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Preliminary Exam Preparation, Study Notes
Preliminary Exam Preparation, Study Notes
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Linear Equations and Functions.....................................................................2
Algebraic Terms................................................................................................................ 2
Formulas.......................................................................................................................... 2
Expanding Expressions.................................................................................................... 2
Solving Equations............................................................................................................. 2
Equations Involving Algebraic Fractions...........................................................................2
Equations and Formulas................................................................................................... 2
Linear Functions............................................................................................................... 2
The Gradient as a Rate of Change................................................................................... 3
Linear Modelling............................................................................................................... 3
Chapter Four: Statistical Samples and Displays..................................................................4
Statistical Investigations.................................................................................................. 4
Interpreting Graphs.......................................................................................................... 4
Types of Data................................................................................................................... 4
Sample Types................................................................................................................... 4
Sampling techniques........................................................................................................ 4
Constructing graphs......................................................................................................... 5
Misleading graphs............................................................................................................ 5
Frequency histograms and polygons................................................................................5
Dot plots.......................................................................................................................... 5
Stem and Leaf plots......................................................................................................... 5
Radar Charts.................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Five: Ratios and Similar Figures............................................................................. 6
Simplifying Ratios............................................................................................................. 6
The Unitary Method.......................................................................................................... 6
Dividing a Quantity into a Given Ratio............................................................................. 6
Scale Factors and Centre of Enlargement........................................................................6
Properties of Similar Figures............................................................................................. 6
Using Shadows and Similar Triangles...............................................................................6
Scale Drawings................................................................................................................. 6
Floor Plans and Elevations............................................................................................... 7
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Complementary Events.................................................................................................. 15
Chapter Ten: Savings and Investment............................................................................... 16
Simple Interest............................................................................................................... 16
Compound Interest........................................................................................................ 16
Account Fees and Charges............................................................................................. 16
Investing in Shares......................................................................................................... 16
Inflation and Appreciation.............................................................................................. 16
Chapter Eleven: Statistical Measurement.........................................................................17
Measure of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode.................................................17
Finding Averages from Statistical Displays.....................................................................17
Using a statistical calculator given separate scores.......................................................17
Comparing Averages...................................................................................................... 17
Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles..................................................................................17
Dispersion: Range and Interquartile Range, Standard Deviation...................................18
Boxplots......................................................................................................................... 18
Cumulative Frequency Graphs....................................................................................... 18
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Formulas
A formula is an algebraic rule describing a relationship between pronumerals. For
example, the volume of a cylinder has the formula
where r represents the radius of the cylinders base and h is its height. This means
that the volume of the cylinder is the product of
, the radius squared and the height.
Expanding Expressions
Algebraic expressions involving grouping symbols (brackets) can be expanded and
simplified. Expanding means rewriting the expression the long way and removing
the grouping symbols.
Solving Equations
An equation contains an algebraic expression and an equals sign. To solve an
equation, we find the value of the pronumeral that makes the equation true. The
process of solving an equation requires the use of inverse (opposite) operations.
To solve an equation you must:
1. Perform inverse operations on both sides of the equation
2. Aim to have the pronumeral on one side and a number on the other.
E.g. x=12
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Linear Functions
To calculate the gradient of a line you use the formula m=
.
Linear Modelling
The graph of a linear function (y=mx+b) is a straight line, demonstrating that the
variable y is changing at a steady rate. In fact, as x increases by 1 unit, y
increases by m units. Because the value of units. Because the value of y depends
on the value of x, y is called the dependant variable and x is called the
independent variable. For y=mx+b, the gradient (m) is the rate of change of y,
and the vertical intercept (b) is the value of y when x=0. If a observed number
pattern suggests a linear relationship, then we use the linear function y=mx+b to
model the situation, this is called a linear model.
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Interpreting Graphs
See page 116 for graph and explanation. No notes!!!
Types of Data
Categorical Data obtained form a categorical variable is information that
can be put into categories that are distinct or arranged in some order (for
example, do you own a pet?, the answer is a yes or no)
Numerical data is obtained from a numeric variable and is information
represented by numbers. The data can be discrete or continuous.
Discrete: obtained through a counting process. The possible values are
clearly separated from each other.
Continuous: obtained through a measuring process. The possible values
are on a continuous scale.
Sample Types
Samples are often conducted when a population s too large or difficult to
survey. A population refers to the total amount of items under consideration.
There are three types of random samples including:
1.
Simple random sample: each member of the population is
equally likely to be chosen, so the sample has the attributes of the
whole population. For example, names drawn out of a hat or winning
balls in lotto are picked by a tumbler.
2.
Systematic sample: the first member of the survey is chosen at
random, then the others chosen at regular intervals. For example, every
20th light bulb is taken from a conveyer belt for testing.
3.
Stratified sample: the population divided into equal strata or
layers, and then a random sample is taken from each strata or layer.
Sampling techniques
Sampling techniques include random numbers which can be used to
simulate a variety of situations. To use a table of random numbers, chose
any starting point, them move systematically up, down or diagonally.
Another example of a sampling technique is Bias and non-random sampling.
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Constructing graphs
Data represented graphically is visually appealing, and we are more likely to
notice paterns if data is represented in a statistical graph. A statistical
display should be simple and interesting and make an impact, but should not
mislead the reader.
Misleading graphs
Statistical graphs are often used to display information in a way that may
mislead the reader. Advertisers use graphs to entice us to buy products, and
company directors often use graphs to display statistical information to their
advantage when dealing with shareholders or prospective clients.
Dot plots
A dot plot is a simplified type of histogram. It is easy to see where clusters
of scores occur and each score is represented by a symbol, usually a dot.
See page 147.
Radar Charts
Divide all outcomes by 360 degrees. If more then more, use separate color
and indicate this. Label the graph
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The original figure is called the object and the enlarged figure is
called the image.
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Scale Drawings
A scale drawing is usually a reduction of a real object, such as a building, but
can be an enlargement of a very small object, such as a computer chip. The
scale factor used in a scale drawing is called the scale. Some common scale
drawings are house plans and maps. Examples of ways used to represent
scales include; 10mm to 1m, 25:1, 1:100, 1cm = 2m and so on.
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income tax. The government collects these taxes to fund public programs and
services such as schools. Income tax is usually deducted from a persons everyday
pay know as PAYE tax.
NET PAY=GROSS PAY TAX OTHER DEDUCTIONS
Household Bills
Features of a household bill include:
1.
Account number: Your customer ID
2.
Account period: The period of service covered by your bill
3.
Amount due, Dater Due: The amount to be paid and the due date
4.
Last bill: The amount charged on the last bill.
5.
Your payment: The amount paid on the last bill
6.
Fixed charges: Constant fees or charges for using the service
7.
Variable charges: charges based on the amount of the service used
Budgeting
A budget is a plan for managing your income wisely. A budget is divided into two
sections: income and expenses. A balanced budget has its total expenses equal to
its total income.
Income tax
The tax rate operates on a sliding scale. Not all income is taxed. For example,
deductions can be made from work related expenses. Once this is subtracted one
can work out their total taxable income.
TAXABLE INCOME = INCOME ALLOWABLE (TAX) DEDUCTIONS
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Mixed Problems
When solving trigonometric problems involving right-angled triangles, it is
important to indentify which trigonometric ratio is appropriate. In order to aid this
process, students often remember the phrase SOH-CAH-TOA.
Bearings
Bearings use angles to show the direction of one location form a given point. For
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example, the bearing of Sydney to Narrabri is 166 degrees. This means that, from
Narrabri, the direction of Sydney is 166 degrees measured clockwise form north.
True bearing, are written as 3-digit angles ranging from 000 degrees to 360
degrees.
HELP PAGES 246 to 287
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Units
Heartbeat
beats/minutes
Population growth
persons/year
Speed
kilometres/hou
r
Cost of meat/fruit
dollars/kilogra
m
Rate Problems
Rate problems can sometimes be solved using the unitary method. When using
the unitary method we find one part first and multiply it be the necessary number
to find the answer. When mixing a solution of medicine, nurses and pharmacists
need to make sure it contains the right amount of the drug. When mixing a batch
of pesticide, a farmer needs to make sure it is of the correct strength. The
concentration of a substance is the amount of the substance compared to the
whole mixture or solution. Concentration can be expressed as a rate or a
percentage. If expressed as a rate, it takes one of the following forms:
weight pert weight (w/w): for solids mixed with solids (e.g.
grams/kilogram for fertilizer)
volume per volume (v/v): for liquids mixed with liquids (e.g.
millilitres/litre for fuel)
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Converting Rates
As km/h to m/s is a common conversion, the following graph may be handy to
remember.
3.6
Identify the two variables (say x and y) and form a variation equation,
y=kx.
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Conversion Graphs
Conversions graphs involve interpreting graphs. A conversion graph is used to
convert between different units, such as between metric and Imperial, and in
foreign currency exchange. Most conversion graphs are line graphs that go
through (0,0), so their equations are of the y=kx and hence are examples of
direct variation.
Linear Modelling
Modelling is the use of mathematics to describe a pattern or relationship that
occurs in real life. Sometimes, the model may only be an approximation of a
situation that is more complex. A model may take the form of an algebraic
formula, a table of values or a graph. If it follows a linear relationship of the form
y=mx+b, then it is called a linear model. HELP p.313. A line of best fit represents
most or all of the points as closely as possible, goes through as many points as
possible, has roughly half of the outlying points about it and roughly half of the
outlying points below it and is drawn so that the distance between each outlying
point and the line is kept at a minimum.
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Multistage Events
In an experiment consisting of more than one stage, multiply the number of
outcomes possible at each stage to get the total number of outcomes in the
sample space. For example, in a three-stage event, if there are m outcomes at the
first stage, n outcomes at the second stage and p outcomes at the third stage,
there are m x n x p outcomes in the sample space.
Experimental Probability
The experimental probability of an event is the relative frequency of the event
obtained through a game or an experiment.
Theoretical Probability
The theoretical or calculated probability of an event is a mathematical measure of
the likelihood of the even occurring.
.
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Complementary Events
We have looked at the probability of an event occurring and will now look at the
probability of an event not occurring. This is called the complementary event. An
event and its compliment go together to form a whole. The sum of the
probabilities of two complementary events is 1.
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Simple Interest
Interest is money earned from an investment. The original amount invested is
called the principle, and simple interest occurs when the interest is calculated as
a percentage of this principle.
SIMPLE INTEREST = PRINCIPAL INTEREST RATE TERM
Compound Interest
Simple interest is only used when the investor collects the interest earned, such
as a term deposit. Compound means combine and compound interest is when
interest is calculated on your interest. The compound interest formulas are:
A = P(1+r)n and I = A P
Investing in Shares
When someone invests in a company they own part of that company. The
companies annual profit is divided amongst all shareholders and each share of
profit is called a dividend. The original price of a share is called its face value
while the current price is called its market value or market value.
DIVIDEND YIELD = DIVIDEND PER SHARE 100%
MARKET PRICE OF SHARE
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Median is the middle score when the scores are arranged in order.
For qualitative (or categorical) data set, the centre is usually described by the
mode:
Comparing Averages
The three distributions show the relative position of each measure of central
tendency in a symmetrical or skewed frequency distribution. The tail in a skewed
distribution tell you the direction of the skew.
Suppose, for example, that the diagrams represent the results in three different
Maths tests. Then:
(a) represents a standard test where class results are evenly spread
(b) represents a difficult test where most of the class results are low
(c) represents an easy test where most of the class scores are high
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Range: Range = highest score lowest score, the range represents the total
spread of scores but is not a good measure if there are outliers. Some data
sets have the same range but are spread differently.
Interquartile Range: Interquartile Range = upper quartile lower quartile,
the lower quartile is the value below which 25% of the population lie. The
upper quartile is the value above which 25% of the population lie. When a
distribution has outliers, the interquartile range is a better measure of spread.
It takes into account the middle 50% of scores and ignores and very high or
very low scores.
Standard deviation: Standard deviation is the most common summary
statistic used to measure spread. Its found by taking the average of the
squared deviations from the mean, and then finding the square root. The
deviation of a score from the mean is the difference between the score and
the mean.
Boxplots
A boxplot or box and whisker plot is a good visual representation of data, with the
box representing the middle 50% of scores and the whiskers extending to the
extremes. In boxplots, if an outlier exists, you may exclude this from the boxplot
and represent it by a point. To draw a boxplot you need to make a five-number
summary:
the median
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