Chapter 2

Solid State Transformer Analysis

Lg

eg

Lf
C1

Rload

C2

Cf

Cg
AC-DC stage

DC-AC stage

DC-DC stage

Fig. 2.1 SST topology

2.1

Three Phase Inverter Analysis

Lf

Rload

dc

Cf

Fig. 2.2 Three phase inverter diagram

Solid State Transformer Analysis

dc

s
v

dc

f) State No. 6

e) State No. 5

d) State No. 4

dc

c) State No. 3

b) State No. 2

dc

dc

dc

a) State No. 1

Fig. 2.3 Switch states for three-phase voltage-source inverter.

a
iainv (t)
sainv (t)
vout
(t)

R
d
v
(t)
1
L
dc
f
b
b
b
i (t) =
s (t)
v (t)
+

inv
inv
out
dt c
Lf
2Lf
Lf c
c
iinv (t)
sinv (t)
vout (t)

a
vout
(t)

d
1
b
v (t) =

out
dt c
Cf
vout (t)

v a (t)
out
v b (t)
out
c
vout
(t)

(2.1)

iainv (t)
iaload (t)

1
ib (t)
ib (t)
inv

load
Cf c
c
iinv (t)
iload (t)

ia (t)
load
1
ib (t) =
load
Rload
icload (t)

(2.2)

(2.3)

2.1 Three Phase Inverter Analysis

Vdc

Vab

-Vdc
State No. 6

State No. 1 State No. 2 State No. 3 State No. 4 State No. 5 State No. 6

Vdc

Vbc

-Vdc

Vdc

Vca

-Vdc

Fig. 2.4 Line to line voltage output

Fundamental Phase A

Fundamental Phase B

Carrier

-1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Sa
1

0.5

Sb
0

0.005

100

Vab

50
0
-50
-100
0

0.005

0.01

Fig. 2.5 Waveforms SPWM

Solid State Transformer Analysis

10
Fundamental Phase A

Fundamental Phase B

Carrier

0
-1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Sa
1
0.5
0
0

0.005

Sb

1
0.5
0
0

0.005

100

Vab
0

-100
0

0.005

0.01

d)

Fig. 2.6 High Frequency PWM

100

Vab

50
0
-50
-100
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

100

Vbc

50
0
-50
-100
0

0.005

0.01

100

Vca

50
0
-50
-100
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

Fig. 2.7 Line to line voltage output

2.1 Three Phase Inverter Analysis

50

11

Va

0
-50
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

50

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Vb

0
-50
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

50

Vc

0
-50
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

Fig. 2.8 Phase voltage output

2.1.1

Open Loop Simulation

Parameter
Value
VIN
680 VDC
Lf
4 mH
RLf
0.01
Cf
10 F
RLOAD
100
f
15.3 kHz
Table 2.1 Three phase inverter open loop parameters.

Solid State Transformer Analysis

12
600

Va

Vb

Vc

400

Voltage (volts)

200

-200

-400

-600
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.045

0.05

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.9 DC-AC converter open loop simulation - Voltages

15

10

Current (amperes)

-5

-10

-15

-20
0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.10 DC-AC converter open loop simulation - Currents

2.1 Three Phase Inverter Analysis

2.1.2

13

Closed Loop Simulation

L
v

dc

sin0
cos0

abc

SPWM

sin0
cos0

abc

c
!=0

Fig. 2.11 Three phase inverter control algorithm

Parameter
Value
VIN
680 VDC
Lf
4 mH
RLf
0.01
Cf
10 F
RLOAD
100
f
15.3 kHz
kC
10
Ti
0.01
Table 2.2 Three phase inverter closed loop parameters.

Solid State Transformer Analysis

14

300

Va

200

Vc

Vb

Voltage (volts)

100

-100

-200

-300
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.12 DC-AC converter closed loop simulation - Voltages

15

10

Current (amperes)

-5

-10

-15
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.13 DC-AC converter closed loop simulation - Currents

0.1

2.2 Dual Active Bridge Analysis

2.2

15

Dual Active Bridge Analysis

S

L
C

IN

LOAD

OUT

Fig. 2.14 Dual active bridge diagram

[10] [11] [12] [13]

Fig. 2.15 H-Bridge

vpri (t)

vpri = vin [s1 (t) s2 (t)]

(2.4)

vsec = vout [s3 (t) s4 (t)]

(2.5)

NP
d
vsec (t) RL iL (t) L iL (t) = 0
NS
dt

RL iL (t) + L

NP
d
iL (t) = vpri (t)
vsec (t)
dt
NS

(2.6)

(2.7)

Solid State Transformer Analysis

16

RL iL (t) + L

NP
d
iL (t) = VIN [S1 (t) S2 (t)]
VOU T (t)[S3 (t) S4 (t)]
dt
NS

iC (t)
d
VOU T (t) =
dt
C

(2.9)

iC (t) = iDC (t) iLOAD (t)

(2.10)

iDC (t) = iL [S3 (t) S4 (t)]

(2.11)

iLOAD (t) =

a%%%

(2.8)

VOU T (t)
RLOAD

(2.12)

D lvl

0
-1

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.5
0

0.5
0

100

++
vol+ag

0
-100

Fig. 2.16 Half Bridge waveforms

2.2 Dual Active Bridge Analysis

1

17

a 2

a 1

-1

100

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0
-100

100

V +c

0
-100

20

0
-20

Fig. 2.17 Dual Active Bridge waveforms

a 2

0
-1

a 1

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

100

-100

100

V c

-100

20

-20

Fig. 2.18 Dual Active Bridge waveforms - Buck mode

Solid State Transformer Analysis

18
a 2

d2

0
-1

a 1

0.

d1
0.

100

0.

0.

1.0000

0.

0.

1.0000

0.

0.

1.0000

0.

0.

1.0000

-100
0.

0.

100
0

Vsc

-100
0.

0.

20

0
-20
0.

0.

Fig. 2.19 Dual Active Bridge waveforms - Boost mode

2.2.1

Open Loop Simulation

Parameter
Value
VIN
400 VDC
LL
50 H
RLL
0.1
NP
10
NS
11
C
3300 F
RLOAD
10
f
20 kHz

45
Table 2.3 Dual Active Bridge open loop parameters.

2.2 Dual Active Bridge Analysis

19

aso &a Volag

400

aso Scoda Volag

300

200

aag ducac Cu

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.20 Vp, Vs and iL - Open Loop

150

100

Current (amperes)

aag ducac Cu

50

-50

-100
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.21 Leakage Inductance Current - Open Loop

0.25

0.3

Solid State Transformer Analysis

20

aso
a
Volag

400

aso
Scoda
Volag

200

100

L aag
Iducac
Cu

-100

-200

-400

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.22 Vp, Vs and iL - Three cycles - Open Loop

400

Lo DC Volag
350

300

Voltage (volts)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.23 Low DC Voltage - Open Loop

0.25

0.3

2.2 Dual Active Bridge Analysis

2.2.2

21

Closed Loop Simulation

L
R

IN

PWM
HB1

z-n

PWM
HB2

LOAD

(1+sTi )

2
0

sTi

Fig. 2.24 Dual Active Bridge control algorithm

Parameter
Value
VIN
400 VDC
LL
50 H
RLL
0.1
NP
10
NS
11
C
3300 F
RLOAD
100
f
20 kHz
kC
10
Ti
0.01
Table 2.4 Dual Active Bridge closed loop parameters.

OUT

Solid State Transformer Analysis

22
aso a Volag

400

aso
Scoda
Volag

300

200

L aag
Iducac
Cu

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

4.5

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.25 Vp, Vs and iL - Closed Loop

120

100

s)

60

40

L aag Iducac Cu

20

Cu

-20

-40

-60
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

scods)

3.5

Fig. 2.26 Leakage Inductance Current - Closed Loop

2.2 Dual Active Bridge Analysis

23
aso
a
Volag

400

aso
Scoda
Volag

200

100

L aag
Iducac
Cu

-100

-200

-400

5.0000

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.27 Vp, Vs and iL - Three cycles - Closed Loop

400
Lo DC Volag
350

300

vol s)

250

Vol ag

200

150

100

50

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

scods)

Fig. 2.28 Low DC Voltage - Open Loop

4.5

Solid State Transformer Analysis

24

2.3

Three Phase Rectifier Analysis

C
S

LOAD

Fig. 2.29 hree phase rectifier diagram

iarec (t)

d b
1
=
irec (t)

dt c
Lf
irec (t)

ea (t)
g RLf
eb (t)
g
Lf
ecg (t)

ia (t)
rec
1
ib (t)
rec L
f
icrec (t)

d
1 a
vdc (t) =
s (t) sbrec (t)
dt
C rec
h

2.3.1

sa (t)
rec
1 h sarec (t)+sbrec (t)screc (t) i
sb (t)
vdc (t)
rec L
3
f
c
srec (t)
(2.13)

ia (t)
i rec
b

screc (t)
irec (t)

icrec (t)

1 vdc (t)
C Rload

Open Loop Simulation

Parameter
Value
eg
120 V ACLN
Lg
3.1 mH
Cg
4.7 F
C
3300 F
RLOAD
100
f
15.3 kHz
Table 2.5 Three phase rectifier open loop parameters.

(2.14)

2.3 Three Phase Rectifier Analysis

25

400

250

200

150

100

50

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.1

0.1

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.30 High DC Voltage - Open Loop

200

150

Current (amperes)

100

50

-50

-100

-150

-200
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.31 Input Currents - Open Loop

Solid State Transformer Analysis

26
4

* 10 4

+
()(

' 2
%&

1
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

! "

! #

! $

0.1

! ,

! "

! #

! $

0.1

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

volt-ampere reactive)

Time (seconds)
6

* 10 4

4
2
0
-2
0

0.01

0.02

! +

0.04

0.05

Time (seconds)
1

0.5

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.32 Powers - Open Loop

350

300

Voltage (volts)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.33 High DC Voltage - Open Loop

2.3 Three Phase Rectifier Analysis

27

200

150

100

Current (amperes)

50

-50

-100

-150

-200
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.34 Input Currents - Open Loop

10 4

(watt)

3
2
1
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

(volt-ampere reactive)

Time (seconds)
10

3
2
1
0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Time (seconds)
1

0.5

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.35 Powers - Open Loop

Solid State Transformer Analysis

28
600

500

Voltage (volts)

400

300

200

100

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.4

0.45

0.5

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.36 High DC Voltage - Open Loop

250

200

150

Current (amperes)

100

50

-50

-100

-150

-200
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.37 Input Currents - Open Loop

2.3 Three Phase Rectifier Analysis

10 4

(watt)

29

2
0
-2
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

(volt-ampere reactive)

Time (seconds)
10

4
2
0
-2
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Time (seconds)
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Time (seconds)

Fig. 2.38 Powers - Open Loop

2.3.2

Closed Loop Simulation

Parameter
Value
eg
120 V ACLN
Lg
3.1 mH
Cg
4.7 F
C
3300 F
RLOAD
100
f
15.3 kHz
kC
10
Ti
0.01
Table 2.6 Three phase rectifier open loop parameters.