Objectives: The Enhanced E-R Model

OBJECTIVES
THE ENHANCED E-R MODEL
Lecture 5
Define terms
Understand use of supertype/subtype relationships
Use specialization and generalization techniques
Specify completeness and disjointness constraints
Develop supertype/subtype hierarchies for realistic
business situations
Develop entity clusters
(notes from Modern Database Management 12thEdition)

(Jeff Hoffer, Ramesh Venkataraman, Heikki Topi)
Chapter 3
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
a) EER
notation
Enhanced ER model: extends original ER model

with new modeling constructs
3-2
Figure 3-1 Basic notation for supertype/subtype notation
SUPERTYPES AND SUBTYPES
Subtype: A subgrouping of the entities in an entity

type that has attributes distinct from those in other
subgroupings
Supertype: A generic entity type that has a

relationship with one or more subtypes
Attribute Inheritance:
Chapter 3
Subtype entities inherit values of all attributes of the

supertype
An instance of a subtype is also an instance of the
supertype
3-3
Chapter 3
3-4
Figure 3-1 Basic notation for supertype/subtype notation (cont.)
Figure 3-2 Employee supertype with three subtypes

All employee subtypes
will have employee
number, name, address,
and date hired
b) Microsoft
Visio
Notation
Each employee subtype

will also have its own
attributes
Different modeling tools may have different notation for the same
modeling constructs.
Chapter 3
3-5
Chapter 3
3-6
Figure 3-3 Supertype/subtype relationships in a hospital
RELATIONSHIPS AND SUBTYPES

Relationships at the supertype level indicate
that all subtypes will participate in the
relationship
The instances of a subtype may participate in a
relationship unique to that subtype. In this
situation, the relationship is shown at the
subtype level
Chapter 3
3-7
Chapter 3
3-8
GENERALIZATION AND SPECIALIZATION
Figure 3-4 Example of generalization

a) Three entity types: CAR, TRUCK, and MOTORCYCLE
Generalization: The
process of defining
a more general entity type from a set of
more specialized entity types. BOTTOM-UP
Specialization: The
process of defining
one or more subtypes of the supertype
and forming supertype/subtype
relationships. TOP-DOWN
Chapter 3
3-9
All these types of vehicles have common attributes

Chapter 3
3-10
Figure 3-5 Example of specialization
Figure 3-4 Example of generalization (cont.)
a) Entity type PART
b) Generalization to VEHICLE supertype
So we put
the shared
attributes in
a supertype
Only applies to
manufactured parts
Applies only to purchased parts
Note: no subtype for motorcycle, since it has no unique attributes

Chapter 3
3-11
Chapter 3
3-12
Figure 3-5 Example of specialization (cont.)

b) Specialization to MANUFACTURED PART and PURCHASED PART
CONSTRAINTS IN SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE
RELATIONSHIPS
Completeness
an instance of a supertype must also

be a member of at least one subtype
Created 2
subtypes
Total
Note: multivalued composite attribute was replaced

by an associative entity relationship to another entity
Chapter 3
3-13
Figure 3-6 Examples of completeness constraints

a) Total specialization rule
Chapter 3
Constraints: Whether
3-15
Specialization Rule: Yes (double
line)
Partial Specialization Rule: No (single
line)
Chapter 3
3-14
Figure 3-6 Examples of completeness constraints (cont.)

b) Partial specialization rule
Chapter 3
3-16
Figure 3-7 Examples of disjointness constraints
RELATIONSHIPS
Disjointness
a) Disjoint rule
Constraints: Whether an
instance of a supertype may

simultaneously be a member of two (or
more) subtypes
Disjoint
Rule: An instance of the supertype

can be only ONE of the subtypes
Overlap Rule: An instance of the supertype
could be more than one of the subtypes
Chapter 3
3-17
Figure 3-7 Examples of disjointness constraints (cont.)

b) Overlap rule
Chapter 3
3-18
RELATIONSHIPS
Subtype
Discriminator: An attribute of the

supertype whose values determine the target
subtype(s)
Disjoint
a simple attribute with alternative values to

indicate the possible subtypes
Overlapping a composite attribute whose subparts
pertain to different subtypes. Each subpart contains
a Boolean value to indicate whether or not the
instance belongs to the associated subtype
Chapter 3
3-19
Chapter 3
3-20
Figure 3-9 Subtype discriminator (overlap rule)
Figure 3-8 Introducing a subtype discriminator (disjoint rule)
Chapter 3
3-21
Figure 3-10 Example of supertype/subtype hierarchy
Chapter 3
3-22
ENTITY CLUSTERS
EER
diagrams are difficult to read when

there are too many entities and
relationships.
Solution: Group entities and relationships
into entity clusters.
Entity cluster: Set of one or more entity
types and associated relationships
grouped into a single abstract entity type
Chapter 3
3-23
Chapter 3
3-24
Figure 3-13b EER diagram of PVF entity clusters

Figure 3-13a
Possible entity
clusters for Pine
Valley Furniture in
Microsoft Visio
Related
groups of
entities could
become
clusters
Chapter 3
More readable,
isnt it?
3-25
Figure 3-14 Manufacturing entity cluster
Detail for a single cluster

Chapter 3
3-27
Chapter 3
3-26

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OBJECTIVES

THE ENHANCED E-R MODEL

(notes from Modern Database Management 12thEdition)

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Enhanced ER model: extends original ER model

Figure 3-1 Basic notation for supertype/subtype notation

SUPERTYPES AND SUBTYPES

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Subtype: A subgrouping of the entities in an entity

Supertype: A generic entity type that has a

Subtype entities inherit values of all attributes of the

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-1 Basic notation for supertype/subtype notation (cont.)

Figure 3-2 Employee supertype with three subtypes

Each employee subtype

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-3 Supertype/subtype relationships in a hospital

RELATIONSHIPS AND SUBTYPES

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

GENERALIZATION AND SPECIALIZATION

Figure 3-4 Example of generalization

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

All these types of vehicles have common attributes

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-5 Example of specialization

Figure 3-4 Example of generalization (cont.)

a) Entity type PART

b) Generalization to VEHICLE supertype

Applies only to purchased parts

Note: no subtype for motorcycle, since it has no unique attributes

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-5 Example of specialization (cont.)

an instance of a supertype must also

Note: multivalued composite attribute was replaced

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-6 Examples of completeness constraints

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Specialization Rule: Yes (double

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-6 Examples of completeness constraints (cont.)

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-7 Examples of disjointness constraints

instance of a supertype may

Rule: An instance of the supertype

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-7 Examples of disjointness constraints (cont.)

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Discriminator: An attribute of the

a simple attribute with alternative values to

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-9 Subtype discriminator (overlap rule)

Figure 3-8 Introducing a subtype discriminator (disjoint rule)

Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3-10 Example of supertype/subtype hierarchy