r n g , "Trong m y t r i u n g i c n g c n g i t h
n y t h k h c , n h n g t h n y hay t h k h c u d n g d i ca
t t i n ta. V y n n ta p h i k h o a n h n g , i . Ta p h i
n h n r n g l con Lc c h u H n g t h ai c n g c t hay
n h i u l n g i q u c . i v i n h n g n g b o lc l i l m
n g , ta p h i d n g t n h t h n i m c m h a h . C n h
t h m i t h n h o n k t , c i o n k t t h t n g l a i chc
c h n s v v a n g " .
2
L n g k h o a n d u n g , l n g H C h M i n h k h n g phi
l m t s c h lc n h t t h i , m t t h o n c h n h tr m l s
t i p n i v p h t t r i n t r u y n t h n g n h n i , bao d u n g ca
d n tc, t c h n h m c tiu ca cuc c c h m n g m N g i
s u t i theo u i . l m t t t n g n h t q u n , c t h
h i n t r o n g n g l i , c h n h s c h ca D n g i v i n h n g
n g i l m v i c d i c h c v n h n g n g i n h t t h i l m
lc b i t h i c i . N g i t u y n b : "Bt k ai m t h t t h tn
t h n h h a bnh, thng nht, c lp, d n ch th d nhng
n g i t r c y c h n g c h n g ta, b y g i c h n g ta c n g

170
t h t t h o n k t v i h " . N g i tha t h i t k u g i t t c
1
n h n g ai c l n g y u nc, k h n g p h n b i t t n g l p , tn
n g n g , c h n h k i n v trc y d t n g n g v phe n o ,
h y c n g n h a u o n k t v n c , v d n . thc h i n c
o n k t , cn xa b h t m i t h n h k i n , cn p h i t h t t h
h p t c v g i p - l n nhau c n g t i n b . N g i cho r n g ,
trong m i con n g i V i t N a m "ai c n g c t hay n h i u t m
l n g y u n c " t i m n b n trong. T m l n g y u n c c
k h i b b i b m che m , ch cn l m thc rinh l n g t r i con
n g i th l n g y u n c l i bc l . V i n i m t i n v o s
h n g t h i n ca con n g i v l i ch t i cao ca d n tc, H
C h M i n h c h n t h n h li k o , t p h p c c h u n g q u a n h
m n h n h i u n g i trc y v n l quan i thn ca
Nam
triu c, n h : T h n g t h Bi Bng o n , K h m sai i t h n

Phan K T o i . . . v o k h i i o n k t t o n d n , to i u k i n
h c n g g p v o s n g h i p k h n g c h i n , k i n q u c ca
d n tc.
- ' thc h n h o n k t r n g ri cn c n im
ti
vo
nhn dn. V i H C h M i n h , y u d n , t i d n , da v o d n ,
sng, u tranh v h n h p h c ca n h n d n l n g u y n tc t i
cao. N g u y n tc n y v a l s t i p n i t r u y n t h n g d n tc
"nc l y d n l m gc", "ch t h u y n v l m l t t h u y n c n g
l d n " , n g t h i l s q u n t r i t s u sc n g u y n l m c x t
"cch m n g l s n g h i p ca q u n c h n g " . Theo N g i ,
D N l c h da v n g chc ca n g , l n g u n sc m n h v
t n v v ch ca k h i i o n k t , q u y t n h t h n g l i

171
c a c c h m n g , l n n , gc v c h t h c a M t t r n . T r o n g
bi Ni chuyn
ton quc,
ti Hi ngh
di biu
Mt
trn Lin
Vit
t h n g 1-1955, N g i ch r : " i o n k t tc l
trc h t p h i o n k t i a s n h n d n , m i a s
n h n d n ta l c n g n h n , n n g d n v c c t n g l p n h n
d n lao n g k h c . l n n , gc ca i "on k t N c n g
n h ci n n c a n h , gc ca c y . N h n g c n n v n g ,
gc tt, c n p h i o n k t cc t n g l p n h n d n k h c " .
1
3. Hnh thc t chc khi i on kt dn tc

a) Hnh tht
t chc
mt n dn tc thng
ca khi
i on
kt dn
tc /
nht
T r o n g t t n g H C h M i n h , i o n k t d n tc
k h n g t h ch d n g l i q u a n n i m , n h n g l i k u g i ,
n h n g l i h i u t r i u m p h i tr t h n h m t c h i n lc cch
m n g , p h i tr t h n h k h u h i u h n h n g ca t o n ng,
t o n d n tc. N p h i b i n t h n h sc m n h v t cht, tr
t h n h lc l n g v t cht c t chc. T chc c h n h l
trn dn tc thng
mt
nht.
T o n d n tc ch tr t h n h lc l n g to l n , c sc m n h
v c h t r o n g u tranh b o v v x y d n g T q u c k h i
c t p h p , t chc l i t h n h m t k h i v n g chc, c
g i c n g v m c tiu c h i n u c h u n g v h o t n g theo m t
n g l i c h n h tr n g n . N u k h n g c n h v y th
q u n c h n g n h n d n d c n g t i h n g triu, h n g t r m
t r i u con n g i c n g ch l m t s n g k h n g c sc m n h .
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.7, tr. 438.172
Tht b i ca cc p h o n g t r o y u n c v g i i p h n g d n tc
V i t N a m trc k h i n g ta ra i c h n g m i n h r t r
iu ny.
V mt p h n g din n o , c t h k h n g nh
rng,
q u t r n h tm n g c u n c ca H C h M i n h c n g l
q u t r n h tm k i m m h n h v c c h thc t chc q u n
c h n g n h n d n , n h m t o sc m n h cho q u n c h n g t r o n g
cuc u t r a n h t g i i p h n g m n h v g i i p h n g x h i .
C h n h v v y , ngay sau k h i t m t h y con n g c u n c ,
H Ch M i n h rt ch a qun c h n g n h n d n v o
n h n g t chc y u n c p h h p v i t n g giai cp, t n g
n g n h ngh, tng gii, tng la t u i , tng tn gio, p h
h p v i t n g giai o n ca c c h m n g . c t h l c c h i
i h u hay t n g , c n g h i hay n n g h i , o n t h a n h
n i n hay h i p h n , i t h i u n i n n h i n g hay h i p h
lo, h i P h t g i o c u q u c , C n g g i o y u n c hay n h n g
n g h i p o n . . . T r o n g , bao t r m n h t l m t t r n d n tc
thng nht.
M t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t l n i q u y t m i t chc v
c n h n y u n c , n i t p h p m i con d n n c V i t , k h n g
ch t r o n g n c m c n bao g m c n h n g n g i V i t N a m
nh c nc ngoi, d bt c p h n g tri n o n u t m
l n g v n h n g v q u h n g , t n c , v T quc V i t
N a m , u c coi l t h n h v i n ca m t t r n .
T y theo t n g t h i k , c n c v o y u c u v n h i m
v c c h m n g , c n g l n h v i u l c a m t t r n d n tc
t h n g n h t c t h c n h n g n t k h c n h a u , t n g i ca m t
t r n d n tc t h n g n h t theo , c n g c t h k h c n h a u :
173
Hi phn
dng
minh
Mt trn nhn dn phn

Mt
min
trn
Lin
Nam
(1930), Mt
trn Dn ch
(1936),
c/(1939), Mt trn Vit Minh
(1941),
Vit (1946), Mt
Vit Nam
(1960), Mt
trn
dn
trn
tc gii
T quc
phng
Vit
Nam
(1955,1976). Song thc cht ch l m t , l t chc c h n h tr x h i r n g l n ca n h n d n V i t N a m , n i q u y t , t p hp

n g o cc giai c p , t n g l p , d n tc, t n g i o , n g phi,
c c t chc v c n h n y u n c trong v n g o i n c , phn
u v m c t i u c h u n g l c l p d n tc, t h n g n h t ca T
q u c , t d o v h n h p h c ca n h n d n .
b) Mt s nguyn tc c bn v xy dng v hot ng
ca mt trn dn tc thng
- Mt trn dn tc thng
nn
tng khi
lnh o ca
lin m
cng
nht
nht phi
- nng
xy dng
- tr th c, t di
n
s
ng
M t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t l thc t h ca t t n g i
o n k t d n tc, n i q u y t m i con d n n c V i t Song,
k h n g p h i l m t t p h p l n g l o , n g u n h i n , t p h t
ca q u n c h n g n h n d n , m l m t k h i o n k t c h t ch,
c t chc t r n n n t n g k h i lin m i n h c n g - n n g - tr thc,
d o n g C n g sn l n h o . y l nguyn
tc ct li trong
c h i n l c i o n k t ca H C h M i n h , n h o n t o n k h c
v i t t n g o n k t , t p h p lc l n g ca c c n h y u
n c V i t N a m t r o n g lch s. T r n thc t v theo H C h
M i n h , i o n k t k h n g c h l t n h c m ca " n g i c h u n g
m t n c p h i t h n g n h a u c n g " na, m c x y
d n g t r n m t c s l l u n v n g chc.
H C h M i n h v i t : "Lc l n g c h y u t r o n g k h i o n
174
vt t / n tc l c n g n n g , cho n n lin m i n h c n g n n g l
nn t n g ca M t t r n d n tc t h n g nht" . N g i ch r
1
rng, s d p h i l y lin m i n h c n g - n n g l m n n t n g "V

h l n g i trc t i p sn x u t tt c m i ti p h l m cho x
h i sng. V h n g h n ht, m c n g b p bc b c l t
nng n h n h t . V ch k h cch m n g ca h chc chn, b n
b h n ca m i t n g l p k h c " . N g i c n d n , t r o n g k h i
2
n h n manh v a i n n g ct ca Hn m i n h c n g n n g , c n
chng l i k h u y n h h n g ch coi t r n g c n g c k h i lin m i n h
cng n n g m k h n g thy v a i t r v s cn t h i t p h i m
rng o n k t v i cc t n g l p k h c , n h t l v i t n g l p tr
thc. L m c c h m n g p h i c t r i thc v t n g l p tr thc r t
quan t r n g i v i c c h m n g . N g i n i , "trong s n g h i p
cch m n g , trong s n g h i p x y d n g x h i c h ngha, lao
n g tr c c m t v a i t r q u a n t r n g v v v a n g ; v
nng, tr cn on kt cht ch thnh mt
cng,
khi"*.
T r o n g t t n g H G h i M i n h , m t t r n d n tc t h n g
nht v lin m i n h c n g - n n g l u n c N g i x e m x t
trong m i q u a n h b i n c h n g gia d n tc v giai cp. M t
trn d n tc t h n g n h t c n g r n g ri, sc m n h ca k h i
lin m i n h c n g - n n g - tr thc c n g c t n g c n g ;
n g c l i , lin m i n h c n g - n n g - tr thc c n g c t n g
c n g , m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t c n g v n g chc, c n g c
sc m n h m k h n g m t k t h n o c t h p h n i .
Theo H C h M i n h , i o n k t l c n g v i c ca t o n
d n tc, song n ch c t h c c n g c v p h t t r i n v n g

2,3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.8, tr.214.
175
chc k h i c n g l n h o . S l n h o ca n g i v i
m t t r n va l v n m a n g t n h n guyn
yu
tc, v a l m t tt
b o m cho m t t r n t n t i , p h t t r i n v c h i u lc
t r o n g thc tin. B i v , ch c c h n h n g ca giai c p cng

n h n c v trang b i c h ngha M c - L n i n m i n h gi
n g c v a i t r ca q u n c h n g n h n d n t r o n g lch s,
m i v c h ra c n g l i c h i n lc v s c h lc n g
n li k o , t p h p q u n c h n g v o k h i i o n kt
t r o n g m t t r n , b i n tin t r n h c c h m n g tr t h n h n g y h i
t h t s ca q u n c h n g . C h n h v v y , H C h M i n h l u n xc
n h , m i q u a n h gia n g v m t t r n l m i quan h
m u tht. K h n g c m t t r n , n g k h n g c lc lng,
k h n g t h thc h i n c n h n g n h i m v c c h mng;
k h n g c s l n h o ca n g , m t t r n k h n g t h hnh
t h n h , p h t trin v k h n g c p h t n g h n g hot ng
n g n . D o v y , n g C n g sn V i t N a m v a l mt
t h n h v i n ca m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t , v a l lc lng
lnh do mt trn.
H C h M i n h c n cho r n g , s l n h o ca n g i
v i m t t r n v a l m t t t y u , v a phi
c diu
kin.
T n h t t y u t h h i n n n g lc n m b t t h c t i n , p h t
h i n ra c c q u y l u t k h c h q u a n ca s v n n g lch s
v c h ra n g l i v p h n g p h p c c h m n g p h h p ,
l n h o m t trn thc h i n t h n h c n g cc n h i m v cch
m n g m k h n g m t lc l n g n o , m t t c h c c h n h tr
n o t r o n g m t t r n c t h l m c . M c t i u c a n g l
u t r a n h g i i p h n g d n tc v g i i p h n g g i a i c p , k t
h p c l p d n tc v i c h ngha x h i . N g o i l i ch
ca g i a i c p v l i ch c a d n tc, n g k h n g c l i ch
176
n o k h c . Mc d v y , q u y n l n h o m t t r n ca
ng
k h n g p h i d o n g t p h o n g cho m n h , m p h i
n h n d n tha n h n .
H C h M i n h ch r, k h i c h a ginh c chnh quyn,
" n g k h n g t h i h i M t t r n tha n h n q u y n l n h o
ca m n h , m p h i t ra l m t b p h n t r u n g t h n h n h t ,
h o t n g n h t v c h n thc n h t . C h t r o n g u t r a n h v
c n g tc h n g n g y , k h i q u n c h n g r n g r i t h a n h n
c h n h s c h n g n v n n g lc l n h o ca n g , t h
n g m i g i n h c a v l n h o " .
1
' l n h o m t t r n , n g p h i c c h n h s c h m t t r n
n g n , p h h p v i t n g giai o n , t n g t h i k c c h
m n g , p h h p v i q u y n l i v n g u y n v n g ca i a s
n h n d n . N g i v i t " C h n h s c h M t t r n l m t c h n h
s c h r t q u a n t r n g . C n g t c M t t r n l m t c n g t c r t
quan t r n g o n g t o n b c n g tc c c h m n g " . T r o n g q u
2
trnh lnh o m t trn, n g phi i n g n g l i q u n

c h n g , k h n g c quan liu, m n h lnh v g p cc t h n h
v i n t r o n g m t t r n ; p h i n g p h n g p h p vn ng,
dc, thuyt
phc,
cm ha, khi
gi
nu gng,
tinh
thn
gio
ly lng chn thnh
t gic,
tuyt i
t nguyn,
x,
k h n g c l y q u y n uy ca m n h b u c c c t h n h v i n
k h c t r o n g m t t r n p h i t u n theo. N i c h u y n t i l p b i
d n g cn b v c n g tc m t trn, H C h M i n h c n dn:
"Phi t h n h t h t l n g n g h e k i n ca n g i n g o i n g .
C n b v n g v i n k h n g c t cao, t i , cho m n h l

2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, u o , tr.605.
177
ti g i i h n m i n g i ; tri l i p h i hc h i i u hay, i u tt
m i n g i . . . p h i tch cc v p h i c h n g . . . l m v i c phi
k i n n h n , p h i t h i t tha v i c n g tc M t t r n .
C n b v n g v i n c q u y t t m l m n h t h th cng
tc M t t r n n h t n h s t i n b n h i u " .
1
- Mt trn dn tc ng
nht phi hot ng
bo m li ch ti cao ca dn tc, quyn

tng lp nhn
trn c s
li c bn ca cc
dn
T h n h l p m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t l thc h i n
i o n k t t o n d n , song k h i i o n k t c h c t h
thc h i n b n c h t v l u d i k h i c s t h n g n h t cao v
m c tiu v l i ch. N g a y t n m 1925, k h i n i v c h i n lc
i o n k t , H C h M i n h c h ra r n g , ch c t h thc
hin o n kt k h i c chung m t mc ch, m t s phn. Nu
k h n g suy n g h n h n h a u , n u k h n g c c h u n g m t mc
ch, chung m t s phn th d c k u g i o n k t t h no
i na, o n k t v n k h n g t h c c .
M c c h c h u n g ca m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t c
H C h M i n h x c n h c t h , p h h p v i t n g g i a i o n
c c h m n g , n h m t p h p t i m c cao n h t lc l n g d n
tc v o k h i i o n k t . N h v y , c
lp,
t do l
n g u y n tc b t d i b t d c h , l n g n c o n k t v l m u s
c h u n g q u y t c c t n g l p , g i a i c p , n g p h i , d n tc,
t n g i o v o t r o n g m t t r n . V n c n l i l c h , p h i
l m t h n o t t c m i n g i t h u c b t c g i a i t n g n o ,
lc l n g n o t r o n g m t t r n c n g p h i t l i c h t i cao

178
l n t r n h t , trc h t . B i l , l i ch t i cao ca d n tc
c bo m th l i ch c b n ca m i b p h n , m i
n g i m i c thc h i n .
T r n c s xc n h l i ch t i cao ca d n tc, n h n g
quyn li c bn ca cc tng l p n h n d n c n g c H Ch
M i n h k t t i n h v o tiu c h ca n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g
h a l dc lp, t do, hnh phc.
C c tiu c h n y c n g
v C h tch H C h M i n h c t h h a t r o n g t n g l n h vc
c h n h tr, k i n h t, v n h a , x h i . . . p h h p v i m i t n g
l p , t n g i t n g t r o n g m i t h i k lch s.
- Mt
nguyn
trn
tc hip
dn
tc thng
thng
cng rng ri v bn
nht
dn ch,
phi
bo m
hot
on
ng
theo
kt n gy
vng
M t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t l t chc c h n h t r - x h i
r n g l n ca c d n tc, bao g m n h i u giai cp, t n g l p ,
n g p h i , d n tc, t n g i o k h c nhau, v i n h i u l i ch
k h c nhau. D o v y , h o t n g ca m t t r n d n tc t h n g
n h t p h i theo n g u y n tc hip
thng
dn
ch.
N g u y n tc h i p t h n g d n c h i h i t t c m i v n
ca m t t r n u p h i c a ra t t c cc t h n h
v i n c n g n h a u b n bc c n g k h a i , i n n h t tr, l o i t r
m i s p t hoc d n c h h n h thc. n g l lc l n g
l n h o m t t r n , n h n g c n g l m t t h n h v i n ca
mt
t r n . D o v y / t t c m i c h t r n g , c h n h s c h ca m n h ,
n g p h i c t r c h n h i m t r n h b y trc m t t r n , c n g v i
cc t h n h v i n k h c ca m t t r n b n bc, h i p t h n g d n
ch tm k i m c c g i i p h p tch cc v t h n g n h t h n h
n g , h n g p h o n g t r o q u n c h n g thc h i n t h n g l i c c
mc t i u v c h ra.
179
' thc h i n n g u y n tc h i p - t h n g d n c h p h i n g
v n g t r n l p t r n g giai c p c n g n h n , g i i q u y t h i h a
m i q u a n h gia l i ch d n tc v ch l i giai cp, l i ch
c h u n g v l i ch r i n g , l i ch l u d i v l i ch t r c mt...
P h i l m cho t t c cc t h n h v i n t r o n g m t t r n t h m
n h u n l i ch c h u n g , l i ch t i cao ca d n tc, p h i t l i
ch c h u n g l n t r n h t , trc h t . N h n g l i ch r i n g c h n h
n g p h h p v i l i ch c h u n g ca t n c v d n tc p h i
c t n t r n g . N g c l i , n h n g l i ch b p h n k h n g p h
h p s d n d n c g i i q u y t c n g v i t i n t r n h chung
ca c c h m n g , t h n g qua l i ch c h u n g , v i s n h n thc
n g y c n g n g n h n ca m i n g i , m i b p h n v m i
q u a n h gia l i ch c h u n g v l i ch r i n g . T r o n g q u trnh
h o t n g , m t t r n c n q u a n t m x e m xt, g i i q u y t tha
n g , t h u tnh t l m i q u a n h l i ch gia c c t h n h
v i n b n g v i c thc h i n n g h i m t c n g u y n tc h i p t h n g
d n ch.
G i i q u y t n g n m i q u a n h l i ch t o n g m t t r n
d n tc t h n g n h t s g p p h n c n g c s b n c h t , t o s
n g t h u n , n h t tr cao v thc h i n c m c t i u : " n g
tnh, n g sc, n g l n g , n g m i n h " . n g t h i , c n g
1
l c s m r n g k h i i o n k t , li k o t h m c c lc
l n g k h c v o m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t .
- Mt trn dn tc thng nht l khi
lu di, on kt tht s, chn
thnh,
on kt cht
thn i gip
ch,
nhau
cng tin b

180
L m t t p h p n h i u giai t n g , d n tc, t n g i o , n g
p h i , b n c n h n h n g i m t n g n g , gia c c t h n h v i n
ca M t t r n v n c n h n g i m k h c n h a u c n p h i b n
bc, h i p t h n g d n c h t h u h p n h n g n h n t k h c
bit, cc b , n h n ln n h n g n h n t tch cc, n h n t c h u n g ,
i n t h n g n h t , o n k t . ' g i i q u y t v n n y , m t
mt, H C h M i n h n h n m n h p h n g c h m "cu n g t n
d" - l y ci c h u n g h n c h ci r i n g , ci k h c b i t ; m t
khc, N g i n u r: "on k t p h i gn v i u tranh, u
tranh t n g c n g o n kt". N g i t h n g x u y n c n d n
m i n g i c n p h i khc p h c t n h t r n g o n k t x u i
c h i u , n g t h i p h i c t m l n g n h n i, k h o a n d u n g ,
l n g , k h c p h c t h i n k i n , h p h i , t h i n cn, p h i n u cao
tnh t h n t p h b n h v p h b n h b i u d n g m t t t ,
k h c p h c m t c h a tt, n h m c n g c v m r n g k h i
o n k t t r o n g m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t . N g i v i t :
" o n k t thc s ngha l m c c h p h i n h t t r v l p
t r n g c n g p h i n h t tr. o n k t tic s ngha l v a
o n k t , v a u tranh, hc n h n g c i t t ca n h a u , p h
b n h n h n g ci sai ca n h a u v p h b n h t r n l p t r n g
t h n i , v n c , v d n . T m l i , m u n t i n l n c h ngha x
h i t h t o n d n c n o n k t l u d i , o n k t thc s v
c n g nhau tin b" .
1
Thc h i n t tng H C h M i n h , trong q u trnh xy

d n g , c n g c v p h t t r i n m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t , m t
. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.9, tr.137.

181
m t , n g ta l u n u tranh c h n g k h u y n h h n g c c,
h p h i , coi n h v i c tranh t h t t c m i lc l n g c th
t r a n h t h c v o m t t r n ; m t k h c , l u n p h n g v
u t r a n h c h n g m i b i u h i n ca k h u y n h h n g o n kt
m t c h i u , v n g u y n tc, o n k t m k h n g c u tranh
n g mc trong n i b mt trn.
li- T TNG H CH MINH V ON KT QUC T

1. Vai tr ca on kt quc t
a) Thc
hin
on
dn tc vi sc
mnh
cch
mng
Vit
kt quc
t nhm
thi i, to sc
kt hp s t
mnh
tng
hp
mnh
cho
Nam
T h c h i n o n k t q u c t t p h p lc l n g bn
n g o i , tranh t h s n g tnh, n g h v g i p ca bn b
q u c t , k t h p sc m n h d n tc v i sc m n h ca cc tro
l u c c h m n g t h i i , to t h n h sc m a n h t n g h p cho
c c h m n g c h i n t h n g k t h l m t t r o n g n h n g n i u n g
c h y u ca t t n g H G h i M i n h v c n g l m t trong
n h n g b i hc k i n h n g h i m q u a n t r n g n h t , m a n g tnh thi
s s u sc n h t ca c c h m n g V i t N a m .
Sc m n h ca d n tc V i t N a m l s t n g h p ca cc
y u t v t c h t v tnh t h n , song t r c h t l sc mnh
ch ngha
mnh
yu
nc
v thc t lc, t cng
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ca tnh thn on kt; ca ch u tranh anh
bt khut
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dng,
cho c lp, t do... Sc m n h g i p cho d n
tc ta v t qua m i t h t h c h , k h k h n t r o n g d n g n c v
g i nc.
lao
L m t n h y u n c c h n c h n h H C h M i n h l u n c
n i m t i n bt d i t v o sc m n h d n tc. Ngay trong n h n g
n m t h n g e n t i n h t ca c c h m n g , N g i v n bc l
m t n i m lc q u a n tn t n g r t m n h m v s u sc v o sc
m n h ca d n tc.
Trong q u t r n h hot n g cch m n g , n h c h t n g k t
thc tin d i n h s n g c h ngha M c - Ln, H C h M i n h
tng bc p h t h i n ra sc m n h v i t i m n t r o n g cc
tro l u c c h m n g t h g i i m V i t N a m cn tranh t h . C c
tro l u n u c lin k t , t p h p trong k h i o n k t
quc t s to n n sc m a n h to l n . Sc m n h l u n c
b sung n h n g n h n t m i , p h n n h s v n n g , p h t
t r i n k h n g n g n g ca lch s t o n t h g i i v t i n t r n h
chnh tr quc t sau t h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g M i
Nga n m 1917.
K h i t m t h y con n g c u n c , H C h M i n h s m
xc n h cch m n g V i t N a m l m t b p h n ca c c h m n g
t h gii, cch m n g V i t N a m ch c t h thnh cng v t h n h
c n g n n i k h i thc h i n o n k t cht c h v i p h o n g t r o
cch m n g t h g i i . C n g v i q u t r n h p h t t r i n t h n g l i
ca c c h m n g V i t N a m t r o n g q u a n h v i tnh h n h q u c
t, t t n g o n k t v i p h o n g t r o c c h m n g t h g i i
c H C h M i n h p h t t r i n n g y c n g y , r r n g v
c t h h n .
n h g i v a i t r ca o n k t q u c t v i c c h m n g
V i t N a m , t r o n g b u i n i c h u y n v i i s n c ta t i
Lin X n m 1961, H C h M i n h n i : " C sc m n h c
n c m t l n g . . . l i c s n g h ca n h n d n t h g i i ,
183
c h n g ta s c m t sc m n h t n g h p c n g v i p h n g
p h p c c h m n g t h c h h p , n h t n h c c h m n g n c ta
s i n c h c u i c n g " .
1
N h v y , theo H C h M i n h , thc h i n i o n k t d n
tc p h i g n l i n v i o n k t quc t; i o n k t d n tc
p h i l c s cho v i c thc h i n o n k t q u c t. o n kt
d n tc g n l i n v i o n k t quc t l k t h p sc m n h
d n tc v i sc m n h t h i i , to sc m a n h t n g h p cho
c c h m n g c h i n t h n g k t h . N u i o n k t d n tc l
m t trong n h n g n h n t q u y t n h t h n g l i ca c c h m n g
V i t N a m , th o n k t quc t c n g l m t n h n t t h n g
x u y n v h t sc q u a n t r n g g i p cho c c h m n g V i t N a m i
n t h n g l i h o n t o n t r o n g s n g h i p g i i p h n g d n tc,
t h n g n h t t n c v q u ln c h ngha x h i .
b) Tht hin on kt quc t nhm gp phn cng
nhn
dn
th gii thc
mng
ca thi
hin
thng
li cc
mc
tiu
cch
H C h M i n h c h ra r n g , c h ngha y u n c c h n c h n h
p h i c g n lin" v i c h ngha q u c t v sn, i o n
k t d n tc p h i g n l i n v i o n k t q u c t ; t h c h i n
o n k t q u c t k h n g p h i ch v t h n g l i ca c c h m n g
m i n c , m c n v s n g h i p c h u n g ca n h n l o i t i n b
t r o n g cuc u tranh c h n g c h ngha q u c v c c t h lc
p h n n g q u c t v c c m c tiu c c h m n g ca t h i i .
T h i i m H C h M i n h s n g v h o t n g c h n h tr l
1. Dn theo H Bnh Nhdng: "Tri tm nhn i", tp ch Nh vn

ca H i Nh vn Vit Nam, s 3-2000, tr.20.
184
t h i i c h m d t t h i k t n t i b i t l p gia c c q u c
gia, m ra c c q u a n h q u c t n g y c n g s u r n g cho c c
d n tc, l m cho v n m n h ca m i d n tc k h n g t h t c h
r i v n m n h c h u n g ca c l o i n g i .
N g a y sau k h i n m c c i m c a t h i i m i ,
H Ch Minh hot ng khng mt m i ph t h n
c ca c c h m n g V i t N a m , g n c c h m n g V i t N a m v i
cch m n g t h g i i . T r o n g s u t q u t r n h , N g i k h n g
ch p h t h u y t r i t sc m n h ca c h ngha y u n c v
tnh t h n d n tc t r o n g u t r a n h g i n h c l p , t d o cho
d n tc m n h , m c n k i n tr u tranh k h n g m t m i
c n g c v t n g c n g o n k t gia c c lc l n g c c h
m n g t h g i i u t r a n h cho m c tiu chung: h a b n h , c
l p d n tc, d n c h v c h ngha x h i .
N g i cho r n g , n g p h i l y t o n b thc t i n ca
m n h c h n g m i n h : c h ngha y u n c t r i t k h n g t h
n o tch r i c h ngha q u c t v sn t r o n g s n g . T r o n g
Bo
co chnh i n t i i h i l i ( t h n g 2-1951), N g i c h r : " T i n h

t h n y u n c c h n c h n h k h c h n v i rinh t h n "v q u c "
ca b n q u c p h n n g . N l m t b p h n ca t i n h
thn quc t ' . Sau n y , t r o n g tc p h m Thng
1
thc
chnh
b (1954), N g i n i r h n : "Tinh t h n y u n c l k i n
quyt g i g n q u y n c l p , t do v t a i t o n v n ca
nc m n h . T i n h t h n q u c t l o n k t v i cc n c b n
v n h n d n c c n c k h c g i g n h a b n h t h g i i ,
chng c h n h s c h x m lc v c h n h s c h c h i n tranh ca

185
quc... g i g n h a b n h t h g i i tc l g i g n l i ch ci
n c ta... l l p t r n g q u c t c c h m n g " .
1
Theo H C h M i n h , m u n t n g c n g o n k t quc t
t r o n g cuc u t r a n h v m c tiu c h u n g , c c n g c n g sn
p h i k i n tr c h n g l i m i k h u y n h h n g sai l m ca ch
ngha c h i , c h ngha v k d n tc, c h ngha svanh...
nhng khuynh
h n g l m suy y u sc m n h
o n kt,
t h n g n h t ca c c lc l n g c c h m n g t h g i i . N i cch
k h c , cc n g c n g s n p h i t i n h n h c h i u q u v i c gio
dc c h ngha y u n c c h n c h n h k t h p v i c h ngha
q u c t v sn cho g i a i c p c n g n h n v n h n d n lao ng.
T h n g l i ca c c h m n g V i t N a m t r o n g m y t h p k
qua l t h n g l i ca t t n g H C h M i n h : c l p d n tc
g n l i n v i c h ngha x h i . N h k t h p g i i p h n g d n
tc v i g i i p h n g g i a i c p , c h ngha y u n c t r u y n thng
V i t N a m c b s u n g t h m n g u n lc m i , t r t h n h
c h ngha anh h n g c c h m n g . N h g i n g cao n g n c
c h ngha x h i , V i t N a m t r a n h t h c s n g tnh,
n g h q u c t, h u y n g c sc m n h ca c c t r o lu
c c h m n g t h i i , l m cho sc m n h d n tc c n h n ln
g p b i , c h i n t h n g c n h n g k t h c sc m n h to l n
hn mnh v nhiu mt.
N h v y , trong t t n g H C h M i n h , thc h i n o n
k t quc t , k t h p c h t c h c h ngha y u n c v i ch
ngha q u c t v sn l n h m g p p h n c n g n h n d n t h
g i i thc h i n t h n g l i c c m c t i u c c h m n g c a d n tc
v t h i i. B i l , c h n g ta k h n g c h c h i n u v c l p ,
186
t d o ca t n c m n h m c n v c l p , t do ca c c
nc k h c , k h n g ch bo v n h n g l i ch sng c n ca d n
tc m n h m c n v n h n g m c t i u cao c ca t h i i l
h a b n h , c l p d n tc, d n c h v c h ngha x h i . D"
l m c n h v y , p h i k i n q u y t u tranh chng l i m i
biu h i n ca c h ngha d n tc v k , c h n g l i c h ngha
s v a n h v m i t h c h ngha c h i k h c .
2. Lc lng on kt v hnh thc t chc
a) Cc lc lng
cn on
kt
Lc l n g o n k t q u c t t r o n g t t n g H C h
M i n h r t p h o n g p h , song t p t r u n g c h y u v o p h o n g t r o
cng sn v c n g n h n q u c t, p h o n g t r o u tranh g i i
p h n g d n tc v p h o n g o h a b n h , d n ch t h g i i ,
trc h t l p h o n g t r o c h n g c h i n tranh ca n h n d n c c
nc a n g x m lc V i t N a m .
- Vi phong
tro cng
sn
v cng nhn
th gii - lc
lng n n g ct ca o n k t q u c t, H C h M i n h cho r n g ,
s o n k t gia giai c p v sn q u c t l m t bo m
v n g chc cho t h n g l i ca c h ngha c n g sn. D o n h
gi r t cao v a i t r ca k h i o n k t ca giai cp v sn t h
gii, t h n g 12-1920, t i i h i Tua ca n g X h i P h p ,
H C h M i n h l n t i n g : " N h n d a n h t o n t h loi n g i ,
n h n danh t t c cc n g v i n x h i , c p h i h u l n p h i
t, c h n g ti k u g i : C c n g c h , h y c u c h n g t i " . T i p
1
187
n h n hc t h u y t L n i n , H C h M i n h tm t h y p h n g
h n g cho cuc u tranh g i i p h n g d n tc, t m ' t h y "ci
c m n a n g t h n k" cho s n g h i p c u n c ca c c d n tc
b n dch. n g t h i , N g i c n g tm t h y m t lc l n g
n g h m a n h m c n g cuc u t r a n h g i i p h n g d n tc
c c n c t h u c a. l p h o n g t r o c n g sn v c n g
n h n t h g i i , l L i n X v sau n y l c c n c x h i ch
ngha, l Q u c t t h ba v sau n y l C c T h n g t i n quc
t. T , N g i d n h n h i u t h i g i a n v t m lc, phn
u k h n g m t m o i cho v i c x y d n g v c n g c k h i
o n kt, thng n h t trong phong t r o cng sn v cng
n h n quc t.
C h t r n g o n k t giai cp v sn c c n c , o n kt
gia c c n g c n g sn n g t t n g H C h M i n h xut
p h t t tnh t t y u v v a i t r ca giai c p v sn t r o n g t h i
i n g y nay, t h i i q u t c h ngha t b n ln ch
ngha x h i t r n p h m v i t o n i h g i i .
H C h M i n h cho r n g , c h ngha t b n l m t lc
l n g p h n n g q u c t, l k t h c h u n g ca n h n d n lao
n g t o n t h g i i . T r o n g h o n c n h , c h c sc m a n h ca
s o n k t , n h t tr, s n g t n h v n g h l n n h a u ca
lao n g t o n t h g i i theo t i n h t h n " b n p h n g v sn
u l anh em" m i c t h c h n g l i c n h n g m m u
t h m c ca c h ngha q u c thc d n . T h n g l i c a hai
cuc k h n g c h i n t r n g k ca n h n d n V i t N a m k h n g
t h t c h r i s n g t n h , n g h , s c h i v i n l n lao ca L i n
X v cc n c x h i c h ngha k h c , ca cc n g c n g sn
v c n g n h n t h g i i . N k h n g n h t r n thc t n h n g gi
188
tr n h n v n cao c ca c h ngha q u c t v sn m sinh

t h i H C h M i n h k i n tr thc h i n v bo v . C h o d
lch s c i thay, song s n g t n h , n g h , s ch v i n v
v t cht c a c c n c x h i c h ngha, ca cc lc l n g
cng sn v c n g n h n cho V i t N a m theo t i n h t h n q u c t
v sn l k h n g t h p h n h n .
- Vi phong
tro u
tranh gii phng
dn tc, t r t
s m , H C h M i n h p h t h i n ra m m u chia r d n tc
ca cc n c q u c , t o s b i t l p , i k h n g v t h g h t
d n tc, c h n g tc... n h m l m suy y u p h o n g t r o u tranh
g i i p h n g d n tc c c n c t h u c a. C h n h v v y ,
N g i k i n n g h Ban P h n g n g Q u c t C n g sn v
n h n g b i n p h p n h m " L m cho cc d n tc t h u c a, t
trc n nay v n c c h b i t n h a u , h i u b i t n h a u h n v
o n k t l i t c s cho m t L i n m n h p h n g n g
t n g lai, k h i l i n m i n h n y s l m t t r o n g n h n g ci c n h
ca cch m n g v sn" . T h m v o , t n g c n g o n
1
kt gia cch m n g t h u c a v c c h m n g v sn c h n h quc

n h hai ci c n h ca cch m n g t h i i , H C h M i n h c n
ngh Quc t C n g sn b n g m i c c h p h i " L m cho i tin
phong ca lao n g t h u c a t i p x c m t t h i t v i giai cp
v sn p h n g T y d n n g cho m t s h p tc t h t s
sau nay; ch c s h p tc n y m i b o m cho giai c p c n g
n h n quc
t ginh thng l i cui cng" . N g i ni, ng

2
trc c h ngha q u c , q u y n l i ca giai c p v sn c h n h

quc v ca n h n d n c c n c t h u c a l t h n g nht.
189
- Vi cc lc lng
ha
bnh,
dn ch,
ti
n
b, nhng
t do v cng
ngi
yu
chung
l, H C h M i n h c n g
t m m i c c h thc h i n o n k t . T r o n g x u t h m i ca
t h i i , s t h c t n h d n tc g n l i n v i t h c t n h giai
cp, H C h M i n h gn cuc u tranh v c l p Vit
N a m v i m c t i u bo v h a b n h , t d o , c n g l v b n h
n g t p h p v tranh t h s n g h ca c c l c l n g
tin b trn t h gii.
Sau k h i V i t N a m g i n h c c l p , t h a y m t C h n h
p h , H C h M i n h n h i u l n t u y n b : " C h n h sch
n g o i giao ca C h n h p h t h c h c m t i u tc l t h n
t h i n v i t t c cc n c d n c h t r n t h g i i g n g i
h a b n h " ; "Thi n c V i t N a m i v i n h n g n c
1
c h u l m t t h i anh e m , i v i n g c n g l m t thi
b n b " . B n c n h n g o i giao n h n c , H C h M i n h
2
y m n h n g o i giao n h n d n , c h o i d i n c c t chc
ca n h n d n V i t N a m t i p x c , h p t c v i c c t chc
c h n h tr, x h i , v n h a ca n h n d n t h g i i , c a n h n
d n - Phi..., x y d n g c c q u a n h h u n g h , o n k t v i
c c lc l n g t i n b t h g i i .
G n cuc u tranh v c l p ca d n tc v i m c tiu
h a b n h , t do v c n g l, H C h M i n h k h i g i l n g
t r i ca loi n g i t i n b , t o n n n h n g t i n g n i n g h
m n h m t c c t chc q u n c h n g , c c n h n s t r t h c v
t n g con n g i t r n h n h t i n h . T h t h i m c n h n g c u c u
t r a n h g i n h c s n g t n h , n g h r n g r i v l n lao
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.5, tr.30,136.
nh vy. nhiu ln, H Ch M i n h khng nh: Chnh v

bit k t h p p h o n g t r o c c h m n g n c ta v i p h o n g t r o
cch m n g ca g i a i c p c n g n h n v ca c c d n tc b p
bc m n g ta v t qua c m i k h k h n , a giai
cp c n g n h n v n h n d n ta n n h n g t h n g l i v v a n g
n h n g y nay.
b) Hnh tht t cht
o n kt quc t trong t tng H Ch M i n h k h n g
p h i l v n s c h lc, m t t h o n c h n h tr n h t t h i m
l v n c tnh n g u y n tc, m t i h i k h c h q u a n ca
cch m n g V i t N a m t r o n g t h i i m i . N g a y t n m 1924,
H C h M i n h a ra q u a n i m v t h n h l p "Mt
thng nht
ca nhn
dn chnh
quc
v thuc
t//a
Hl
trn
chng
ch ngha q u c , n g t h i k i n n g h Q u c t C n g sn
cn c g i i p h p c t h n i h i V I (1928), q u a n i m
n y tr t h n h s t h t
Da t r n c s c c q u a n h v a l - c h n h tr v
tnh
cht c h n h t r - x h i toong k h u v c v t r n t h g i i , c n g
n h tnh h n h v n h i m v cch m n g trong m i thi k,
H Ch M i n h tng bc xy dng v cng c khi o n
k t quc t, tranh t h s n g tnh, n g h ca cc t r o l u
cch m n g t h i i , g p p h n thc h i n t h n g l i c c n h i m
v ca c c h m n g V i t N a m .
i v i cc d n tc trn b n o n g D n g , H C h
M i n h d n h s q u a n t m c b i t . c ba d n tc u l l n g
191
g i n g g n g i ca n h a u , c n h i u i m t n g n g v lch
s, v n h a v c n g c h u n g m t k t h l t h c d n P h p .
N m 1941, k h i d y sc m n h v q u y n t q u y t ca m i
d n tc, N g i q u y t n h t h n h l p r i n g b i t Mt trn
lp ngmt
cho t n g n c V i t N a m , L o , Cao M i n , t i n
t i t h n h l p ng
Dng
c lp ng
minh.
T r o n g hai
cuc k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n P h p v q u c M , H
C h M i n h ch o v i c h n h t h n h Mt trn on kt
Min
Vit-
- Lo ( M t t r n n h n d n ba n c n g D n g ) p h i
h p v g i p ln nhau c n g chin u , c n g thng l i .

M r n g ra c c n c k h c , N g i c h m l o c n g c m i
q u a n h o n k t h u n g h , h p t c n h i u m t t h e o tnh
t h n "va l n g c h , v a l anh e m " v i T r u n g Quc,
n c l n g g i n g c q u a n h lch s - v n h a l u i v i
V i t N a m ; thc h i n o n k t v i cc d n tc c h u v
c h u P h i a n g u t r a n h g i n h c l p . V i c c d n tc
c h u , N g i c h r , c c d n tc c h u c c l p th
n n h a b n h t h g i i m i t h c h i n . V n m n h d n tc
c h u q u a n h m t t h i t v i v n m n h d n tc V i t N a m .
D o v y , t n h n g n m 20 c a t h k X X , c n g v i v i c
s n g l p Hi lin hip
thuc
a t i P h p , H C h M i n h
t h a m gia s n g l p Hi Hn hip
cc dn
tc b p bc t i
T r u n g Quc'. y l h n h t h c s k h a i ca m t t r n t h n g
n h t c c d n tc b p bc theo x u h n g v s n , l n u
t i n x u t h i n t r o n g lch s p h o n g t r o u t r a n h g i i
p h n g d n tc. V i v i c t h a m gia s n g l p c c t c h c n y ,
H C h M i n h g p p h n t c s c h o s ra i c a
trn nhn
dn - Phi on
kt vi Vit
Mt
Nam.
192
N h n g n m u t r a n h g i n h c l p , H C h M i n h tm
m i cch xy d n g cc quan h v i M t t r n d n c h v
lc l n g n g m i n h c h n g p h t xt n h m t o t h d a cho
cch m n g V i t N a m . T r o n g k h n g c h i n c h n g t h c d n
P h p v quc M , b n g h o t n g n g o i giao k h n g
mt m i , H C h M i n h n n g cao v t h ca V i t N a m t r n
t r n g q u c t, tranh t h c s n g tnh, n g h ca cc
nc x h i c h ngha anh em, ca b n b q u c t v n h n
loi tin b , t r o n g c c n h n d n P h p t r o n g k h n g c h i n
chng thc d n P h p v n h n d n M t r o n g k h n g c h i n
c h n g quc M , h n h t h n h Mt trn nhn
on kt vi Vit Nam
chng
quc xm
dn
th
gii
lc.
N h vy, t tng i o n kt v thng l i cch mng

ca H C h M i n h i n h h n g cho v i c h n h t h n h
tng mt trn: Mt trn i on kt dn tc; Mt trn
kt Vit - Min - Lo; Mt trn nhn
dn - Ph on kt
Vit Nam; Mt trn nhn dn th gii on kt vi Vit
bn
on
vi
Nam
chng quc xm lc. y thc s l s p h t t r i n rc r

nht v t h n g l i to l n n h t ca t t n g i o n k t ca
H Ch Minh.
3. Nguyn tc on kt quc t
) on kt trn
l, c
c s thng
nht mc
tiu v li ch,
tnh
C n g n h x y d n g k h i i o n k t d n tc, m u n
thc h i n c o n k t q u c t trong cuc u t r a n h c h n g
ch ngha q u c v cc lc l n g p h n n g q u c t p h i
tm ra c n h n g i m t n g n g v m c t i u v l i ch
193
gia c c d n tc, cc lc l n g t i n b v p h o n g t r o cch

m n g t h g i i . y l v n ct t , c tnh n g u y n tc trong
c n g tc t p h p lc l n g . T r t s m , H C h M i n h
p h t h i n ra s t n g n g n y n h t c c h m n g Vit
N a m t r o n g b i c n h c h u n g ca t h i i , k t h p l i ch ca
cch m n g V i t N a m v i t r o l u c c h m n g t h g i i v
n h n thc v ngha v ca V i t N a m i v i s nghip
c h u n g ca loi n g i t i n b .
- on
quc
kt
vi phong
tro cng
sn
v cng
t, H C h M i n h g i n g cao n g n c c lp dn
gn lin
vi ch ngha
n n n
tng ca ch ngha
t v sn, c l, c
x hi, thc hin

Mc - Ln
nhn
tc
on kt thng
nht
v ch ngha
quc
tnh.
L m t c h i n s cch m n g quc t k i n nh, H C h M i n h

sut i u t r a n h cho s n g h i p c n g c k h i o n kt,
t h n g n h t gia c c lc l n g c c h m n g t h g i i , trc ht
l t r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g sn v c n g n h n q u c t, lc
l n g tin p h o n g ca c c h m n g t h g i i t r o n g cuc u
tranh c h n g c h ngha q u c v h a b n h , c l p d n tc,
d n c h v c h ngha x h i .
H C h M i n h ch ra r n g , thc h i n o n kt
t h n g n h t t r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g sn v c n g n h n quc t
th o n k t gia c c n g "l i u k i n q u a n t r n g n h t
bo m cho p h o n g t r o c n g sn v c n g n h n t o n thng
trong cuc u tranh v i cho t n g l a i t i s n g ca ton
t h loi n g i " . N g i cho r n g , thc h i n s o n k t
1

194
p h i n g v n g t r n l p t r n g giai c p c n g n h n , q u n
trit s u sc n h n g n g u y n tc ca ch ngha quc t v sn.
"C l" l p h i t u n t h n h n g n g u y n tc c b n ca
ch ngha M c - L n i n , p h i x u t p h t t l i ch c h u n g ca
cch m n g t h g i i . T u y n h i n , v i c t r u n g t h n h v i ch
ngha M c - L n i n i h i p h i v n d n g s n g to, c h i u
qu v o h o t n g thc t ca m i n c , m i n g , t r n h
gio i u . "C tn h "l s t h n g c m , t n t r n g l n n h a u t r n
tinh t h n , tnh c m ca n h n g n g i c n g c h u n g l t n g
c n g chung m c t i u u tranh; p h i k h c p h c t t n g
s v a n h , "nc l n " , " n g l n " ; k h n g " p t", "c ch ', n i
1
xu, c n g khai c n g k c h n h a u , hoc d n g c c g i i p h p v

chnh tr, k i n h t... g y sc p v i n h a u . " C tnh" i h i
toong m i v n p h i c h i n h a u c n g n h n thc, c n g
h n h n g v l i ch chung. L i ch ca m i q u c g i , d n
tc, m i n g p h i c t n t r n g , song l i ch o k h n g
c p h n g h i n l i ch c h u n g , l i ch ca n g k h c
ca d n tc k h c .
"C l", "c tnh" va t h h i n tnh n g u y n tc, v a l
m t n i u n g ca c h ngha n h n v n H C h M i n h - c h
ngha n h n v n c n g sn. N c t c d n g r t l n k h n g ch
trong vic c n g c k h i o n k t quc t ca giai c p c n g
n h n m c n c n g c t n h o n k t t r o n g n h n d n lao n g "
- 'on
kt vi cc dn tc trn th gii, H C h M i n h
g i n g cao n g n c c lp, t do v quyn
bi ng
gia
cc dn tc.
c l p , t d o cho m i d n tc l t t n g n h t q u n
c H C h M i n h coi l c h n l, l " l p h i k h n g ai c h i ci
c". H Ch M i n h k h n g ch sut i u tranh cho c l p
195
t d o ca d n tc m n h m c n u t r a n h cho c l p , t do
ca c c d n tc k h c . T r o n g q u a n h gia V i t N a m v i cc
nc lng ging Lo, Campuchia, T r u n g Quc, cng nh
v i c c q u c gia, d n tc t r n t h g i i , H C h M i n h thc
h i n n h t q u n q u a n i m c t n h n g u y n tc: D n tc Vit
N a m t n t r n g c l p , c h q u y n , t o n v n l n h t h v
q u y n t q u y t ca t t c c c q u c gia, d n tc n t h gii,
n g t h i m o n g m u n cc q u c gia, d n tc h n t h gii
q u a n h h p t c , h u n g h v i V i t N a m t r n c s nhng
n g u y n tc .
N h n g q u a n i m t r n c N g i t h c h h a sau khi
V i t N a m gianh c c l p . T h n g 9-1947, tr l i n h bo
M S.li M y s i , H C h M i n h t u y n b : C h n h s c h i ngoi
ca n c V i t N a m l "lm b n v i t t c m i n c d n ch
v k h n g g y t h o n v i m t ai" .
1
T h i i H C h M i n h s n g l t h i i b o t p ca
p h o n g t r o u tranh g i i p h n g d n tc t r n h u h t cc
c h u lc ca t h g i i . T r o n g t i n t r n h , N g i k h n g ch
l n h t chc, n g i c v m c n l n g i n g h nhit
t h n h cuc u tranh ca cc d n tc v c c q u y n d n tc c
b n ca h . N u cao t t n g c l p , t d o v q u y n bnh
n g gia c c d n tc, H C h M i n h t r t h n h n g i khi
x n g , n g i c m c v l h i n t h n ca n h n g k h t vng
ca c c d n t t toong v i c k h n g n h b n sc d n tc ca
m n h , n g t h i t h c y s h i u b i t l n n h a u , thc h i n
o n k t , h u n g h gia cc d n tc t r n t h g i i v i V i t
N a m v t h n g l i ca cch m n g m i n c .

196
- on kt vi cc lc lng
tin b trn th gii,
C h M i n h g i n g cao n g n c ha b trong cng
l.
G i n g cao n g n c h a b n h , c h n g c h i n t r a n h x m
lc l m t t r o n g n h n g n i d u n g q u a n t r n g t r o n g t t n g
H Ch M i n h . T tng bt n g u n t t r u y n thng h a
h i u ca d n tc V i t N a m k t h p v i c h ngha n h n o
cng sn v n h n g g i tr n h n v n n h n l o i . T r o n g s u t
cuc i m n h , H C h M i n h l u n g i n g cao n g n c h a
bnh, u tranh cho h a b n h , m t n n h a b i n h t h t s cho
tt c cc d n tc - "ha b n h o n g c l p t do" .
1
G i n g cao n g n c h a b n h v u tranh b o v h a
bnh l t t n g b t d i b t dch ca H C h M i n h . N h n g
k h n g p h i l m t n n h a b n h t r u t n g / m l " m t n n
ha b n h c h n c h n h x y t r n c n g b n h v l t n g
dn
ch" , c h n g c h i n tranh x m lc v c c q u y n d n tc c
2
bn ca m i q u c gia. T r o n g s u t hai cuc k h n g c h i n , q u a n

i m h a b n h t r o n g c n g l, l n g t h i t tha h a b n h t r o n g s
tn trng c l p v t h n g n h t t n c ca H C h M i n h
v n h n d n V i t N a m l m r u n g n g i t m n h n l o i .
N c tc n g c m h a , li k o cc lc l n g t i n b t h
gii n g v p h a n h n d n V i t N a m i c h m d t c h i n
tranh, v n h i h a b n h . T r n thc t, h n h t h n h m t M t
trn n h n d n t h g i i , c c n h n d n P h p v n h n d n M
o n k t v i V i t N a m c h n g q u c x m lc, g p p h n
kt t h c t h n g l i h a i cuc k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n P h p
v quc M .

197
n h gi v a i t r v n h n g cng h i n ca H C h M i n h
t r o n g c n g t c t p h p lc l n g c c h m n g x y d n g
k h i i o n k t , R m t C h a n r a , n g u y n C h tch H i
n g H a b n h t h g i i cho r n g : "Bt c n i n o chin
u cho c l p , t d o , c H C h M i n h v n g n c
H C h M i n h bay cao. B t c u c h i n u cho h a
b n h v c n g l , c H C h M i n h v n g n c H Ch
M i n h bay cao. B t c u , n h n d n c h i n u cho m t
t h g i i m i , c h n g l i i n g h o , c n g n c H Ch
M i n h bay cao" .
1
b) on kt n c s c lp, t ch, t lc t cng

o n k t q u c t l t r a n h t h s n g tnh, n g h ,
g i p ca c c lc l n g q u c t , n h m t n g t h m n i lc,
t o sc m n h thc h i n t h n g l i c c n h i m v c c h m n g
t ra. o n k t t t p h i c n i lc t t . N i lc l n h n t
q u y t i n h , c n n g u n lc n g o i sinh ch c t h p h t h u y tc
d n g t h n g qua n g u n lc n i sinh. C h n h v v y , t r o n g u
t r a n h c c h m n g , H C h M i n h l u n n u cao k h u h i u : "T
lc cnh sinh,
da vo sc mnh
l ch",
" m u n n g i ta
g i p cho, th t r c m n h p h i t g i p l y m n h " . Trong

u tranh g i n h c h n h q u y n , N g i c h t r n g " e m sc ta
m g i i p h n g cho ta". T r o n g k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n
P h p , N g i c h r : " M t d n tc k h n g t lc c n h sinh m
c n g i ch d n tc k h c g i p t h k h n g x n g n g c
1. Rmt C h a n r a : H Ch Mi trong tri tm nhn loi, Bo

Nhn Dn, ngy 21-5-1980.
198
c l p " ' . T r o n g q u a n h q u c t, N g i n h n m n h : p h i c
thc lc, thc lc l ci c h i n g , n g o i giao l ci ting, c h i n g
c to t i n g m i l n . . .
H C h M i n h ch r , m u n tranh t h c s n g h quc
t, n g p h i c n g l i c l p , t c h v n g n . Tr
li m t p h n g v i n n c n g o i , N g i n i : "c lp ngha l
c h n g ti i u k h i n ly m i c n g vic ca c h n g ti, k h n g
c s can t h i p n g o i v o " . T r o n g q u a n h gia cc n g
2
thuc p h o n g t r o c n g sn, c n g n h n q u c t, N g i xc
nh: "Cc n g d l n d n h u c l p v b n h n g ,
ng t h i o n k t r h t tr g i p l n nhau" . T h n g l i ca
3
Cch m n g T h n g T m n m 1945 v k h n g c h i n chng thc

d n P h p ca V i t N a m l t h n g l i ca n g l i n g n
v s n g to ca n g v C h tch H C h M i n h . T r o n g
k h n g chin c h n g q u c M , v i n g l i c l p , t
ch, g i n g cao h a i n g n c c l p d n tc v ch n g h a
x h i , k t h p h i h a l i ch d n tc v l i ch quc t,
ng ta tranh t h c p h o n g t r o n h n d n t h g i i
o n k t v i V i t N a m , to ra c t i n g n i c h u n g v s
ng h c h i u q u ca cc n c x h i c h ngha, c b i t l
ca Lin X, Trung- Q u c , gia lc h a i n c n y a n g c
nhng bt n g s u sc c v n g l i q u c t l n n g
li chng M ca V i t N a m . S o n k t ca V i t N a m v i
Lin X v Trung Q u c toong k h n g chin chng quc M

199
g p p h n quan t r n g v o v i c c n g c o n k t ca cc
n c x h i c h ngha, ca p h o n g t r o c c h m n g t h gii,
to c h da cho p h o n g t r o n h n d n t h g i i n g h V i t
N a m n h t h n g cuc c h i n tranh x m lc ca M .
KT LUN
i on kt dn tc l mt chin lc cch mng c
H C h M i n h ra t r t s m , t r t h n h t t n g ch o
x u y n s u t t i n t r n h c c h m n g V i t N a m , l c i n g u n sc
m a n h l m n n m i t h n g l i ca c c h m n g V i t N a m , m t
n g g p q u a n t r n g v o l l u n c c h m n g t h g i i .
Trc H C h M i n h , cc n h s n g l p c h ngha Mc L n i n c h a c p v n i o n k t d n tc. D o c
i m ca t h i i m n h , C . M c v P h . n g g h e n m i c h k u
g i o n k t giai c p v s n t o n t h g i i v t h c h i n lin
m i n h c n g n n g (sau C n g x Pari h m 1871) t r o n g u
t r a n h l t c h t b n c h ngha. T i V . I . L n i n , trong
i u k i n c h ngha t b n c h u y n sang c h n g h a
q u c , c h p bc giai c p v d n tc d i n ra t r n p h m
v i t o n c u , t t n g l i n m i n h c n g n n g ca C . M c c
V . I . L n i n v Q u c t C n g sn m r n g ra t r n q u y
t o n t h g i i v i k h u h i u n i t i n g : "V s n t t c cc
n c v cc d n tc b p bc, o n k t l i " . Song, o c h a
n h gi y v n d n tc, t t n g v o n k t d n
tc t r o n g m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t v n c h a
V . I . L n i n v Q u c t C n g sn t ra.
H C h M i n h sinh ra t r o n g m t d n tc c t r u y n t h n g
200
u tranh kin cng v c lp, t ch n n n h n thy

sc m n h ca c h n g h a d n t c , n g u n n g lc to l n
ca n h n d n V i t N a m t r o n g d n g n c v g i n c . Sau
k h i t m t h y con n g c u n c v t r c n h n g i h i
k h c h q u a n ca c c h m n g , H C h M i n h s m a ra
q u a n i m v mt
trn tc thng
nht
- b i u h i n c
t h ca k h i i o n k t d n tc v i m t h t h n g n h n g
quan i m kh h o n chnh v c n g tc m t trn, c ng
C n g sn V i t N a m t i p t h u v a v o thc t i n V i t
N a m , k t h p o n k t d n tc v i o n k t q u c t , t o
t h n h sc m n h t n g h p , l m n n m i t h n g l i c a c c h
mng Vit Nam. Chnh v vy, t tng i on kt d n
tc c a H C h M i n h l m t n g g p q u a n t r n g v o k h o
tng k i n h n g h i m cch m n g t h gii, l m phong p h l
l u n c h n g h a M c - L n i n v c n g t c vn n g - v t chc
q u n c h n g ca n g C n g sn.
Thc t i n cch m n g V i t N a m v a n g chng m i n h
sc s n g k d i u ca t t n g i o n k t H C h M i n h .
T r u n g t h n h v k i n n h i t h e o n g n c i o n k t
H C h M i n h , n g h i n c u k tha, v n d n g v p h t t r i n
s n g t o t t n g i o n k t ca N g i l m t t r o n g
n h n g n h n t q u a n toong g i p c h n g ta v t qua m i k h
khn, th thch, h o n thnh nhim v, g p phn xy dng
thnh cng m t nc Vit N a m c lp, dn giu, nc
mnh, d n ch, c n g bng, v n minh.
Theo t t n g H C h M i n h , t r o n g c n g cuc i m i
h i n nay, i o n k t p h i c c n g c v p h t t r i n n h m
ra c ci n h c i n g h o , lc h u , c i nhc t t h u xa
201
h n v k i n h t , k h o a h c v c n g n g h so v i c c n c trong
k h u vc v t r n t h g i i , l m cho V i t N a m c t h t tin snh
v a i v i cc c n g q u c n m c h u ; k h i y tnh t h n t ho,
t t n d n tc, q u y t t m c h n h n g t n c , k h n g b l
t h i c, v n h i , p h t h u y tnh t h n t lc t c n g , y li
m i n g u y c, v t qua m i t h c h thc; p h t h u y c tnh
n n g n g ca m i n g i , ca c c n g n g , k h c phc
n h n g tc n g ca n n k i n h t t h t r n g k h n g lm
p h n g h i n n v n hoa t r u y n t h n g d n tc.
T r o n g i u k i n h i n nay, i o n k t theo t t n g
H C h M i n h i h i p h i x y d n g c m t n g cm
q u y n t h t s t r o n g sch, v n g m n h , c n b , n g vin
t h t s v a l n g l n h o , v a l n g i y t tht
t r u n g t h n h ca n h n d n ; m t c h t h t s d o n h n d n
l c h v l m c h ; m t N h n c t h t s c a n h n d n , do
n h n d n , v n h n d n ; m t h t h n g c h n h t r c h i u qu
v h i u lc t h c t .
T r o n g k h u n k h l u t p h p , t i p tc i m i c h n h sch
giai cp, c h n h s c h x h i , h o n t h i n c h n h s c h d n tc,
c h n h s c h t n g i o , c h n h s c h i v i tr t h c , c h n h sch
i v i cng n g n g i Vit nc ngoi, tp h p n
mc r n g r i n h t m i n h n ti, v t lc v o s n g h i p y
m n h c n g n g h i p hoa, h i n i hoa t n c , g n v i p h t
t r i n k i n h t t r i thc, b o v ti n g u y n , m i t r n g .
n g v N h n c ta p h i c h n g x c n h r cc
b c h i n h p q u c t t r o n g x u t h t o n c u hoa h i n nay,
thc h i n c h n h s c h m ca, giao l u , h p t c , a p h n g
hoa, a d n g hoa, c n g c k h i o n k t v i m i lc l n g
202
tin b t r n t h g i i v m c tiu hoa b n h , c l p d n tc,

dn ch v p h t trin.
i o n k t d n tc l y u t n i sinh c ngha q u y t
nh. i o n k t d n tc n h m to lc v t h v n ra
bn n g o i ; n g c l i , m ca, h i n h p q u c t n h m l m
cho lc v t h t r o n g n c n g y c n g t n g ln. Thc h i n i
o n k t d n tc g n l i n v i o n k t q u c t, k t h p sc
m n h d n tc v i sc m n h t h i i s l n g n n g u n to
n n sc m n h v ch ca c c h m n g V i t N a m theo t
tng H C h M i n h .
203
CHNG
VI
T TNG H CH MINH V XY D N G
NH NC C A DN, DO DN, v DN
I - XY D N G N H N c T H H I N Q U Y N
L C H V LM C H C A NHN D N
H Ch Minh c quan im nht qun v xy d^g mt
N h nc m i V i t N a m l m t N h n c d o n h n d n lao
n g l m ch. y l quan i m c b n n h t ca H C h M i n h
v x y n g N h n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g h a do
N g i s n g l p . Q u a n i m x u y n sut, c tnh c h i p h i
t o n b q u t r n h h n h t h n h v p h t t r i n ca N h n c
cch m n g V i t Nam.
D n ch trong x h i V i t N a m c t h h i n t r n tt
c c c l n h v c c h n h t r , k i n h t , v n h a , x h i . . . T r o n g
, d n c h t h h i n t r n l n h v c c h n h tr l q u a n t r n g
nht, n i bt nht v c biu hin tp trung trong hot
n g ca N h n c , b i v q u y n lc ca n h n d n c
t h h i n t r o n g h o t n g ca N h n c v i t c c h n h n
d n c q u y n lc t i cao. H C h M i n h k h n g n h
trn quan i m l n trn thc t vic k h i c N h n c m i -
204
N h n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g h a - n h n d n c ra,
t chc n n b m y n h n c cng n h ton b h t h n g
chnh tr.
T r o n g t c p h m Thng
thc chnh
tr v i t n m
1953,
H C h M i n h c h r : " n c ta c h n h q u y n l ca n h n
d n , d o nhn dn lm ch... N h n d n l n g c h n m c h n h
q u y n . N h n d n b u ra i b i u thay m t m n h t h i h n h
c h n h q u y n y . T h l dn
ch" .
1
Q u a n n i m d n c h , theo H C h M i n h , c n b i u h i n
p h n g thc t chc x h i . K h n g n h m t c h d n c h
nc
ta l "bao n h i u l i ch u v d n " , " q u y n h n h v
lc l n g u n i d n " , n g t h i H C h M i n h c n g ch
ra p h n g thc t chc, h o t n g ca x h i n c ta m u n
k h n g n h l m t n c d n c h th p h i c c u t o q u y n
lc x h i m n g i d n , c trc t i p , c g i n t i p qua
d n c h i d i n , m t h t h n g c h n h tr d o " d n c ra" v
"do d n t chc n n " .
K h i : c n h q u y n h n h v lc l n g ca x h i ,
H C h M i n h c n v c h r n g u n gc, lc l n g t o ra
q u y n h n h l n h n d n . l q u a n i m gc N g i
coi c c h m n g l s n g h i p ca q u n c h n g n h n d n ; c n g
cuc i m i , x y d n g , k h n g c h i n k i n q u c l t r c h
n h i m v c n g v i c ca d n . H C h M i n h k h n g c h coi
d n c h c n g h a l m t gi tr c h u n g , l sn p h m
ca
v n m i n h n h n l o i , x e m n n h l l t n g p h n u ca
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, 1.7, tr. 218-219.

205
c c d n tc v n k h n g d n g l i v i t c c h n h l m t
t h i t c h x h i ca m t q u c gia m n c n c c ngha
b i u t h m i q u a n h q u c t , h a b n h gia c c d n tc.
l d n c h , b n h n g t r o n g m i t chc q u c t , l n g u y n
tc n g x t r o n g c c q u a n h q u c t ca N h n c k i u
mi Vit Nam.
Q u a n i m x y d n g N h n c ca H C h M i n h k h n g
n h n g k tha m c n p h t t r i n hc thuyt M c - Lnin v
N h nc cch mng.
H i u m t cch tng q u t n h t quan i m v N h nc
ca d n , d o d n , v d n , c h n g ta t h y t r o n g d i s n t t n g
H C h M i n h n h n g n i d u n g sau y :
1. Nh nc ca dn
Q u a n i m n h t q u n ca H C h M i n h l x c l p tt c
mi quyn
nhn
lc trong Nh nc
v trong x hi u thuc
dn. Q u a n i m n y ca H C h M i n h c t h h i n
t r o n g cc b n H i n p h p d o N g i l n h o s o n tho: H i n
p h p n m 1946 v H i n p h p n m 1959. C h n g h n , H i n
p h p n m 1946 n u r : t t c q u y n b n h t r o n g n c u l
ca ton t h n h n d n V i t N a m , k h n g p h n b i t n i g i n g ,
g i trai, g i u n g h o , g i a i c p , t n g i o ; n h n g v i c q u a n h
n v n m n h q u c gia s a ra t o n d n p h c q u y t . N h n
d n c q u y n l m c h v c h n h tr, k i n h t, v n h a - x h i ,
b u ra Q u c h i - c q u a n q u y n lc n h n c cao n h t t h
h i n q u y n t i cao ca n h n d n .
N h n d n lao n g l m c h N h n c t h d n n m t
206
h q u l nhn
dn c quyn
kim
sot Nh
nc,
c tri
bu ra cc i b i u , y q u y n cho cc i b i u b n v
q u y t n h n h n g v n quc k d n sinh. y t h u c v
c h d n ch i d i n b n c n h c h d n c h t r c t i p .
Q u y n l m c h v n g t h i c n g l q u y n k i m s o t ca
n h n d n t h h i n c h n h n d n c q u y n b i
nhng i biu Quc h i v i biu H i n g n h n
min
dn
n o n u n h n g i b i u t ra k h n g x n g n g v i s
tn n h i m ca n h n d n .
Theo H C h M i n h , m u n bo m c tnh c h t n h n
d n ca N h n c p h i xc n h c v thc h i n c
trch n h i m ca c t r i v i b i u do c t r i b u ra. c t r i v
i b i u c t r i b u ra p h i c m i q u a n h cht c h v i n h a u
do b n cht ca c c h n y q u y n h . V, k h i k h n g h o n
t h n h n h i m v v i t c c h l n g i i b i u ca c t r i th c
t r i c q u y n bi m i n t c c h i b i u .
D n ch l kht v n g m u n i ca con n g i . H Ch M i n h
quan n i m d n c h c ngha l " d n l c h " . K h i xc n h
1
n h t h , c l c H C h M i n h e m q u a n n i m " d n l ch"
i l p v i quan n i m "quan ch". y l q u a n n i m c
H Ch M i n h d i n t ngn, gn, r, i thng v o bn cht
ca k h i n i m t r n g cu to q u y n lc ca x h i . M r n g
theo , H C h M i n h c n cho r n g : " N c ta l n c d n
ch, ngha l n c n h do n h n d n l m c h " , " C h ta l
2
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i , tr.XVII.

207
c h dn ch. Tc l n h n d n l m c h " , " N c ta l nc

1
d n c h , a v cao n h t l d n , v d n l c h " .
2
D n l c h c ngha l xc n h v t h ca d n , c n d n
l m c h c ngha l xc n h q u y n , ngha v ca d n . Trong
N h n c ca d n , v i ngha , n g i d n c h n g
m i q u y n d n c h . Bng t h i t c h d n c h , N h n c p h i
c t r c h n h i m b o m q u y n l m c h ca d n , cho
n h n d n thc t h i q u y n l m c h ca m n h t r o n g h thng
q u y n lc ca x h i . Q u y n lc ca n h n d n c t v
tr t i t h n g . i u n y c ngha thc t n h c n h n h n g
n g i l n h o , n h n g i b i u ca n h n d n l m n g
chc t r c h v v t h ca m n h , k h n g p h i l n g trn
n h n d n , coi k h i n h n h n d n , "cy t h " v i d n , " q u n r n g
d n b u m n h ra l l m v i c cho d n " . M t n h n c n h
t h l m t n h n c t i n b t r o n g b c n g p h t t r i n
ca n h n l o i . N h n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g h a do H
C h M i n h k h a i sinh n g y 2-9-1945 c h n h l N h n c t i n b
c h a t n g c t r o n g lch s h n g n g h n n m ca d n tc V i t
N a m bi v N h n c l N h n c ca d n , n h n d n c
v a i t r q u y t n h m i c n g v i c ca t n c .
2. Nh nc do dn
N h n c d o d n l p n n , do d n n g h , d n l m c h .
Chnh v vy, H Ch M i n h thng nhn mnh n h i m v
ca n h n g n g i c c h m n g l p h i l m cho d n h i u , l m

208
cho d n g i c n g n n g cao c t r c h n h i m l m c h ,
n n g cao c thc t r c h n h i m c h m lo x y d n g N h
n c ca m n h . H C h M i n h k h n g n h : Vic n c l v i c
chung, m i n g i u p h i c trch n h i m "gh vai g n h vc
m t phn". Q u y n l i , q u y n h n bao g i c n g i i v i
t r c h n h i m , ngha v .
Trong t tng H Ch M i n h v xy dng N h nc
V i t N a m m i , n h n d n c i u k i n , c v p h p l u t v
thc t , t h a m gia q u n l n h n c . N g i n u r q u y n
ca d n , N h n c do d n t o r a v n h n d n t h a m gia q u n
l l c h :
- T o n b c n g d n b u ra Q u c h i - c q u a n q u y n
l c cao n h t c a N h n c , c q u a n d u y n h t c q u y n
lp php.
- Q u c h i b u ra C h tch n c , U y ban T h n g v
Q u c h i v H i n g C h n h p h (nay g i l C h n h p h ) .
- H i n g C h n h p h l c q u a n h n h c h n h cao n h t
ca N h n c , thc h i n c c n g h q u y t ca Q u c h i v
chp h n h p h p lut.
- M i c n g v i c ca b m y n h n c t r o n g v i c q u n l
x h i u t h c h i n c h ca d n ( t h n g qua Q u c h i d o
d n b u ra).
3. Nh nc v dn
N h n c v d n l m t n h n c l y l i ch c h n h n g
ca n h n d n l m m c t i u , tt c u v l i ch ca n h n
d n , n g o i ra k h n g c b t c m t l i ch n o k h c . l
m t n h n c t r o n g sch, k h n g c b t k m t c q u y n ,
209
c l i n o . T r n tinh t h n , H C h M i n h n h n m n h : m i
n g l i , c h n h s c h u c h n h m a l i q u y n l i cho
d n ; v i c g c l i cho d n d n h c n g c g n g l m , vic g
c h i cho d n d n h c n g c g n g t r n h . D n l gc ca
n c . H C h M i n h l u n l u n t m n i m : P h i l m cho d n c
n , p h i l m cho d n c mc, p h i l m cho d n c c h ,
p h i l m cho d n c hc h n h .
M t n h n c v d n , theo q u a n i m ca H C h M i n h ,
l t C h tch n c n c n g chc b n h t h n g u p h i lm
c n g bc, l m y t cho n h n d n c h k h n g p h i "lm
q u a n c c h m n g " " u c i c n h n d n " . i v i chc
v Ch tch nc ca m n h , H C h M i n h c n g q u a n n i m l
d o d n y thc cho v n h v y p h i phc
v n h n d n , tc
l l m y t cho n h n d n .
li- QUAN IM CA H CH MINH V s THNG NHT

G I A B N C H T G I A I C P C N G N H N V I TNH
N H N DN V TNH DN T C C A N H N C
1. V bn cht giai cp cng nhn ca Nh nc
N h n c l m t p h m t r lch s, n c h ra i v t n
t i k h i giai c p v u tranh giai c p x u t h i n . D o , n h
n c l sn p h m t t y u ca m t x h i c g i a i c p , n bao
g i c n g m a n g b n c h t m t g i a i c p n h t n h , k h n g c
m t n h n c n o l p h i g i a i cp, k h n g c n h n c n g
t r n giai cp. N h v y , k h n g p h i lch s n h n l o i x u t
h i n l c n h n c n g a y v n h n c k h n g p h i t n t i m i
m i . T r o n g h n h thi k i n h t - x h i c n g sn n g u y n t h y
210
c h a x u t h i n n h n c v c h a c giai cp. T r o n g h n h t h i
k i n h t - x h i cng sn v n m i n h (giai o n cao) t h giai
cp d n d n k h n g cn, n g t h i v i q u t r n h l n h
n c ca giai cp c n g t t i u v o n g .
Trong t tng H Ch M i n h , N h nc Vit
Nam
D n c h C n g h a c c o i l N h n c ca d n , d o d n ,
v d n n h n g t u y t n h i n n k h n g p h i l " N h
nc
t o n d n " , h i u theo n g h a n h n c p h i g i a i c p .
Nh
n c bao g i v u c n g m a n g b n c h t c a m t g i a i
cp n h t n h . N h n c V i t N a m m i , theo q u a n i m
ca H C h M i n h , l m t N h n c m a n g bn chi giai
cng nhn.
cp
V:
Mt l, Nh nc do ng Cng sn lnh o. i u n y
c t h hin:
- ng
vng
Cng
sn
v tng cng
Vit Nam
lnh
Nh
bn cht giai cp cng nhn.
nc
gi
Vic xc
n h b n cht giai cp c n g n h n ca N h n c l m t v n
r t c b n ca H i n p h p . Li ni
ca b n H i n
p h p n m 1959 k h n g n h : " N h n c ca ta l N h n c
d n c h n h n d n , da t r n n n t n g l i n m i n h c n g n n g ,
do giai cp c n g n h n l n h o " . T r o n g q u a n i m c b n
xy n g m t N h n c o n h n d n lao n g l m c h , m t
N h nc th"hin tnh cht n h n d n r n g ri, H C h M i n h
v n n h n m n h n n g c t ca n h n d n l l i n m i n h
gia
giai cp c n g n h n v i giai c p n n g d n v tr t h c , d o g i a i
cp c n g n h n m i tin p h o n g ca n l n g C n g sn
Vit Nam lnh o.
211
- ng lnh o Nh nc
bng phng
thc thch
hp.
N i n p h n g thc l n h o ca n g i v i N h n c l
n i n cch l n h o cho p h h p v i tng t h i k . T r o n g
t h i k H C h M i n h l m C h tch n c . t n c ta p h i va
tin h n h k h n g chin chng gic n g o i x m , g i i p h n g v bo
v T quc, va l n h o n h n d n x y d n g c h m i . Do
, p h n g thc l n h o ca n g i v i N h n c ta t h i
k k h n g ging v i n h n g t h i k sau n y . Song, trong t
t n g H C h M i n h v n c n h n g v n c b n v p h n g
thc l n h o ca n g c h u n g cho cc { h i k . l:
+ n g l n h o b n g n g l i , q u a n i m , ch
trng N h nc th ch ha thnh p h p lut, chnh
sch, k hoch.
+ n g l n h o N h n c b n g h o t n g ca cc t
chc n g v n g v i n ca m n h t r o n g b m y , c quan
nh nc.
+ n g l n h o N h n c b n g c n g t c k i m tra.
Hai l, bn cht giai
tnh
nh
nc.
hng
x hi
cp ca Nh
ch
nc
ta th hin
ca s pht
ngha
trin
i u n y c t h h i n t r o n g q u a n i m ca
H C h M i n h ngay t k h i n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g
h a m i ra i .
Ba l, bn chi giai cp cng nhn
hin
nguyn
nguyn
tc t chc
tc tp trung
v hot
ca Nh nc
ng
ta
c bn ca n
th
l
dn ch. H C h M i n h r t c h n
tnh d n c h t r o n g t chc v h o t n g ca t t c b m y ,
c q u a n n h n c , n h n m a n h n v i c p h t h u y cao d n
c h , n g t h i p h t h u y cao t p t r u n g , N h n c p h i t p
212
trung t h n g n h t q u y n lc t t c m i q u y n lc v o tay
nhn dn.
2. Bn cht giai cp cng nhn thng nht vi tnh nhn
dn, tnh d n tc ca Nh nc
H C h M i n h l n g i g i i q u y t r t t h n h c n g m i
quan h gia c c v n g i a i c p - d n tc t r o n g x y d n g
Nh nc Vit N a m mi. N g i gii quyt hi ha, thng
n h t gia b n c h t g i a i c p v i tnh n h n d n , t n h d n tc
v c b i u h i n r t r o n g n h n g q u a n i m sau:
- Nh nc
ta ra i l kt qu ca cuc u
di, gian kh ca rt n hiu
th h ngi
Vit Nam.
banh
lu
Cui th
k X I X u t h k X X , d n tc V i t N a m r i v o
khng
hong n g l i c c h m n g . T r o n g cuc u t a n h t r n g
k c h n g t h c d n P h p ca d n tc ta, t i u b i u l c c cuc
k h i ngha d i s l n h o ca c c n h c c h m n g t i n b i
r t oanh l i t , t t h m c h o t r u y n t h n g y u n c c h n g
ngoi x m ca d n tc n h n g c l p , t d o cho d n tc v n
cha t r t h n h h i n t h c . T u n m 1930, n g ta ra i ,
s l n m a n h c a g i a i c p c n g n h n v i i t i n p h o n g ca
n l n g C n g sn V i t N a m v t qua c t t c c c
hn ch v lnh o thng l i Cch m n g T h n g T m
n m 1945, u t r a n h g i n h c h n h q u y n , l p n n N h n c
dn ch n h n d n u tin n g Nam c h u .
- Tinh thng
nhi
v li ch ca nhn
cn biu hin ch Nh nc
ta
bo
dn, ly li ch ca dn tc lm c
bn.
Bn c h t ca v n n y l c h , H C h M i n h k h n g n h
l i ch c b n ca g i a i d p c n g n h n , ca n h n d n lao n g
v ca t o n d n tc l m t . N h n c ta k h n g n h n g t h
213
h i n ch ca giai c p c n g n h n m c n t h h i n c h ca
n h n d n v ca t o n d n tc.
- Trong
thc t, Nh nc
ca c dn tc giao ph,
cuc khng
xy dng
chin
ta ng
ra lm nhim
lnh o nhn
dn tin hnh
cc
bo v n n
mt nc
Vit Nam
dn ch v giu mnh,
c lp, t do ca T quc,
ha b,
gp phn
tch
thng
nhi,
cc vo s pht
lp,
bin
tin b ca th gii. C o n n g q u l n c h ngha x h i

v i n c h ngha c n g sn l c o n n g m H C h M i n h
v n g ta x c n h , c n g l s n g h i p ca c h n h N h
n c ta.
III- XY DNG NH NC
C H I U L c P H P L M N H M
H Ch Minh sm thy c tm quan trng ca
H i n p h p v p h p l u t t r o n g q u n l x h i . i u n y t h
h i n t r o n g b n Yu sch ca nhn
dn An Nam
do N g i
k t n l N g u y n i Q u c g i n H i n g h V c x y ( P h p )
n m 1919. B n Y u s c h n u ra y u c u " C i c c h n n
p h p l n g D n g b n g c c h cho n g i b n x c n g
c q u y n h n g n h n g bo m
n g i u c h u ; xa b hon
v mt php
lut
nh
ton c c t a n c b i t d n g
l m c n g c k h n g b v p bc b p h n t r u n g thc
n h t t r o n g n h n d n A n N a m " ; "Thay t h c h ra c c sc
l n h b n g c h ra c c o l u t " . T r o n g Vit Nam
yu
cu
ca, m t b i t h d i n ca ra v n v n t i n g V i t b n Y u s c h
c n h n g cu:
214
"Hai xi php
Ngi
lut sa
Ty, ngi
sang,
Vit hai phng
cng
ng.
By xi hin php ban hnh,

Trm u phi c thn lx php
quy
n ".
Sau n y , k h i t r t h n h n g i n g u N h n c V i t
N a m m i , H C h M i n h c n g q u a n t m s u sc h n v i c x y
d n g v i u h n h N h n c m t cch c h i u q u b n g
p h p q u y n . M t N h n c c h i u lc p h p l m a n h m
c H C h M i n h c h x y n g t h h i n t r n n h n g i m
sau y :
1. Xy dng mt Nh nc hp php, hp hin
C h m t n g y sau k h i c b n Tuyn ngn
c lp, t r o n g
p h i n h p u tin ca C h n h p h l m t h i , H C h M i n h
ngh t chc T n g t u y n c c n g s m c n g t t l p
Quc h i r i t l p ra C h n h p h v cc c q u a n , b m y
c h n h thc k h c ca N h n c m i . C c m t N h n c
h p h i n , t h h i n q u y n lc t i cao ca n h n d n n h v y
th n c ta m i c c s p h p l v n g chc l m v i c v i
q u n ng minh, m i c m t quan h quc t b n h ng,
m i t h i t l p c m t c c h q u y n lc h p p h p theo
n g t h n g l ca m t N h n c p h p q u y n h i n i .
Cuc Tng t u y n c c tin h n h t h n g l i n g y
6-1-1946 v i c h p h t h n g u p h i u , t r c t i p v b
p h i u kn. V , l n u t i n t r o n g lch s h n g n g h n n m
ca d n tc V i t N a m c n g n h l n u t i n n g N a m
c h u , t t c m i n g i d n t 18 t u i tr l n , k h n g p h n
b i t n a m n , g i u n g h o , d n tc, n g p h i , t n g i o . . . u
215
i b p h i u b u n h n g i b i u ca m n h t h a m gia Q u c
h i . N g y 2-3-1946, Q u c h i k h a n c V i t N a m
Dn
c h C n g h a h p p h i n u t i n , l p ra c c t chc, b
m y v cc chc v c h n h thc ca N h n c . H C h M i n h
c b u l m C h tch C h n h p h l i n h i p u t i n . y
c h n h l C h n h p h c y t c c h p h p l g i i q u y t
m t cch c h i u q u n h n g v n i n i v i ngoi
n c ta.
2. Hot ng qun l nh rtc bng Hin php, php
lut v c h trng a p h p lut v o cuc s n g
Q u n l n h n c l q u n l b n g b m y v b n g n h i u
b i n p h p k h c n h n g q u a n t r n g n h t l q u n l b n g h
t h n g l u t , t r o n g q u a n t r n g bc n h t l H i n p h p - o
l u t c b n ca n c n h . C c b n Hin
Hin php
nm
php
nm
1946 v
1959 l i d u n m n t n h n g quan
i m ca H C h M i n h v b n cht, t h i t c h v h o t n g
ca N h n c m i .
Song, c H i n p h p v p h p l u t r i n h n g k h n g a
c v o t r o n g cuc s n g t h x h i c n g s b r i l o n . D n
c h c h thc bao g i c n g i l i n v i k c n g , p h p nc,
tc l. i l i n v i thc t h i H i n p h p v p h p l u t Sut c
t h i k g i t r n g c h C h tch n c , H C h M i n h l u n
l u n c h m l x y d n g m t n n p h p c h x h i c h ngha
b o m q u y n l m c h t h t s ca n h n d n . C c c.
q u a i r ca N h n c p h i g n g m u c h p h n h m t c c h
n g h i m chnh H i n p h p v p h p l u t . C h n h b n
thn
H C h M i n h l m t t m g n g s n g v s n g v l m v i c
theo H i n p h p v p h p l u t . N g i t g i c k h p m i n h v o
216
k lut, v o vic g n g m u chp h n h H i n p h p v p h p

lut. Sng v l m v i c theo H i n p h p v p h p l u t tr
thnh n n np, t h n h thi quen, t h n h l i ng x t n h i n
ca H C h M i n h .
" T h n l i n h p h p q u y n " l sc m n h do con n g i v
v con n g i . D o v y , H C h M i n h bao g i c n g i h i
mi n g i phi h i u v tuyt i chp h n h p h p lut, bt
k n g i g i c n g v n o . N g i cho r n g , c n g t c
g i o c p h p l u t cho m i n g i , c b i t cho t h h t r ,
tr n n cc k q u a n t r n g t r o n g v i c x y n g m t N h
nc p h p q u y n , bo m m i q u y n v ngha v c n g
d n c t h c t h i t r o n g c u c s n g . V i c thc" t h i p h p l u t
c q u a n h r t l n n t r n h d n tr ca n h n d n , v
v y , H C h M i n h c h t r n g n v n n n g cao d n t r ,
pht huy
tnh
tch cc c h n h t r c a n h n d n , l m
cho
n h n d n c t h c c h n h t r t r o n g v i c t h a m gia c n g v i c
ca c h n h q u y n c c c p . L m t t n g h a v c n g d n c n g
tc l thc h i n rgha v c a m n h i v i N h n c , b i t
thc h n h d n c h .
Trong vic thc t h i H i n p h p v p h p lut, H C h M i n h
bao g i c n g c h b o m tnh n g h i m m i n h v h i u lc
ca c h n g . i u i h i p h p l u t p h i n g v p h i ;
t n g c n g t u y n t r u y n , g i o d c p h p l u t cho m i n g i
d n ; n g i thc t h i l u t p h p p h i t h t s c n g t m v
n g h i m m i n h , b o m cho l u t p h p t r t h n h c n c n c n g
l i v i t t c m i n g i , k h n g c m t t r n g h p n g o i
l n o ; b t k ai v i p h m p h p l u t c n g u b t r n g tr
n g h i m khc, n g n g i , n g t i .
217
IV. XY D N G NH N C T R O N G S C H ,
HOT N G C HIU Q U
1. X y d n g i n g c n b , c n g c h c c v ti
H C h M i n h l u n l u n cao v tr, v a i t r ca i ng
c n b , c n g chc. N g i coi c n b n i c h u n g "l ci gc ca
m i c n g vic", " m u n v i c t h n h c n g hay t h t b i u do
c n b t t hay k m " .
xy dng mt N h nc p h p quyn v n g
mnh,
v n x y d n g i n g c n b , c n g chc c H Ch
M i n h c b i t q u a n t m . N i m t c c h t n g q u t n h t v yu
c u i v i i n g n y , theo H C h M i n h , l n h n g
n g i va c c, va c ti, trong
ny phi c t chc hp l, c hiu
c l gc; i
ng
qu.
i v o n h n g m t c t h , H C h M i h n u l n n h n g
y u c u sau y v x y d n g i n g c n b , c n g chc.
Mt l, tuyt i trung
thnh
vi cch
mng.
y l y u cu u tin cn c i v i i n g c n b , c n g
chc. C n b, c n g chc p h i l n h n g n g i k i n c n g bo
v c h x h i ch ngha, bo v N h nc. H C h M i n h
n h n manh l n g trung t h n h k h n g p h i l n h n g i u t r u
t n g , c h u n g chung, m p h i c t h h i n h n g n g y , h n g
g i , trong m i lnh vc c n g tc, t h h i n trong k t q u thc t
c n g tc. L n g trung t h n h t h h i n h n g n g y , h n g gi,
n h n g p h i c t h h i n c bit r t r o n g n h n g lc t nc
g p k h k h n , t h thch, c h u y n giai o n .
218
Hai l, hng hi, thnh

nghip
tho cng vic, gii chuyn
mn,
v.
C h v i l n g n h i t tnh th c h a v c n g l m ch p h
c ci x u , ci c m k h n g x y c ci tt, ci m i . Y u
cu t i t h i u l i n g c n b , c n g chc p h i h i u b i t c n g
vic ca m n h , b i t q u n l n h n c , do v y , p h i c o
to v t m n h p h i l u n l u n hc h i . l tnh c h u y n
n g h i p ca i n g c n g chc. C n g chc p h i c h u y n s u
n g h i p v , p h i l u n l u n hc t p k h n g n g n g n g h , hc
m i lc, m i n i , hc t p s u t i . H C h M i n h c h n h l con
n g i i n h n h ca t hc. N g i t hc n h n g k i n thc
v n h n c trong c cuc i m n h .
Ba l, phi c mi lin h mt thit vi nhn
dn.
H Ch Minh lun lun ch trng xy dng m i

q u a n h b n c h t gia i n g c n b , c n g chc v i n h n
d n . i n g c n b , c n g chc l n h n g n g i
hng
lng t ngun n g n sch n h nc do d n n g g p .

C h n h v v y , H C h M i n h n h c n h m i c n b , c n g
chc k h n g c l n g p h ca c n g ; p h i s n s n g p h c
v n h n dn, l u n l u n n u cao o c c c h m n g , s n
s n g h y sinh q u y n l i c n h n m n h cho T q u c , l y
phc v q u y n l i c h n h n g ca n h n d n l m m c t i u
cho h o t n g ca m n h . c b i t , p h i c h n g b n h t h a m
, l n g p h , q u n l i u , p h i l u n l u n g n d n , h i u d n v
v d n . C n b , c n g chc xa d n , q u a n l i u , h c h d c h ,
ca q u y n . . . i v i n h n d n u d n n n g u y c l m
suy y u N h n c , t h m c h l m b i n c h t N h n c v
v i p h m m t i u c t n h c h t c t t ca c u t o q u y n lc
n h n c l t t c m i q u y n lc t h u c v n h n d n .
219
Bn l, cn b, cng
ph
trch,
trong
khng
dm
nhng
quyt
tnh
chc phi
on,
hung
dm
l nhng
chu
kh khn,
ngi
trch nhim,
"thng
khng
dm
nht
kiu,
l
bi
nn ".
l n h n g n g i c thc sn s n g l m " c n g bc",

l m " y t", l m " t r u nga" cho d n , n h n g n g i cn,
k i m , lim, c h n h , ch c n g v t, l m v i c v i t i n h t h n y
s n g to. H C h M i n h i h i c n b , c n g chc p h i l u n
l u n t u d n g , r n l u y n o c c c h m n g , l u n l u n "c
c h t i n t h " , l u n l u n hc t p n n g cao t r n h v m i
m t , hc t r u n g , hc toong cuc sng, t r o n g c n g tc, hc
t h y , hc b n .
Nm
l, phi
thng
lun lun c thc v hnh

ca Nh
xuyn
ng
t ph
bnh
v ph
v s ln manh,
trong
b,
sch
nc.
V i chc t r c h l n h n g n g i p h c v n h n d n , th
c n b , c n g chc p h i t n t u y , t n t r u n g v i n c , t n h i u
v i d n . M u n v y , theo H C h M i n h c n b , c n g chc
phi thng xuyn t p h bnh v p h bnh g i vng
p h m cht o c c c h m n g v n n g lc c n g tc. n g
t h i , c n b , c n g chc p h i c h m lo x y d n g b m y n h
n c n h n c n g l n h n c ca d n , d o d n , v d n .
B m y rth n c , theo q u a n i m H C h M i n h , c n g n
n h , c h i u lc, p h h p v i t n g giai o n p h c v c
lc cho m c tiu h o t n g ca N h n c , t t c v s p h t
t r i n ca t n c , v l i ch ca T quc, ca n h n d n ,
k h n g v l i ch ca c n h n n o . Chc v , q u y n h n ca
c n b , c n g chc toong b m y n h n c l d o d n y t h c ,
220
y q u y n l m v i c cho ch q u c l i d n , k h n g v c h
ngha c n h n .
2. phng v khc phc nhng tiu cc trong hot
n g ca N h n c
Xy d n g m t N h n c ca d n , d o d n , v d n k h n g
bao g i t c h r i v i v i c l m cho N h n c l u n t r o n g sch,
v n g m n h . i u n y l u n l u n t h n g trc t r o n g t m tr v
h n h n g ca H C h M i n h . K h i n c n h g i n h c c
lt), chnh, q u y n c c h m n g c n n o n t r c n g n h l c c c h
m n g c h u y n g i a i o n , H C h M i n h c n g c h h n bao
g i h t n v i c b o m s t r o n g sch, v n g m n h ca cc
cp c h n h q u y n , b i v t h n g n h n g lc c c h m n g
n g t r c n h n g t h t h c h r t gay g t v n h n g t i u cc
rt d tr t h n h n g u y c l m bin cht N h nc.
C h m t t h n g sau k h i t h n h l p n c V i t N a m
Dn
c h C n g h a , H C h M i n h g i t h cho U y ban n h n
d n c c k , t n h , h u y n v l n g n u r p h i c h n g c
q u y n , c l i ; b m y n h n c k h n g p h i l b m y p
bc, b c l t n h n d n , c n b , c n g chc k h n g p h i l
n h n g " n g q u a n c c h m n g " . H C h M i n h ch ra s u c n
b n h c n p h n g : t r i p h p , cy t h , h h a , t t n g , chia
r, k i u n g o . N g i n h c n h : " C h n g ta k h n g s sai l m ,
n h n g n h n b i t sai l m t h p h i ra sc sa cha. V y
n n , ai k h n g p h m n h n g l m l i t r n n y , th n n c h
t r n h i , v g n g sc cho t h m t i n b . A i p h m n h n g
l m l i t r n n y , t h p h i h t sc sa cha; n u k h n g t sa
cha th C h n h p h s k h n g k h o a n d u n g . V h n h p h c ca
221
d n tc, v l i ch ca n c n h , m t i p h i n i . C h n g ta
p h i g h i s u n h n g c h " c n g b n h , c h n h trc" v o l n g " ' .
H C h M i n h n g n h n g c m t " c n g bc", " y
t" c h ra m t m t t r c h n h i m ca n g i c n b , c n g
chc t r o n g x y d n g m t N h n c m i - N h n c V i t
Nam D n ch Cng ha.
Trong q u trnh lnh p xy d n g N h nc V i t Nam
D n c h C n g h a , H C h M i n h t h n g ch r n h n g tiu
cc sau y v n h c n h m i n g i p h n g v k h c phc.
- c quyn ,
li
X y d n g N h n c t r o n g sch, v n g m n h i h i p h i
t y t r n h n g t h i c y m n h l n g i t r o n g c q u a n c h n h
q u y n ca q u y n , h c h d c h v i d n , l m q u y n ,
ng
t h i v v t t i n ca, l i d n g chc q u y n l m l i cho

c n h n m n h , l m n h t h tc l sa v o c h ngha c n h n .
- Tham , lng ph, quan
liu
H C h M i n h coi t h a m , l n g p h , q u a n l i u l "gic
n i x m " , "gic t r o n g l n g " , t h g i c n g u y h i m hem gic
n g o i x m . N g i p h b n h n h n g n g i "ly ca c n g d n g
v o v i c t, q u n c t h a n h l i m , o c". Q u a n i m ca
H C h M i n h l: " T h a m , l n g p h v b n h q u a n l i u , d c
hay k h n g , c n g l bn ng
minh
ca thc d n v p h o n g
k i n . . . T i l i y c n g n n g n h t i l i V i t gian, m t t h m " .
2
N g y 27-11-1946, H C h M i n h k sc l n h n n h h n h
p h t t i a v n h n h i l v i m c t 5 n m n 20 n m t
222
k h sai v p h i n p p h t g p i s t i n n h n h i l . N g y
26-1-1946, H C h M i n h k l n h n i r t i t h a m , t r m c p
ca c n g d n l t i t h n h .
L n g p h l m t c n b n h m H C h M i n h l n n gay
gt. C h n h b n t h n N g i l u n l m g n g , tch cc t h c
h n h c h n g l n g p h n g cuc s n g v c n g v i c h n g
n g y . N g i b i t q u t n g n g x u , b t go do d n n g
g p cho h o t n g ca b m y n h n c . L n g p h y
c H C h M i n h xc n h l l n g p h sc lao n g , l n g
p h t h i g i , l n g p h t i n ca. C h n g l n g p h l b i n p h p
t i t k i m , m t v n q u c s c h ca m i q u c gia.
Lin q u a n n b n h t h a m , b n h l n g p h l b n h q u a n
liu, m t c n b n h k h n g n h n g c cp t r u n g n g , c p
rinh, cp h u y n m c n ngay c cp c s. H C h M i n h
p h b n h n h n g n g i v cc c q u a n l n h o t c p t r n
n cp d i k h n g st c n g vic thc t, k h n g theo d i v
gio dc c n b , k h n g g n g i q u n c h n g . i v i c n g
vic th t r n g h n h thc m k h n g x e m xt k h p m i m t ,
k h n g i s u v o t n g v n . Bnh q u a n liu l m
cho
c h n g ta ch b i t khai h i , v i t ch th, x e m b o c o t r n g i y ,
ch khng
kim
tra n ni n
chn...
thnh th c mt m
k h n g thy sut, c tai m k h n g nghe t h u , c c h m

k h n g g i n g , c k l u t m k h n g n m v n g . . . T h l
bnh quan liu p , d u n g t n g , che ch cho n n t h a m ,
l n g p h . V v y , y l b n h gc sinh ra c c b n h t h a m ,
l n g p h ; m u n t r sch bnh t h a m , l n g p h th t r c h t
p h i ty sch b n h quan liu.
223
- "T tng",
"chia r", "kiu
ngo"
N h n g h n h n g t r n g y m t o n k t , g y r i cho
c n g tc. H C h M i n h kch l i t l n n t k o b , k o c n h , t
n n b con b n h u m n h k h n g t i n n g g c n g k o v o
chc n y chc n . N g i c ti c c, n h n g k h n g v a
l n g m n h th y ra n g o i . Q u n r n g v i c n c l v i c
c n g , c h k h n g p h i v i c r i n g g d n g h ca ai. T r o n g
chnh quyn, cn hin tng gy mt o n kt, k h n g bit
c c h l m cho m i n g i h a t h u n v i n h a u , c n c n g i
" b n h v c l p n y , c h n g l i l p k h c " . N g o i b n h cy t h ,
c n g i c n k i u n g o , " t n g m n h t r o n g c q u a n C h n h
p h l t h n t h n h r i . . . c ch lc n o c n g v c m t quan
c c h m n g " , l m m t u y tn ca C h n h p h .
3. Tng cng tnh nghim minh ca php lut i i
vi y mnh gio dc o c c c h mng
H C h M i n h k t h p m t c c h n h u n n h u y n gia
q u n l x h i b n g p h p l u t v i p h t h u y n h n g t r u y n
thng tt p b o n g i sng cng n g n g i V i t
Nam
c h n h t h n h qua h n g n g h n n m lch s ( k t h p n h u n
n h u y n c "c tr" v " p h p tr").
T r o n g v i c thc t h i q u y n h n v trch n h i m ca m n h
v i c n g v l C h tch n c , H C h M i n h bao g i c n g t h
h i n l m t n g i s n g sut, t h n g n h t h i h a gia l tr v
t n h c m , n g h i m khc, bao d u n g , n h n i n h n g k h n g bao
che cho n h n g sai l m , k h u y t i m ca b t c ai. K c n g ,
p h p n c t h i n o c n g l u n c cao v p h i c p
d n g cho t t c m i n g i . D o , H C h M i n h y u c u p h p
224
lut p h i t h n g tay t r n g tr n h n g k bt lim, b t k k y

a v n o , l m n g h n g h i p g. Bn c n h , H C h M i n h
d n g sc m n h uy t n ca m n h c m h a n h n g n g i c
l i l m , k o h i v i c c h m n g , g i o dc n h n g n g i mc
k h u y t i m h t r n h p h m p h p . D i n g n c i
ngha, bao u n g ca H C h Minh,
n h i u n g i v n r t mc
cm v i c c h m n g d n h i u ra v k h n g "sy c h n "
p h m p h p hoc k h n g i theo ch.
KT LUN
T tng H Ch Minh v xy dng Nh nc ca dn,

do d n , v d n c g i tr l l u n v thc t i n to l n , s u sc,
i n h h n g cho v i c x y d n g N h n c k i u ; m i V i t
Nam. H c t p v q u n i t t t n g n y x y d n g N h
nc ngang t m n h i m v ca g i a i o n c c h m n g m i l
h t sc c n t h i t .
H i n nay, t o n n g , t o n d n a n g t c h cc t h c h i n
n h i m v x y d n g N h n c p h p q u y n x h i c h ngha
ca d n , d o d n , v d n d i s l n h o ca n g C n g
sn V i t N a m . N h n c c x y d n g t r n n n t n g l
lun Mc - Ln i, t t n g H C h M i n h v n h n g i u
k i n thc t h i n n a y c a t h i k y m n h c n g n g h i p
ha, h i n i h a g n v i p h t t r i n k i n h t t r i thc, t h i k
m ca, h i n h p q u c t , t h c h i n C n g l i h x y d n g
t n c t r o n g t h i k q u l n c h ngha x h i ( b
sung, p h t t r i n n m 2011).
225
a) Nh
nhn
nc
bo
quyn
lm
ch
tht
ca
dn
Q u y n l m c h t h t s c a n h n d n c h n h l m t n i
d u n g c b n t r o n g y u c u x y d n g N h n c ca d n ,
do d n , v d n theo t t n g H C h M i n h . V n d n g t
tng H Ch M i n h v xy dng N h nc i h i phi
. c h t r n g b o m v p h t h u y q u y n l m c h t h t s ca
n h n d n t r n t t c c c l i n h v c c a i s n g x h i .
Trong v n ny, vic m rng d n ch i i v i tng
c n g p h p c h x h i ch ngha c ngha q u a n trng.
C h n h v v y , q u y n l m c h ca n h n d n p h i c th
c h h a bng H i n p h p v p h p lut, a H i n p h p v
p h p l u t v o c u c s n g . c n c h n v i c b o m cho
m i ngi c
bnh ng
trc
p h p lut, x
pht
n g h i m m i n h m i h n h n g v i p h m p h p l u t , b t k s
v i p h m d o t p t h h o c c n h n n o g y ra. C n h
v y , d n m i t i v m i b o m c tnh c h t n h n d n
c a N h n c ta.
p h t h u y q u y n l m c h ca n h n d n lao n g ,
n g o i v n t h c t h i n g h i m chnh p h p l u t , c n c n c h
thc h i n n h n g q u y tc d n c h t r o n g c c c n g n g d n
c , t y t h o i u k i n ca t n g v n g , m i n l c c q u y tc
k h n g t r i v i n h n g q u y n h ca p h p l u t .
b) Kin ton b my hnh chnh nh nc
V n d n g t t n g H Ch M i n h v lnh vc n y i h i
ch trng ci cch v xy dng, kin ton b m y hnh
226
c h n h n h n c , bo m m t n n h n h c h n h d n c h , t r o n g
sch, v n g m n h . M u n v y , p h i y m n h c i c c h n n
h n h c h n h theo h n g d n c h , t r o n g sch, v n g
mnh,
phc v c lc v c h i u q u i v i n h n d n . K i n q u y t
khc phc t h i q u a n liu, h c h dch, ca q u y n , g y p h i n
h , sch n h i u , t h a m n h n g , b m y c n g k n h , k m h i u
lc, s sa s t p h m cht o c c c h m n g , n n g lc thc
h n h n h i m v c n g chc k m c i .
Thc h i n t t n g H C h M i n h t r o n g i u k i n h i n
nay c n c n c h c i c c h c c t h tc h n h c h n h ; cao
t r c h n h i m c n h n t r o n g v i c g i i q u y t c c k h i u k i n ca
c n g d n theo n g n h n g q u y n h ca p h p l u t ; t i u
c h u n h a c n g n h sp x p l i i n g c n g chc, x y
d n g m t i n g c n b , c n g chc v a c c, v a c ti,
t i n h t h n g c h u y n m n , n g h i p v . i n g c n g chc y u
th k h n g t h n i n m t N h n c p h p q u y n ca d n ,
do d n , v d n thc s v n g m n h . D o v y , c n g tc o to,
b i d n g c n b , c n g chc p h i c t l n h n g u v
phi c tin h n h t h n g xuyn, bo m cht lng.
c) Tng cng hn na s lnh o ca ng i vi
Nh
nc
C n g cuc. i m i , c h n h n n g t t y u g n l i n
v i t n g c n g s l n h o ca n g i v i N h n c .
y l t r c h n h i m cc k q u a n t r n g ca n g v i t c c h
l n g c m q u y n . T r o n g g i a i o n h i n nay, v n d n g t
t n g H C h M i n h v o v i c t n g c n g s l n h o ca
ng i v i N h nc th hin nhng n i dung nh:
227
L n h d o N h n c t h c h h a n g l i , c h t r n g ca
n g , b o m s l n h o ca n g v p h t h u y v a i t r
q u n l ca N h n c ; i m i p h n g thc l n h o ca
ng i vi N h nc; lnh o bng n g l i , bng t
chc, b m y ca n g t r o n g c c c q u a n n h n c , b n g
v a i t r t i n p h o n g , g n g m u ca i n g n g v i n hot
n g n g b m y n h n c , b n g c n g t c k i m tra, n g
k h n g l m thay c n g v i c q u n l ca N h n c . n g
thng n h t lnh o c n g tc c n b trong h thng chnh
tr t r n c s b o m chc n n g , n h i m v , q u y n h n ca
N h n c theo l u t n h . B n c h t , tnh c h t c a N h n c
ta g n l i n v i v a i t r , t r c h n h i m ca n g c m q u y n , do
, n l t n g , m t t i n t t y u c t ra l s
t r o n g sch, v t t g m n h ca n g C n g s n V i t N a m c h n h
l y u t q u y t n h cho t h n h c n g ca v i c x y d n g N h
n c p h p q u y n x h i c h ngha ca d n , d o d n , v d n
theo t t n g H C h M i n h .
228
CHNG
VII
T TNG H CH MINH V VN
HA,
O C V XY DNG CON NGI MI
- N H N G Q U A N I M c B N C A H C H M I N H
V V N HA
1. nh ngha v vn ha v quan im v xy dng nn
v n hoa m i
a) nh ngha v vn ha
K h i -nim " v n h a " c n i h m p h o n g p h v n g o i
din rt rng. C h n h v v y , c n- h n g t r m
nh
ngha v v n h a . T h n g 8-1943, k h i c n t r o n g n h t ca
T n g G i i T h c h , l n u t i n H C h M i n h a ra m t
nh ngha ca m n h v v n h a . i u t h v l n h ngha
ca H C h M i n h c r t n h i u i m g n v i q u a n n i m h i n
i v vn ha. N g i vit:
"V l sinh t n c n g n h m c c h ca cuc sng, loi
n g i m i s n g t o v p h t m i n h ra n g n n g , c h v i t , o
c, p h p l u t , k h o a hc, t n g i o , v n hc, n g h t h u t ,
n h n g c n g c cho s i n h h o t h n g n g y v m c , n , r v c c
229
p h n g t h c s d n g . T o n b n h n g s n g t o v p h t m i n h
tc l v n h a . V n h a l s t n g h p ca m i p h n g
thc s i n h h o t c n g v i b i u h i n ca n m l o i n g i
sn sinh ra n h m t h c h n g n h n g n h u c u i s n g v i
h i ca s s i n h t n " .
1
V i n h ngha n y , H C h M i n h k h c p h c c
q u a n n i m p h i n d i n v v n h a t r o n g lch s v h i n t i
hoc ch c p n l n h v c t i n h t h n , t r o n g v n h c n g h
thut, hoc ch cp n lnh vc g i o dc, p h n n h trnh
hc v n . . . T r n thc t , v n h a bao g m t o n b n h n g
g i tr v t c h t v n h n g gi tr tnh t h n m l o i n g i
s n g t o ra, n h m p n g s s i n h t n v c n g l m c c h
cuc s n g ca loi n g i .
b) Quan im v xy dng nn vn ha mi
C n g v i n h ngha v v n h a , H C h M i n h c n a
ra Nm
dim
ln n h h n g cho v i c x y d n g n n v n h a
d n tc:
" 1 . X y d n g t m l: t i n h t h n c l p t c n g .
2. X y d n g l u n l : b i t h y s i n h m n h , l m l i cho
qun chng.
3. X y d n g x h i : m i s n g h i p c l i n q u a n n p h c
l i ca n h n d n t r o n g x h i .
4. X y d n g c h n h tr: d n q u y n .
5. X y d n g k i n h t ' .
1
N h v y , ngay t r t sm, H C h M i n h q u a n t m n
v n h a , t h y r v a i tr, v tr ca v n h a t r o n g i sng
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.3, tr.431.

230
x h i . i u n y ct ngha v sao ngay sau k h i g i n h c c

l p , H C h M n h b t tay v o vic x y d n g , k i n to m t
n n v n h a m i V i t N a m t r n tt c m i l n h vc, t k i n h
t) c h n h b , x h i , o c n t m l con n g i , sm
a v n h a v o c h i n lc p h t t r i n t nc.
2. Quan im ca H Ch Minh v cc vn chung ca
vn ha
a) Quan im
sng x
v v t r v vai tr ca vn ha trong
hi
Mt l, vn ha l i sng
kin trc thng
tinh
thn ca x hi,
thuc
trg.
Ngay sau thng l i ca Cch m n g T h n g T m , H C h M i n h

a ra q u a n i m n y . y , H C h M i n h t v n
h a n g a n g h n g v i c h n h tr, k i n h t , x h i , t o t h n h
b n v n c h y u ca i s n g x h i v c c v n n y
c quan h v i nhau r t m t thit. Cho n n , trong c n g
cuc x y d n g t n c , c b n v n n y p h i c coi
trng n h nhau.
Trong quan
h vi chh
b, x hi
H C h M i n h cho
rng, c h n h tr, x h i c c g i i p h n g th v n h a m i
c g i i p h n g . C h n h tr g i i p h n g s m n g cho v n
h a p h t t r i n . N g i n i : "X h i t h n o , v n n g h t h y...
D i c h thc d n v p h o n g k i n , n h n d n ta b n l ,
th v n n g h c n g b n l , b t i t n , k h n g t h p h t t r i n
c" . v n h a p h t t r i n t do t h p h i l m c c h m n g
1

231
c h n h tr t r d c . V i t N a m , Hn h n h c c h m n g c h n h tr
thc c h t l t i n h n h cuc c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc
g i n h c h n h q u y n , g i i p h n g c h n h tr, g i i p h n g x h i ,
t g i i p h n g v n h a , m n g cho v n h a p h t t r i n .
Trong quan h vi kinh
t, H C h M i n h c h r k i n h t l
thuc v c s h t n g , l n n t n g ca v i c x y d n g v n
h a . T , N g i a ra l u n i m : P h i c h t r n g xy
d n g k i n h t , x y d n g c s h t n g c i u k i n xy
d n g v p h t t r i n v n h a . N g i v i t : Vn ha l mt
ki
n
t r c thng
kin
tng-, n h n g c s h t n g ca x h i c
thit ri, v n h a mi
kin
thit
v c iu kin
pht trin c.
N h v y , v n t ra y l k i n h t p h i i trc
m t bc. N g i v i t : " M u n t i n l n c h ngha x h i th
p h i p h t t r i n k i n h t v v n h a . V sao k h n g n i p h t
t r i n v n h a v k i n h t. T c n g ta c c u : c thc m i vc
c o, v t h k i n h t p h i i trc" .
1
Hai l, vn ha khng
k t v chn h
y s pht
th ng
tr, phi phc
trin ca lnh
ngoi
v nhim
m phi
v chnh
trong
tr v
thc
t.
n g trn l p trng ca u ngha M c - Lnin, H C h M i n h

k h n g n h n m n h m t c h i u v s p h t h u c " t h n g " ca
v n h a v o k i n h t , c h cho k i n h t p h t t r i n x o n g r i m i
p h t t r i n v n h a . N g i cho r n g , v n h a c tnh tch cc,
c h n g , n g v a i tr to l n n h m t n g lc t h c y s
p h t t r i n ca k i n h t v c h n h tr. N g i n i : " T r n h v n
h a ca n h n d n n n g cao s g i p cho c h n g ta y m a n h

232
c n g cuc k h i p h c k i n h t , p h t t r i n d n c h . N n g cao
trnh v n hoa ca n h n d n c n g l m t v i c c n t h i t
xy d n g n c ta t h n h m t n c h a b n h , t h n g n h t , c
lp, d n c h v g i u m n h " .
1
Vn ha phi
trong
kh
t'v
chnh
tr, c n g h a l
v n h a p h i t h a m gia t h c h i n n h n g n h i m v c h n h
tr, t h c y x y d n g v p h t t r i n k i n h t . Q u a n i m
n y k h n g c h n h h n g cho v i c x y d n g m t n n v n
h a m i V i t N a m m c n n h h n g cho m i h o t
ng v n ha. Trong k h n g c h i n chng thc d n P h p ,
quan i m "Vn ha cng
l mt
ha vn ha, vn ha ha khng
mt
trn",
chin"...
"Khng
chi
n
m N g i a ra
to n n m t p h o n g t r o v n h a v n n g h s i n g c h a
tng t h y . V n h a k h n g n g n g o i m t r o n g cuc
k h n g c h i n t h n t h n h ca d n tc. V c u c k h n g c h i n
tr t h n h cuc k h n g c h i n c t n h v n h a . C h n h i u n y
e m l i sc m n h v t t r i cho n h n d n V i t
Nam
n h thng cuc c h i n t r a n h x m lc ca thc d n P h p

v quc M .
V n h a p h i t r o n g k i n h t v c h n h tr, i u c n g c
ngha l tnh t v chn h
b cng phi c tnh vn ha, i u m
ch ngha x h i v t h i i a n g i h i . N g y nay, trong

cng cuc x y d n g c h ngha x h i d i n h s n g t t n g
H C h M i n h , n g ta c h t r n g g n v n h a v i p h t trin,
ch t r n g a cc g i tr v n h a t h m s u v o k i n h t v
chnh tr, l m cho v n h a thc s v a l m c tiu, v a l n g
lc ca c n g cuc x y d n g v p h t t r i n t n c .
233
b) Quan im
v tn h cht ca n n
vn
ha
N g a y sau k h i n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g h a ra i ,
H C h M i n h b t tay ngay v o v i c x y d n g m t n n
v n h a m i . N h i u v n v v n h a d c t ra v
g i i q u y t ngay t r o n g n h n g n g y u ca c h n h q u y n
cch mng, n h : gii quyt n n dt, gio dc n h n d n
tnh
thn cn, k i m , lim, chnh; c m h t thuc p h i n , l n g

g i o o n k t v t d o tn n g n g . . . N h v y , n n v n h a
m i ra i g n l i n v i n c V i t N a m m i . N n v n
h a V i t N a m trong t h i k k h n g chin chng thc d n
P h p l n n v n h a k h n g c h i n , k i n q u c , n n v n h a
d n c h m i . K h i m i n Bc b c v o t h i k q u l n c h
ngha x h i , n n v n h a c x y d n g l n n v n h a x
h i c h ngha.
Mc d c n h i u cch d i n t k h c nhau song n n v n
h a m i m c h n g ta x y d n g theo t t n g H C h M i n h
l u n bao h m ba tnh cht: tnh d n tc, tnh k h o a h c v
tnh i c h n g .
Tnh dn tc ca n n v n h a c H C h M i n h b i u
t b n g n h i u k h i n i m , n h c tnh dn tc, ct cch
dn
tc, n h m n h n m n h n c h i u s u b n c h t r t c t r n g
ca v n h a d n tc, g i p p h n b i t , k h n g n h m l n v i
v n h a ca c c d n tc k h c . N g i cho r n g , c n h
v y , p h i "trau d i cho v n h a , v n n g h c tnh t h n t h u n
t y V i t N a m " , p h i " l t t cho h t t i n h t h n d n tc", l
c h ngha y u n c , o n k t , k h t v n g c l p , t c h
lc, t c n g . . . ca d n tc. N g i cho r n g , " n u d n t c

234
h a m p h t t r i n n cc i m t h tc l n c h t h g i i
h a n , v l c by g i v n h a t h g i i s p h i c h n v n
h a ca m n h v v n h a ca m n h s c h i m c a v
n g a n g v i c c n n v n h a t h g i i " . T n h d n tc ca n n
1
v n h a k h n g ch t h h i n c h b i t g i g n , k tha, p h t
h u y n h n g t r u y n t h n g t t p ca d n tc, m c n p h i
p h t t r i n n h n g t r u y n t h n g t t p y cho p h h p v i
i u k i n lch s m i ca t n c .
Tnh khoa hc ca n n v n h a m i t h h i n tnh h i n
i , t i n t i n , t h u n v i t r o l u t i n h a ca t h i i . T n h
khoa hc ca v n h a i h i p h i u t r a n h c h n g l i
n h n g g t r i v i khoa hc, p h n t i n b , p h i t r u y n b t
t n g t r i t hc m c x t , u tranh c h n g l i c h ngha d u y
t m , t h n b , m tn d o a n , p h i b i t g n c , k h i trong,
k tha t r u y n t h n g t t p ca d n tc v t i p t h u tnh hoa
v n ha n h n loi.
Tnh i chng
ca n n v n h a c t h h i n c h n n
v n h a y p h i p h c v n h n d n v do n h n d n x y d n g
n n . H C h M i n h n i , " v n h a p h c v ai? C n h i n , c h n g
ta p h i n i l p h c v c n g n n g b i n h , tc l p h c v i a
s n h n d n " ; " Q u n c h n g l n h n g n g i s n g to, c n g
n n g l n h n g n g i s n g to. N h n g q u n c h n g k h n g
c h s n g to ra n h n g ca c i v t c h t cho x h i . Q u n
c h n g c n l n g i s n g t c na..." .
2
1. Bo Cu quc, s ra ngy 9-10-1945.

235
c) Quan im v chc nng ca vn
ha
Chc n n g ca v n h a rt phong p h , a dng. H Ch

M i n h cho r n g , v n h a c ba chc n n g c h y u sau y :
Mt l, bi dng
cao
t tng
ng
n v nhng
tnh
cm
p.
T t n g v t n h c m l hai v n c h y u n h t ca i
sng tnh t h n ca c o n n g i . T t n g c t h n g n
hoc sai l m , tnh c m c t h t h p h n hoc cao p . Chc
n n g cao q u n h t ca v n h a l p h i b i d n g , n u cao t
t n g n g n v tnh c m cao p cho n h n d n , l o i b
c n h n g sai l m v t h p h n c t h c t r o n g t t n g ,
tnh cm m i n g i . T tng v tnh cm rt phong ph,
v n h a p h i c b i t q u a n t m n n h n g t t n g v tnh
c m l n , c h i p h i i s n g tnh t h n ca m i c o n n g i v c
d n tc.
L tngk
i m h i t ca n h n g t t n g l n ca m t
n g , m t d n tc. i v i n h n d n V i t N a m , l l
t n g c l p d n tc g n l i n v i c h ngha x h i . M t k h i
l t n g n y p h a i n h t t h k h n g t h n i n t h n g l i ca
s n g h i p c c h m n g . C h n h v v y , H C h M i n h c h ra
chc n n g h n g u ca v n h a l p h i l m t h n o cho ai
c u n g c l t n g t c h , c l p , t do; p h i l m t h n o cho
ai c n g "c t i n h t h n v n c q u n m n h , v l i ch c h u n g v
q u n l i ch r i n g " .
Tnh
cm
l n , t h e o H C h M i n h l l n g y u n c ,
t h n g d n , t h n g y u c o n n g i ; y u tnh t r u n g t h c ,
chn thnh, thy chung, g h t n h n g thi h , tt x u , s
sa a...
236
Hai l, m lng hiu
bit, nng
cao dn
tr.
N i n v n h a l p h i n i n d n tr. l b n h
h i u b i t l v n k i n thc c a n g i d n . N n g cao d n tr
phi bt u t ch bit c, bit v i t c t h h i u bit cc
l h v c k h c ca i s n g x h i , n h : K i n h t', c h n h tr,
lch s, k h o a hc - k t h u t , t h c t i n V i t N a m v
th
gii... V n n n g cao d n t r t h c s c h c t h t h c h i n
sau k h i c h n h tr c g i i p h n g , t o n b c h n h q u y n
v tay n h n d n .
M c t i u n n g cao d n t r ca v n h a t r o n g t n g g i a i
o n cch m n g c t h c n h n g i m c h u n g v r i n g . Song,.
t t c u h n g v o m c t i u c h u n g l c l p d n tc v
c h ngha x h i . N n g cao d n tai l n h n d n c t h
tham gia s n g t o v h n g t h v n h a , g p p h n c n g
n g " b i n m t n c d t n t , cc k h t h n h m t n c v n
h a cao v i s n g t i v u i h n h p h c " . c n g l m c
1
tiu " d n g i u , n c m n h , d n c h , c n g b n g , v n m i n h "

m n g ta v c h ra t r o n g c n g cuc i m i .
Ba l, bi dng
sng
nhng
tt p, lnh mnh;
m hon
thin bn
phm
hng
cht, phong
con ngi
cch
chn,
li
thin,
thn.
Phm cht v phong cch c h n h t h n h t o c,

l i sng, t t h i q u e n ca c n h n v p h o n g tc t p q u n
ca c c n g n g . P h m c h t v p h o n g c c h t h n g c
m i quan h gn b v i nhau. M i n g i thng c n h i u

237
p h m cht, trong c p h m cht chung v p h m cht

r i n g , t y theo n g h n g h i p , v t r c n g t c . C c p h m c h t
t h n g c t h h i n qua p h o n g c c h , t c l l i s i n h h o t ,
l m vic, l i n g x trong i sng... C n c v o y u cu
c a n h i m v c c h m n g , H C h M i n h ra n h n g
p h m cht v phong cch cn thit m i n g i t tu
d n g . i v i cn b , n g v i n , H C h M i n h c bit
quan t m n p h m cht o c - c h n h tr. B i v, n u
k h n g c n h n g p h m cht n y th h k h n g t h h o n
t h n h c n h n g n h i m v c c h m n g , k h n g t h b i n l
t n g t h n h h i n thc.
N h n g p h m c h t v p h o n g c c h t t p l m n n g i tr
ca con n g i . V n h a g i p c o n n g i h n h t h n h n h n g
p h m cht, p h o n g c c h v l i s n g t t p , l n h m n h t h n g
qua p h n b i t ci p , l n h m n h v i c i x u xa, h h n g , ci
t i n b v i ci lc h u , b o t h . T g i p c o n n g i p h n
u l m cho ci t t p , l n h m a n h n g y c n g t n g , c n g
n h i u , c i lc h u , b o t h , n g y c n g g i m , v n t i ci
c h n , c i t h i n , ci m h o n t h i n b n t h n . V i ngha
, H C h M i n h ch r : P h i l m t h n o cho v n h a
thm su vo tm l quc dn, n g h a l v n h a p h i sa
c nhng
tham nhng,
p h i soi ng
li bing,
cho quc dn
ph
hoa xa x, v n h a
i.
3. Q u a n i m c a H C h M i n h v m t s lnh v c c h n h
ca vn h a
a) Vn ha gio
dc
Sau k h i t m t h y con n g c u n c , H C h M i n h
238
b n h i u c n g sc p h n tch s u sc n n g i o dc p h o n g k i n
v thc d n , c h u n b t t n g cho v i c x y n g m t n n
g i o dc ca n c V i t N a m c l p sau n y . H C h M i n h
p h p h n gay g t n n g i o dc p h o n g k i n ( t m c h n g ,
k i n h v i n , xa r i thc t, bt b n h n g , t r n g n a m
khinh
n...) v n n g i o dc thc d n ( n g u d n , i b i , x o t r ,
nguy h i m h n c s d t n t ) .
N n g i o d c m i ca n c V i t N a m c l p c H
Ch M i n h chun b t n h n g l p b i d n g c n b cch
m n g t r o n g n h n g n m ca t h k X X , thc s ra i sau
t h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g T m v p h t t r i n c n g v i
s n g h i p c c h m n g ca c d n tc. H C h M i n h cho
r n g , v i c x y d n g m t n n g i o d c ca n c V i t N a m
m i p h i c coi l m t m t t r n q u a n t r n g , n h i m v
cp b c h , c ngha c h i n lc, c b n v l u d i . N n g i o
dc s "... l m cho d n tc c h n g ta t r n n m t d n tc
d n g c m , y u n c , y u lao n g , m t d n tc x n g n g
v i nc V i t N a m c lp" .
1
Trong q u trnh xy dng n n v n h a gio dc

V i t N a m , H C h M i n h a ra m t h t h n g
i m r t p h o n g p h v t o n d i n , n h h n g cho
quan
nn
gio dc p h t trin n g n , g p p h n quan trng v o

s n g h i p x y d n g c h ngha x h i v u tranh t h n g
nht nc nh.

239
- Mc
tiu ca vn hoa gio
dc l d thc h i n c ba
chc n n g ca v n hoa t h n g qua v i c d y v hc.

D y v hc l n h m m m a n g d n t r , n n g cao k i n
thc; b i d n g n h n g t t n g n g n v tnh c m cao
p, nhng phm
cht trong s n g v p h o n g cch lnh
m n h cho c o n n g i , o t o con n g i c ch cho x h i .

V n hoa g i o d c p h i o t o c n h n g l p n g i c
c , c t i k tc s n g h i p c c h m n g , l m cho n c ta
"snh vai c n g cc c n g quc n m chu". H c k h n g p h i
l y b n g c p m p h i thc hc,
ngi,
lm cn
- Ni
dung
"hc lm
vic,
lm
b".
gio
dc p h i p h h p v i thc t i n V i t
N a m . G i o dc p h i t o n d i n , bao g m c v n hoa, c h n h
tr, khoa h c - k t h u t , c h u y n m n n g h n g h i p , lao n g .
Cc n i u n g n y c quan h rt cht ch v i nhau. N g i
c h r , n u k h n g c t r n h v n hoa t h k h n g t i p t h u
c khoa h c - k thut; k h n g hc khoa h c - k t h u t t h
k h n g theo k p c n h u c u l n h t n c n h ; song p h i
c h hc c h n h tr, v n u c h h c v n hoa m k h n g hc
c h n h tr t h n h n g i n h m m t m i .
H c c h n h tr l hc c h ngha M c - L n i n , n g l i ,
c h n h s c h ca n g v N h n c . H c n m v n g q u a n
i m , l p t r n g c tnh n g u y n tc ca n g , t h g i i q u a n ,
p h n g p h p l u n ca c h ngha M c - L n i n . P h n g p h p
hc p h i s n g to, k h n g g i o i u . X h i n g y c n g p h t
t r i n , n h n d n n g y c n g t i n b n n N g i cho r n g p h i
t i n h n h ci cch gio
dc, n h m x y d n g c h n g t r n h ,
n i d u n g , p h n g p h p d y v h c t h t khoa hc, h p l ,
p n g i h i ca c c h m n g .
240
- Phng
Phng
chm, phng
chm
php
gio
dc:
hc i i v i h n h , l l u n p h i lin h
v i thc t, hc t p p h i k t h p v i lao n g ; p h i k t h p
tht c h t c h ba k h u : gia n h , n h t r n g v x h i ; thc
h i n d n c h , b n h n g t r o n g g i o dc. H c m i n i , m i
lc; hc m i n g i , hc s u t i . C o i t r n g v i c t hc, t
o to v o to l i .
Phng
php
gio dc phi p h h p v i mc tiu gio
dc. C c h d y p h i p h h p v i t r n h n g i h c , p h
h p v i la t u i , d y t d n k h ; p h i k t h p h c t p v i
v u i chi, g i i tr l n h m n h p h i d n g b i n p h p n u g n g
gn l i n v i cc p h o n g t r o t h i u a . . .
- V i ng
gio
vin:
phi quan tm xy dng, bi
dng c i n g gio vin c o c cch m n g , y u

ngh, y n t m c n g t c , o n k t v h p
tc v i
ng
nghip, g i i v c h u y n m n , t h u n thc v p h n g p h p .
M i g i o v i n p h i l m t t m g n g s n g v o c , v
hc tp, "Hc k h n g b i t c h n , d y k h n g b i t m i " .
b Vn ha vn ngh
V n n g h (bao g m v n hc v n g h t h u t ) l b i u h i n
tp t r u n g n h t ca n n v n h a , l n h cao ca i s n g
tnh t h n , l h n h n h ca t m h n d n tc. H C h M i n h
k h n g ch l n g i k h a i sinh ra n n v n n g h c c h m n g
V i t N a m m c n l m t c h i n s. t i n p h o n g t r o n g s n g t o
v n n g h . T r o n g q u t r n h ch o x y n g n n v n n g h
cch m n g H C h M i n h a ra n h i u q u a n i m l n .
Sau y l ba q u a n i m c h y u :
241
Mt l, vn ha - vn ngh
chin
S tc phm
tranh cch
vn ngh
l mt mt
trn, ngh
l v kh sc bn
s l
trong
l mt
mt
mng.
H C h M i n h k h n g n h vn ha - vn ngh
trn, tc l k h n g n h vai tr, v tr ca vn ha - vn
ngh
t r o n g s n g h i p c c h m n g , coi m t t r n v n h a c n g c
t m q u a n t r n g n h m t t r n q u n s, c h n h tr, k i n h t.
m t t m n h n s u xa h n , H C h M i n h c n c o i m t
t r n v n h a n h m t "cuc chin
khng
l" g i a c h n h v
t , g i a c c h m n g v p h n c c h m n g . C u c c h i n s
r t q u y t l i t , r t l u d i , s o n g r t v v a n g . T r o n g cuc
c h i n , n g i "ngh
s l chin
S tc phm
vn ngh
v kh" u t r a n h . T r c k h i g i n h c c h n h q u y n , v n
n g h c n h i m v thc tnh q u n c h n g , t p h p lc lng,
c v cho t h n g l i t t y u ca c c h m n g . Sau k h i c c h n h
q u y n , v n n g h p h i t h a m gia v o c n g c u c b o v v x y
d n g c h m i , x y n g con n g i m i . M t t r n v n
n g h l c n y c n c a m go h n , q u y t l i t h n , b i t h n g
q u c t h c d n k h , t h n g n g h o n n , lc h u c n k h
hn nhiu. h o n thnh nhim v v vang , H Ch M i n h
y u c u " c h i n s n g h t h u t c n c l p t r n g v n g , t
t n g n g . . . t l i ch ca k h n g chin, ca T quc, ca
n h n d n ln trn ht, trc ht" .
1
Hai l, vn ngh
nhn
phi
gn
vi tt c tin i sng
ca
dn.

242
T h c t i n i s n g ca n h n d n r t p h o n g p h ,
bao
g m thc t i n lao n g sn x u t , c h i n u , s i n h h o t v
x y d n g i s n g m i . y l n g u n n h a s n g , l s i n h
k h v l c h t l i u v t n cho v n n g h s n g t c . T thc
t i n , b n g ti n n g s n g t o v t i n h t h n n h n v n ca
m n h , v n n g h s c t h n h o n n , t h n g hoa, h c u , t o
n n n h n g t c p h m n g h t h u t t r n g t n c n g d n tc
v n h n l o i . ' l m c n h v y , H C h M i n h y u c u
cc v n n g h s p h i "tht h a m n h v o q u n c h n g " , p h i
"t t r o n g q u n c h n g ra, t r v n i q u n c h n g " , p h i " . . .
lin h v i s u v o i s n g ca n h n d n " , h i u
1
t h u t m t , tnh c m , n g u y n v n g ca n h n d n , h c t p
n h n d n v " m i u t cho hay,
cho chn
tht v cho
hn" thc t i n i s n g ca n h n d n . B i v , n h n
hng
dn
k h n g c h l n g i s n g t o ra m i ca c i v t c h t v t i n h
t h n . H c n l n g i h n g t h v n h gi c c t c p h m
v n hc - n g h t h u t m t c c h t r u n g thc, k h c h q u a n v
chnh xc nht.
Ba l, phi
c nhng
tc phm
thi i mi ca t nc v dn
vn ngh
xng
ng
vi
tc.
M c t i u ca v n n g h l p h c v q u n c h n g . ' thc
h i n m c t i u n y , cc tc p h m v n n g h p h i t t i s
thng n h t h i h a gia n i d u n g v h n h thc. N g i n i :
"Qun c h n g m o n g m u n n h n g tc p h m c ni dung
tht v p h o n g p h , c hnh
chn
thc trong s n g v v u i t i . K h i
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t, tr.368.

243
c h a xem th m u n xem, x e m r i t h c b'ch* .

1
l mt
tc p h m hay.
M t t c p h m h a y l t c p h m din
i u n g n i , a i c c n g hiu
suy ngm.
t va n h n g
c v k h i c x o n g p h i
T c p h m p h i k tha c n h n g tnh hoa
v n h a d n tc, m a n g c h i t h ca t h i i , v a
p h n n h c h n t h t n h n g g c t r o n g i s n g , v a
p h p h n c i d , c i x u , c i sai, h n g n h n d n n c i
c h n , c i t h i n , c i m , v n t i c i l t n g - c h n h l
s p h n n h c tnh hng
ch
ca v n n g h . ' thc
h i n tnh h n g c h n y , c c t c p h m v n n g h
phi
c h n thc v n i d u n g , a d n g , p h o n g p h v h n h thc
v t h loi. C h n h s p h o n g p h , a d n g v h n h thc v
t h l o i m ra c o n n g s n g t o k h n g g i i h n cho
c c v n n g h s.
c) Vn ha i sng
V n h a l b m t tnh t h n ca x h i , n h n g b m t
tnh t h n y k h n g p h i l c i g cao s i u , t r u t n g , m l i
c t h h i n ra n g a y t o n g cuc s n g h n g n g y ca m i
n g i , r t d h i u , d t h y . c h n h l v n h a i sng.
G n v i c x y d n g n n v n h a m i v i x y n g i sng
m i thc s l m t c c h n h n , m t g i i p h p r t c o ca
H Ch Minh.
Vn ha
sng
t h c c h t l i
sng
mi,

244
H C h M i n h n u ra v i ba n i d u n g : o c mi, li
sng
mi v n p sng mi. Ba n i d u n g n y c quan h m t thit,

trong o c m i g i v a i t r c h y u . B i v , c h c t h
da t r n m t n n o c m i , t h m i x y d n g c l i
sng m i v n p s n g m i . n l t m n h , o c m i
c n g ch c t h t h h i n t r o n g l i s n g v n p sng.
o c mi
x y d n g i s n g m i t r c h t p h i
xy d n g o c m i . N g a y t r o n g p h i n h p u t i n ca
H i ng Chnh ph, H Ch M i n h ngh "m m t
chin dch g i o dc l i tnh t h n n h n d n b n g c c h thc
h i n : C N , K I M , L I M , C H N H " . Sau
1
ny, N g i
nhiu ln khng nh: " N u k h n g g i n g c n ,
Kim,
Lim, C h n h th d t r n n h b i , b i n t h n h s u m t ca
d n " , " N u cao v thc h n h c n , K i m , L i m , C h n h tc l
2
nhen la cho i s n g m i " .

3
Li sng
mi:
L i s n g m i l l i sng c l t n g , c
o c. c n l l i s n g v n m i n h , tin tin, k t h p h i
h a t r u y n t h n g t t p ca d n tc v i tnh hoa v n h a
n h n l o i . C o n n g i m u n t n t i p h i l m sao cho c n ,
mc, , i l i v l m v i c ; p h i l m sao cho m i m t h o t
n g u m a n g tnh v n h a . C h n h v v y , x y d n g
l i sng m i , H C h M i n h y u c u p h i sa i "cch
n,
cch mc, cch , cch i li" - theo n g n n g h i n nay t h
1. H Ch Minh - Bin nin tiu s, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia,

H N i , 2006, t.3, tr 3.
2,3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.5, tr. 104, n o .
245
y c h n h l phong
cch sng (sinh h o t n g x ) v
cch lm vic, g i c h u n g l li sng
phong
mi.
P h o n g c c h s n g , theo H C h M i n h , l p h i k h i m
t n , g i n d , c h n g mc, n g n n p , v sinh, y u lao n g ,
b i t q u t r n g t h i gian, t l n g h a m m u n v v t cht, v
chc - q u y n - d a n h - l i . T r o n g q u a n h v i n h n d n ,
b n b , n g c h , anh e m t h c i m , c h n t n h , n c n , t
nh; g i u tnh y u thng, q u m n , trn trng con n g i ;
v i m n h th cht ch, n g h i m khc, v i n g i th lng,
khoan dung.
P h o n g c c h l m v i c , theo H C h M i n h , l p h i sa i
sao cho c t c p h o n g q u n c h n g , t c p h o n g t p t h - d n
c h , t c p h o n g k h o a hc. Ba l o i t c p h o n g n y c q u a n h
m t t h i t v i n h a u . sa i p h o n g c c h l m v i c c ngha
c b i t quan trng i v i cn b l m c n g tc q u n l, lnh
o . i v , theo H C h M i n h , l c n b c c h m n g p h i
c p h o n g cch sng v phong cch l m vic tt, l m
g n g m u cho d n .
Np
sng mi
Xy d n g n p sng m i - n p sng v n
m i n h , l q u t r n h l m cho l i s n g m i d n d n t h n h
thi
quen, t h n h phong
tc tp qun t t p , k t h a v p h t t r i n
n h n g thun phong
m tc l u i ca d n tc. H C h M i n h
c h ra r n g , i s n g m i k h n g p h i c i g c c n g b h t ,
k h n g p h i ci g c n g l m m i . C i g c m xu t h p h i
b . C i g c m k h n g x u , n h n g phin
phc
sa i .
C i g c m tt t h p h t t r i n t h m . C i g mi m hay
th
p h i l m , p h i b sung.
246
Xy d n g v n ha i sng m i n h m b i n V i t N a m
t m t q u c gia n g h o n n , lc h u t r t h n h m t q u c gia
v n m i n h v p h c n g l m t c n g v i c l u d i v p h i
c p h n g p h p tt. C n g vic i h i s q u y t t m
ca c c n g n g d n t c , song t r c h t , p h i c b t
u t m i con n g i , m i gia n h , v i t c c h l m t t
b o ca x h i .
li- T TNG H CH MINH V O C

1. Ni dung c bn ca t tung H Ch Mnh v
o c
a) Quan im v vai (r v sc mnh ca o c
- o c l ci gc ca ngi
cch
mng
H C h M i n h l m t o n g n h n g n h t t n g , m t
lnh t cch m n g t h gii b n nhiu v v n o
c v g i o dc o c. T t n g o c H C h M i n h
r t s u sc, p h o n g p h , c v l l u n v t h c t i n , t r
t h n h m t b p h n v g i ca v n h a d n tc v n h n
l o i , m t sc m n h to l n l m n n m i t h n g l i c a c c h
mng Vit Nam.
K h i n h gi v a i t r ca o c t r n g i sng, t r t
sm, H C h M i n h k h n g n h o c l ngun
dng
v pht
trin con ngi,
n h gc ca cy, ngn
nui
ngun
ca s n g s u i . N g i n i : " C n g n h s n g t h c n g u n m i
c n c , k h n g c n g u n t h s n g cn. C y p h i c gc,
247
k h n g c gc t h c y h o . N g i c c h m n g p h i c o c ,
k h n g c o c t h d ti g i i m y c n g k h n g l n h o
c n h n d n " . N g i cho r n g , l m c c h m n g c i t o
1
x h i c t h n h x h i m i l m t s n g h i p r t v v a n g ,
j i n g n c n g l m t n h i m v r t n n g n , "Sc c m n h
m i g n h c n n g v i c xa. N g i c c h m n g p h i
c o c cch mng
lm n n tng, m i h o n thnh c
n h i m v c c h m n g v vang" .
2
N g i n i , c n b , n g v i n m u n cho d n t i n , d n
p h c th k h n g p h i c " v i t l n t r n c h "cng sn" m ta
c h y u m n . Q u n c h n g ch q u m n n h n g n g i c
t c c h , o c" . "V m u n g i i p h n g cho d n tc, g i i
3
p h n g cho l o i n g i l m t c n g v i c to tt, m t m n h
k h n g c o c, k h n g c c n bn, t m n h h h a , x u
xa th c n l m n i v i c g?" .
4
Trong iu k i n ng cm quyn, N g i trn tr v i

n g u y c n g xa r i c u c s n g , xa r i q u n c h n g , r i v o
t h o i h a , b i n c h t . V v y , H C h M i n h y u c u
p h i "l o c, l vn m".
ng
N g i t h n g nhc l i
ca V . I . L n i n : n g c n g s n p h i t i u b i u cho t r t u ,
d a n h d , l n g t m ca d n t c v t h i i . T r o n g
chc,
Di
N g i cn dn: " M i ng vin v cn b p h i tht
s t h m n h u n o c cch mng,
tht s cn k i m lim
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.5, tr. 252-253.

2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.9, tr. 283.
3,4. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.5, tr. 552,253.
248
c h n h , c h c n g v t . P h i g i g n n g ta t h t t r o n g sch,
p h i x n g n g l n g i l n h o , l n g i y t t h t
t r u n g t h n h ca n h n d n " .
1
T M n g o c H C h M i n h l o c t r o n g h n h
ng, ly h i u q u thc t l m thc o . C h n h v v y ,
H Ch M i n h lun t o c b n cnh ti n n g , gn c
v i ti, l i n i i i v i h n h n g v h i u q u t r n thc t .
N g i n i : "Phi l y k t q u t h i t thc g p sc bao n h i u
cho sn x u t v l n h o sn x u t m o c h c c h m n g
ca m n h . H y k i n q u y t c h n g b n h n i s u n g , t h i p h
t r n g h n h thc, l i l m v i c k h n g n h m m c c h n n g
cao sn xut" .
2
N h vy, trong t tng o c H C h M i n h , c v

ti, h n g v c h u y n , p h m cht v n n g lc t h n g n h t l m
m t . T r o n g : c l gc ca ti; hng
phm
cht l gc ca nng
l gc ca
chuyn;
lc. T i l t h h i n c t h ca c
ong hiu qu h n h ng.

- o c l nhn
t to nn sc hp dn ca ch
ngha
x hi
Theo H C h M i n h , sc h p d n ca c h n g h a x h i
c h a p h i l l t n g cao xa, m c s n g v t c h t i d o ,
t t n g c t d o g i i p h n g , m t r c h t l n h n g
gi tr o c cao p , p h m c h t ca n h n g n g i c n g
sn u t , b n g t m g n g s n g v h n h n g ca m n h ,
c h i n u cho l t n g tr t h n h h i n thc.
H C h M i n h cho r n g , p h o n g t r o c n g s n c n g n h n

249
q u c t t r t h n h lc l n g q u y t n h v n m n h c a l o i
n g i k h n g c h d o c h i n l c v s c h l c t h i n t i ca
cch m n g v sn, m c n do n h n g p h m c h t o
cao q u l m cho c h ngha c n g s n t r t h n h m t
sc
m n h v ch.
T m g n g o c t r o n g s n g ca m t n h n c c h v
i , s o n g c n g r t i t h n g ca H C h M i n h
chng
n h n g c sc h p d n l n lao, m n h m v i n h n d n V i t
N a m , m c n c v i n h n d n t h g i i . T m g n g t l u
l n g u n c v n g v i n tnh t h n q u a n t r n g i v i n h n
d n ta v n h n l o i t i n b o n k t u t r a n h v h a b n h ,
c l p d n tc, d n c h v c h ngha x h i .
b) Quan im v nhng chun mc o c cch mng
- Trung
vi nc, hiu
vi
dn
" T r u n g " v " h i u " l n h n g k h i n i m c t r o n g t t n g

o c truyn thng Vit Nam v p h n g ng, p h n nh
m i q u a n h l n n h t v c n g l p h m c h t o c
bao
t r m n h t : " T r u n g v i v u a , h i u v i cha m " .

H C h M i n h m n k h i n i m "trung, h i u " trong t
t n g o c t r u y n t h n g d n tc v a v o m t n i
d u n g m i : " T r u n g v i n c , h i u v i d n " , t o n n m t cuc
c c h m n g t r o n g q u a n n i m v o c . N g i n i : "o
c c n h n g i u n g c x u n g t c h n c h n g l n t r i .
o c m i n h n g i hai c h n n g v n g c d i t ,
u n g n g ln tri" .
1
H C h M i n h cho r n g , trung
vi nc
phi
gn
li
n

250
hiu
vi dn. V n c l n c ca d n , c n d n l i l c h
n h n ca n c ; bao n h i u q u y n h n h v lc l n g u
n i d n , bao n h i u l i ch u v d n , c n b l y t ca
d n c h k h n g p h i l "quan c c h mng".
T r u n g v i n c l t u y t i t r u n g t h n h v i s n g h i p
d n g n c v g i n c , t r u n g t h n h v i con n g i l n
ca t n c ; l s u t i p h h u cho n g , cho
cch
mng. H i u v i d n t h h i n c h t h n g d n , tn d n ,
phc v n h n d n h t J n g . ' l m c n h v y , p h i g n
d n , l n h t r n g v hc t p n h n d n , p h i da v o d n v
ly d n l m gc. i v i c n b l n h o , H C h M i n h y u
cu p h i n m v n g dn tnh, h i u r dn tm, t h n g x u y n
quan t m c i t h i n dn si, n n g cao dn
b.
- Cn, kim, lim, ch, ch cng v t

y l p h m cht o c g n l i n v i h o t n g h n g
n g y ca m i n g i , l i cng
o c H Ch
Minh.
H C h M i n h ch ra r n g , b n p h o n g k i n n g y x a n u ra
cn, k i m , l i m , c h n h , n h n g k h n g bao g i thc h i n m l i
bt n h n d n t u n theo p h n g s q u y n l i cho c h n g .
N g y nay, ta ra cn, k i m , l i m , c h n h cho c n b thc
h i n l m g n g cho n h n d n theo l e m l i h n h p h c
cho d n . V i ngha n h v y , cn, k i m , l i m , c h n h , c h
c n g v t c n g l m t b i u h i n c t h , m t n i d u n g ca
p h m cht "trung v i n c , h i u v i d n " .
C n g n h k h i n i m "trung, h i u " , "cn, k i m , l i m ,
c h n h , c h c n g v t" c n g l n h n g k h i n i m c t r o n g o
c t r u y n t h n g d n tc, c H C h M i n h lc b n h n g
ni dung khng p h hp v a vo nhng n i dung m i
p n g y u c u ca c c h m n g .
251
cn
l s i n g n n g , c h m ch; lao n g c k h o c h , c
h i u q u , c n n g s u t cao v i tnh t h n t lc c n h sinh.

Kim
l t i t k i m ( t i t k i m t h i gian, t i t k i m c n g sc,
t i t k i m ca ci...) ca n c , ca d n ; " k h n g xa x, k h n g
h o a n g p h , k h n g ba b i " , k h n g p h t r n g h n h thc,
1
k h n g lin hoan, c h c h n l u b .
Lim l l u n t n t r n g ca c n g v ca d n . P h i "trong
sch, k h n g t h a m l a m " t i n ca, a v , a n h ting.
2
Chnh l t h n g t h n , n g n . N g i a ra m t s y u
cu: i v i m n h - k h n g c t cao, t i , t p h , p h i
k h i m t n hc h i , p h t t r i n ci hay, sa cha ci d ca
mnh. i v i n g i - k h n g nnh n g i trn, k h n g khinh
n g i d i , tht th, k h n g d i tr. i v i vic - p h i
v i c c n g l n t r n , l n trc, v i c thin n h m y c n g l m ,
vic c n h my cng trnh.
H C h M i n h ch ra r n g , cc c t n h cn, k i m , l i m ,
c h n h , c q u a n h c h t c h v i n h a u , ai c n g p h i thc h i n ,
song c n b , n g v i n p h i l n g i thc h n h trc l m
k i u m u cho d n . N g i cho r n g , n h n g n g i toong cc
c n g s u c n h i u hoc t q u y n h n . N u k h n g g i
n g cn, k i m , l i m , c h n h t h t r n n h b i , b i n t h n h
s u m t ca d n .
i v i m t q u c gia, c n , k i m , l i m , c h n h l t h c o
s g i u c v v t cht, v n g m n h v t i n h t h n , t h h i n s
v n m i n h , t i n b . c n , k i m , l i m , c h n h c n l n n t n g ca
i sng m i , ca c c p h o n g t r o t h i u a y u n c .
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.5, tr. 636,640.

252
Ch cng
v t l c n g b n g , c n g t m , k h n g t h i n t ,
thin v; l m vic g c n g k h n g n g h n m n h trc, ch

b i t v n g , v d n t c , " l o t r c t h i n h , v u i sau t h i n h "
(tin t h i n h chi i m n h i u , h u t h i n h chi lc n h i l c ) .
C h c n g v t l n u cao c h n g h a t p t h , t r b c h
ngha c n h n .
Theo H C h M i n h , c h n g h a c n h n l v t tch ca x
h i c, l l i s n g c h k , c h b i t c r i n g m n h , t h u v n
cho ring m n h , c h t h y c n g lao ca m n h m q u n m t
c n g lao ca n g i k h c . C h n g h a c n h n l n g m i n h
ca quc; l m t t h v i t r n g r t c . C h n g h a c n h n
ra h n g t r m t h b n h n g u y h i m , n h : q u a n l i u , m n h
lnh, b phi, ch quan, t h a m , l n g ph, tham danh, trc
l i , thch a v , q u y n h n h , coi t h n g t p t h , t cao t i ,
c o n c h u y n q u y n . . . "l m t t h r t g i a n gio, x o
quyt; n k h o d d n h n g i ta i x u n g dc" . H C h M i n h
1
cho r n g , c h ngha x h i k h n g t h t h n g l i n u k h n g
l o i t r c h ngha c n h n .
- Thng
yu
cn ngi,
sng c
tnh
ngha
Y u t h n g c o n n g i c H C h M i n h x c n h l
m t t r o n g n h n g p h m c h t o c cao p n h t . N g i
n i , n g i c c h m n g l n g i g i u tnh c m , c tnh c m
cch m n g m i i l m cch m n g . V y u t h n g n h n d n ,
y u t h n g con n g i m c h p n h n m i gian k h , hy sinh
e m l i c l p , t d o , c m n o o m v h n h p h c cho
con n g i .
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.9, tr. 284.

253
T n h y u t h n g l m t tnh c m r n g l n , t r c h t
d n h cho n h n g n g i n g h o k h , n h n g n g i b
mt
q u y n , n h n g n g i b p bc, b b c l t k h n g p h n b i t
m u da, d n tc. N g i cho r n g , n u k h n g c tnh y u
t h n g n h vy th k h n g t h ni n cch mng, cng
k h n g t h n i n c h ngha x h i v c h ngha c n g sn.
T n h y u t h n g con n g i p h i c x y d n g t r n l p
t r n g giai c p c n g n h n , t h h i n t r o n g m i q u a n h h n g
n g y v i b n b , n g c h , a n h em... N i h i m i n g i
p h i cht ch v n g h i m khc v i m n h ; rng ri, lng
v g i u l n g v tha v i n g i k h c . N i h i t h i t n
t r n g n h n g q u y n ca con n g i , n n g c o n n g i l n , k c
n h n g n g i n h t t h i l m lc, c h k h n g p h i l t h i d
ha v i qu, khng phi h thp, cng k h n g phi vi dp
c o n n g i . N g i d y : " H i u c h ngha M c - L n i n l p h i
s n g v i n h a u c t n h , c ngha. N u t h u c bao n h i u s c h
m s n g k h n g c tnh c n g h a t h sao g i l h i u c h ngha
M c - L n i n c " . T r o n g Di chc,
N g i c n d n : "Phi c
tnh n g ch t h n g y u l n nhau" .
2
- C tinh thn quc t ng
sng
C h ngha q u c t l m t t r o n g n h n g p h m c h t q u a n
t r n g n h t ca o c c n g sn c h ngha. N b t n g u n t
b n c h t giai c p c n g n h n , n h m v o m i q u a n h r n g
l n , v t ra k h i q u c gia d n tc.
N i d u n g c h ngha q u c t t r o n g t t n g H C h M i n h
r t r n g l n v s u sc. l s t n t r n g , h i u b i t ,
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.12, tr. 554, 510.

254
t h n g y u v o n k t v i g i a i c p v sn t o n t h g i i ,
v i t t c c c d n tc v n h n d n c c n c , v i n h n g
n g i t i n b t r n t o n c u , c h n g l i m i s chia r , h n
t h , b t b n h n g v p h n b i t c h n g tc; c h n g l i c h
n g h a . d n tc h p h i , s v a n h , b i t l p v c h n g h a b n h
t r n g b q u y n . . . H C h M i n h c h t r n g g i p b n l t
gip mnh.
o n k t q u c t l n h m thc h i n n h n g m c
tiu
l n ca t h i i l h a b n h , c l p d n tc, d n c h v
t i n b x h i , l h p t c v h u n g h theo t i n h t h n : b n
p h n g v sn, b n b u l anh e m . T r o n g s u t c u c i
hot ng cch mng, H Ch M i n h d y c n g xy p
t n h o n k t h u n g h gia n h n d n V i t N a m v n h n
d n t h g i i , to ra m t k i u q u a n h q u c t m i : i
t h o i t h a y cho i u , n h m k i n t o m t n n vn
ha
ha bnh cho n h n l o i .
c) Quan im v nhng nguyn tc xy dng o
c
mi
- Ni i i vi lm, phi nu gng
v o
Ni i i vi lm, H C h M i n h c o i y l n g u y n tc
q u a n t r n g bc n h t t r o n g x y d n g m t n n o c m i .
iu n y c H Ch M i n h k h n g nh t gia
n m 20 ca t h k XX t r o n g tc p h m ng
cch
nhng
mnh.
B n t h n H C h M i n h l t m g n g t r o n g s n g t u y t v i v
l i n i i i v i v i c l m . N i i i v i l m l c t r n g
b n cht ca t t n g o c H C h M i n h - o c c c h
m n g Ni i i v i lm i lp h o n ton v i thi o c
255
g i ca giai cp bc l t , n i m t n g l m m t n o , t h m c h
n i m k h n g l m . N g a y sau
t h n g l i ca C c h
mng
T h n g T m , H C h M i n h d ch ra n h n g b i u h i n ca t h i
o c g i m t s c n b , "vc m t l m q u a n c c h m n g " ,
n i m k h n g l m . Sau n y , N g i n h i u l n b n n v i c
t y sch c n b n h q u a n liu, coi t h n g q u n c h n g ca m t
s cn b, n g vin "ming th n i d n ch, n h n g lm vic
th h theo l i "quan" c h . M i n g t h n i " p h n g s q u n
c h n g " , n h n g h l m tri n g c v i l i ch ca q u n c h n g ,
tri n g c v i p h n g c h m v c h n h s c h ca n g v
C h n h p h " , l m t n h i u y tn ca n g v C h n h
1
ph
trc n h n dn.
Nu gng
v o c l m t n t p ca t r u y n t h n g
vn ha phng ng. Ni i i v i lm phi gn lin v i

n u g n g v o c. H C h M i n h c l n c h r : " N i
c h u n g th c c d n tc p h n g n g u g i u t n h c m , v
i v i h m t t m g n g s n g c n c g i tr h n m t t r m
b i d i n v n t u y n t r u y n " . V i ngha , H C h M i n h
2
o to cc t h h c n b c c h m n g V i t N a m k h n g c h
b n g l l u n c c h m n g t i n p h o n g , m c n b n g c h n h t m
g n g o c cao c ca m n h .
H C h M i n h cho r n g , h n b t c m t l n h vc n o
k h c , t r o n g .vic x y n g m t n n o c m i , o c
cch m n g phi c bit ch trng "o l m gng". N g i
ni: "Ly g n g n g i tt, vic tt h n g n g y gio dc l n

2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i , tr.263.
256
n h a u l m t trong n h n g c c h t t n h t x y d n g n g ,
xy d n g cc t' chc c c h m n g , x y d n g con n g i m i ,
cuc s n g m i " . ' l m c n h t h , p h i c h p h t h i n ,
1
xy d n g n h n g i n h n h n g i t t , v i c t t r t g n g i
trong i t h n g , t r o n g c c l n h v c lao n g sn x u t , t r o n g
chin u , trong hc tp... b i theo N g i , t n g g i t n c
chy v m t h n g m i t h n h s u i , t h n h s n g , t h n h b i n
c. K h n g n h n thc c i u n y l "ch t h y n g n m
q u n m t gc". N g i n i : " N g i t t , v i c t t n h i u l m .
u c n g c. N g n h , g i i n o , a p h n g n o , la t u i n o
2
cng c" .
N h v y , m t n n o c m i ch c t h c x y
d n g t r n m t c i n n r n g l n , v n g chc, k h i n h n g
chun mc o c tr t h n h h n h v i o c h n g n g y
ca t o n x h i .
- Xy i i vi
chng
x y d n g m t n n o c m i , c n p h i k t h p
cht c h gia x y v c h n g . T r o n g i s n g h n g n g y ,
n h n g h i n t n g t t - x u , n g - sai, ci o c v ci v
o t h n g a n xen n h a u , i c h i n h a u t h n g qua h n h v i
ca n h n g con n g i k h c n h a u , t h m c h t r o n g m i c o n
n g i . C h n h v v y , v i c x y v c h n g t r o n g l n h vc o
c r r n g k h n g n g i n . X y p h i i i v i c h n g ,
m u n xy phi chng, chng n h m mc ch xy.
Xy d n g o c m i , o c cch m n g trc h t
p h i c t i n h n h b n g vic g i o dc n h n g p h m cht,
, 2. H Ch Minh. Ton tp, t.12, tr. 558,549.

I7-0TTTIICM
257
n h n g chun mc o c m i . Vic gio c d o c p h i

c t i n h n h p h h p v i tng giai o n cch mng; p h
h p v i t n g la t u i , n g n h n g h , g i a i c p , t n g l p v
trong tng mi trng khc nhau; phi khi dy c
thc o c l n h m n h m i n g i . H C h M i n h ch
ra r n g , " M i c o n n g i u c t h i n v c t r o n g l n g . Ta
p h i b i t l m cho p h n t t t r o n g m i c o n n g i n y n
n h h o a m a x u n v p h n x u b m t d n i , l t h i
c a n g i c c h m n g " . B n t h n s t g i c c n g l m t
1
p h m c h t o c cao q u i v i m i n g i v m i t
chc, t r c h t l n g .
X y p h i i i v i c h n g , v i v i c l o i b c i sai, ci
xu, ci v o c trong i sng h n g n g y . H C h M i n h
cho r n g , t r n con n g i t i t i n b v c c h m n g , o
c m i c h c t h c x y d n g t h n h c n g t r n c s k i n
tr m c t i u c h n g c h ngha q u c , c h n g n h n g t h i
q u e n , t p q u n lc h u v l o i t r c h ngha c n h n . y
thc s l " m t cuc c h i n u k h n g l " g i a t i n b v lc
h u , g i a c c h m n g v p h n c c h m n g . ' g i n h c
t h n g l i t r o n g c u c c h i n u n y , i u q u a n t r n g l p h i
pht hin s m , phi tuyn truyn, vn ng hnh
thnh
p h o n g t r o q u n c h n g r n g r i u t r a n h cho s l n h
m n h , t r o n g sch v o c .
- Phi tu dng
o c sut
M t n n o c m i ch c t h c xy d n g trn c
s s t g i c t u d n g o c ca m i n g i . H C h M i n h

258
c h ra r n g , p h i l m t h n o m i n g i t n h n
thy vic trau d i o c cch m n g l m t vic
sng
v vang
nht
"sung
trn i". N g i n h c l i l u n i m
ca K h n g T "chnh t m , t u thn..." v c h r : " C h n h t m t u

t h n tc l c i to. c i to c n g p h i t r n g k g i a n k h , v
l m t cuc c c h m n g t r o n g b n t h n ca m i n g i . B i
d n g t t n g m i n h t h n g t t n g c, o n t u y t
v i con n g i c t r t h n h con n g i m i k h n g p h i l
m t c n g vic d n g . . . D k h k h n g i a n k h n h n g m u n
c i to th n h t n h t h n h c n g " .
1
o c c c h m n g l o c d n t h n , o c t r o n g
h n h n g v c l p , t d o ca d n tc, h n h p h c ca n h n
d n . C h c trong h n h n g , o c c c h m n g m i bc l
r n h n g gi tr ca m n h . D o v y , o c c c h m n g i
h i m i n g i p h i t gic r n l u y n t h n g qua h o t n g
thc t i n , t r o n g c n g v i c , t r o n g cc m i q u a n h ca m n h ,
p h i n h n t h n g v o m n h , k h n g t la d i , h u y n hoc;
p h i t h y r ci hay, c i t t , ci t h i n ca m n h e p h t h u y
v t h y r ci d , ci x u , ci c ca m n h k h c p h c ; p h i
kin tr r n l u y n , t u d n g sut i n h c n g v i c r a m t
h n g n g y . H C h M i n h a ra m t l i k h u y n r t d h i u :
"o c c c h m n g k h n g p h i t r n i sa x u n g . N d o
u tranh, r n l u y n b n b h n g n g y m p h t b i n v c n g
c. C n g n h n g c c n g m i c n g s n g , v n g c n g l u y n
c n g trong" .
2

2 H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.9, tr.293.
259
2. S i n h v i n h c t p v l m t h e o t t n g , t m g n g
o c H Ch M i n h
a) Hc tp v lm theo t tng
o c H Ch
Minh
H C h M i n h cho r n g , i v i c c d n tc p h n g
n g g i u tnh cm, trng o l, vic t u d n g o c
ca m i c n h n , m i con n g i c v a i t r v c n g q u a n
trng. Ring v i t h h tr, vic t u d n g n y c n quan
t r n g h n , v h l " n g i c h t n g l a i c a n c n h " ; l
1
ci c u n i g i a c c t h h - " n g i tip sc c c h m n g cho

t h h t h a n h n i n g i , n g t h i l n g i p h t r c h d u
dt t h h thanh n i n t n g lai" . C h n h v v y , vic gio
2
dc o c v c h m l o cho v i c r n l u y n o c ca
sinh v i n c C h tch H C h M i n h q u a n t m t r t
s m . N i c h u y n v i sinh v i n , N g i k h n g n h : "Thanh
n i n p h i c c , c ti. C t i m k h n g c c v n h
m t anh l m k i n h t t i c h n h r t g i i n h n g l i i n
t h t k t t h c h n g n h n g k h n g l m c g c h l i cho x
h i , m c n c h i cho x h i n a . N u c c m k h n g
c ti v n h n g Bt k h n g l m h i g, n h n g c n g k h n g
l i g cho l o i n g i " .
3
N g i c n c h r , v i c thc h n h t t o c c c h m n g
t r o n g i s n g h n g n g y ca m i c n h n k h n g c h c t c
d n g t n v i n h , n n g cao g i tr c h n h h m c n t o
mnh
ni
sinh,
g i p h v t qua
sc
k h khn, th thch.

260
N g i v i t : " C o c c c h m n g th k h i g p k h k h n ,
g i a n k h , t h t b i c n g k h n g s st, r t r , l i bc... k h i
gp thun l i v t h n h cng cng v n g i v n g
tnh
thn
gian k h , c h t p h c , k h i m t n , "lo trc t h i n h , v u i sau

t h i n h " ; lo h o n t h n h n h i m v cho t t c h k h n g k n ca
v mt h n g th; k h n g c n g thn, k h n g quan liu, k h n g
k i u ngo, k h n g h h a " .
1
N h n m n h v a i t r ca o c n g i s n g ca m i
c n h n t r o n g x h i , H C h M i n h k h n g p h n b i t o c
cch m n g v o c i t h n g , o c c n b v o
c c n g d n . N g i ch r , t r o n g x h i m i n g i c c n g
vic, ti n n g v v tr k h c n h a u , n g i l m v i c to, n g i
l m v i c n h , n h n g ai gi c
ngi cao
o c cch mng
thng.
- Kn t tu dng theo ccphn
chi o t H Ch
Minh
Cng n h v i cn b, n g v i n v cc tng l p n h n
d n khc, i v i tng l p sinh v i n , thanh n i n tr thc,
H Ch M i n h sm xc nh n h n g p h m cht o c
t i cn t h i t h c p h n g h n g p h n u r n l u y n .
T r o n g Bi ni
ti i hi snh
vin
Vit Nam
ln th
hai
(7-5-1958), n h n g p h m c h t c N g i t m t t t r o n g
"su ci y u :
Yu
T quc:
Y u n h t h n o ? Y u l p h i l m
sao
cho T q u c ta g i u m n h . M u n cho T q u c g i u m n h
t h p h i ra sc lao n g , ra sc t n g gia s n x u t , t h c
hnh tit kim.

261
Yu nhn
dn: M n h p h i h i u r sinh h o t ca
nhn
d n , b i t n h n d n c n cc k h n h t h n o , b i t chia s
nhng lo lng, nhng v u i bun, nhng c n g tc n n g nhc
vi nhn dn.
Yu ch ngha
x hi
Yu T quc, y u n h n d n p h i
g n l i n v i y u c h ngha x h i , v c t i n l n c h n g h a x
h i th n h n d n m n h m i n g y m t no m t h m , T quc
m i n g y mt giu mnh thm.
Yu lao ng. M u n t h t t h y u T q u c , y u n h n d n ,
y u c h ngha x h i t h p h i y u lao n g , v k h n g c lao
n g t h c h l n i s u n g .
Yu khoa hc v k lut. B i v t i n l n c h ngha x h i
th p h i c khoa hc v k lut" .
1
Theo N g i , c c n h n g p h m cht n h vy,

sinh v i n p h i r n l u y n cho m n h n h n g c t n h n h :
t r u n g t h n h , t n t y , tht th v c h n h trc. Phi xc
n h r n h i m v ca m n h , " k h n g p h i l h i n c
n h cho m n h n h n g g. M p h i t h i m n h l m
g cho n c n h ? M n h p h i l m t h n o cho ch l i
nc n h n h i u h n ? M n h v l i ch n c n h m hy
sinh p h n u chng n o " . Trong hc t p , r n l u y n ,
2
phi kt hp
l l u n v i thc h n h , hc
tp v i
lao
n g ; p h i c h n g m i b i u h i n ca c h ngha c n h n ,
c h n g t t n g h o danh, h m l i . " C h n g t m l
sung sng v trnh k h nhc. Chng thi xem
ham
khinh

2. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.7 tr. 455.
262
lao n g , n h t l lao n g c h n tay. C h n g l i b i n g ,

xa x . C h n g c c h s i n h h o t y m . C h n g k i u n g o , g i
d i , khoe khoang" . Phi tr l i c c u h i : H c
l m g ? H c p h c v ai? P h i x c n h r t h n o l
t t , t h n o l x u ? A i l b n , ai l t h ? . . . N g i c h r :
"i
vi ngi,
a i l m g l i c h cho n h n d n , c h o T
q u c ta u l b n . B t k a i l m i u g c h i c h o n h n
d n v T q u c ta t c l k t h . i vi mnh,
nhng t
tng v h n h n g c l i ch cho T q u c , cho
ng
bo l b n . N h n g t t n g v h n h n g c h i c h o T
quc v d n g b o l k t h . . . i u g p h i , t h p h i c
l m cho k c , d l v i c n h . i u g t r i , t h h t sc
t r n h , d l m t i u t r i n h " .
2
b) Ni dung hc tp theo tm gng o c H Chi Minh

-Thc
trng o c li sng trong sinh vin hin
nay
o c H C h M i n h l o c c c h m n g n u
cao
ch ngha t p t h , t i u d i t c h n g h a c n h n , l o t r c
t h i n h , v u i sau t h i n h , v n g v tha, c h i c n g v t .
D i n g n c ca t t n g , t r o n g t n g g i a i o n c c h
m n g , t h h t r V i t N a m l p c n h i u k tch to l n ,
n g g p v o t i n t r n h c h u n g ca lch s d n tc.
i v o n n k i n h t t h n g n h h n g x h i c h
ngha v h i n h p q u c t , m t n n o c m i v a n g
h n h t h n h c n g v i c n g cuc i m i c a n g , l n g u n
n g lc q u a n t r n g c a c n g cuc p h t t r i n t n c .
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.7, . 455,454-455.

263
l n n o c v a p h t h u y n h n g gi tr t r u y n t h n g ca
d n tc, n h : y u n c , t h n g n g i , s n g ngha t n h t r n
v n , cn, k i m , l i m , c h n h , ch c n g v t v i n h n g y u c u
m i , n h n g n i d u n g m i do i h i ca d n tc v t h i i .
N h , p h n l n sinh v i n , thanh n i n tr t h c v n g i c
l i s n g t n h ngha, t r o n g sch, l n h m n h ; k h i m t n , l u n
c n c v s n g to toong hc tp; s n g c b n l n h , c c h l p
thn, lp nghip, n n g ng, nhy bn, d m i mt v i
n h n g k h k h n , t h c h thc, d m chu t r c h n h i m , k h n g
li, chy li; lun gn b v i n h n d n , n g h n h c n g
d n tc, p h n u cho s n g h i p d n g i u , n c m a n h , d n
ch, c n g bng, v n minh.
Bn c n h , d o n h h n g ca n n k i n h t t h t r n g ,
h i n h p q u c t, d o s b n g p h t ca l i s n g thc d n g
c h y theo d a n h l i b t c h p o l, d n n n h n g tiu
cc t r o n g x h i n g y c n g p h b i n . N h n g b i u h i n xa r i
m c t i u ca c h ngha x h i c h a c k h c p h c , s
c h n g p h ca cc t h lc p h n n g q u c t n h m t h c h i n
m m u "din bin h a bnh" tc n g k h n g n h n
i s n g o c c n g d n , n h h n g l n ' n t m t , tnh
c m , c h p h n u ca sinh v i n , thanh n i n tr thc. H u
q u l c m t b p h n sinh v i n p h a i n h t n i m t i n , l
tng, m t p h n g h n g phn u , k h n g c ch l p thn,
l p n g h i p ; chy theo l i sng thc d n g , s n g t h , s n g d a
d m , t h i u t r c h n h i m , t h v i gia n h v x h i , sa v o
n g h i n n g p , h t x c h ; t h i u t r u n g thc, g i a n l n t r o n g t h i
c, c h y i m , c h y t h y , c h y t r n g , m u a b n g cp... y
l n h n g b i u h i n k h n g t h coi t h n g .
264
- Hc tp v lm theo tm gng
o c H
ChM
H C h M i n h k h n g ch l m t n h o c hc l i lc
m c n l m t t m g n g o c v song. C h n h i u n y
e m l i cho t t n g v t m g n g o c ca N g i c
m t sc sng m n h l i t v s c v l n lao k h n g ch v i
n h n d n V i t N a m m c n c v i n h n d n t h g i i t r o n g
cuc u tranh v d n c h v t i n b x h i . tr t h n h
n g i c ch cho x h i , n g i c h t n g l a i ca n c n h ,
t h h tr V i t N a m n i c h u n g v sinh v i n , t h a n h n i n tr
thc n i r i n g cn p h i hc t p v l m theo t m g n g o
c H C h M i n h . D i y l m t s n i d u n g c b n :
Mt l, hc trung
tranh cho s nghip
gii phng
con
vi nc,
gii phng
hiu
vi dn, sut
dn tc, gii phng
giai
cp,
ngi.
C h tch H C h M i n h l con n g i V i t N a m p n h t
v l m t t r o n g n h n g con n g i p n h t ca t h i i
c h n g ta.
Ngay t t h u t h i u t h i , H C h M i n h la c h n m t
cch r r n g v d t k h o t m c t i u h i n d n g c cuc i
m n h cho c c h m n g . N g i c h p n h n m i s h y s i n h ,
l u n k i n n h , d n g c m v s n g s u t v t qua m i k h
k h n , gian k h , " t h n g k h n g k i u , b i k h n g n n " , " g i u
sang k h n g t h q u y n r , n g h o k h k h n g t h c h u y n lay,
uy v k h n g t h k h u t p h c " n h m thc h i n b n g c
mc t i u . N g i n i : Bi hc c h n h t r o n g i ti l t u y t
i v h o n t o n c n g h i n i m n h cho s n g h i p g i i
p h n g v thng nht T quc, g i i p h n g giai cp c n g n h n
265
v d n tc b p bc, cho s t h n g l i ca c h n g h a x h i ,
cho s h p t c anh e m v h a b n h gia c c d n tc; " M t
n g y n g b o c n chu k h l m t n g y ti n k h n g n g o n ,
n g k h n g yn" . n lc p h i r i t h gii n y , i u luyn
1
tic d u y n h t ca N g i l " k h n g c p h c v l u h n
na, n h i u h n na".
T m g n g v n c , v d n , s u t i u t r a n h cho s
n g h i p g i i p h n g d n tc, g i i p h n g x h i , g i i p h n g
c o n n g i ca H C h M i n h c n h n d n t h g i i v
bn b quc t tha n h n v knh phc. H d
dng
n h n g l i l p v t r a n g t r n g n h t ca n g i C h
tch H C h M i n h : " N h c c h m n g t r i t " , " n h h o t
n g quc t thn thoi", " m t n h n v t n i bt n h t trong
t h i i ca c h n g ta" , " m t t m g n g s n g c h i n h n g
2
p h m c h t c c h m n g v n h n o cao c n h t . H i m c
mt nh lnh o n o trong nhng gi p h t t h thch li
t ra s n g s u t , b n h t n h , g a n d , q u n m n h , k i n n g h v
d n g cm m t cch phi t h n g n h vy" ; m t con n g i
3
" m c i c h t l m m s n g c a s s n g v l n g u n c v
i i bt dit" ...
4
Hai l, hc cn, kim,
lim, ch, ch cng v t, i
trong sng, n p sng gin d v c khim
tn phi
ring
thng.

2. Dn theo Song T h n h : H Ch Minh, nh vn hoa kit
Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H N i , 1999, tr. 177-178.
xut,
3, 4. Th gii ca ngi v thng tc H Ch tch, Nxb. S tht

H N i , 1976, T.76.
266
H C h M i n h t h n g d y c n b , n g v i n p h i cn,
k i m , l i m , c h n h , c h c n g v t, t l n g h a m m u n v t cht,
l t c c h n g i c n b c c h m n g v t m n h , N g i
g n g m u thc h i n . Sut i N g i sng t r o n g sch, thc
h n h cn, k i m , l i m , chnh, c h c n g v t, l u n v n c , v
d n , v con n g i , k h n g gn c h t r i n g t. C T h t n g
Phm V n n g v i t : " H C h tch k h n g c ci g r i n g . C i
g ca nc, ca d n l ca N g i . Q u y n l i t i cao ca
nc, l i ch h n g n g y ca d n l s lo l n g m n g y ca
N g i . Gia n h ca N g i l i gia n h V i t N a m " .
1
L l n h t c c h m n g , H C h M i n h l u n c o i k h i n h m i
s xa hoa, k h n g a c h u n g n h n g n g h i t h c t r a n g t r n g
cu k , s u t i g i m t n p s n g t h a n h b c h , tao n h , g i n
d, k h i m t n , k h c k h , c n lao v t r a n h u m u c u
hnh p h c cho d n . T o n t h n h n d n V i t N a m v t h
gii u b i t b ka k i bc m u , i d p l p m n , ci n h
s n g n s ca C h tch H C h M i n h . . . N i v n h n g
c tnh v i ca H C h M i n h , X . A g i e n - v T n g
thng anh h n g ca n c C n g h a C h i l k h i q u t :
" N u n h m u n tm m t s t i u b i u cho t t c cuc i
ca C h tch H C h M i n h t h l c tnh v c n g g i n
d v s k h i m t n p h i thng" .
2
1. inh Xun Dng (Ch bin): T tng H Ch Minh v o

t, Nxb. Gio dc, Ha N i , 2006, tr.45.
2. Th gii ca ngi v thng tic H Ch tch, Nxb. S tht,
H N i , 1976, tr.378.
267
Ba l, hc c tin tuyt di vo sc mnh

knh
trng nhn
ca nhn
dn,
v nhn
dn;
dn v ht ln g, ht sc phc
lun nhn i, v tha, khoan
dung
v nhn hu vi con
ngi.
H C h M i n h c tnh t h n g y u bao la i v i c n
n g i . Tinh t h n g gn lin v i n i m ti t u y t i v o
sc m n h v tr t u ca n h n d n . N g i l u n d y c n b ,
n g v i n , v i c g c l i cho d n p h i h t sc l m , v i c g c
h i cho d n p h i h t sc t r n h ; p h i g n d n , h i u d n , hc
d n , k n h t r n g n h n d n ; h t l n g , h t sc p h c v n h n
d n . N g i p h p h n q u y t l i t u c "quan c c h m n g " v
t m n h , N g i t h n g x u y n i x u n g c s tm h i u ,
"lng nghe k i n ca n g v i n , ca n h n d n , ca n h n g
n g i k h n g q u a n trng". L n g i c u y tn r t cao v sc
h p d n r t l n , song k h n g bao g i H C h M i n h t m n h
cao h n n h n d n , ch t m n i m s u t i l c n g bc
ca
n h n d n , " n h m t n g i l n h v n g m n h l n h q u c d n ra
t r c m t trn".
V i t n h t h n g y u bao la, H C h M i n h d n h cho t t
c, chia s v i m i n g i n h n g n i a u r i n g . N g i n i ,
trong " m i n g i , m i gia n h u c m t n i a u k h
r i n g v g p c n h n g n i a u k h r i n g ca m i n g i , m i
gia n h l i t h t h n h n i a u k h ca ti" . C c h m n g
1
T h n g T m t h n h c n g , c n g l l c V i t N a m v a t r i qua
n n i k h n g k h i p , H C h M i n h c h t r n g t n g gia sn
x u t , m i t h n g m i n g i n h n n ba ba g p g o c u

268
i v N g i c n g n g g p l o n go ca m n h n h m i
n g i d n . i t h m t r i t b i n h t r o n g c h i n dch Bin g i i
v , N g i k h n g c n o k h o c n g o i v N g i cho t n
q u a n ba t h y thuc n g i P h p b r t cng...
L n g n h n i, k h o a n d u n g , n h n h u ca H C h M i n h
b t n g u n t i ngha ca d n tc, n n c sc m n h v s
c m h a to l n t r o n g v i c x y d n g v ti t o l n g t r i .
H C h M i n h , t h n g n g i l m t t n h c m l n . C h o n n ,
khi l m cch mng, H C h M i n h t v n t do v h n h
p h c i i . c h n h l b i u h i n c h n g h a n h n v n
cng sn, va t h n h t h i n , va g n g i , l m x c n g
t r i tm n h n l o i v N g i c suy t n n h " m t n g
t h n h c n g sn"; " m t c o n n g i c a h u y n t h o i " . C T h
tng Phm Vn ng cng c ln bnh lun: Lng n h n
o , t n h t h n g n g b o , l i u s u sc n h t , t t p
n h t t r o n g con n g i H C h tch.
Bn l, hc tm gng
ln, quyt
tm
vt
c mc ch cuc
v ch v ngh
qua mi
th thch,
lc t thn
gian
nguy
to
t
sng.
C u c i c c h m n g ca H C h M i n h l m t c h u i
nhng n m t h n g v c n g gian k h . Hai l n n g i t, m t l n
n h n n t h n h , c giai o n hot n g rt si n i , c
n h gi r t cao, c giai o n b h i u n h m , n g h i k , k h n g
c giao n h i m v . . . Song, n h c h v n g h lc tnh t h n
to l n , H C h M i n h b n h t n h , k i n c n g , c h n g v t
qua m i t h t h c h , gian n g u y , k i n tr m c c h cuc sng,
bo v c h n l, g i v n g q u a n i m c c h m n g ca m n h .
N g i lm th t rn:
269
" M u n n n s nghip l n ,
T n h t h n c n g p h i cao" .
1
D n g c m , q u y t t m , b n b , b t k h u t l n h n g c
t r n g trong n h n cch H Ch M i n h . M t t b o n c ngoi
v i t : " n g sau c i c t c c h d u d n g ca C H l m t
c h st t h p . D i c i b n g o i g i n d l m t tnh t h n q u t
k h i anh h n g k h n g c g uy h i p n i " .
2
T r o n g t n h h n h h i n nay, p h o n g t r o " H c t p v l m
theo t m g n g o c H C h M i n h " ca s i n h v i n c h i u
q u , i h i p h i c s p h i k t h p ca n h i u n h n t : s
g i o d c v v i c t t u d n g , r n l u y n ca s i n h v i n ; s n u
g n g ca m i n g i t r o n g x h i , ca b m t r o n g gia n h ,
ca c n b , n g v i n , ca c c t h y , c g i o , c c c n b q u n
l g i o d c v s h n g d n ca d l u n x h i v p h p
l u t . N u coi t h n g m t t r o n g n h n g n h n t t r n , v i c h c
t p v r n l u y n s k h t c k t q u n h m o n g m u n .
HI- T TNG H CH MINH V XY DNG

CON NGI MI
1. Quan nim ca H Ch Minh v con ngi

a) Con ngi
c nhn nhn
nh mt chnh
th
- H C h M i n h xem xt con n g i n h m t chnh t h

2. D n theo Trn Vn Giu: "Nhn cch ca Ch tch H Ch
Minh", trong: H Ch Minh anh hng giai phng dn tc, danh nhn
vn hoa igii, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H N i , 1990, tr. 228.
270
t h n g n h t v t m lc, t h lc v cc h o t n g ca n . C o n
n g i l u n c x u h n g v n l n ci C h n - T h i n - M , mc
d u "c t h n y , t h k h c " .
H C h M i n h c c c h n h n n h n , x e m x t con n g i
t r o n g t n h a d n g ca n : a d n g t r o n g q u a n h x h i
(quan h d n tc, g i a i c p , t n g l p , n g c h , n g b o . . . ) ;
a d n g t r o n g tnh c c h , k h t v n g , p h m c h t , k h n n g ,
c n g n h n m n g n tay d i , n g n k h c n h a u , n h n g u
h p n h a u l i n i b n tay; m y m i t r i u n g i V i t N a m ,
c n g i t h n y , t h k h c , n h n g u c n g l n i g i n g
Lc H n g ; a d n g t r o n g h o n c n h x u t t h n / i u k i n
sng, l m v i c . . .
- H C h M i n h x e m x t con n g i t r o n g s t h n g n h t
ca hai m t i l p : t h i n v c , hay v , t t v x u , h i n
v d,... bao g m c tnh n g i - m t x h i v
tnh
bn
n n g - m t sinh hc ca con n g i . Theo H C h M i n h , con

n g i c tt, c x u , n h n g " d l x u , t t , v n m i n h hay d
man u c
tnh"'.
b) Con ngi c th, lch s

H C h M i n h c n g d n g k h i n i m "con n g i " theo
ngha r n g t r o n g m t s t r n g h p ("phm gi con n g i " ,
"gii p h n g con n g i " , " n g i ta", "con n g i " , "ai"...),
n h n g t trong m t b i cnh c t h v m t t duy chung,
271
c n p h n l n , N g i x e m x t con n g i t r o n g c c m i q u a n
h x h i , quan h giai cp, theo g i i tnh ( t h a n h n i n , p h
n ) , theo la t u i ( p h lo, n h i n g ) , n g h n g h i p ( c n g
n h n , n n g d n , tr thc...), t r o n g k h i t h n g n h t ca c n g
n g d n tc (s, n n g , c n g , t h n g ) v q u a n h q u c t
(bu b n n m c h u , c c d n tc b p bc, b n p h n g v
sn). l con n g i h i n thc, c t h , k h c h q u a n .
c) Bn cht con ngi mang tnh x hi
- ' sinh t n , con n g i p h i lao n g s n x u t . T r o n g
q u t r n h lao n g , sn x u t , con n g i d n n h n t h c c
cc h i n t n g , q u y l u t ca t n h i n , ca x h i ; h i u v
m n h v h i u b i t l n nhau..., xc l p c c m i q u a n h gia
ngi vi ngi.
- C o n n g i l sn p h m ca x h i . T r o n g q u a n n i m
ca H C h M i n h , con n g i l s t n g h p c c q u a n h x
h i t h p n r n g , c h y u bao g m c c q u a n h : anh, em;
h h n g ; b u b n ; n g b o ; loi n g i .
2. Quan im ca H Ch Minh v vai tr ca con ngi
v c h i n lc " t r n g n g i "
) Quan im ca H Ch Minh v vai tr ca con
- Con ngi
l vn qu nhi,
cng ca s nghip
cch
nhn
t quyt
nh
ngi
thnh
mng
Theo H C h M i n h , "trong b u t r i k h n g g q u b n g
n h n d n , t r o n g t h g i i k h n g g m n h b n g lc
lng
o n k t ca n h n d n " . V v y , "v l u n v i c g , u
do
272
ngi
l m ra, v t nh n to, t gn n xa, u t h c" .

1
N g i cho r n g "vic d m y k h n g c n h n d n c n g chu,

v i c k h m y c d n l i u c n g xong". N h n d n l n g i
s n g t o ra m i gi tr v t c h t v tnh t h n . H C h M i n h
t n g k t n g n g n : d n ta t t l m . N g i p h n tch p h m
cht t t p ca d n t l n g t r u n g t h n h v t i n t n g v o
c c h m n g , v o n g , k h n g s gian k h , t y , h y sinh
n v i c d n n h n g c m , s o , c h che, m bc, b o v ,
n u i n n g b i v cn b cch mng.
D n ta l ti n n g , tr t u v s n g to, h b i t " g i i q u y t
nhiu v n m t cch gin n, mau c h n g , y , m
n h n g n g i ti g i i , n h n g o n t h to l n , n g h m i k h n g
ra" . c b i t l l n g st sng, h n g h i ca d n thc h i n
1
con n g c c h m n g . H C h M i n h c n i m tn v n g chc
r n g v i t i n h t h n q u t c n g v lc l n g v t n ca d n
tc ta, v i l n g y u n c v c h k i n q u y t ca n h n d n v
q u n i ta, c h n g n h n g c h n g ta c t h t h n g l i , m
c h n g ta n h t n h t h n g l i .
N h n d n l y u t q u y t n h t h n h c n g ca
cch
m n g . " L n g y u n c v s o n k t ca n h n d n l m t
lc l n g v c n g to l n , k h n g ai t h n g n i " .
2
- Con ngi
mng;phi
va l mc
tiu,
va l dng
coi trng, chm sc, pht
huy nhn
lc ca
t'con
cch
ngi

273
V s n g g n d n , v i d n , gia l n g d n , h i u r d n
tnh,
d n tm, d n , H Ch Minh thy r y u cu gii
p h n g d n tc, g i i p h n g c o n n g i , g i i p h n g l o n g x
h i . N h n d n v a l m c t i u , v a l n g lc ca c c h
m n g . N m 1911, g i a l c t n c a n g b x m l c , n h n
d n p h a i c h u c n h l m than, N g i ra i v i c h " q u y t
g i i p h n g g n g c m n l cho n g b o " . N g i x c n h r
t r c h n h i m ca N g i c n g l ca n g v C h n h p h l
" l m sao cho n c ta c h o n t o n c l p , d n ta c
h o n t o n t d o , n g b o ai c n g c c m n , o m c , ai
c n g c hc h n h " .
H C h M i n h , c s c m n h n , t h n g c m s u sc
v i t h n p h n n h n g n g i c n g k h v n l l m than.
N h n g k h n g p h i l s c m t h n g k i u t n g i o ; n g c
l i , N g i c n i m t i v n g chc v o tr t u , b n l n h ca
con n g i , k h n n g t g i i p h n g ca c h n h b n t h n
con n g i . N g i l m h t sc x y d n g , r n l u y n c o n
n g i v q u y t t m u tranh e m l i dc l p , t do,
h n h p h c cho con n g i . N g i xc n h con n g i l
m c t i u t r o n g i u k i n c t h ca t n g g i a i o n c c h
mng. K h i t n c cn n l , l m than th mc tiu trc
h t , t r n h t l g i i p h n g d n tc, g i n h c l p d n tc.
Sau k h i c h n h q u y n v tay n h n d n , t h m c t i u n ,
mc, , i l i , hc h n h , cha bnh l i c u t i n h n ,
bi v, "nu nc c lp m d n k h n g h n g h n h p h c
t d o , t h c l p c n g c h n g c n g h a l g " . V v y ,
c h n g ta p h i t h c h i n n g a y : L m cho d n c n . L m
cho d n c m c . L m c h o d n c c h . L m c h o d n c
274
hc h n h . n Di chc,
i v i con
N g i v i t : " u t i n l c n g v i c
ngi".
C o n n g i l m c tiu ca c c h m n g n n m i c h
t r n g , n g l i , c h n h s c h ca n g , C h n h p h u v
l i ch c h n h n g ca con n g i . C t h l l i ch l u d i , l i
ch trc m t ; l i ch c d n tc v l i ch ca b p h n , g i a i
cp, t n g l p v c n h n . V i h o t n g thc t i n t h v i c g
l i cho d n , d n h m y - ta p h i h t sc l m . V i c g h i cho
n , d n h m y - ta p h i h t sc t r n h .
H C h M i n h c n i m tn m n h l i t v o sc m a n h v i
v n n g lc s n g t o ca q u n c h n g .
Trong s n g h i p x y d n g t n c , H C h M i n h n h n
r: " M u n x y n g c h ngha x h i , trc h t p h i c c o n
n g i x h i c h ngha", "c d n th c t t c"...
N i m t i n v o sc m n h ca d n c n c n h n t h c
t m i quan h gia n h n d n v i ng v C h n h p h .
H C h M i n h ch r : N u k h n g c n h n d n t h C h n h p h
k h n g lc l n g ; n u k h n g c C h n h p h t h n h n d n
k h n g c ai d n n g . n g l n h o n h n g n h n d n l
c h . D n n h n c , b i n h c . Lc l n g bao n h i u l
n h d n h t . T i n d n , hc n , t n t r n g d n , d a v o
d n theo n g n g l i q u n c h n g s t o n n sc m n h
v ch. B i v , s n g h i p c c h m n g g i n h c l p d n tc
v x y d n g c h ngha x h i c h c t h thc h i n c v i
s g i c n g y v lao n g s n g t o ca h n g c h c
triu qun c h n g n h n dn.
H Ch Minh tin dn cn xut pht t nim tin v o
tnh n g i . l n g i c n g sn t h p h i tin n h n d n v
275
n i m t i q u n c h n g s t o n n sc m n h cho n g i c n g
sn. N g i n i : d n tc ta l m t d n tc anh h n g .
Trong k h i g i v n g n i m t i n v o d n th p h i chng cc
b n h : xa nhn
cy nhn
nhn
dn.
dn, kh
dn; khng
nhn
dn, s nhn
hiu bit nhn
dn; khng
dn; khng
yu
tn
thng
K h n g y u t h n g v tn t n g n h n d n l
n g u y n n h n ca c n b n h n g u y h i m - b n h q u a n liu,
m n h l n h . Bnh n y s d n n k t q u l " h n g v i c " .
C o n n g i l n g lc ca c c h m n g c n h n n h n
t r n p h m v i c n c , t o n t h n g b o , song t r c h t l
giai cp c n g n h n v n n g d n . i u n y c n g h a to l n
trong s n g h i p g i i p h n g d n tc v x y d n g c h ngha x
h i . N h n c m i theo t t n g H C h M i n h l y c n g n n g - tr l m n n tng. T t h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g
M i p h i n h n n h n v n h gi n g g i a i c p n g t r u n g
t m ca t h i i m i , l giai cp c n g n h n . C h c g i a i cp
c n g n h n v i n h n g c i m c h u n g v r i n g m i l n h o
c d n tc o m c h n c h ngha t b n . M u n v y , giai
cp c n g n h n ch c lin m i n h v i giai cp n n g d n v g n
b v i d n tc m i t r t h n h lc l n g h n g m a n h .
K h n g p h i m i con n g i u t r t h n h n g l c , m
p h i l n h n g con n g i c g i c n g v t chc. H p h i
c tr t u v b n l n h , v n h a , o c , c n u i d n g
t r n n n t r u y n t h n g lch s v v n h a h n g n g n n m ca
d n tc V i t Nam... C h n h tr, v n h a , t i n h t h n l n g lc
c b n n g n g lc con n g i .
C o n n g i l n g lc ch c t h thc h i n c k h i h o t
n g c t chc, c l n h o . V v y , c n c s l n h o ca
n g C n g sn.
276
G i a con n g i - m c t i u v con n g i - n g lc c
m i q u a n h b i n c h n g v i n h a u . C n g c h m l o cho con
n g i - m c tiu t t bao n h i u t h s t o t h n h con n g i n g lc t t b y n h i u . N g c l i , t n g c n g c
sc
m n h ca con n g i - n g lc t h s n h a n h c h n g t
c mc tiu cch mng.
P h i k i n q u y t k h c p h c k p t h i c c phn
ng
lc
trong con n g i v t chc. l c h ngha c n h n . T h v i

t r n g r t c n y ra h n g t r m t h b n h : t h i q u e n
t r u y n t h n g lc h u , t n tch x h i c l i , b o t h , r t r
k h n g d m n i , k h n g d m l m , k h n g d m ra k i n ,
tm l i k h n g d m i m i v s n g to.
b) Quan im ca H Ch Minh v chin lc "ng ngur
- "Trng ngi"
va lu di ca cch
l yu
cu khch
quan,
va cp
bch,
mng
T r n c s k h n g n h con n g i v a l m c tiu, v a l
n g lc ca c c h m n g , H C h M i n h r t q u a n t m n s
n g h i p g i o dc, o to, r n l u y n con n g i . N g i n i
n " l i ch tTm n m " v m c t i u x y d n g c h ngha x
h i l n h n g q u a n i m m a n g t m v c c h i n lc, c b n ,
l u d i , n h n g c n g r t cp b c h . N l i n q u a n n n h i m
v "trc h t c n c n h n g con n g i x h i c h ngha" v
"trng n g i ' " . T t c n h n g i u n y p h n n h t t n g l n
1. M n cu ni ca Qun Trng: "Thp nin chi k,
mc
nhi th mc. Bch nin chi k, mc nhi th nhn", H Ch M i n h

ni: "V l i ch m i n m th phi trng cy, v l i ch t r m n m
th phi trng n g i " , H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.9, tr.222.
277
v t m q u a n t r n g c t n h q u y t n h ca n h n t c o n n g i ;
t t c v con n g i , d o c o n n g i .
N h v y , c o n n g i p h i c t v o v tr t r u n g t m
ca s p h t t r i n . N v a n m t r o n g c h i n lc p h t t r i n
k i n h t - x h i ca t n c v i ngha r n g , v a n m t r o n g
c h i n lc g i o d c v o t o theo ngha h p .
- "Mun
xy
nh ng con ngi
dng
ch ngha
x hi,
trc
ht
cn
x hi ch ngha "
+ C o n n g i x h i c h ngha n g n h i n p h i d o c h
ngha x h i to ra. N h n g y t r n con n g t i n l n
c h ngha x h i t h "trc h t c n c nhng
hi ch ngha".
con ngi
i u n y c n c h i u l n g a y t u p h i
t ra n h i m v x y d n g c o n n g i c n h n g p h m c h t c
b n , t i u b i u cho con n g i m i x h i c h n g h a , l m
g n g , li c u n x h i . C n g v i c n y l m t q u t r n h l u
d i , k h n g n g n g h o n t h i n , n n g cao v t h u c v t r c h
n h i m ca n g , N h n c , gia n h , c n h n m i n g i .
+ M i b c x y d n g n h n g con n g i n h v y l m t
nc t h a n g x y n g c h n g h a x h i . y l m i q u a n h
b i n c h n g gia "xy d n g c h ngha x h i " v "con n g i
x h i c h ngha".
+ Q u a n n i m ca H C h M i n h v c o n n g i m i x h i
c h ngha c h a i m t g n b c h t c h v i n h a u . Mt
/, k
t h a n h n g gi tr t t p ca con n g i t r u y n t h n g ( V i t
N a m v p h n g n g ) . Hai l, h n h t h n h n h n g p h m c h t
m i n h : c t t n g x h i c h ngha; c o c x h i
c h ngha; c tr t u v b n l n h l m c h ( b n t h n , gia
n h , x h i , t h i n n h i n , . . . ) ; c t c p h o n g x h i c h nghac l n g n h n i, v tha, l n g .
278
- Chin
lc
"trng ngi"
phn hp thnh ca chin
l mt
trng
lc pht trin kinh
tm, mt
t'- x
hi
thc h i n c h i n lc "trng n g i " , c n c n h i u b i n

p h p , n h n g g i o dc v o t o l b i n p h p q u a n t r n g
bc n h t . Bi v , g i o dc t t s t o ra tnh t h i n , e m l i
t n g lai ti s n g cho thanh n i n . N g c l i , g i o dc t i s
n h h n g x u n thanh n i n .
N i d u n g v p h n g p h p g i o dc p h i t o n d i n v c
c, tr, t h , m , p h i t o c, l t n g v t n h c m c c h
m n g , l i sng x h i c h ngha ln h n g u . H a i m t c ,
ti t h n g n h t v i n h a u , k h n g t c h r i n h a u , trong c
l gc, l n n t n g cho ti n n g p h t t r i n . P h i k t h p gia
n h n thc v h n h n g , l i n i v i v i c lm... C n h v y
m i c t h "hc l m n g i " .
"Trng n g i " l c n g vic " t r m n m " , k h n g t h n n g
v i " m t s m m t c h i u " , k h n g p h i l m m t lc l x o n g ,
cng k h n g p h i t y t i n , n u hay n .. N h n thc v
g i i q u y t v n n y c ngha t h n g trc, b n b toong
sut cuc i m i con n g i , t r o n g s u t t h i k q u l n
c h ngha x h i . H C h M i n h cho r n g : "Vic hc k h n g
bao g i c n g , c n s n g c n p h i hc".
KT LUN
H Ch Minh c c th gii tn vinh l Nh vn ha
kit xut, k h n g c h v N g i s n g to ra m t t h i i
m i v m t n n v n h a m i V i t N a m , m c n l v
n h n g n g g p m i ca N g u i v o l l u n v s p h t t r i n
chung ca v n h a n h n l o i .
279
Trong lnh vc vn ha, H C h M i n h s m n h n t h y

v a i t r v sc m n h ca v n h a , s m a v n h a v o
c h i n lc p h t t r i n ca t n c .
N g a y sau k h i g i n h c c l p , H C h M i n h
n g h C h n h p h b t tay ngay v o c n g cuc x y n g m t
n n v n ha m i Vit N a m bng vic p h t n g phong
t r o b n h d n hc v , d i t gic dt, n n g cao d n t r v x y
n g i sng
mi,
xy d n g v p h t trin thun phong
m tc... a n h n g g i tr v n h a i s u v o q u n c h n g ,
coi n n h m t sc m n h v t c h t , m t n g lc, m t m c
t i u , m t h i u t i t x h i t r o n g q u t r n h p h t t r i n . y
l m t q u a n i m h o n t o n m i m , i u m m i n
n h n g n m 80 ca t h k X X , U N E S C O m i t n g k t v coi
n h m t q u y l u t p h t t r i n ca x h i .
P h t t r i n quan i m ca C . M c : v n h a k h n g t h n g
n g o i m p h i n g k i n h t v c h n h tr, H C h M i n h b
s u n g t h m : v n h a c n g l m t m t t r n , v n n g h s l
c h i n s t r n m t t r n y . B n v c h c n n g c a v n h a ,
N g i cho r n g : "vn ha phi
soi ng
cho
quc
dn
i" (chc n n g n n g cao n h n t h c , m r n g h i u b i t ) ;

"vn ha phi
lp,
cho ai cng
c l tng
t ch,
t d' (chc n n g b i d n g t i n h t h n v n c q u n
mnh);
bing,
lm
"vn
ph
ha
ha,
phi
sa
tham
nhng,
xa x" ( x y d n g v h o n t h i n o
li
c
con n g i ) . . . H u h t n h n g l u n i m c t n h c h n l
n y , H C h M i n h u a ra t r o n g t h i k 1945-1946,
k h i N g i b t tay v o v i c x y d n g m t n n v n h a
m i V i t Nam. Thc tin chng m i n h r n g n h n g l u n
i m k h n g ch c ngha v i V i t N a m m c n c
280
n g h a q u c t r t s u sc. n h g i cao t t n g v n h n g
n g g p ca H C h M i n h , N g h q u y t t n v i n h N g i l
anh h n g g i i p h n g d n tc, d a n h n h n v n h a t h g i i
ca N E S C O c o n : " N h n g t t n g ca N g i l h i n
t h n ca n h n g k h t v n g ca c c d n tc t r o n g v i c
k h n g n h b n sc d n tc ca m n h v t i u b i u cho v i c
t h c y s h i u b i t l n n h a u " .
1
Trong h
vc
c,
H Ch M i n h c n h n g
n g g p r t c sc v o t t n g o c hc
mcxt.
N h n g n g g p n n g N g i l n v tr m t n h o
c hc l i lc, c t h g i i tha n h n .
Do
nhiu
nguyn
nhn,
C.Mc,
Ph.ngghen
V . L L n i n n i n h i u v o c , song c h a c i u k i n b n
n h i u v v a i t r ca o c t r o n g i s n g x h i . H C h
M i n h p h t t r i n , h o n t h i n t t n g o c hc m c x t
v v a i t r v sc m n h ca o c , v n h n g c h u n m c
o c c b n v n h n g n g u y n tc x y d n g m t n n o
c m i p h h p v i V i t N a m . N h , t o n n m t
cuc c c h m n g toong i i v c o c V i t N a m .
T t n g H C h M i n h v x y d n g con n g i m i c
gi tr l l u n v t h c t i n r t q u a n t r n g .
V mt l lun,
t t n g H C h M i n h v x y d n g con
n g i m i v i n i d u n g s u sc v m i m , c ngha r t
q u a n t r n g i v i s n g h i p g i o c v o t o con n g i
V i t N a m . T r n c s q u n t r i t q u a n i m g i o dc o l
. Uy ban Khoa hc x hi Vit Nam: H ChMt, anh hng

gii phng dn tc, danh nhn vn hoa, Nxb. Khoa hc x h i ,
H N i , 1990, tr.6.
281
d l m n g i , c o i c o n n g i l v n q u n h t , c h m l o cho
h n h p h c ca c o n n g i l m c t i u p h n u cao n h t ca
c h ta, con n g i v a l m c t i u , v a l n g lc ca s
n g h i p c c h m n g x h i c h ngha, n g ta x c n h
g i o d c v o t o l q u c s c h h n g u .
C o n n g i , c h t h ca m i s n g t o , m i n g u n ca c i
v t cht v v n h a , n g y c n g c quan t m c h m sc,
p h t t r i n cao v t r t u , c n g t r n g v t h c h t , p h o n g p h
v t i n h t h n , t r o n g s n g v o c , l n g l c ca
ch
ngha x h i .
C h ngha x h i l m t c h u v i t n h n g
phi
h i u s u v i t t r n h a i m t g n b v i n h a u : Mt l, n l
k t q u ca n h n g n l c v t bc v b n b c a t o n d n
ta, v i n h n g c o n n g i p h t t r i n c v t r lc v k h n n g
lao n g , v tnh tch cc c h n h t r - x h i , v o c , t n h
c m t r o n g s n g . Hai l, l x h i d o n h n g c o n n g i
m i l m ch, m t x h i k h n g p h i ch o con n g i m
c n v con n g i .
V mt
thc
tin, s p h t t r i n con n g i t r t h n h
tiu ch n g y c n g quan trng trong vic x p h n g cc nc

t r n t h g i i . N m 1990, C h n g t r n h p h t t r i n ca L i n
h p q u c ( N D P ) a ra c h d n n h m n h g i t i n b
k i n h t v x h i ca m t n c , k h n g c h t n g s n p h m
q u c d n n h t r c y , m d a t r n c s ca ba c h t i u c
b n : du nhp,
gio dc v tui
th.
H n g b i d n g v p h t huy n h n t con
ngi
V i t N a m l k h n g n g n g gia t n g tnh t g i c , n n g n g ,
t c h , p h t h u y sc m n h b n t r o n g ca m i c n h n , c h
t r n g xy d n g n h n g m t thuc h tng ca di sng x
hi
282
n h : g i o dc, y t , p h c l i c n g cng, k t h p v i s c
m n h ca c c n g n g , x y n g n n t n g t i n h t h n v n g
chc ca c h m i .
D i n h s n g t t n g H C h M i n h , n g ta n h n
m n h v i c c h m l o cho h n h p h c ca con n g i l m c
tiu p h n u cao n h t ca c h ta. T r o n g m c t i u c h u n g
"dn giu, nc m n h , d n ch cng bng, v n
minh",
n g ta p h n u l m cho n h n d n c cuc s n g n o , c
n h t n g i t t , c i u k i n t h u n l i v i l i , hc
h n h , cha b n h , c m c h n g t h v n h a k h ; q u a n h
x h i l n h m a n h , l i s n g v n m i n h , gia n h h n h p h c .
Xt n c n g , l t t n g p h n u cho c l p , t
o , hanh p h c ca c o n n g i , ca d n tc v n h n l o i . N i
cch k h c , t t c v con ngi,
do con
ngi.
H C h M i n h t h n g n i n "vn m i n h t h n g b o tn".
V n m i n h y c h i u l t r n h p h t t r i n i sng
tnh t h n v t r n h p h t t r i n ca khoa hc - k t h u t . X
h i v n m i n h l x h i c n h n g con n g i n h n v n , tc l
n h n g con n g i p h t t r i n t o n d i n c c, tr, t h , m ; l
t n g v tnh c m ; n h n i v khoan d u n g . X h i m i
k h n g c h p n h n con n g i p h t t r i n m t c h i u , p h i n
d i n , q u q u t . M u n con n g i t r t h n h v a l n g lc,
va l m c tiu ca s n g h i p c c h m n g t h p h i p h t h u y
v a i t r ca g i o d c v o to. B i v , g i o d c bao g m gia
n h - n h t r n g - x h i , g p p h n h n h t h n h , p h t t r i n
v h o n t h i n n h n c c h con n g i . "Trng n g i " l n h m
p h t t r i n t o n d i n con n g i , n n g cao t r n h " n g i " ,
h n g con n g i t i C h n - T h i n - M .
T t n g v v n h a , o c v x y d n g con n g i
283
m i l m t b p h n r t q u a n t r n g t r o n g h t h n g t t n g
H Ch Minh. T lu, t tng tr t h n h m t b
p h n ca n n v n h a d n tc v l n g n n pha
soi
n g cho c n g cuc x y d n g m t n n v n h a v o
c m i V i t N a m . N g h i n cu v hc t p t t n g v n
h a , o c H C h M i n h , c n g n h n o i theo t m g n g
o c H C h M i n h k h n g c h n t h u n l v n n h n
thc, m c n l t r c h n h i m c h n h tr ca c d n t c , n h m
x y d n g V i t N a m t h n h m t q u c gia v n m i n h t r o n g
thi k h i n h p quc t.
284
MC
LC
Trang
Ch dn ca Nh xut bn 5
Li ni u
7
Chng
D I TNG, PHNG PHP NGHIN c u

V N G H A H C TP M N
T TNG H CH MIN H
Chng
C S, Q U T R N H H N H T H N H
V P H T T R I N T T N G H C H M I N H
Chng
25
li
T T N G H C H M I N H V V N D D N T C
V C C H M N G G I I P H N G D N T C
Chng
57
IU
T T N G H C H M I N H V
C H N G H A X H I V C O N D N G Q U
LN C H N G H A X H I VIT N A M
Chng
96
IV
T T N G H C H M I N H V D A N G C N G S A N
VIT N A M
128
285
Chng
T TNG H CH M I N H V D I O N K T
DN TC V O N K T Q U C T
Chng
VI
T TNG H CH M I N H V
XY D N G N H N C C A D N , D O D N ,
V D N
Chng
VII
T TNG H CH M I N H V VN H A ,
O C V XY D N G C O N N G I M I
Chu trch nhim xut bn

TS. NGUYN DUY HNG
Chu trch nhim ni dung
TS. HONG PHONG H
Bin tp ni dung:
ThS. NGUYN MINH

D PHNG M A I
Trinh by ba:
PHNG M I N H TRANG
Ch bn vi tnh:
Sa bn in:
NGUYN TH HNG
PHNG BIN TP K THUT
Dc sch mu:
PHNG M A I
In 10.036 c u n , k h 14.5 X 20.5cm. In t i X N In A C S V i t N a m

Km10 P h m v n n g - D n g Kinh - H i P h n g
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Q u y t nh x u t b n s: 726 - Q / N X B C T Q G n g y 27/7/2011
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1953, H C h M i n h cho r n g , n g k t h p p h o n g t r o cch

Lnin kt h p v i phong tro c n g n h n v phong tro yu

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

c v tr, vai Beo cc k to

ngha y u n c l gi tr tnh t h n t r n g t n t r o n g lch s

tro cng nhn

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

Ni n phong tro yu nc Vit Nam

Vit N a m n h n g thp n i n u t h k XX ghi d u n m

n h n g l i l n h n g " n g i n " cho c c p h o n g t r o y u n c

cng n h t h c y s canh t n v chn h n g t nc.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

C c h m n g l cuc u t r a n h Tt gian kh. Lc l n g k

v gio c/c n h n d n t h n h m t i qun tht

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.9, tr.290.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

H Ch Minh hon ton tun

H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.7, tr.228-229.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

tr ti i hi i biu ton quc ln th ca

( t h n g 2-1951), H C h M i n h n u r : "Trong g i a i o n ny,

bn cht giai cp cng nhn.

1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.6, ti.175.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

b ' m t t h i t v i giai cp c n g n h n , n h n d n lao n g v

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr.267-268.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

trong iu kin ng lnh o qun c h n g n h n d n

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, U I , tr.372.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

"L n g i l n h o " , theo H C h M i n h , b n g g i o d c ,

k h n g c quan liu, mnh lnh v g p n h n dn" , m

p h i g i o dc, t u y n t r u y n , gic n g d n c h n g thc

, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.10, tr.606,4.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.6, tr.88.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.4, tr.56.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, ti.270.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

li- T TNG H CH MINH

b, n g vin phi thng xuyn rn luyn; ng phi c h

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.6, tr.479.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

c u t lm ng sch nhn cch ca mi cn b, ng

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i 2, to.557-558.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

ch nam'"; "ch ngha" y l c h ngha M c - L n i n . H C h

hc tp, k tha nhng

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr. 268.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

gio i u , c h i , xt l i ch ngha M c - Lnin; chng li

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.8, tr.216.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.5, tr.504-505.