Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2004 Heat Transfer Properties of Nanoparticle in Fluid Dispersions Nanofluids in Laminar Flow
2004 Heat Transfer Properties of Nanoparticle in Fluid Dispersions Nanofluids in Laminar Flow
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt
a,*
a
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
New Product Development Laboratory, The Valvoline Company, P.O. Box 14000, Lexington, KY 40509, USA
Abstract
The convective heat transfer coecients of several nanoparticle-in-liquid dispersions (nanouids) have been measured under laminar ow in a horizontal tube heat exchanger. The nanoparticles used in this research were graphitic
in nature, with aspect ratios signicantly dierent from one (l/d 0.02). The graphite nanoparticles increased the static
thermal conductivities of the uid signicantly at low weight fraction loadings. However, the experimental heat transfer
coecients showed lower increases than predicted by either the conventional heat transfer correlations for homogeneous uids, or the correlations developed from the particle suspensions with aspect ratios close to one. New correlations on heat transfer need to be developed for nanouid systems.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Nanoparticles; Dispersions; Thermal conductivity; Heat transfer coecient; Laminar ow
1. Introduction
Heat transfer uids provide an environment for adding or removing energy to systems, and their ecacies
depend on their physical properties, such as thermal
conductivity, viscosity, density, and heat capacity. Low
thermal conductivity is often the primary limitation for
heat transfer uids. Recently, there has been interest in
using nanoparticles as additives to modify heat transfer
*
Corresponding authors. Tel.: +1 8593573510; fax: +1
8593573530 (Z.G. Zhang); tel.: +1 8592576097; fax: +1
8593234922 (E.A. Grulke).
E-mail addresses: zzhang@ashland.com (Z.G. Zhang),
egrulke@engr.uky.edu (E.A. Grulke).
0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.09.038
1108
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
Nomenclature
A
CP
d
D
g
h
k
l
L
m_
n
q
T
U
W
area
heat capacity
diameter of particle
diameter of test tube
acceleration due to gravity
heat transfer coecient
thermal conductivity
thickness of particle
length of test tube
mass ow rate
shape factor
heat transfer rate
temperature
overall heat transfer coecient
weight ow of uid
/
Gr
Gz
Nu
Pe
Pr
Re
Subscripts
b
bulk
e
equivalent
e
eective
f
uid
hf
heating uid
i
inside
in
inlet
o
outside
out
outlet
p
particle
w
wall
Greek symbols
b
coecient of expansion
l
viscosity
m
kinematic viscosity
q
density
k p n 1k f /k f k p
kf
sons for the contribution of the nanometer-sized particles to the increase of the thermal conductivity of the
system: Brownian motion of the particles, molecularlevel layering of the liquid at the liquid/solid interface,
the nature of the heat transport in the nanoparticles,
and the eects of nanoparticle clustering. The authors
of the current communication believe there may be a
synergistic eect of several above-mentioned mechanisms, among which the percolation eect may be
favored for particles with high or low aspect ratios.
Nanouids are multicomponent systems, and the
morphology and orientation of the dispersed solids is
complex. That is probably the reason that very few correlations have been developed for their convection heat
transfer coecients [16,17]. Considering the small size
and the low volume fraction of the particles in most
nanouids, it might be reasonable to treat nanouids as
pure liquids in certain cases. Under these circumstances,
the conventional correlations for homogeneous liquids
might be applied to these systems. Three such correlations are the SeiderTate equation for convective heat
transfer of laminar ow in tubes [18], the Oliver correlation [19], and the Eubank and Proctor correlation [20].
The SeiderTate equation is [18]
Nu 1:86Re
1=3
Pr
1=3
1=3 0:14
D
lb
lw
L
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
1109
2. Experimental
Two series of nanouids are investigated in this study
with dierent base uids. The base uid for Series 1
(abbreviated as BF#1 hereafter) is a commercial automatic transmission uid (ATF), while that for Series 2
(abbreviated as BF#2 hereafter) is a mixture of two
commonly used synthetic baseoils with commercial
additive packages. The experimental nanouids listed
in Table 1 are stable dispersions of base uids with
nanoparticles (they show no signs of settling after 30
days of rest).
All uids were tested at two dierent temperatures.
Comparing uid EF#1-1 and EF#1-2 illustrates the
eects of nanoparticles loading. Comparing uid
EF#1-1 with EF#2-2 illustrates the eects of base uid
dierences. Comparing uid EF#2-1 with EF#2-2 illustrates the eects of dierent nanoparticles sources. The
average diameter of the graphite nanoparticle is about
12 lm, with the thickness around 2040 nm (l/d = 0.02).
The following physical properties of the nanouids
were measured: thermal conductivity (k), density (q),
heat capacity (CP) and kinematic viscosity (m). Thermal
conductivity measurements were done by using an inhouse transient hot-wire device based on the design by
Nagasaka and Nagashima [21]. Density was measured
using a pycnometer. Heat capacity was measured using
a dierential scanning calorimetry (TA Instruments,
Model 2920 Modulated). Kinematic viscosity was measured using a reverse tube capillary viscometer.
A small volume ( 100 ml) ow loop heat transfer system has been constructed in-house. A schematic is presented in Fig. 1, with the geometry of the heat transfer
sections illustrated. Because L/D
1, it is reasonable
to neglect the entrance eects in the test system. The
whole system is heavily insulated to reduce heat loss.
Pipes are wrapped with insulation material, and plastic
ttings are attached at both ends of the test area to thermally isolate the connection. Static mixers are put at the
ends of the test section to mix the uids and improve
accuracy of the bulk uid temperature measurement.
A positive displacement pump is used to control the
uid ow rate, and its displacement settings are calibrated to determine the volumetric ows (62507 cm3/
min) that give average linear velocities between 6.3 and
Table 1
Experimental uids
EF#1-1
EF#1-2
EF#2-1
EF#2-2
Base uid
Nanoparticle
Particle loading
BF#1
BF#1
BF#2
BF#2
Graphite
Graphite
Graphitea
Graphite
2 wt%
2.5 wt%
2 wt%
2 wt%
a
From a dierent source than that used in the other
experimental uids.
1110
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
Heating
jacket
3
4
Thermostat
Pump
Bubble collector
Cooling jacket
Thermostat
Test tube
Heating jacket
Length
(cm)
45.7
45.7
Inside diameter
(cm)
0.457
1.09
Outside diameter
(cm)
Roughness
0.635
smooth
/
smooth
Table 2
Physical properties of the test uids
BF#1
EF#1-1
EF#1-2
BF#2
EF#2-1
EF#2-2
Thermal conductivity
Density (g/cm3)
k (W/m K)
k/k0
35 C
43 C
0.134
0.173
0.209
0.148
0.153
0.182
1
1.29
1.56
1
1.03
1.23
0.840
0.847
0.847
0.820
0.823
0.825
0.835
0.842
0.843
0.815
0.819
0.820
Heat capacity
(J/g K)
43 C
50 C
70 C
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.20
2.20
2.20
44.8
41.4
52.4
28.5
29.3
31.1
33.9
30.6
38.4
21.9
22.7
24.1
26.8
23.7
29.6
17.5
18.4
19.5
14.5
12.2
14.9
9.78
10.5
11.2
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
ln
Di ho
U hi Ai =Ao 2k
600
400
300
200
100
(a)
500
20
40
60
80
60
80
Re
600
(b)
500
400
h/(W/m .K)
_ P T out T in
q mC
OD
De IDaOD
, where IDa is the inside diameter of the
annulus and OD is the outside diameter of the tube.
The thermal conductivity of base uid #1 (BF#1) is
0.134 W/m K, and its viscosity decreases by a factor of
3 over the temperature range 3570 C. Figs. 2 and 3
show the heat transfer data as a function of Reynolds
number for all test uids at dierent experimental conditions. These gures illustrate the eects of Reynolds
number, temperature, nanoparticle loading and source,
and base uid, on the heat transfer properties of nanouids. A power law correlation, h = a Reb, has been used
to represent the base uid data as an aid to the eye, with
R2 values as 0.97 for BF#1 and 0.95 for BF#2,
respectively.
h/(W/m .K)
1111
300
200
100
0
20
40
Re
Fig. 2. Plot of heat transfer coecient versus Reynolds number
for Series 1 uids (a) 50 C, (b) 70 C. () base uid 1; (j)
EF#1-1; (m) EF#1-2; () tting for BF#1 according to power
law correlation.
1112
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
h/(W/m2.K)
600
contact between nanoparticles, and (2) depletion of particles in the near-wall uid phase [23], leading to an
intrinsically lower thermal conductivity layer at the wall.
Understanding and isolating which mechanism or mechanisms might be responsible for the experimental results
will require signicant future work, including computational uid dynamic modeling of the ows in nanoparticle dispersions.
(a)
500
400
300
200
100
0
600
30
60
Re
90
60
90
120
(b)
h/(W/m2.K)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
30
120
Re
Fig. 3. Plot of heat transfer coecient versus Reynolds number
for Series 2 uids (a) 50 C, (b) 70 C. () Base uid 2; (h)
EF#2-1; (n) EF#2-2; (- - - -) tting for BF#2 according to
power law correlation.
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
11
1113
10
Base Fluids
y = 1.86 x 0.3333
1
1
10
100
1000
(a)
Re
y = 1.86 x
0.3333
1
1
Fig. 4. Plot of X versus Reynolds number for all the test uids.
() test data; () tting according to Eq. (10).
10
100
1000
Re
10
Table 3
Coecients of Eq. (11) for each test uid
Heat uid
temperature
(C)
R2 of the
tting
50
50
50
70
70
70
50
50
50
70
70
70
1.90 0.13
1.64 0.08
1.66 0.10
2.28 0.19
2.00 0.19
1.88 0.13
2.09 0.14
2.17 0.12
1.81 0.13
3.11 0.30
2.92 0.30
2.66 0.24
0.33 0.02
0.33 0.01
0.34 0.02
0.28 0.02
0.28 0.03
0.30 0.02
0.31 0.02
0.29 0.01
0.33 0.02
0.22 0.02
0.23 0.03
0.24 0.02
0.980
0.991
0.984
0.964
0.952
0.976
0.982
0.985
0.983
0.931
0.928
0.948
BF#1
EF#1-1
EF#1-2
BF#1
EF#1-1
EF#1-2
BF#2
EF#2-1
EF#2-2
BF#2
EF#2-1
EF#2-2
Nanofluids
y = 1.86 x
(b)
0.3333
1
1
10
100
1000
Re
Fig. 5. Plot of X versus Reynolds number for base uids and
nanouids. (h) test data on base uids; () test data on
nanouids; () tting according to Eq. (10).
1114
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
Table 4
Heat transfer coecient ratios of nanouid versus corresponding base uid
Eq. (10)
Experiment
hEF#1-1
hBF#1
50
70
1.19
1.19
1.03
1.03
hEF#1-2
hBF#1
50
70
1.36
1.36
1.22
1.15
hEF#2-1
hBF#2
50
70
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
hEF#2-2
hBF#2
50
70
1.14
1.14
1.08
1.07
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Nu
Nu
Heating uid
temperature (C)
EF#1-1, 50C
0
50
100
150
200
EF1-1, 70C
0
50
100
Gz
12
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
6
4
2
EF#1-2, 50C
0
0
50
100
150
EF#1-2, 70C
0
200
50
Gz
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
EF#2-1, 50C
0
50
100
150
200
250
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Nu
50
100
Gz
200
50
100
150
200
250
Gz
EF#2-2, 50C
0
150
EF#2-1, 70C
Gz
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
100
Gz
Nu
Nu
200
Nu
Nu
Nu
150
Gz
150
200
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
EF#2-2, 70C
0
50
100
150
200
Gz
Fig. 6. Relationship between the Nusselt and Graetz numbers for the test uids. () test data; (- - - -) calculation based on Oliver
correlation [19]; ( ) calculation based on Eubank and Proctor correlation [20].
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
4. Conclusion
The convection heat transfer performance of the
graphite nanouids were studied in laminar ow
through a circular tube. The experimental results show
that the nanoparticles increase the heat transfer coecient of the uid system in laminar ow, but the increase
is much less than that predicted by current correlation
based on static thermal conductivity measurements.
The type of nanoparticles, particle loading, base uid
chemistry, and process temperature are all important
1115
1116
Y. Yang et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 11071116
[12] H. Xie, J. Wang, T. Xi, Y. Liu, F. Ai, Thermal conductivity of suspensions containing SiC particles, J. Mater. Sci.
Lett. 21 (2002) 193195.
[13] J. Bicerano, J.F. Douglas, D.A. Brune, Model for the
viscosity of particle dispersions, J. Macromol. Sci., Part
CPolym. Rev. 39 (4) (1999) 561642.
[14] R.L. Hamilton, O.K. Crosser, Thermal conductivity of
heterogeneous two-component system, IEC Fundam. 1
(1962) 182191.
[15] P. Keblinski, S.R. Philpot, S.U.S. Choi, J.A. Eastman,
Mechanisms of heat ow in suspensions of nano-sized
particles (nanouids), Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2002)
855863.
[16] Q. Li, Y. Xuan, Experimental investigation on convective
heat transfer of nanouids, Gongcheng Rewuli Xuebao (J.
Eng. Thermophys.) 23 (6) (2002) 721723.
[17] Q. Li, Y. Xuan, Convective heat transfer and ow
characteristics of Cu-water nanouid, Sci. China, Series
E: Technol. Sci. 45 (4) (2002) 408416.
[18] E.N. Sieder, G.E. Tate, Heat transfer and pressure drop of
liquids in tubes, Ind. Eng. Chem. 28 (12) (1936) 14291435.
[19] D.R. Oliver, Eect of natural convection on viscous-ow
heat transfer in horizontal tubes, Chem. Eng. Sci. 17 (1962)
335350.
[20] C.C. Eubank, W.S. Proctor, Eect of natural convection
on heat transfer with laminar ow in tubes, M.Sc. Thesis in
Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1951.
[21] Y. Nagasaka, A. Nagashima, Absolute measurement of
the thermal conductivity of electrically conducting liquids
by the transient hot-wire method, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.
14 (1981) 14351440.
[22] C.C. Monrad, J.F. Pelton, Heat transfer by convection in
annular spaces, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 38 (1942)
593611.
[23] P.J.A. Hartman Kok, S.G. Kazarian, C.J. Lawrence, B.J.
Briscoe, Near-wall particle depletion in a owing colloidal
suspension, J. Rheol. 46 (2) (2002) 481493.