ForClassXIICommerce

XII COMMERCE

COMMERCIAL

GEOGRAPHY

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INDEX
S. NO.

CHAPTER NAME

PAGE #

1.

IntroductiontoCommercialGeography

2.

EconomicsActivities

3.

Fishers

14

4.

NaturalVegetation

19

5.

Agriculture

23

6.

AnimalHusbandry/Herding

28

7.

IndustriesandManufacturing

34

8.

Mineral

42

9.

ModernElectronicMedia

55

CHAPTER
#1
Introduction
to Commercial
Geography
ForClassXIICommerce

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Qno1. What do you mean by Geography?

DEFINITION AND MEANING OF GEOGRAPHY:

ThewordGeographyisacombinationoftwowordsGeoandGraphyGeoisaGreekword
whichmeansTheEarthandthewordGraphyhasbeenderivedfromthewordGraphen
whichmeansDescriptionSo,GeographymeansDescriptionoftheEarth.
Geography could be defined as: The science of description of the Physical features of the
Earth.

DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY:

Commercialgeographyisaformofgeographyconcernedwiththeproductionandsupplyof
rawmaterialsincludingagriculturaloutputandfinishedgoods.

Qno2. What do you know about the Scope of Economic and

Commercial Geography?
SCOPE OF ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY:
Economic and Commercial Geography is mainly concerned with the study of agriculture,
minerals, and industrial resources and also means of transportation and trade centers of the
world.So,moredetailedstudy,aboutthefactorsofproductionanddistributionareasfollows:

1. STUDY OF AGRICULTURE RESOURCES:

For the study of Economic and commercial Geography it is essential that causes for the
productionofvariousagriculturalproducts,aretobestudied,andalsothefactorsresponsible
forthecommerceandtradeofthoseproductscannotbeneglected.

2. STUDY OF MINERALS RESOURCES:

Minerals are also an important factor of commerce and trade, because every country in the
worldisnotselfsufficientinmineralresources.So,ineconomicandcommercialgeographywe
studyabouttheproductionanddistributionofdifferentmineralsfoundintheworld.

ForClassXIICommerce

3. STUDY OF INDUSTRILAL RESOURCES:

Agriculturalandmineralsresourcesaremainlyresponsibleforindustrialprogressofanarea,so
industrialprogresscannotbestudiedwithoutthestudyofotherfactors.

4. STUDY OF MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION:

Meansoftransportationalsoplaysanimportantrolefortheprogressofagricultural,minerals
andindustrialresources,sowithoutthestudyofmeansoftransportationstudyofotherfactors
isnotpossible.

5. STUDY OF TRADE CENTERS:

TradeCentersalsoplayanimportantroleforthetradeorcommerceofcertainareas,because
withoutthestudyofvarioustradecentersprogressintradeandcommerceisnotpossible.

Qno.3ExplaintheimportanceofEconomicandCommercialGeography?
IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY:

Nowadays Economic and Commercial Geography is an important subject not only for the
studentscommerce,butitalsohelpsindifferentfieldsoflifeforexample.

1. FOR STUDENTS:
The study of Economic and Commercial Geography helps the commerce students in the
selection of right path for their future, so, that they can become successful businessmen,
industrialist,traders,bankers,etc.

2. FOR TRADERS:
BythestudyofEconomicandCommercialGeographythebusinessmencanlearnmoreabout
theproductionandtradeofvariouscropsandmineralsfoundintheworld.Inthisway,theycan
maketheirbusinessmoreprogressive.

ForClassXIICommerce

3. FOR INDUSTRIALISTS:
The study of Economic and Commercial Geography guides about the resources for the raw
materialofindustriesaswellas,italsotellsabouttheirtradeandcommerce.

4. FOR AGRICULTURISTS:
By the study of Economic and Commercial Geography, the big farmers can know about the
qualitiesofprogressivekindsofseeds,andmethods,usedindevelopedcountriesoftheworld.

5. FOR ECONOMISTS:
The study of Economic and Commercial Geography can help the economists while making
economicplanning,becauseitalsotellsabouttheworldresourcesbesidesitsowncountry.

6. FOR BANKERS:
Leadingbankerscanknowmuchmoreaboutthosecountriesinwhichtheyaregoingtoinvest
theirmoneybythestudyofEconomicandCommercialGeography.

7. FOR RULERS:
By the study of Economic and Commercial Geography, they can know more about the
agricultural,minerals,andindustrialprogressindifferentpartsoftheworld.Italsotellsthem
howthepeopleofthosecountrieshaveutilizedtheirresourcesforprogress.

Qno.4 State the four points for the importance of the study of
commercial geography for the Commerce students? 2012(R)
1. The students of commerce get knowledge about the industrial resources of the world
throughthestudyofcommercialgeography.
2. The students of commerce know about the determination and location of various
industriesintheworldthroughthestudyofcommercialgeography.
3. Thestudyofcommercialgeographygivesknowledgetocommercestudentsaboutthe
procedure of many commodities in industries, the raw material required for
manufacturingandthefactorsofdeterminationandlocalizationofindustries.
4. Thestudentsofcommercegetknowledgeabouthometrade,meansoftransportation
andinternationalmarketsthroughthestudyofcommercialgeography.
6

CHAPTER
#2

ForClassXIICommerce

ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES

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INTRODUCTION:
STONE AGE:
In the beginning the mans needs were limited. Thus in that period man used to live like
animals, and also used the forests products as his food, as the human being was increasing
rapidly, he adopted various ways for hunting and fishing for these purposes he begin to use
instrumentmadeofstones.ThusthatperiodofmanshistoryisknownasStoneAge.

BRONZE AGE:
Afterthatmanbecomesmorecivilizedandhestartedtotamethewildanimalsandwiththe
help of these animals he started the profession of agriculture to fulfill the needs for growing
population. Besides the production of various agricultural crops man started digging of earth
andhebecamesuccessfulforfiningvariousmineralsthusthisperiodisknownasBronzeAge.

MACHINE AGE:
Thediscoveryofvariousmineralsenablesmantomakevariousinventionsinshapeofmachines
inwhichthesteamengineswasnotableforindustrialrevolutioninmanycountries.Thatperiod
wasknownasMachineAge.

ATOMIC AGE:
Thus,inthepresentagetheinventionofatomicenergyhasenabledmantoexplorethewhole
world, after the getting of knowledge about the world. The man is trying to discover and
conquertheuniverse,andhehasbecomesuccessfultoreachuptomoonandhisstruggleto
reachotherplanetsisstillinprogress,thusthepresentagecanbecalledasanAtomicAge.

Qno1. Define a term Economic Activities. Briefly discuss the

classification of Economic Activities?
DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:
The activities which are related to the production consumption and exchange of things are
calledECONOMICACTIVITIES.

ForClassXIICommerce

CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:

FollowingaretheclassificationsofEconomicActivities.
A.Production
B.Exchange
C.Consumption

1. PRODUCTION:
Productionisdividedintotwoparts:1.PrimaryProduction2.SecondaryProduction

PRIMARY PRODUCTION:
Hunting of animal (Harvesting commodities from nature) (subsistence agriculture, forestry
fishingmining)
Gatheringofwildberriesandnuts
Extractingofmineralsfromtheearth
Fishingfromrivers,lakesandoceans
Harvestingoftrees
SECONDARYPRODUCTION:
Purposefultendingofcropsandlivestock(CommercialAgriculture)
Increasingthevalueofcommoditiesbychangingtheirform(manufacturing)
TERTIARY:
Services(clerical,personal,business)
QUATERNARY:
Financial, health, entertainment, education, information and data processing services middle
management,administrativeservices,andgovernmentbureaucrats.
QUINARY:
Highlevelmanagementandexecutiveadministrativepositions(PublicandPrivate)
9

ForClassXIICommerce

ScientificresearchanddevelopmentServices
2.EXCHANGE:
Transportationanddistributionservices
Increasingthevalueofcommoditiesbychangingtheirlocation(Freighttransportation)
Exchangingservicesandideasbytelecommunicationorfacetofacecontact
Satisfyingtheneedsofpeoplebychangingtheirlocation(Passenger,Transportation)
Warehousinganddistributionfunction.1.WholeSaleTrade2.RetailTrade
3.CONSUMPTION:
Useofcommoditiesandservicesbyhumanbeingstosatisfytheirneedneedsandwants.
HARVESTINGOFCOMMODITIESFROMNATURALFORESTS:
Itissaidthatfirstofall,afterhisarrivalinthisworld,manutilizedtheforestresources.Inthe
presentagesomeofthetribesinequatorialregiongettheirlivingfromtheforests.
HUNTINGANDFISHING:
To fulfill the needs of food man has been using the profession of hunting and fishing since
ancient time. Hunting and fishing are considered the second old activity of man. Fish has
becomeanimportantpartofdailyfoodoflargenumberofpopulationofvariouscountriesin
theworldandthousandtonsoffisharecaughtdailyintheworld.

Qno2. What are the major difference b/w Commercial and Economic
Activities? 2012(R)
Allthoseactivitiesofmenwhichareassociatedwithproduction,consumptionandexchangeof
consuming goods are called Economic Activities. In economic activities, human physical and
intellectualeffortsareusedtomakeresourcesbeneficialforproductionofwealth.
Allthoseactivitieswhichareassociatedwithexchangeofgoods,payingandreceiving,buying,
selling and transportation are called Commercial Activities. The major difference between
EconomicactivitiesandCommercialActivitiesarerelatedtotheexchangeofgoods,payingand
receiving, transportation and buying and selling with the intellectual, physical and practical
humanefforts.
10

ForClassXIICommerce

Qno3 What do you mean by Commercial Activities? Explain its

various kinds? 2010(P&R)
Commercial Activities:
Allthoseactivitieswhichareassociatedwithexchangeofgoods,payingandreceiving,buying,
sellingandtransportationarecalledCommercialActivities.

Kinds/Classification of Commercial Activities:

Followingarethevariouskinds/classificationofCommercialActivities.

Primary Activities:
Theactivitiesinwhichmengetdirectbenefitfromnaturalresourcesobtainedfromearthand
geographical environment are called Primary Activities. The procedure related to primary
activities was adopted by man during his early period of history. These activitieswere limited
andonlyrelatedtosubsistence.Forests,minerals,andbirdsarethenaturalresourcesoffood.

Secondary Activities:
Thecommercialactivitieswhichareinvolvedintransformingrawmaterialswhichareobtained
from initial activities into unable products by manufacturing are called Secondary Activities.
Different kinds of industries and their manufacturing procedures are classified as Secondary
activitiesofman.

Tertiary Activities:
The commercial activities in which services are added to primary and secondary commercial
activities to increase the utility of the manufacturing products are called Tertiary activities.
Tertiary activities are related with services, not to the production of tangible commodities.
Tradeandcommerceisanimportanttertiaryactivity.

11

ForClassXIICommerce

Qno.4 Explain the various kinds of animal found in the

world?
HERDINGORANIMALKEEPING:
Animalkeepingisalsoconsideredoneoftheprimaryactivitiesofman.Theanimalsfoundinthe
variouspartsoftheworldcanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:
1.WildAnimals

2.DomesticatedorTameanimals

WILDANIMALS:
1.ANIMALLIFEINTHEFOREST:
Inthetropicalforestsconditionsareunsuitedtoanimals.Theclimateisdampanunhealthyand
thevegetationaretoodensetoallowfreemovementeitherbirds,monkeysandapesliveonthe
treesorbiganimallikeelephanttakeshelterintheseforests.
2.ANIMALSLIFEINTHEGRASSANDSCRUBLANDS:
These regions are the abodes of hoofed animals (or ungulates) like antelopes, deer, horses,
camelsandinplacessheepandgoats.
3.ANIMALLIFEINTHEDESERT:
Deserts have very few animals. The hot deserts have only some insects and gnawing animals
thatliveondryscatteredvegetation.
4.ANIMALLIFEINTHEMOUNTAINS:
Veryfewanimalsliveonhighmountains.Theyhavehardelastichoofsthatenablethemtojump
aboutonhardrock.Theyareusuallyveryagile;sheepandgoatsbeingthemostagile.
5.ANIMALLIFEINTUNDRAS:
InthetrueTundraregions,wherethereisonlyashortwarmandicefreeperiod,manyanimals
settle down during summer, while they move southwards into the coniferous forests during
winters.ArcticFox,theArcticwolfandtheArcticBeeraretheanimalsofTundrasregion.

12

ForClassXIICommerce

DOMESTICATEDORTAMEANIMALS:
The important domestic animals are cattle, sheep, horse, camel, goat and elephants. Since
animal require a large in which to roam and feed the livestock of the world is found in those
countries.
1.CATTLEANDFOODSUPPLY:
No other animal has a greater place of importance than cattle in the progress of nations,
becausehighestphysicalandmentaldevelopmentneedsdietbasedondairy.Cattlearedivided
intotwogroups:DairyCattleandBeefCattle.
2.MINING:
Nature has gifted man enormous treasures in shape of various minerals under or above the
earth.Manhasbeenusingthesemineralsfromthetimesimmemorial.Theinventionofmachine
becamepossiblewiththehelpofminerals,especiallyironandcoal.
Mineralwealthplaysanimportantroleinthismachineage.Machinesaremadebythem,runby
themandfedbythem.

13

ForClassXIICommerce

CHAPTER
#3
FISHERS

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INTRODUCTION:
Fishingisoneofthegreatprimaryindustriesoftheworld.Fishprovidestheearliestavailable
food for man. There is no need to cultivate the land wait for the maturity of the crops, as in
agriculturetoprovidefood.

Qno.1 Briefly discuss the importance of Fishing Industry?

IMPORTANCEOFFISHINGINDUSTRY:
Thepresentdayfishingindustryisnotconfinedtoproducefoodonly;itsscopeismuchlarge.
Fish now supplies important materials of industrial use. Fish meal is a valuable manufacture;
fishoilisusedformedicinesandindustrialpurposeslikelubricating,tanning,soapmakingand
temperingofsteel.
Amongthenewusesoffish,istheuseoffishmealasafeedingstufftocowsandpoultry.Thisis
arecentdevelopmentandsaveswasteinthefishingindustry.Fishmealhasprovedveryuseful
forgrowingstockofallkinds,forhighlyconcentratedfoodandisgivenmixedwithotherstuff.

Qno2. Discuss the factors that influence the development

of fishing industry in any area? 2011(R)
FACTORSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFISHINGINDUSTRY:
CLIMATE:
Therearesomanyfactorswhichareresponsibleforthegrowthoffishingindustry,becausefish
likethecoolclimate,socoolclimateofthetemperaturebeltpreventstheplanktonandother
fishfoodfromdecayingrapidly.
PHYSICALFACTORS:
FISHFOOD:
Allmarinelifedependsonaveryminutevegetablelife,calledPlankton.Theanimal,Plankton
lives on vegetable plants. These minute plants have the power of absorbing the dissolved
nitrogenouscompounds,mineralsaltandcarbondioxide;thelasttwoareinabundanceinthe
sea.

15

ForClassXIICommerce

CONDITIONOFCOASTLINE:
The broken coastline are mostly suited for fishing industry, because such type of coast line
providefacilitiesfortheconstructionofharbors,whichprovidessheltertothefishermenatthe
storms.
TOPOGRAPHYOFLAND:
In those countries where topography of the land is not suited for agriculture, there main
occupationofthepeopleisfishing.SuchasNorway
NEARNESSOFFOREST:
Forestssupplywoodfortheconstructionofboats,basketsforcatchingandpackingthefishand
racketsfordryingfish.
ECONOMICFACTORS:
CHEAPLABOR:
Cheaplaborisessentialforthegrowthoffishingindustryandmoreprofitcanalsobeachieved.
EFFICIENTMARKETING:
Fish beingmuch moreperishable than meat so its early marketing can give more profit to its
producer
USEOFSCIETIFICMETHODS:
The use of steamers trawlers and other mechanical devices have revolutionized the fishing
industry.
KINDSOFFISHERIES:
Thefisheriesoftheworldfallintothreeclasses:
1.DeepSeaFisheries
2.ShoreFisheries
3.FreshWaterFisheries

16

ForClassXIICommerce

Qno3. Explain the important fishing grounds of the world?

IMPORTANTFISHINGGROUNDSOFTHEWORLD:
Most of the important fishing grounds of the world are suited in North Hemisphere are as
follows:
1.NorthEastAsia
2.NorthWesternEurope
3.NorthEastofNorthAmerica
4.NorthWestofNorthAmerica
1.NORTHEASTASIA:
AlthoughinallthenortheasterncountriesofAsia,themainoccupationofthepeoplelivingnear
Coastal areas is fishing, but three of them Russia, China and Japan are more important in
fishingindustry.
2.NORTHWESTERNEUROPE:
Most of the Western European countries such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, France,
UK, Denmark, Belgium and other countries, where the people living near coastal areas their
mainoccupationisfishing.
3.NORTHEASTOFNORTHAMERICA:
The north eastern coastal areas of North America are also suitable for the fish growth. Here
largeamountoffishfoodcalledPlanktonisavailable.Themainfishingcentersoftheseregions
are Newfoundland Island, New England, Labrador, and Canadian cities of Halifax, Boston,
PortlandandMontreal.
4.NORTHWESTOFNORTHAMERICA:

17

ForClassXIICommerce

ThenorthwesterncoastalareasofUSAandeasterncoastofAsiainpacificarealsoimportant
fishinggroundsofcatches

MAINIMPORTERS:
Followingarethemainimportersoftheworld.
1.UnitedStatesofAmerica
2.France
3.Germanyand
4.UK
MAINEXPORTERS:
Followingarethemainexportersoftheworld.
1.Canada
2.Japan
3.Norway
Peruistheleadingexporterintermofweightoffish.

18

CHAPTER
#4
NATURAL
VEGETATION
ForClassXIICommerce

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Qno1. Define a term Natural Vegetation?

DEFINITIONOFVEGETATION:
VegetationofsomesortortheotheristhenaturalcoveringofthelandsurfaceoftheEarth.

Qno2. Explain the factors for the growth of Natural

Vegetation?
FACTORFORTHEGROWTHOFNATURALVEGETATION:
Followingarethefactorsforthegrowthofnaturalvegetation.
1.
2.
3.
4.

TheamountofHeat(Temperature)
Theamountanddistributionofprecipitation(Rainfall,wind)
Theamountoflight
Thecharacterofsoils

THEAMOUNTOFHEAT(TEMPERATURE):
Thegrowthandtypeofvegetationataparticularplacedependsupontheclimateandphysical
features, but temperature plays an important role. Thus in the equatorial region where
temperatureishigh,denseforestarenotfound.
THEAMOUNTOFDISTRIBUTIONOFPRECIPITATION(RAINFALL):
Nextinimportancetotemperaturearetheamountandtheseasonaldistributionprecipitation,
either in the form of rain or snow. Thus, in areas of heavy rain dense forest seen and in
intermediateraingrasslandsandareasofmeagerrainfalldesertvegetationcanbeseen.

THEAMOUNTOFDISTRIBUTIONOFPRECIPITATIO(WINDS):
Thefunctionofwindsistohelptheplantsintranspirationi.e.gettingridoftheexcessmoisture.
LIGHT:
Light is the chief factor where by the plant manufacturers its food (sugar) from the green
materialintheleaves,becomeyellowandwithintheplantdies.
20

ForClassXIICommerce

SOIL:
Themoisturesupplytherootsoftheplantisdeterminedbythetextureofsoil.Theeffectiveness
ofprecipitationisgreatlyinfluencedbysoilstructure.

Qno3. Define Forest. Explain the various kinds of Forest

found in the world?
FOREST:
Forestsgrowinareasofabundantprecipitation,thoughtheycanmaintainthemselvesevenin
areasofrelativelylowrainfall,providedthisisdistributedwithsufficientuniformity.
Theforestsoftheworldmaybedividedintotwomajorparts:
1. EvergreenForests
2. DeciduousForests
EVERGREENFORESTS:
Such forests remains evergreen throughout the year and do not shed their sub divided as
follows:

1. EQUATORIALEVERGREENFORESTS:
These kindsof forests are found inAmazon Basin in South America, Congo Basin in Africa
andinislandsofEastindiesinAsia.Suchtypeofforestsisalsofoundinareasofmonsoon
regionwhererainfallismorethan80inchesannually.
21

ForClassXIICommerce

2. MEDITERRANEANEVERGREENFORESTS:
SuchtypesoftreesarefoundinareasalongtheMediterraneanSea,CaliforniainUSA,and
centralChiliinSouthAmerica.
3. CONIFEROUSEVERGREENFORESTS:
(Areas) the cold temperate and sub Arctic lands of North America are covered with dense
greenforests.
DECIDUOUSFORESTS:
Thesearebroadleaves,hardwoodentrees,andtheyshedtheirleavesduringthewarmdry
season.Theymustbesubdividedasfollows:

1. MONSOONDECIDUOUSFORESTS:
Such type of forests or trees are found in areas of Monsoon region such as in China,
Thailand,Vietnam,Burmaetc.
2. TEMPERATEDECIDUOUSFORESTS:
These types of forest are found in North Western Europe, North Eastern USA and Eastern
CoastofAustraliaandSouthEastAfrica.

22

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CHAPTER
#5

AGRICULTURE

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DEFINITIONOFAGRICULTURE:
Itisanartofraisingplantslifefromthesoilfortheuseofmankind.Alltheplantsandcrops
were grown in the beginning. History shows that in early days when people started to live
grouplifeandbegantobecivilized,theywereconcernedwithagriculturealone.
Now days the same tendency prevails among the common people. It is seen that people
generallyprefertosettleinplaceswhichplainsandfertileland.

Qno.1 Explain the various type of farming in the world?

TYPESOFFARMING:
Followingarevarioustypesoffarmingwhichareusedforbettergrowth,someoftheseareas
follows:

SHIFTINGFARMING:
This type of farming is adopted in about 15% of the world. It is the most primitive type of
farming.Underthismethodthelandiscultivatedfromonetothreetimesandthenabandoned
becauseoflooseoffertilityandoverploughandthennewpieceoflandisusedforcultivation
andthenabandonedagainafterfewyearsandsothecultivationgoesfromoneplottoanother.

SUBSISTANCEFARMING:2010(R&P)
ItisalsoknownasDomesticFarmingbecausemostoftheproductsarelocallyconsumedand
onlyasmallsurplusisexportedtoother.Underthissystemtheproductionofcropsisjustfor
meetingonesownneedisthemaincriteria.

RUDIMENTARYFARMING:
The rudimentary type of farming is associated with settled cultivation. Under this system the
samepieceoflandiscultivatedbythepeopleconstantlyformanyyears.

HUMIDFARMING:
Thistypeoffarmingisadoptedbythefarmerslivinginregionshavingmoderaterainfall.And
practiceintheregions,wheretheannualrainfallinabove20.Itiscommonlyunderpracticein
24

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Europe, Americans, Asians and other countries which enjoy constant amount of rainfall
annually.

IRRIGATIONFARMING:
This type of farming is an inverse method of humid cultivation because it is adopted by the
region which having seasonal rainfall and thus farming takes place there through canals and
riverirrigation.SuchtypeoffarmingisunderpracticeinRussia,India,U.S.A,Pakistan,Egyptare
themainothercountries.

DRYFARMING:
Dryfarmingisadoptedintheareaswhereneitherthesufficientamountofrainfallnorirrigation
facilitiesisavailable.Intheseregionscultivationofcropismadepossiblebyutilizingeverydrop
ofrainwaterverycautiously.ThistypeoffarmingwasstartedinUnitedStatesofAmericaand
nowisbeingadoptedbySouthAfrica,AustraliaandvariousAsiancountries.

MIXEDFARMING:
Inthistypeoffarmingthefarmercombinefarming,hischiefoccupationwithotheroccupation
suchaslivestock,fruitgrowing,cattlerearingetc.thereforeitiscalledMixedFarmingandit
maycarryoneitheralargeorasmallscale.Itisveryimportantfordenselypopulatedareas.
Notonlytwoeconomicactivitiesmixedunderthistypebutfarmersalsomixorgrowtwotypes
ofcropsatthesametimelikeWheatandMaizeetc.Thistypeoffarmingishighlyadoptedin
PrairieregionofU.S.AcentraleastAmerica,SouthBraziletc.

TRUCKFARMING:2010(R&P)
It is also known as Market gardening. Under this method of farming vegetables grow at a
largescalefortrade.Becausevegetablesareaperishableitemsotheyarecultivatednearby
theurbanareasorintheoutskirtofbigcitiesandtownswhichofferareadymarketandthey
could immediately be supplied in the market. Atlantic coast in U.S.A is the best example of
truckfarming.

MECHANIZEDFARMING:
Thefarmingmaytakeplacethroughtwomethods:
1. TraditionalMethod2.Modern
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ForClassXIICommerce

ModernmethodoffarmingistermedasMechanizedFarming.Itspracticeispossibleinthe
temperategrasslandswhereflatplainsareavailable.Inthismethodnotonlyfarmingtoolsare
modernbutthecultivationisalsoscientific.Thistypeoffarmingisusednotonlythefulfillment
ofdomesticdemandsbuttheproductsaresuppliedtoothercountriesaswell.Themechanized
farmingisgettingpopularinCanada,Argentina,U.S.AandRussia.

PLANTATIONFARMING:
Plantation is large tracks of agricultural lands owned by individuals or by corporation and
operatedbycentralizedmanagement.Inthistypeoffarmingonlyonecashcropisgrown on
commercialbasisandotherfoodandclothingrequirementsarefulfilledbyimports.Therefore,
thistypeoffarmingistakenatlargescaleonlyandisconcentratedinSouthAfrica.

COMMERCIALFARMING:
Itisthemoderntypeoflargescalespecializedagriculture.Itisthemostimportantsystemand
hasbeenadoptedinabout25%countriesoftheworld.Underthismethodofcultivationand
mechanizedprocessitbecomespossibletoproducecropsinlargequantity.

MAINFEATURESOFAGRICULTURE:
Followingarethemainfeaturesofagriculture.
1.Mainsourceoffoodsupply
2.Provideemploymentopportunities
3.MajorsourceofNationalIncome
4.GoodMarketforagriculturalmachineryandequipment
5.Providesrawmaterialforindustries
6.Marketforfertilizers,pesticidesandinsecticides
7.Mainsourceofforeignexchangeearnings.
8.Expandsindustrialgoodsmarket.

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ForClassXIICommerce

ImportanceofAgriculture:
Agriculture is backbone and the largest sectors of Pakistans economy, which plays a very
important role in its development. It provides food i.e. wheat, rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits
andotheritemsforgrowingpopulationofthecountry.
Nearly 22% of total output (GDP) Gross Domestic Product and 48% of total employment is
generatedintheagriculture.ItcontributessubstantiallytoPakistansexports.
Itprovidesrawmaterialstodifferentindustriessuchascotton,sugarcane,edibleoilseeds,and
citrusfruits,leather,wool,woodandotheritems.

27

CHAPTER
#6
Animal
Husbandry /
Herding

ForClassXIICommerce

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ForClassXIICommerce

Qno1. How many types of Animals are found in the World?

Theanimalfoundintheworldcanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:
1. WildAnimal
2. DomesticatedorTameAnimal

ANIMALRESOURCESANDINDUSTRIES:
Animals play an important role in the ecology of the nature. The bees carrying insect pollen
fertilizeplants.Theinsectsincreasetheproductivityofthesoilwhentheyloosenthesoiland
thusplayapartinthechemicalcycleoflifealso.

INDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTONANIMALRESOURCES:
The rearing of large number of animals or major species has given rise to some important
industriesindifferentregionsoftheworld.Theindustriessodevelopedcommerciallyonanimal
resourcesare;
1.
2.
3.
4.

Dairying
Wool
Leather
Poultry

Qno.2 What factors is necessary for the development of

dairy farming industry?

CONDITIONNECESSARYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDAIRYFARMING
INDUSTRY:
Followingfactorsarenecessaryforthedevelopmentofdairyfarmingindustry.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Climate
Developmenttransportandrefrigerationfacilities
Market
Capital
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5. Enoughsupplyofskilledlabor

Qno.3 Briefly discusses the regions of Dairy Farming in the

world?

REGIONSOFDAIRYFARMING:
Theprincipalregionsofthecommercialdairyingintheworldare:
1.
2.
3.
4.

EastCentralNorthAmerica
NorthWesternEurope
SouthEastAustralia
AsiaandAfrica

EASTCENTRALNORTHAMERICA:
ThisregioncomprisestheprovincesofOntarioandQuebecinCanada,NewEngland,Michigan
andtheU.S.Asnortheastpart.Thecoolmoisttemperateclimateissuitableforhaycropsthan
forgrain.

NORTHWESTERNEUROPE:
Dairy is an important part of mixed farming. Mostly peasants cultivate grains but
simultaneouslyrearcattletosupplementtheirincome.France,Denmark,Holland,Switzerland,
Germanyetcaretheimportantproducersofdairyproductsinthisregion.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Netherland
Denmark
Switzerland
UnitedKingdom

SOUTHEASTAUSTRALIA:
Australia is an important producer and exporter of dairy products. A large amount of cheese
andbutterareexportedtoothercountrieseveryyear.

ASIAANDAFRICA
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The continent Asia and Africa are quite backward in the respect of dairy industry. The dairy
productisnotorganizedonscientificlinesinAsia.

Qno4. Write down the importers and exporters countries of

Dairy farming in the world?

IMPORTERCOUNTRIES:
Followingaretheimporterscountries
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Italy
Netherland
Germany
Ireland
U.K
Belgium
Japan

EXPORTERCOUNTRIES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Germany
France
Belgium
Netherland
NewZealand
U.K
Ireland

Qno.5BrieflydiscussaboutBeefCattleintheWorld?
BeefCattlearenotthestaplefoodforthepeopleofthelandandthereforebeefcattlearekept
only in those regions which are not useful for agriculture or where the population is very
sparse.ButBeefisthemostsignificantmeatproductandnormallyaccountsforabout50%of
theworldsmeatoutput.

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Qno.6WhichfactorsareessentialfortheprogressofBeefIndustryin
theWorld?
ThefollowingfactorsareessentialfortheprogressofBeefIndustryintheWorld.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Coolandmoderatedryclimate
Meatpreservingarrangement
Nearnesstomarket
Improvedtransportfacilities
Abundanceofcheapland

Qno.6BrieflydiscusstheworlddistributionofBeefCattle?
WORLDDISTRIBUTIONOFBEEFCATTLE:
ExceptingthesteppesofSiberiawherepopulationisdense,alltheseareasaregreatrearersof
beefcattle.

UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA:
TheU.S.AisthelargestproducerofBeefCattle.Atmanyplacesevenirrigationiscarriedonand
grassisgrownafterlivingonthegrassoftheseranchesforonetotwoyearsbeefcattlearesent
totheslaughterhouses.Themeatispackedfresh,smoked,cannedandsalted.

ARGENTINA:
Sheep are found in all parts of Argentina, but the greatest concentrations are in the moist
portionofpampas.

3.RUSSIANFEDERATION:
In Siberian plain of Asiatic and European Russia large number of Beef cattle are reared from
whichenoughamountofbeefandhidesaretakenandexportedtoneighboringstates.

4.AUSTRALIA:
The development of refrigeration and cold storage has helped Australia to become a big
producerofmeat.

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5.NEWZEALAND:
TheCanterburyplainwithsurroundingdownsrearlargenumberofsheep,morethan90%of
theflocksoftheDominion.

Qno.7WritedowntheExportandImportcountriesofBeefCattlein
theWorld?
IMPORTERS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

AUSTRALIA
GERMANY
FRANCE
ARGENTINA
NEWZEALAND

EXPORTERS:
1. ITALY2.U.S.A3.U.K

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#7

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INDUSTRIES
AND
MANUFACUTURING

THRESHOLD COLLEGIATE
First Floor, Zainab Manzil, Karimabad, Karachi.
Contact: 0300-2128563, 36826594
www. thresholdcollegiate.webs.com
www.facebook.com/threshold-collegiate
www.twitter.com/threshold1999
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ForClassXIICommerce

Qno.1Writeindetail,thefactorsthatdeterminetheregionallocation
ofanIndustry.2011(P)
LOCALIZATIONFACTORS
Therearesomeimportant GEOGRAPHICALANDECONOMICFACTORSwhichexerciseagreatinfluence
on the Localization of any industry. The factors are called the localization factors and are as
follows:

GEOGRAPHICAL&ECONOMICFACTORS
1. RAW MATERIALS No Industry can be established without availability of raw materials.
Theyshouldbeeasilyaccessibleotherwisetheexpensesincurredontheiracquisitionbecome
immense.

2. POWER RESOURCES An industry cannot run without the supply of energy and power.
Moderncomplexindustriesconsumelargeamountofpower.Fuelmustbeeasilyavailableat
theselectedsite.

3. PROXIMITYTO THE MARKET Theultimatepurposeofallproductionisconsumption.

Theconsumingmarketshouldnotberemotefromtheindustries,otherwisethedeliveryofthe
manufactureditemswilladdimmenselytothecost.

4.LABORofitsthreetypes:
1)Skilled
2)Unskilledand
3)Managementandlaborstaff.

5. SUITABLE CLIMATE: Climate determines the working power and efficiency of laborers
andalsotheeconomyoftheproducts.Differentkindsofindustriesrequiredifferentkindsof
climate.

6. EASY AVAILABILITYOF CAPITAL It is an accepted fact that modern industrialization is

impossiblewithoutthelargesupplyofcapital.Easyandlargesupplyofcapitalisanimportant
factor for the localization of any industry. I.D.B.P, N.D.F.C, PIDC, PICIC AND ICP are the
institutionsforprovidingcapital.

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7. GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGEMENTandincentivefromthesideofthegovernmentis
animportantlocalizationfactorforanyindustry.

8. MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION In these days of specialized and diverse trading

operations, availability of means of transport (may it be by air, sea or land) is indispensable.
Thesemeansshouldbeeasilyandquicklyavailableandshouldalsobecheaptominimizecost
ofproduction.

9. POLITICAL CONDITIONS Areasatasafedistancefrompoliticallyexplosiveregionsand

enemyterritoriesarepreferredforindustriallocation.

Qno 2 Give an account of the distribution of Iron and Steel Industry in

the world?
Modern Role of Iron and Steel
We live essentially in an age of Iron and Steel. Because of its hardness and durability, because
of the ease with which it can be cast worked in any desired shaped and because of its
remarkable cheapness under modern method of a production iron is the most important and
widely used metal in the service of man.

IRON ORE
Iron is the most widely distributed metal. But whether it is profitable or not to exploit given iron
deposit depends largely upon its richness, purity, size and location.

IRON MANUFACTURING
Probably 90 percent of worlds iron is now converted into steel. It is concentrated in 28 countries
including America, India, China, Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Italy, Britain, Belgium, Ukraine,
France and Canada.

WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF STEEL INDUSTRY

The world distribution of Steel Industry is discussed in brief as under.

1- CHINA
The history of steel in China is very old. China is leading iron ore producing country of Asia. The
modern Blast Furnaces were established in 1980. Steel Industry in China is concentrated in
three big centers. The steel industry area in North China in Anshan. The oldest steel factory is
working in Manchuria. The third steel producing center is South China.
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2- AMERICA
America has also an important position among iron ore producing countries. Although this
country produces about 10% of worlds iron ore production, but due to heavy home
consumption, it has to import a large amount of iron ore from other countries.

3- JAPAN
Japan has become one of the leading steel producers of the world. The first steel project was
established in Japan at Yawata.

4- FRANCE
France occupies the distinctive position amongst the iron and steel producing countries but this
position is being declined because the world demand of raw iron for the manufacturing
industries is decreasing. In other words, the production of steel in France is decreasing
gradually.

6- GERMANY
Germany, as a steel producing country, occupied third place at the Global level. Germany
emerged as a very important steel producing country. There are many coal reserves in
Germany.

7- BRAZIL
The steel industry of Brazil showed more than 300 per cent increase in the production of steel
after 1973. Since the local use of steel is very low. Brazil has the abundant quantity of steel in
surplus to export.

8- AFRICA
Iron and steel industry is located in Africa. The important places for the production of iron and
steel include Pretoria and Newcastle.

9- CANADA
Canada is an important steel producing country of the world. There are two steel producing
districts in Canada. Cape Breston and Sydney because abundant supply of water and iron ore
of Newfound lands are available.

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10- RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Under a system of economic planning the Russia iron and steel industry has considerably
expanded within a rather short period of time. Since 1973 the country has been the worlds
largest producer of iron and steel.

Qno3. What geographical factors are required for the localization of

CottonTextileIndustry?2009(R&P)OR
Qno3. Write the physical and economic factors necessary for the
cultivationofcottonintheworld.2010(R&P)
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF COTTON
TEXTILEINDUSTRY:
1.CLIMATE:
Climateplaysanimportantroleinthelocationanddevelopmentofcottontextileindustry.For
instance, spinning of cotton is not possible in the dry climate because the dry yarn is broken
againandagain.Thebrokenandknottedyarnwoulddeterioratethequalityofthetextileand
themanufacturingprocesswouldalsobelate.

2.RAWMATERIAL:
No Industry can be established without availability of raw materials. They should be easily
accessibleotherwisetheexpensesincurredontheiracquisitionbecomeimmense.

3.SKILLEDLABOUR:
Modern industries need skilled and cheap labor; it is also the necessary condition for the
establishment of cotton textile industry. Skilled labor is required in this industry for plucking,
cleaning,ginning,spinning,dyingandweaving.

4.MEANSOFTRANSPORTATION:
In these days of specialized and diverse trading operations, availability of means of transport
(May it be by air, sea or land) is indispensable. These means should be easily and quickly
availableandshouldalsobecheaptominimizecostofproduction.

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5.MARKETINGFACILITIES:
The market demand is also another factor for the localization and development of Cotton
Textile Industry therefore; the regions where demand for cotton textile is high, this industry
shouldflourishthere.

Qno.4BrieflydiscussestheusageofWoolintheWorld?
Man has been using wool for his clothing before the birth of Christ. It is mainly used in
temperateorcoldlands;itsuseinwinterisalsocommoninTropicalareas.
Itpreventstheescapeofheatfromthebody,allowsperspirationtopassthroughanddoesnot
getweteasilyfromrain.Itisthoughtthatwoolentextileindustryisolderthancottontextile
industry.
Wool when it is taken from the sheep is not pure. Impurities amount of to 75% of the total
weight.

Qno.5DiscusstheworlddistributionofWorldWoolenCloth.
1.BRITIAN:
It is an oldest industry of Britain, and Britain had monopoly in woolen textile industry before
theWorldWarII.BritainhastoimportlargeamountoffromAustralia,NewZealandtofeedits
woolenmills.

2.U.S.A:
Althoughwoolentextileindustryreachedherelate,buttodayabouteverystateshaswoolen
mills

3.JAPAN:
JapanranksfirstamongwoolenfabricsproducingcountryofAsia.Japanhastoimportfinewool
fromAustraliaandNewzealand.

4.FRANCE:
ItisalsowellknownproducerofwoolenclothamongEuropeancountries.

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Qno6.HowmanytypesofSilkarefoundintheworld?
TherearetwotypesofSilkfoundintheworld;
1. NaturalSilk
2. ArtificialSilk
1.NATURALSILK:
Natural Silk is the fiber of the cocoons spun by the Silk worms. The mulberry leaves are the
main food of silk worms. Mulberry trees flourishes well in warm temperate and sub tropical
climateareas.
2.ARTIFICIALSILK:
Thescientistof18thCenturyinventedthefibersofArtificialSilkRayonandTardyon.Thisfiber
resembleslikenaturalsilkandcomparativecheaper.Theseartificialfibersarebeingusedmixed
withnaturalfiberslikecottonandwool.

Qno.7Whatisthevariouskindoffertilizerintheworld?
Scientistdividesfertilizerinthreekinds.

1.NATURALMANURE:
Animalsandhumanswastesareconsideredasnaturalasnaturalmanureasthesecontainall
elementswhicharerequiredtoland.

2.GREENMANURE:
Nature has made some plants which when deployed decomposed are used as manure e.g.
GowaraandGenterplants.

3.ARTIFICIALMANURE:
This manure is prepared by a chemical process and possesses the quality to improve the
deficiencyofelementsinland.
Thescientistdividedfertilizerinthreekinds,whicharepreparedbychemicalprocess.

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1.NITROGENOUSFERTILIZERS:
In this category are included in Ammonium Sulfate Urea, Nitro lime Stone, Ammonium
Sulfate,Nitrateetc.

2.PHOSPHORUSFERTILIZERS:
InthiscategoryisincludedSuperPhosphatewhichissubdividedintotwobroaddivisions.
1. NitroPhosphate

2.AmmoniumPhosphate

3.POTASHFERTILIZERS:
Inthiskindoffertilizers,Potashisusedasarawmaterial.

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#8

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MINERAL

THRESHOLD COLLEGIATE
First Floor, Zainab Manzil, Karimabad, Karachi.
Contact: 0300-2128563, 36826594
www. thresholdcollegiate.webs.com
www.facebook.com/threshold-collegiate
www.twitter.com/threshold1999
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ForClassXIICommerce

Qno1. Write a note on Goal...2010(R&P)

Coalisacombustibleblackorbrownishblacksedimentaryrockusuallyoccurringinrockstrata
inlayersorveinscalledcoalbedsorcoalseams.Theharderforms,suchasanthracitecoal,can
be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and
pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other
elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur,oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal has been a useful resource for
human consumption. It is primarily burned as a fossil fuel for the production of electricity
and/orheat,andisalsousedforindustrialpurposessuchasrefiningmetals.Coalformswhen
dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then
anthracite.Thisinvolvesbiologicalandgeologicalprocessesthattakeplaceoveralongperiod.

Qno2.DiscussthevarioustypesofCoalintheworld.
ANTHRACITE
Anthracite,thehighestrankofcoalisaharder,glossy,blackcoalusedprimarilyforresidential
and commercial space heating. It may be divided further into metamorphic ally altered
bituminouscoalandpetrifiedoil,asfromthedepositsinPennsylvania.Itcontainsfrom80%of
carbon.

BITUMINOUSCOAL
Bituminouscoalisdensesedimentaryrock,blackbutsometimesdarkbrownoftenwithwell
defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steamelectric power
generation,withsubstantialquantitiesusedforheatandpowerapplicationsinmanufacturing
andtomakecoke.Itcontains60%to80%percentofcarbon,soitishighheatingvalue.

LIGNITE
Ligniteorbrowncoalisthelowestrankofcoalandusedalmostexclusivelyasfuelforelectric
powergeneration.Ithas33%ofcarbonand20%to35%percentofmoisture.

PEAT
Peat,consideredtobeaprecursorofcoal,hasindustrialimportanceasafuelinsomeregions,
forexample,IrelandandFinland. Initsdehydratedform,peatisahighlyeffectiveabsorbent
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forfuelandoilspillsonlandandwater.Itisalsousedasaconditionerforsoiltomakeitmore
abletoretainandslowreleasewater.

Qno3. Discuss the different world Coal production Countries.2011

2012
CHINA
Chinaisthelargestcoalreservedepositsintheworld.Now,itsproductionhasalsogonehigher
enough, and its rank first position among coal producing countries. Here, coal is found in
Loang,Shantung,Szechwan,Shensi,KansoandHunanprovince.

UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA(U.S.A)
The second largest coal producing country of the world. It produces about 24% worlds coal
production.ThemaincoalproducingareasofU.S.ANorthernAppalachianCoalMines;these
coal fields are considered to be the large coal mines in the world. Central Appalachian Coal
Mines;thesemineshavesecondpositionaccordingtoproduction.TheSouthernAppalachian
CoalMines;theseminesprovideaverysmallquantityofcoal.

INDIA
Thethirdlargestcoalproducingcountryoftheworld.Ranijang,Bokaro,andKarenporaarethe
maincoalminingareas.SomecoalisalsofoundinMedhyapradeshareas.

Qno.4WhyAnthraciteiscalledthebestqualityofCoal?
ANTHRACITECOAL
Anthracite,thehighestrankofcoalisaharder,glossy,blackcoalusedprimarilyforresidential
andcommercialspaceheating.Itcontainsfrom80%ofcarbon.Anthraciteisthebestqualityof
coalwithleastashcontent.Anthraciteisahard,compactvarietyofmineralcoalthathasahigh
luster.Ithasthehighestcarboncountandcontainsthefewestimpuritiesofallcoals,andhas
thehighestcalorificcontentascomparedtoothertypesofcoalssuchasbituminouscoaland
lignite.

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Qno.5Howmanytypesofmineralsarefoundintheworld?
Themineralsfoundintheworldcanbeclassifiedasunder.

1.BASICMINERALS:
Thoseminerals,whichareconsideredtobethebaseofindustryormachines.ForexampleIron.
Copper,Lead,Zinc,etc.

2.POWERMINERALS:
Suchtypeofmineralsprovidespowertorunmachines,suchasCoal,Petroleum,NaturalGas,
andHydroelectricity.

3.PRECIOUSMINERALS:
Gold,Silver,Uranium,PlatinumandDiamond,etc.aretheexamplesofpreciousminerals.

Qno.6DiscusstheimportanceofMineralOil?
Mineral oil is light and best liquid oil for producing energy. Mineral oil is the most important
sourceoflubricantsandfuel.Inadditiontothepetrol,otheringredientsarealsoachievedfrom
mineraloilwhichisusedintheindustries.Industrialdevelopmentoftheadvancedcountriesof
the world depends on the importance of mineral oil without which the developed nations
cannotbesurvived.Mineraloilgeneratesthreetimesgreaterenergythanthecoal.Mineraloil
couldnotbeonlystoredeasilybutbealsotransferredfromonetoanother.

Qno.7 What do you mean by OPEC? Write down the names of the
membersofOPEC.
TheOrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)wasfoundedinBaghdad,Iraq,
withthesigningofanagreementinSeptember1960byfivecountriesnamelyIslamicRepublic
ofIran,Iraq,Kuwait,SaudiArabiaandVenezuela.TheyweretobecometheFounderMembers
oftheOrganization.ThesecountrieswerelaterjoinedbyQatar(1961),Indonesia(1962),Libya
(1962),theUnitedArabEmirates(1967),Algeria(1969),Nigeria(1971),Ecuador(1973),Gabon
(1975) and Angola (2007). Currently, the organization has a total of 12 members countries.

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TheyareAlgeria,Angola,Iran,Iraq,Kuwait,Libya,Nigeria,Qatar,SaudiArabia,UnitedArab
Emirates,andVenezuela.

Qno.8ExplainvarioustypesofIronorefoundintheworld?
FollowingarethevarioustypesofIronOrefoundintheWorld.

LIMONITE:
ThefirstkindofironoreisknownasLimonite.Itcontains50%iron.Itisavailableingrayand
yellowishcolours.ThisironoreisfoundinGermanyandFrance.

HEMATITE:

Thisisthesecondbestkindofironore.Itisavailableinreddishcolourandcontains60to70%
iron.Itisachievedinthesolidform.ThisoreiscommoninU.S.A,IndiaandRussia.

MAGNETITE:
ThebestqualityofironoreisknownasMagnetite.Itcontainsthehighestpercentageofiron
i.e.72%approximately.Becauseofthishigherironquantityitscolourisblack.Itiscommonly
foundinIgneousandMetamorphicrocksarea.

SIDERITE:
Itisrankedasthelowestqualityofironore.Itcontains30%to40%ofironcontent.Thisorehas
variousvarietiesandcolorsrangingfromashgraytobrown.

PIGIRON:
Thefirstprocessofironoresmeltinggives,itistheshapeofpigiron,andfewimpuritiesare
removed.

CASTIRON:
After,the2ndprocessbymixingofsulfur,phosphors,andlimestoneitchangesitsshapeascast
iron.

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WROUGHTIRON:
Tomakethecastironmorepure,limestoneandmanganeseisusedinthethirdprocess,andit
isconvertedintothebars,knownasWroughtIron.

STAINLESSSTEEL:
Itisknownasbestqualityofiron.Tomakewroughtironmorepurestrongandbrightduring
thefourthprocess,thechromium,nickelandtungsten,areused,andconvertedintostainless
steel.

Qno.8 Write down the importers and exporters countries of iron

productionintheworld?
IMPORTERS:
Sweden,Brazil,Australia,Venezuela,India,Chile,Mauritania,Algeria.

EXPORTERS:
U.S.A,Germany,France,U.K,Japan,Italy,Pakistan,etc

Qno.9WriteanoteonthepreciousmineralGOLD

GOLD(PRECIOUSMINERAL)

Goldranksanimportantpositionamongallthepreciousminerals.TheuseofGoldiscommon
intheworldfromoldendays.Todayitisusedformakingcoinsandornaments.Goldreserves
arethecommonmeasureofacountryseconomy.Goldisheavierthansomanyminerals,but
inspiteofthatitisverysoftandcanbeconvertedintothinsheet.Goldoccursinveinsorreefs
ofquartz.MostlyitisfoundinIgneousandMetamorphicrocks,butsomegoldisalsofoundin
thesandsofsomerivers.

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Qno.10WritedownworldGoldProduction?

WORLDSGOLDPRODUCTION
II.Majorgoldproducingcountries.(20112012)

CHINA
Gold mining in the People's Republic of China has recently made that country the world's
largest gold producer. For the year 2007, gold output rose 12% from 2006 to 276 tones to
become the world's largest for the first time overtaking South Africa, which produced 272
tones.Forthethirdconsecutiveyear,Chinaistheworld'slargestproducerofgold.Itbeatits
previousrecord.Chinesegoldproductionrosefrom285to300tonsofgoldfrom2008to2009.

AUSTRALIA
Australiaisthesecondlargestgoldproducerintheworldwith215tones.Productionisdown
2.3%comparedto2008.Australiamovesfromfourthtosecondasitsproductiondeclinedmore
slowlythanthatofSouthAfricaandUSA.

SOUTHAFRICAANDUNITESSTATESOFAMERICA
SouthAfricahaslostitsplaceofNo.1goldproductionin2007.Itisnowthethirdlargestinthe
worldwiththeUSA.GoldproductioninSouthAfricaisbelowthatof2008(213t)with210tones
ofgoldproduced.GoldproductioninSouthAfricahasalmosthalvedsince2001(402tonesof
gold).ThedeclineofgoldproductioninSouthAfricain2009,like2008,canbeattributedinpart
to problems of electricity production. But for 39 years, production of gold in South Africa
decreasesbecauseofdepletionofitsbestdeposits.
TheU.S.isthirdwithaproductionof215tonnesofgold,thesameoutputasSouthAfrica.Gold
productionintheU.S.hasdeclinedsincethepeak(recordyear)of1998.ThestateofNevada
produces3/4ofgoldproductionintheUSA.

RUSSIA:
Russia gold mines produced 185 tonnes of gold in 2009, an increase of 5.1% over 2008 and
21%over2001.TherecordyearofgoldproductionintheSovietUnionis1989with304tonnes.
ForRussia,2009with185tonnesofgoldwasarecordyear.Thethreelargestproducersofgold
producedeachyearthirdofRussiangold.Russiaguards,suchasChina,growthpotentialofits
goldproduction.

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Qno.11WhatdoyouknowaboutUranium?
URANIUM
Uranium is a very heavy metal which can be used as an abundant source of concentrated
energy.Uraniumoccurs in most rocks in concentrations of 2 to 4 parts per million and is as
common in the Earth's crust as tin, tungsten and molybdenum. Uranium occurs in seawater,
andcanberecoveredfromtheoceans.Uraniumwasdiscoveredin1789byMartinKlaproth,a
Germanchemist.Uraniumhasameltingpointis1132C.Thechemicalsymbolforuraniumis
U.

Qno.12WhyareaccuratedetailsaboutUraniumnotavailable?
ReservesofUraniumarespreadinallovertheworldatdifferentplaces.Itissuchtypeofmetal
whichhelpsinatomicenergythatisthereasonofkeepingthereservesofUraniumsecretby
manycountries.ThatiswhyitisverydifficulttocalculatethetotalreservesofUraniuminthe
world.Around40countriesareshowingtheirUraniumreserves.Followingcountriesarevery
important among them: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
CentralAfricanRepublicandChinaetc.

Qno13.WritedowntheusesofUraniumintheWorld?
Uranium is one of the most important mineral nowadays because of its uses. It is getting
importancedaybydayasitseconomicsdisadvantagesareincreasing.
Someofitsusesoradvantagesareasfollowing.

RawMaterialofNuclearPower:
It is used as an important ingredient in nuclear power production. Scientists have been
developingatombombwiththehelpofthismineral.

AtomicEnergy:
Itisagreatsourceofatomicenergy.Nowadaysapproximately44countriesoftheworldare
usingthispowerinfulfillmentoftheirenergyorelectricitydemand.

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MedicalUses:
Nowadays uranium is used in diagnosis of different diseases and it is also used in the
treatmentofcancer.

DefensiveUses:
It is also used as an important ingredient in the defensive equipments of different countries.
Forexampleinrockets,shipsusethisenergywhichimprovetheirefficiency.

Agriculture:
Thisenergyisalsohelpfulinagriculturefieldthatswhynumberofcountriesthesedaysusingit
forthedevelopmentoftheiragriculturesectorandimprovingtheiryieldperacre.

ProductionSector:
These days different production sectors are using this energy as a raw material in their
products or producing atomic base articles and so this energy is improving the production
sectorofaneconomy.

Qno14.WritedownworldUraniumproducingCountries?
Canada:
CanadaisleadinginproductionofUranium.

Australia:
AustraliathesecondproducingcountryofUraniumintheWorld.
BesidestheabovementionedcountriesUraniumisalsofoundinSouthAfrica,Franceandother
Europeancountriesintheworld.

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Qno15.WritedowntheexportersandimportersofUranium?
Exporters:
Canada,Australia,SouthAfrica,Nigeria,Turkey
Importers:
Japan,France,Italy,Belgium,India,U.K

Qno.16writeshortnoteonCOAL.
Coalisacombustibleblackorbrownishblacksedimentaryrockusuallyoccurringinrockstrata
inlayersorveinscalledcoalbedsorcoalseams.Theharderforms,suchasanthracitecoal,can
be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and
pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other
elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur,oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal has been a useful resource for
human consumption. It is primarily burned as a fossil fuel for the production of electricity
and/orheat,andisalsousedforindustrialpurposessuchasrefiningmetals.Coalformswhen
dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then
anthracite.Thisinvolvesbiologicalandgeologicalprocessesthattakeplaceoveralongperiod
oftime.

Qno.16DiscussthedifferenttypesofCoalintheworld
ANTHRACITE
Anthracite,thehighestrankofcoalisaharder,glossy,blackcoalusedprimarilyforresidential
and commercial space heating. It may be divided further into metamorphic ally altered
bituminouscoalandpetrifiedoil,asfromthedepositsinPennsylvania.Itcontainsfrom80%of
carbon.

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BITUMINOUSCOAL
Bituminouscoalisdensesedimentaryrock,blackbutsometimesdarkbrownoftenwithwell
defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steamelectric power
generation,withsubstantialquantitiesusedforheatandpowerapplicationsinmanufacturing
andtomakecoke.Itcontains60%to80%percentofcarbon,soitishighheatingvalue.

LIGNITE
Ligniteorbrowncoalisthelowestrankofcoalandusedalmostexclusivelyasfuelforelectric
powergeneration.Ithas33%ofcarbonand20%to35%percentofmoisture.

PEAT
Peat,consideredtobeaprecursorofcoal,hasindustrialimportanceasafuelinsomeregions,
forexample,IrelandandFinland. Initsdehydratedform,peatisahighlyeffectiveabsorbent
forfuelandoilspillsonlandandwater.Itisalsousedasaconditionerforsoiltomakeitmore
abletoretainandslowreleasewater.

Qno.17DiscussthedifferentworldCoalproductionCountries2011
2012
CHINA
Chinaisthelargestcoalreservedepositsintheworld.Now,itsproductionhasalsogonehigher
enough, and its rank first position among coal producing countries. Here, coal is found in
Loang,Shantung,Szechwan,Shensi,KansoandHunanprovince.

UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA(U.S.A)
The second largest coal producing country of the world. It produces about 24% worlds coal
production.ThemaincoalproducingareasofU.S.A

NorthernAppalachianCoalMines;thesecoalfieldsareconsideredtobethelargecoal
minesintheworld.
Central Appalachian Coal Mines; these mines have second position according to
production.
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The Southern Appalachian Coal Mines; these mines provide a very small quantity of
coal.

INDIA
Thethirdlargestcoalproducingcountryoftheworld.Ranijang,Bokaro,andKarenporaarethe
maincoalminingareas.SomecoalisalsofoundinMedhyapradeshareas.

Qno.18WhyisanthracitecalledthebestqualityofCoal?
ANTHRACITECOAL
Anthracite,thehighestrankofcoalisaharder,glossy,blackcoalusedprimarilyforresidential
andcommercialspaceheating.Itcontainsfrom80%ofcarbon.Anthraciteisthebestqualityof
coalwithleastashcontent.Anthraciteisahard,compactvarietyofmineralcoalthathasahigh
luster.Ithasthehighestcarboncountandcontainsthefewestimpuritiesofallcoals,andhas
thehighestcalorificcontentascomparedtoothertypesofcoalssuchasbituminouscoaland
lignite.

Qno.19Discusstheeconomicimportanceofthemineraloil.
Mineral oil is light and best liquid oil for producing energy. Mineral oil is the most important
sourceoflubricantsandfuel.Inadditiontothepetrol,otheringredientsarealsoachievedfrom
mineraloilwhichisusedintheindustries.Industrialdevelopmentoftheadvancedcountriesof
the world depends on the importance of mineral oil without which the developed nations
cannotbesurvived.Mineraloilgeneratesthreetimesgreaterenergythanthecoal.Mineraloil
couldnotbeonlystoredeasilybutbealsotransferredfromonetoanother.

Qno.19WritedowntheusesofMineraloilintheWorld?
ThemineraloilwhenextractedfromtheEarth,ithasashapeofsomeblackliquid,knownas
CrudeOil.Thenitisboughtintotherefineries,whereafterpassingsomanyprocessesitadopts
thefollowingshapessuchas:

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Gasoline
Petrol
Diesel
Kerosene
Furnessoil
Roadoil
Waxofcandles

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CHAPTER
#9
Modern
Electronic
Media

ForClassXIICommerce

THRESHOLD COLLEGIATE
First Floor, Zainab Manzil, Karimabad, Karachi.
Contact: 0300-2128563, 36826594
www. thresholdcollegiate.webs.com
www.facebook.com/threshold-collegiate
www.twitter.com/threshold1999
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ForClassXIICommerce

Qno.1 Explain the importance of electronic media in the

world.2011(R)&2010(R&P)
Electronic media is extremely important, as it is very widespread and easily accessible. It is
highlyinfluential,especiallytoadolescentsandyoungadultswhoseriouslyvaluetechnology.
Electronic media: Media that uses electronics to reach audience. Telegraph, Satellite,
Television, Internet, web downloads, live streaming videos, Radio, Digital media marketing.
Electronic Media is important because it allows the people who utilize it to transmit
informationtoalargeraudience.Inthisfastgrowingworld,wetrytogoalongwiththeworld,
followingthesamestyleoflife.Nowadayspeoplearebusyintheirjobs,theyfindlesstimeto
readandthusprintmedia'spopularityisdecreasing.

Qno.2Writedowntheimportanceofinformationtechnology.

Accesstovarietyoflearningresources.
Immediacytoinformation.
Anytimelearning.
Anywherelearning.
Collaborativelearning.
Multimediaapproachtoeducation.
Authenticanduptodateinformation.
Accesstoonlinelibraries.
Teachingofdifferentsubjectsmadeinteresting.
Educationaldatastorage.
Distanceeducation.
Accesstothesourceofinformation.
Multiplecommunicationchannelsemail,chat,forum,blogs,etc.
Accesstoopencourseware.
Betteraccessestochildrenwithdisabilities.
Reducestimeonmanyroutinetasks.

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Qno.3WhatismeantbyECommerce?Howdoesitoperate?
Electroniccommerce,commonlyknownasecommerce,ecommerceorecommerce,refersto
thebuyingandsellingofproductsorservicesoverelectronicsystemssuchastheInternetand
othercomputernetworks.However,thetermmayrefertomorethanjustbuyingandselling
products online. It also includes the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling,
delivering, servicing and paying for products and services. The amount of trade conducted
electronicallyhasgrownextraordinarilywithwidespreadInternetusage.Theuseofcommerce
is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer,
supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data
interchange(EDI),inventorymanagementsystems,andautomateddatacollectionsystems.
ModernelectroniccommercetypicallyusestheWorldWideWebatleastatonepointinthe
transaction's lifecycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e
mail,mobiledevicesandtelephonesaswell.
Electroniccommercethattakesplacebetweenbusinessesisreferredtoasbusinesstobusiness
or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to
specific,prequalifiedparticipants(privateelectronicmarket).
Electroniccommercethattakesplacebetweenbusinessesandconsumers,ontheotherhand,
isreferredtoasbusinesstoconsumerorB2C.Electroniccommerceisgenerallyconsideredto
be the sales aspect of ebusiness. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the
financingandpaymentaspectsofbusinesstransactions.

Qno1. Explain the terms Renewable Natural Resources and NonRenewable

NaturalResources?2011(R)
Thenaturalresourceswhichareproducedineveryseasonandareobtainedrepeatedlyandare
alsousedrepeatedlyarecalledRenewableNaturalResources.Theyarecontinuouslyavailable
therefore called renewable. For example wood, food, water and construction materials are
calledrenewablenaturalresources.

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The natural resources which are used in different situation when once discovered and used,
then their quantity decreases and ultimately they exhaust and become NonRenewable
Natural Resources. They include minerals both metallic and nonmetallic and fossil fuels like
coal,petroleumandnaturalgas.

Qno.1RubberisaplantofequatorialRegion.Comment.2011(R)
Rubber is the production of equatorial region. Rubber plaint was originally found in Amazon
forestsofBrazilinSouthAmerica.Lateronthesetreesarecultivatedintherubberplantationof
Indonesia.Thesetreesproduce90percentofallnaturalrubberconsumed.
TheactualhomelandofrubberisLatinAmericaandtheregionofSouthEastAsia.Thisiscalled
Equatorial region which provides rubber to all over the world. The name of a rubber tree is
Heveabrasiliensis.

Qno1. Explain the role of transport network in the development of mining in

anyarea.2011(R)
Miningisincludedinprimarycommercialactivities.Itisaprocessof obtainingmineralsfrom
the earth. After the primitive Stone Age, copper age began as man discovered copper from
minesandlearntitsutility.Theactualexplorationofhiddenmineralsoftheearthstartedwith
theindustrialrevolution,withthepassageoftime,mineralextractionhasbecomecommercial.
Railways,Airways,waterwaysandroadsareincludedintransportnetwork.Transportnetwork
canplayaroleinthedevelopmentofminingintheworld.Transportnetworkprovidehelpto
transfer the minerals obtaining from mining easily from one place to another in time. The
constructionofbetterroadsandthedevelopmentofrailwaycanplayaroleinthedevelopment
ofminingintheworld.
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Qno2. The construction and maintenance of roads and railways in the desert
areasandequatorialregionsisdifficult.Discuss?2011(P)
The deserts and equatorial regions are such regions of the world where the physical
environmentisveryharshforhumanpopulation.ThevastdesertsextendingfromtheSaharain
Africa. The equatorial region supports a small population, which practices shifting, or
subsistenceagricultureoranimalrearing.Duetolesspopulationandunorganizedagriculture,
theconstructionofroadsandrailwaysandtheirmaintenanceisdifficult.

Qno.1Comment.FarmingisnotpracticedinPolarregions.2012(P)
The most influencing factor on farming is the climate. The climate is the combination of
temperature and rainfall. Farming cannot be done at a very high temperature. Similarly very
low temperature also makes farming impossible. In the polar region of the world, the
temperatureremainsverylowthroughouttheyear.Whenthetemperaturebecomesmoderate
inthisregionthensomelower

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