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A Correlation For Calculating HHV From Proximate A
A Correlation For Calculating HHV From Proximate A
www.fuelfirst.com
Received 20 June 2004; received in revised form 16 October 2004; accepted 17 October 2004
Available online 19 November 2004
Abstract
Higher heating value (HHV) and composition of biomass, coal and other solid fuels, are important properties which define the energy
content and determine the clean and efficient use of these fuels. There exists a variety of correlations for predicting HHV from ultimate
analysis of fuels. However, the ultimate analysis requires very expensive equipments and highly trained analysts. The proximate analysis on
the other hand only requires standard laboratory equipments and can be run by any competent scientist or engineer. A few number of
correlations of HHV with proximate analysis have appeared in the solid fuel literature in the past but were focused on one fuel or dependent
on the country of origin. This work introduces a general correlation, based on proximate analysis of solid fuels, to calculate HHV, using 450
data points and validated further for additional 100 data points. The entire spectrum of solid carbonaceous materials like coals, lignite, all
types of biomass material, and char to residue-derived fuels have been considered in derivation of present correlation which is given as
below: HHVZ0.3536FCC0.1559VMK0.0078ASH (MJ/kg) (where FC 1.091.5% fixed carbon, VM 0.9290.6% volatile matter and Ash
0.1277.7% ash content in wt% on a dry basis). The average absolute error of this correlation is 3.74% and bias error is 0.12% with respect to
the measured value of HHV, which is much less than that of previous correlations of the similar kind. The major advantage of this correlation
is its capability to compute HHV of any fuel simply from its proximate analysis and thereby provides a useful tool for modeling of
combustion, gasification and pyrolysis processes. It can also be used in examining old/new data for probable errors when results lie much
outside the predicted results.
q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Solid fuels; Higher heating value (HHV); Proximate analysis
1. Introduction
The field of thermo chemistry is one of the foundation
stones of modern energy dependant society. The proximate
and ultimate analysis of biomass and coal are necessary for
their efficient and clean utilization while the HHV of these
materials determine the quantitative energy content of these
fuels. There exists a variety of correlations for predicting
HHV from ultimate analysis of fuel [1]. One such
correlation, presented in the earlier work by Channiwala
et al. [1], encompasses the complete spectrum of fuel
Abbreviations: ABE, average bias error; AAE, average absolute error;
AAD, average absolute deviation; ABD, average bias deviation; HHVc,
calculated HHV; MSW, municipal solid waste.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: C91 261 3037289; fax: C91 261 2660099.
E-mail address: kamal_parikh@yahoo.com (J. Parikh).
0016-2361/$ - see front matter q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.10.010
488
Table 1
Equations available in literature for HHV determination from proximate analysis
Sr. no.
Equation
1
2
3
4
Data points
Error
Sample
26
24
16
11
Lignite
BiomassCchar
Biomass
Biomass
nos. [2]
nos. [3]
nos. [5]
nos. [6]
HHV, MJ/kg, dry basis; FC, %wt, dry basis; VM, %wt, dry basis.
method for sparking fuels. For coconut shell, fiber, pith and
bagasse, ash fusion was observed at 950 8C and hence these
samples were analyzed for volatile matter contents only up
to 750 8C. Determination of the ash content in the test
samples was carried out according to ASTM D 3174-89 [12]
method in the electric muffle furnace. The fixed carbon
content of the test samples was calculated by difference. The
HHV of these materials was determined according to ASTM
D 2015-85 [13] method in a parr microprocessor controlled
oxygen Bomb Calorimeter (Model 1241 EF).
2. Derivation of correlation
489
Table 2
Summary of few salient data used for derivation and validation of correlation
Sr. no.
Raw material
Proximate analysis
Ultimate analysis
FC
1 Coals/coke
1
Northumber land no. 8-Anth.
coal
2
German-Anna
3
Coal sample
4
German Braunkohole lignite
5
L01
6
L14
7
Charcoal
8
Coke
2 Manufactured fuel/wood
9
Cotton shells briquettes
10
Lantana briquettes
11
Press mud briquettes
12
Block wood
13
Ply wood
3 Biomasspit/shells/seeds/cobs
14
Peach Pit
15
Macadamia shell
16
Pistachio shell
17
Hazelnut shell
18
Coconut shell powder
19
Cotton shells
20
Spire-mint
21
Corncob
22
Corncob
23
Cornstover
24
Corn cob
4 Biomasswood/energy crops
25
Wood Chips
26
Canyon live Oak
27
Red wood
28
Softwood
29
Spruce wood
30
Es
31
Pine wood
32
Subabul wood
33
Eucalyptus
34
Eucalyptus-Grandis
35
Sudan Grass
36
Subabul
5 Other biomassbarks/prunings
37
Douglas Fir
38
Loblolly Pine
39
Eucatlyptus bark
40
Almond
41
Cabernet Sauvignon
42
Walnut
43
Olive twigs
44
Wood chips
45
Coffee chaff
46
Tapero root skin scale scrapping
5 Other biomassstraws
47
Wheat straw
48
Paddy straw
49
Rice straw (ground)
50
Wheat straw
VM
ASH
Measured HHV
Dry basis
Calculated HHV
MJ/kg
MJ/kg
Reference
84.59
7.09
8.32
83.67
3.56
2.84
0.55
1.05
32.856
30.951
[14]
79.60
30.00
46.03
27.72
39.37
89.10
91.47
12.00
30.00
49.47
38.32
52.05
9.88
0.92
8.40
40.00
4.50
33.96
8.58
1.02
7.61
82.62
63.89
92.04
89.13
3.02
4.97
2.45
0.43
3.66
24.54
2.96
0.98
0.92
0.57
0.53
0.85
0.73
0.48
1
1
33.000
14.772
25.100
15.630
24.080
34.388
31.124
29.952
14.973
23.953
15.511
21.969
33.038
32.428
[15]
[16]
[15]
[4]
[4]
[17]
[18]
17.10
11.90
8.60
14.59
21.80
77.80
20.80
54.70
83.32
74.20
5.10
67.30
36.70
2.09
4.00
46.9
6.07
43.99
0.95
19.055
7.687
11.972
18.261
19.720
18.136
6.926
11.282
18.132
19.245
[16]
[16]
[16]
[PS]
[16]
19.80
23.68
16.84
28.30
20.58
16.90
11.80
18.54
12.50
17.60
16.80
79.10
75.92
82.03
69.30
79.07
68.50
70.10
80.10
86.50
78.70
82.10
1.10
0.40
1.13
1.40
0.35
14.60
18.10
1.36
1.00
3.70
1.10
49.14
54.41
48.79
52.9
37.23
46.58
49
6.34
4.99
5.91
5.6
5.34
5.87
5.4
43.52
39.69
43.41
42.7
33.38
45.46
44.6
0.48
0.36
0.56
1.4
5.95
0.47
0.4
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
19.423
21.010
19.260
19.300
19.675
16.376
15.530
18.770
17.000
17.800
18.795
19.324
20.206
18.734
20.800
19.601
16.541
14.960
19.033
17.898
18.464
18.731
[19]
[20]
[20]
[5]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[20]
[5]
[5]
[16]
23.50
11.30
19.92
28.10
28.30
17.90
15.70
18.52
21.30
16.93
18.60
13.80
76.40
88.20
79.72
70.00
70.20
82.00
73.60
81.02
75.35
82.55
72.75
85.20
0.10
0.50
0.36
1.70
1.50
0.10
11.30
1.20
3.35
0.52
8.65
1.00
48.1
47.84
50.64
52.1
51.9
47.3
48.15
46.04
48.33
44.58
5.99
5.8
5.98
6.1
6.1
6
5.87
5.82
5.89
5.35
45.74
45.76
42.88
41
40.9
46.5
44.75
44.49
45.13
39.18
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.03
0.3
0.15
1.21
0
0.01
0.03
0
0
0.01
0.01
19.916
18.981
20.720
20.000
20.100
20.080
16.644
19.777
18.640
19.350
17.390
16.660
20.220
17.742
19.469
20.836
20.939
19.112
16.938
19.170
19.253
18.852
17.851
18.155
[21]
[19]
[20]
[5]
[5]
[3]
[16]
[PS]
[PS]
[20]
[20]
[16]
25.80
33.90
15.30
21.54
19.20
20.80
10.73
15.40
19.60
11.40
73.00
65.70
65.70
76.83
78.63
78.50
88.25
83.40
75.80
35.10
1.20
0.40
19.00
1.63
2.17
0.70
1.02
1.20
4.60
39.20
56.2
56.3
51.3
46.59
48.2
5.9
5.6
5.29
5.85
6.25
36.7
37.7
40.9
43.9
43.24
0
0
0.66
0.83
1.61
0
0
0.01
0.04
22.098
21.772
15.195
20.010
19.030
19.967
18.699
20.031
17.686
9.228
20.494
22.227
15.505
19.582
19.031
19.588
17.544
18.438
18.712
9.197
[22]
[23]
[16]
[20]
[20]
[16]
[6]
[16]
[16]
[16]
23.50
11.80
16.20
24.00
63.00
72.70
68.30
69.60
13.50
15.50
15.50
6.40
45.5
35.97
5.1
5.28
34.1
43.08
1.8
0.17
17.000
14.522
15.614
18.905
18.026
15.386
16.255
19.287
(continued on
[5]
[16]
[16]
[16]
next page)
490
Table 2 (continued)
Sr. no.
Raw material
Proximate analysis
Ultimate analysis
FC
51
Wheat straw
11.70
52
Coconut stem
23.10
5 Other biomassstalks
53
Cotton stalk
17.30
54
Musturd stalk (A)
21.90
55
Eucalyptus stalk
12.20
56
Mulberry stick
22.80
5 Other biomassfibrous material/leaves/grass
57
Coconut coir
29.70
58
Bagasse
7.00
59
Bagasse
11.90
60
Bagasse pith
10.60
61
Sweet sorghum bagasse
5.00
62
Moringa-oleifera (leaves)
10.70
63
Sena leaves
25.50
64
Sugar cane leaves
14.90
65
Olive marc
25.83
66
Miscalthus (elephanta grass)
12.40
67
Dal lake weed
3.60
68
Tea bush
21.80
5 Other biomasshull/husk/dust
69
Sal seed husk
28.06
70
Bamboo dust
9.30
71
Eucalyptus saw dust
16.20
72
Saw dust
25.00
73
Saw dustCmusturd
11.90
5 Other biomassothers/misc.
74
Mentha Piperita
7.50
75
Grewia optiva (Bhimal)
14.20
76
Water hyacinth
1.90
77
Ceder cones
28.10
6 Biomass waste material
78
Tea waste
13.60
79
Bamboo stick waste
47.70
80
Tannary waste
1.00
81
Fly ash (Bagasse fuel)
19.80
82
Pine needle (40% clay)
13.20
83
Castor seed cake
25.20
6 Biomass waste materialmillgin industry waste
84
Cotton gin waste
14.97
85
Cottongin Trash
15.10
86
Alabama Oak wood waste
21.90
87
White Fir
16.58
88
Tan Oak
9.20
6 Biomass waste materialrefuse/MSW
89
Industrial waste (stalla)
20.10
90
Poultry pure waste
25.90
91
Municipal Solid Waste-Bareilly
5.00
92
Municipal Solid Waste-Morada4.00
bad
7 Biomass chars
93
Redwood char-790-1020 8F
67.70
94
Oak char-820-1185 8F
59.30
95
Coconut shell char-750 8C
87.17
96
QrC550
82.20
97
PhC 300
31.30
98
EsC700
91.50
99
Rice husk char
41.20
100
Rose apple char
12.20
PS, present study.
VM
Measured HHV
Dry basis
Calculated HHV
Reference
ASH
MJ/kg
MJ/kg
80.60
74.40
7.70
2.50
17.355
19.436
16.643
19.748
[16]
[16]
65.40
60.90
87.30
75.10
17.30
17.20
0.50
2.10
39.47
44.23
5.07
6.61
39.14
46.25
1.2
0.51
0.02
15.830
17.489
19.097
18.356
16.178
17.104
17.920
19.754
[20]
[16]
[16]
[16]
66.58
70.90
86.30
86.60
75.00
67.80
57.20
77.40
69.45
87.20
47.70
76.50
3.72
22.10
1.80
2.80
20.00
21.50
17.30
7.70
4.72
0.40
48.70
1.70
50.29
36.2
39.75
19.12
47.67
5.05
4.72
5.55
2
6.13
39.63
37.49
46.82
25.96
43.16
0.45
4.29
0.17
4.22
1.33
0.16
20.050
14.258
18.167
17.192
13.730
14.232
18.125
17.410
21.055
19.297
8.887
19.842
20.853
13.356
17.648
17.227
13.305
14.186
17.799
17.275
19.924
17.976
8.330
19.622
[20]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[6]
[16]
[16]
[16]
62.54
74.20
83.60
72.40
55.40
9.40
16.50
0.20
2.60
32.70
48.12
49.37
6.55
6.4
35.93
42.01
2.02
20.600
15.890
18.502
20.930
13.727
19.599
14.728
18.760
20.107
12.590
[24]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
79.00
85.50
87.30
70.40
13.50
0.30
10.80
1.50
15.153
18.000
14.806
21.097
14.863
18.348
14.198
20.900
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
85.00
12.70
45.00
8.10
9.09
67.90
1.40
39.60
54.00
72.10
77.70
6.90
48.6
5.5
39.5
0.5
17.100
17.657
7.685
8.385
5.700
21.010
18.050
18.538
6.948
7.702
5.479
19.443
[5]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
83.41
67.30
74.70
83.17
90.60
1.61
17.60
3.30
0.25
0.20
42.66
39.59
49.5
49
48.67
6.05
5.26
5.7
5.98
6.03
49.5
36.38
41.3
44.75
44.99
0.18
2.09
0.2
0.05
0.06
0
0
0
0.01
0.04
17.483
16.420
19.228
19.950
18.934
18.284
15.694
19.364
18.827
17.376
[PS]
[20]
[25]
[20]
[19]
75.10
14.30
25.00
35.70
4.80
59.80
70.00
60.30
18.928
11.712
5.630
7.183
18.778
10.921
5.120
6.510
[16]
[16]
[16]
[16]
30.00
25.80
9.93
14.70
68.10
6.60
5.90
22.20
2.30
14.90
2.90
3.10
0.60
1.90
52.90
65.60
75.6
67.7
88.95
87.1
57.8
92.7
3.3
2.4
0.73
2.4
5
1.6
18.4
14.4
6.04
6.9
36.5
3.3
0.2
0.4
1.38
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
28.844
24.796
31.124
32.720
22.840
32.204
14.944
7.577
28.598
24.874
32.349
31.333
21.680
33.369
15.076
7.263
[25]
[25]
[PS]
[3]
[3]
[3]
[16]
[16]
491
Table 3
List of algebraic equations tested for the development of correlation
Sr. no.
Proposed equation
HHVZaFCCbVMCcAsh
HHVZaFCCb(FC/VM)CcVMCdAsh
HHVZaFCCbFC2Cc(FC*VM)CdVMCeVM2CdAsh
4
5
HHVZa1FCCb1VM
HHVZa1FCCb2VMc2
6
7
8
9
10
HHVZa2FCCb3VMc3
HHVZa3FCd3Cb2VMc2
HHVZa4FCd4Cb1VM
HHVZa1FCCb2VMc2Cd2Ash
HHVZaCb(FCCVM)CcAsh
Assuming fuel HHV to be a linear function of its volatile, non-volatile and inorganic
constituents
Assuming fuel HHV to be a linear function of its volatile, non-volatile and inorganic
constituents and combining the effect of ratio of non volatility to volatility
Based on Kucukbayraks criteria [2] of assuming fuel HHV to be a polynomial
function of its volatile, non-volatile and inorganic constituents
Based on Corderos criteria [3]
Assuming nonlinear effect of a volatile matter on HHV (Based on Kucukbayraks
criteria [2])
Assuming nonlinear effect of a volatile matter on HHV
Assuming nonlinear effect of a volatile and a non volatile matter on HHV
Assuming nonlinear effect of a non volatile matter on HHV
Assuming nonlinear effect of a volatile matter on HHV
Assuming combined effect of a volatile and a non volatile matter on HHV (Based on
Jimenezs criteria [6])
HHV, MJ/kg, dry basis; FC, %wt, dry basis; VM, %wt, dry basis.
1
n
n
X
iZ1
(3)
(1)
(2)
HHVc K HHV
100%
HHV
HHVZ0:3536FCC0:1559VMK0:0078ASHMJ=kg
492
493
while the bias error for the same correlations are found to be
9.74, 6.18, K7.23 and 3.02%, respectively. The comparison
was also made for different categories of fuels from which
the above correlations were derived and it was observed
that irrespective of the fact whether a fuel falls under
the classification of coal, biomass, refuse or chars,
494
6. Conclusions
The present correlation has been derived based on a large
number of data points having widely varying proximate
composition and encompassing all categories of solid
carbonaceous materials. This means that, within the
specified range of FC, VM and Ash as wt%, and within
the stated absolute error limit of 3.74%, the present
correlation may be accepted as general correlation for
estimating HHV on dry basis.
Also, it must be noted that the equation compares very
well with the other reported equations in the literature. The
main advantage of this correlation is, based on only
proximate analysis data, it provides a rapid, easy
and economical estimation of the HHV. This may be of
particular interest in the contexts where more sophisticated
and expensive equipments for experimental HHV measurement or elemental analysis are not always available.
References
[1] Channiwala SA, Parikh PP. A unified correlation for estimating HHV
of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Fuel 2002;81:105163.
[2] Kucukbayrak S, Durus B, Mericboyu AE, Kadioglu E. Estimation of
calorific values of Turkish lignites. Fuel 1991;70:97981.
[3] Cordero T, Marquez F, Rodriquez-Mirasol J, Rodriguez JJ. Predicting
heating values of lignocellulosic and carbonaceous materials from
proximate analysis. Fuel 2001;80:156771.
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