BMST5103 Full Version Study Guide PDF

STUDY GUIDE
BMST5103 Strategic Management
CENTRE FOR GRADUATE STUDIES
STUDY GUIDE
BMST5103
Strategic Management
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STUDY GUIDE
STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
STUDY GUIDE
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STUDY GUIDE
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10
STUDY GUIDE
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11
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu"cpf"Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu"
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3037" Vjg"Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"Oqfgn"
3038" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"Rtqeguu"
3039" Tgukuvcpeg"vq"Uvtcvgike"Rncppkpi"
303:" Rkvhcnnu"kp"Uvtcvgike"Rncppkpi"
Ejcrvgt"3."r"690
303;" Iwkfgnkpgu"hqt"Ghhgevkxg"Uvtcvgike"
Ocpcigogpv"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"69/"6;0
3042" Eqorctkpi"Dwukpguu"cpf"Oknkvct{"
Uvtcvgi{
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"6;"/"720
12
STUDY GUIDE
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
303""
Eqpegrvu"qh"Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"
Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ecp" dg" fghkpgf" cu" vjg" ctv" cpf" uekgpeg" qh"
hqtowncvkpi." korngogpvkpi." cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" etquu/hwpevkqpcn" fgekukqpu"
vjcv" gpcdng" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" cejkgxg" kvu" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu0"
Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" hqewugu" qp" kpvgitcvkpi" ocpcigogpv."
octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi." rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqpu." tgugctej" cpf"
fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" kphqtocvkqp" ocpcigogpv" u{uvgou" vq" cejkgxg"
qticpkucvkqpcn"uweeguu0""
Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ku" u{pqp{oqwu" ykvj" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi0" Vjg"
vgto" uvtcvgike" rncppkpifi" ku" oqtg" qhvgp" wugf" kp" vjg" dwukpguu" yqtnf."
yjgtgcu" vjg" vgto" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpvfi" ku" oqtg" rqrwnct" coqpi"
cecfgokekcpu"cpf"tgugctejgtu0"Uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"ku"uqogvkogu"
wugf"vq"tghgt"vq"uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp."korngogpvcvkqp."cpf"gxcnwcvkqp."
ykvj" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" tghgttkpi" qpn{" vq" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp0" Vjg"
pqvkqp"qh"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"ku"vq"cejkgxg"cpf"uwuvckp"eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcig"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp0"Vjg"rwtrqug"qh"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"
ku"vq"gzrnqkv"cpf"etgcvg"pgy"cpf"fkhhgtgpv"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"hqt"vqoqttqy0"
Kp" eqpvtcuv." nqpi/tcpig" rncppkpi" vtkgu" vq" qrvkokug" hqt" vqoqttqy" vjg"
vtgpfu"qh"vqfc{0"
"
"
304"""
Jkuvqtkecn"Fgxgnqrogpv"
Uvtcvgi{" cu" c" eqpegrv" fcvgu" dcem" vq" vjg" cpekgpv" oknkvct{" ytkvkpiu" qh"
Ejkpgug" vjgqtkuvu" uwej" cu" Uwp" V|w" cpf" jku" fguegpfgpv" Uwp" Rkp0"
Ctejcgqnqikuvu"dgnkgxg"vjcv"ocp{"qvjgt"cpekgpv"oknkvct{"ytkvkpiu"jcxg"
dggp" nquv0" Kp" vjg" hktuv" egpvwt{" CF." Htqpvkpwu" fghkpgf" uvtcvgi{" cu"
gxgt{vjkpi" cejkgxgf" d{" c" eqoocpfgt." dg" kv" ejctcevgtkugf" d{"
hqtgukijv." cfxcpvcig." gpvgtrtkug" qt" tguqnwvkqpfi" yjknuv" Zgpqrjqp"
fghkpgf" uvtcvgi{" cu" mpqykpi" vjg" dwukpguu" yjkej" {qw" rtqrqug" vq"
ectt{" qwvfi" *Ewookpiu." 3;;5+0" Rqtvgt" *3;;8+" uggu" uvtcvgi{" cu"
fghkpkpi" c" eqorcp{u" rqukvkqp." ocmkpi" vtcfg/qhhu." cpf" hqtikpi" hkv"
coqpi" cevkxkvkgufi0" Okpv|dgti" *3;:9+" htqo" vjg" etgcvkxg" rgturgevkxg"
kfgpvkhkgu"uvtcvgi{"cu"dqvj"rncpu"hqt"vjg"hwvwtg"cpf"rcvvgtpu"htqo"vjg"
rcuv0
Cu" cp" cecfgoke" fkuekrnkpg." uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ycu" fgxgnqrgf" kp"
vjg" 3;72u" cpf" 3;82u0" Kp" 3;84." Cnhtgf" Ejcpfngt" tgeqipkugf" vjg"
korqtvcpeg"qh"eqqtfkpcvkpi"vjg"xctkqwu"curgevu"qh"ocpcigogpv"wpfgt"
qpg" cnn/gpeqorcuukpi" uvtcvgi{0" Kp" 3;79." Rjknkr" Ugn|pkem" kpvtqfwegf"
vjg" kfgc" qh" ocvejkpi" vjg" qticpkucvkqp)u" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" ykvj" gzvgtpcn"
gpxktqpogpvcn" ektewouvcpegu0" Vjku" eqtg" kfgc" ycu" fgxgnqrgf" kpvq"
13
STUDY GUIDE
UYQV"cpcn{uku0"Kiqt"Cpuqhh"dwknv"qp"Ejcpfngt)u"yqtm"d{"fgxgnqrkpi"c"
uvtcvgi{" itkf" vjcv" eqorctgf" octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp" uvtcvgikgu." rtqfwev"
fgxgnqrogpv" uvtcvgikgu." octmgv" fgxgnqrogpv" uvtcvgikgu" cpf"
jqtk|qpvcn"cpf"xgtvkecn"kpvgitcvkqp"cpf"fkxgtukhkecvkqp"uvtcvgikgu0""
Rgvgt" Ftwemgt." cu" gctn{" cu" 3;76." " ycu" fgxgnqrkpi" c" vjgqt{" qh"
ocpcigogpv"dcugf"qp"qdlgevkxgu."yjkej"ycu"mpqyp"cu"ocpcigogpv"
d{" qdlgevkxgu" *ODQ+0" Qpg" qh" vjg" oquv" xcnwcdng" eqpegrvu" kp" vjg"
uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" qh" ownvkfkxkukqpcn" eqorcpkgu" ycu" rqtvhqnkq"
vjgqt{0" Vjg" DEI" Cpcn{uku" ycu" fgxgnqrgf" d{" vjg" Dquvqp" Eqpuwnvkpi"
Itqwr" *jgpeg" vjg" pcog+" kp" vjg" gctn{" 3;92u0" Uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" ycu"
rqrwnct" fwtkpi" vjg" 3;72u" vq" vjg" 3;92u" dwv" fgenkpgf" kp" vjg" 3;:2u0"
Jqygxgt."kv"jcu"ukpeg"dggp"tgxkxgf"kp"vjg"3;;2u0"
Gctn{"uvtcvgikuvu"vgpfgf"vq"hqewu"qp"vjg"uvtcvgike"rncp"kvugnh."jcpfkpi"
vjg" rncppkpi" fqewogpv" vq" nkpg" ocpcigtu" hqt" korngogpvcvkqp0"
Jqygxgt." fwtkpi" vjg" wpegtvckp" gtc" qh" vjg" 3;:2u" cpf" 3;;2u." vjku"
crrtqcej"ycu"fkuetgfkvgf"d{"ocpcigtu0"Tgegpv"fgxgnqrogpvu"kp"vjg"
uvtcvgi{" hkgnf" gorjcukug" vjg" korqtvcpeg" qh" kpxqnxkpi" cnn" uvchh" kp" vjg"
uvtcvgi{"rtqeguu."cnnqykpi"uvtcvgikgu"vq"gogtig"htqo"vjg"itcuutqqvufi"
qh"vjg"hkto."ikxkpi"itgcvgt"cvvgpvkqp"vq"vjg"ygnn/dgkpi"qh"vjg"hkto"cu"c"
yjqng." cpf" kpeqtrqtcvkpi" vjqwijv" ykvj" cevkqp0" Vjg" gorjcuku" jcu"
dgeqog" uvtcvgi{" etgcvkqp" vgorgtgf" ykvj" uqog" vjqwijvhwn" tcvkqpcn"
cpcn{uku0" Kp" igpgtcn." cetquu" qticpkucvkqpu" cpf" kpfwuvtkgu." uvtcvgi{"
rtcevkeg" ku" oqtg" igpgtcvkxg" cpf" rgqrng/qtkgpvgf" vjcp" tcvkqpcn" cpf"
cpcn{vkecn0
305""
Uvcigu"qh"Uvtcvgike"Fgxgnqrogpv"
"
Vjg"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"rtqeguu"eqpukuvu"qh"vjtgg"uvcigu<"uvtcvgi{"
hqtowncvkqp."uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp"cpf"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp0
*c+
"
Uvtcvgi{"Hqtowncvkqp
Uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp" kpenwfgu" fgxgnqrkpi" c" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp."
kfgpvkh{kpi" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" gzvgtpcn" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu."
fgvgtokpkpi" kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu." guvcdnkujkpi"
nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu." igpgtcvkpi" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu." cpf"
ejqqukpi" rctvkewnct" uvtcvgikgu" vq" rwtuwg0" Uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp"
kuuwgu" kpenwfg" fgekfkpi" yjcv" pgy" dwukpguugu" vq" gpvgt." yjcv"
dwukpguugu" vq" cdcpfqp." jqy" vq" cnnqecvg" tguqwtegu." yjgvjgt" vq"
gzrcpf" qrgtcvkqpu" qt" fkxgtukh{." yjgvjgt" vq" gpvgt" kpvgtpcvkqpcn"
octmgvu."yjgvjgt"vq"ogtig"qt"hqto"c"lqkpv"xgpvwtg."cpf"jqy"vq"
cxqkf"c"jquvkng"vcmgqxgt0""
14
STUDY GUIDE
*d+
"
Uvtcvgi{"Korngogpvcvkqp
Uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" tgswktgu" c" hkto" vq" guvcdnkuj" cppwcn"
qdlgevkxgu." fgxkug" rqnkekgu." oqvkxcvg" gornq{ggu." cpf" cnnqecvg"
tguqwtegu" uq" vjcv" hqtowncvgf" uvtcvgikgu" ecp" dg" gzgewvgf0"
Uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" kpenwfgu" fgxgnqrkpi" c" uvtcvgi{/
uwrrqtvkxg"ewnvwtg."etgcvkpi"cp"ghhgevkxg"qticpkucvkqpcn"uvtwevwtg."
tgfktgevkpi"octmgvkpi"ghhqtvu."rtgrctkpi"dwfigvu."fgxgnqrkpi"cpf"
wvknkukpi" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou." cpf" nkpmkpi" gornq{gg"
eqorgpucvkqp" vq" qticpkucvkqpcn" rgthqtocpeg0" Kv" ku" qhvgp" ecnngf"
vjg" cevkqp" uvcigfi" qh" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv0" Korngogpvkpi"
uvtcvgi{" ogcpu" oqdknkukpi" gornq{ggu" cpf" ocpcigtu" vq" rwv"
hqtowncvgf" uvtcvgikgu" kpvq" cevkqp0" Qhvgp" eqpukfgtgf" vq" dg" vjg"
oquv" fkhhkewnv" uvcig" kp" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv." uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp" tgswktgu" rgtuqpcn" fkuekrnkpg." eqookvogpv." cpf"
ucetkhkeg0" Uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" jkpigu" wrqp"
ocpcigtu=" cdknkv{" vq" oqvkxcvg" gornq{ggu." yjkej" ku" oqtg" cp" ctv"
vjcp" c" uekgpeg0" Uvtcvgikgu" hqtowncvgf" dwv" pqv" korngogpvgf"
ugtxg"pq"wughwn"rwtrqug0"
*e+
"
Uvtcvgi{"Gxcnwcvkqp
Uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"ku"vjg"hkpcn"uvcig"kp"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv0"
Ocpcigtu"fgurgtcvgn{"pggf"vq"mpqy"yjgp"rctvkewnct"uvtcvgikgu"
ctg"pqv"yqtmkpi"ygnn0"Uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"ku"vjg"rtkoct{"ogcpu"
hqt"qdvckpkpi"vjku"kphqtocvkqp0"Cnn"uvtcvgikgu"ctg"uwdlgev"vq"hwvwtg"
oqfkhkecvkqp" dgecwug" gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" ctg"
eqpuvcpvn{" ejcpikpi0" Vjtgg" hwpfcogpvcn" uvtcvgi{/gxcnwcvkqp"
cevkxkvkgu"ctg<"
*k+"
Tgxkgykpi"gzvgtpcn"cpf"kpvgtpcn"hcevqtu"vjcv"ctg"vjg"dcugu"
hqt"ewttgpv"uvtcvgikgu=""
*kk+"
Ogcuwtkpi"rgthqtocpeg="cpf""
*kkk+" Vcmkpi"eqttgevkxg"cevkqpu0""
Uvtcvgi{" gxcnwcvkqp" ku" pggfgf" dgecwug" uweeguu" vqfc{" fqgu" pqv"
iwctcpvgg"uweeguu"vqoqttqy0""
306""
Kpvgitcvkpi"Kpvwkvkqp"cpf"Cpcn{uku"
"
Vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ecp" dg" fguetkdgf" cu" cp"

qdlgevkxg."nqikecn."u{uvgocvke"crrtqcej"hqt"ocmkpi"oclqt"fgekukqpu"kp"
cp" qticpkucvkqp0" Kv" cvvgorvu" vq" qticpkug" swcnkvcvkxg" cpf" swcpvkvcvkxg"
kphqtocvkqp"kp"c"yc{"vjcv"cnnqyu"ghhgevkxg"fgekukqpu"vq"dg"ocfg"wpfgt"
eqpfkvkqpu"qh"wpegtvckpv{0"Dcugf"qp"rcuv"gzrgtkgpegu."lwfiogpv."cpf"
hggnkpiu." oquv" rgqrng" tgeqipkug" vjcv" kpvwkvkqp" ku" guugpvkcn" vq" ocmkpi"
15
STUDY GUIDE
iqqf" uvtcvgike" fgekukqp0" Kpvwkvkqp" ku" rctvkewnctn{" wughwn" hqt" ocmkpi"

fgekukqpu"kp"ukvwcvkqpu"qh"itgcv"wpegtvckpv{"qt"nkvvng"rtgegfgpv0"Kv"ku"cnuq"
jgnrhwn" yjgp" jkijn{" kpvgttgncvgf" xctkcdngu" gzkuv" qt" yjgp" kv" ku"
pgeguuct{" vq" ejqqug" htqo" ugxgtcn" rncwukdng" cnvgtpcvkxgu0" Uqog"
ocpcigtu" cpf" qypgtu" qh" dwukpguugu" rtqhguu" vq" jcxg" gzvtcqtfkpct{"
cdknkvkgu" hqt" wukpi" kpvwkvkqp" cnqpg" kp" fgxkukpi" dtknnkcpv" uvtcvgikgu0"
Jqygxgt." oquv" eqorcpkgu" ecp" dgpghkv" htqo" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv."
yjkej" ku" dcugf" qp" kpvgitcvkpi" kpvwkvkqp" cpf" cpcn{uku" kp" fgekukqp"
ocmkpi0
307""
Cfcrvkpi"vq"Ejcpig"
"
Vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" dcugf" qp" vjg" dgnkgh" vjcv"

qticpkucvkqpu"ujqwnf"eqpvkpwcnn{"oqpkvqt"kpvgtpcn"cpf"gzvgtpcn"gxgpvu"
cpf"vtgpfu"uq"vjcv"vkogn{"ejcpigu"ecp"dg"ocfg"cu"pggfgf0"Vjg"tcvg"
cpf" ocipkvwfg" qh" ejcpigu" vjcv" chhgev" qticpkucvkqpu" ctg" kpetgcukpi"
ftcocvkecnn{." cu" gxkfgpegf" d{" jqy" vjg" inqdcn" geqpqoke" tgeguukqp"
jcu"ecwijv"uq"ocp{"hktou"d{"uwtrtkug0"Hktou."nkmg"qticpkuou."owuv"dg"
cfgrv" cv" cfcrvkpi" qt" vjg{" yknn" pqv" uwtxkxg0" Vjgtghqtg." vq" uwtxkxg." cnn"
qticpkucvkqpu" owuv" ykugn{" kfgpvkh{." cpf" cfcrv" vq" ejcpig0" Vjg"
uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" ckogf" cv" cnnqykpi" qticpkucvkqpu" vq"
cfcrv"ghhgevkxgn{"vq"ejcpig"qxgt"vjg"nqpi"twp0"V{rgu"qh"ejcpig"hcegf"
d{"cp"qticpkucvkqp"ctg<"
*c+" Gxqnwvkqpct{" ejcpig1qticpke" ejcpig1kpetgogpvcn" ejcpig1"
eqpvkpwkv{0"
*d+" Tgxqnwvkqpct{"
fkueqpvkpwkv{0"
*e+"
ejcpig1uvtcvgike"
ejcpig1ftcuvke"
ejcpig1"
Tgcevkxg"ejcpig""eqrgu"ykvj."tgurqpfu."tgcevu"vq"ejcpigu0"
*f+" Cpvkekrcvkxg"ejcpig""rncppgf"ejcpig0"G0i0"cppwcn"dwfigvkpi0"
*g+" Rtqcevkxg"ejcpig""nqpi/vgto"rncppkpi1"rtgxgpvkxg"rncppkpi0"
308"""
Eqorgvkvkxg"Cfxcpvcig""
"
Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ku" cnn" cdqwv" ickpkpi" cpf" ockpvckpkpi"

eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0" Kv" ecp" dg" fghkpgf" cu" cp{vjkpi" vjcv" c" hkto"
fqgu" gurgekcnn{" ygnn" eqorctgf" vq" tkxcn" hktou0fi" Yjgp" c" hkto" ecp" fq"
uqogvjkpi" vjcv" tkxcn" hktou" ecppqv" fq." qt" qypu" uqogvjkpi" vjcv" tkxcn"
hktou" fguktg." vjcv" ecp" tgrtgugpv" c" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0"
Eqorgvkvkxgpguu"yjkej"jgnru"vq"etgcvg"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig"tghgtu"
vq"cp"kpvgitcvgf"hqteg"fgtkxkpi"htqo"xkukdng"cuugvu1tguqwtegu."kpxkukdng"
cuugvu1tguqwtegu." eqtrqtcvg" ecrcdknkvkgu" qt" eqtg" eqorgvgpekgu." vjg"
16
STUDY GUIDE
qrgtcvkqpcn" vgejpkswgu" qt" vcevkeu" wugf" hqt" korngogpvkpi" rtqfwevkxg"

tguqwteg" cnnqecvkqp0" Gzcorngu" ctg" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg." eqpvtqn"
u{uvgou" cpf" eqtrqtcvg" ewnvwtg0" Vjg" hqwt" mg{" ghhgevu" qh" eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcig" tguwnvkpi" htqo" eqtrqtcvg" eqorgvkvkxgpguu" ctg" ghhkekgpe{."
swcnkv{."ewuvqogt"tgurqpukxgpguu."cpf"kppqxcvkqp0"
309" " Uvtcvgikuvu""
"
" Uvtcvgikuvu" ctg" vjg" kpfkxkfwcnu" yjq" ctg" oquv" tgurqpukdng" hqt" vjg"
uweeguu"qt"hcknwtg"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp0"Vjg{"rnc{"vjg"tqng"cu"uvtcvgike"
ocpcigtu" qt" uvtcvgike" fgekukqp/ocmgtu0" Uvtcvgikuvu" jqnf" xctkqwu" lqd"
vkvngu."uwej"cu"EGQ."rtgukfgpv."qypgt."gpvtgrtgpgwt."cpf"ejcktrgtuqp"
qh" vjg" dqctf" qh" fktgevqtu." ocpcikpi" fktgevqt." gzgewvkxg" fktgevqt." cpf"
ocpcigtu0"Uvtcvgikuvu"jgnr"cp"qticpkucvkqp"icvjgt."cpcn{ug."qticpkug"
kphqtocvkqp0" Vjg{" vtcem" kpfwuvt{" cpf" eqorgvkvkxg" vtgpfu." fgxgnqr"
hqtgecuvkpi" oqfgnu" cpf" uegpctkq" cpcn{ugu." gxcnwcvg" eqtrqtcvg" cpf"
fkxkukqpcn" rgthqtocpeg." urqv" gogtikpi" octmgv" qrrqtvwpkvkgu." kfgpvkh{"
dwukpguu" vjtgcvu." cpf" fgxgnqr" etgcvkxg" cevkqp" rncpu0" Uvtcvgike"
rncppgtu"wuwcnn{"ugtxg"kp"uwrrqtv"qt"uvchh"tqng0"Wuwcnn{"hqwpf"cv"jkijgt"
ngxgnu" qh" ocpcigogpv." vjg{" v{rkecnn{" jcxg" eqpukfgtcdng" cwvjqtkv{" hqt"
fgekukqp" ocmkpi" kp" vjg" hkto0" Uvtcvgikuvu" ctg" fkhhgtgpv" ykvj" tgictf" vq"
vjgkt"cvvkvwfgu."xcnwgu."gvjkeu."c"yknnkpipguu"vq"vcmg"tkumu."eqpegtp"hqt"
uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{." eqpegtp" hqt" rtqhkvcdknkv{." eqpegtp" hqt" ujqtv/twp"
xgtuwu" nqpi/twp" ckou." cpf" ocpcigogpv" uv{ng0" Vjgug" fkhhgtgpegu"
pggf" vq" dg" eqpukfgtgf" kp" vjg" hqtowncvkqp." korngogpvcvkqp." cpf"
gxcnwcvkqp"qh"uvtcvgikgu0""
30:"" " Xkukqp"cpf"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpvu""

"
" Vjg" xkukqp" uvcvgogpv" cpuygtu" vjg" swguvkqp" Yjcv" fq" yg" ycpv" vq"
dgeqogAfi" C" xkukqp" uvcvgogpv" vcmgu" vjg" hqto" qh" c" ugpvgpeg0" Ykvj"
tgictf" vq" gornq{gg" oqvkxcvkqp." c" xkukqp" uvcvgogpv" ku" oqtg" kpurktkpi"
vjcp"c"okuukqp"uvcvgogpv0""C"ujctgf"xkukqp"etgcvgu"c"eqooqpcnkv{"qh"
kpvgtguvu" vjcv" ecp" jgkijvgp" gornq{gg" oqtcng" ukipkhkecpvn{0" Hqt"
gzcorng." Igpgtcn" Oqvqtu" xkukqp" ku" vq" dg" vjg" yqtnf" ngcfgt" kp"
vtcpurqtvcvkqp" rtqfwevu" cpf" tgncvgf" ugtxkegu0" Qp" vjg" qvjgt" jcpf." c"
okuukqp"uvcvgogpv"cpuygtu"vjg"swguvkqp"Yjcv"ku"qwt"dwukpguuAfi""
"
" Kp" vgtou" qh" uvtwevwtg." c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" eqpukuvu" qh" ugxgtcn"
ugpvgpegu" qt" rctcitcrju" jkijnkijvkpi" c" eqortgjgpukxg" eqpvgpv0" Kp"
vgtou" qh" eqpvgpv." c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" ku" oqtg" kphqtocvkxg" vjcp" c"
xkukqp" uvcvgogpv0" Ocp{" qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" dqvj" okuukqp" cpf" xkukqp"
uvcvgogpvu0" Yjgp" gornq{ggu" cpf" ocpcigtu" vqigvjgt" ujcrg" qt"
hcujkqp" vjg" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu" hqt" c" hkto." vjg" tguwnvkpi"
fqewogpvu" ecp" tghngev" rgtuqpcn" xkukqpu" vjcv" ocpcigtu" cpf"
17
STUDY GUIDE
gornq{ggu" jcxg" kp" vjgkt" jgctvu" cpf" okpfu" cdqwv" vjg" hwvwtgu" qh" vjgkt"
qticpkucvkqp."yjkej"fktgevn{"qt"kpfktgevn{"chhgev"vjgkt"qyp"hwvwtgu0""
30;""
Gzvgtpcn"Qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"Vjtgcvu"
"
Gzvgtpcn"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"gzvgtpcn"vjtgcvu"tghgt"vq"geqpqoke."uqekcn."
ewnvwtcn." fgoqitcrjke." gpxktqpogpvcn." rqnkvkecn." ngicn." iqxgtpogpvcn."
vgejpqnqikecn." cpf" eqorgvkvkxg" vtgpfu" cpf" gxgpvu" vjcv" eqwnf"
ukipkhkecpvn{" dgpghkv" qt" jcto" cp" qticpkucvkqp" kp" vjg" hwvwtg0" Gzvgtpcn"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" ctg" nctign{" dg{qpf" vjg" eqpvtqn" qh" c" ukping"
qticpkucvkqp0" C" hgy" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" vjcv" hceg" hktou" ctg" cu"
hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Cxckncdknkv{"qh"ecrkvcn"ecp"pq"nqpigt"dg"vcmgp"hqt"itcpvgf0"
*d+" Eqpuwogtu"gzrgev"itggp"qrgtcvkqpu"cpf"rtqfwevu0"
*e+"
Octmgvkpi"oqxkpi"tcrkfn{"vq"vjg"Kpvgtpgv0"
*f+" Eqooqfkv{"hqqf"rtkegu"ctg"kpetgcukpi0"
*g+" Rqnkvkecn"wptguv"kp"vjg"Okffng"Gcuv"ku"tckukpi"qkn"rtkegu0"
*h+"
Rtqdngou"kpxqxkpi"eqorwvgt"jcemgtu"ctg"kpetgcukpi0"
*i+" Kpvgpug"rtkeg"eqorgvkvkqp"ku"rnciwkpi"oquv"hktou0"
*j+" Wpgornq{ogpv"cpf"wpfgtgornq{ogpv"tcvgu"tgockp"jkij0"
*k+"
Kpvgtguv"tcvgu"ctg"tkukpi0"
*l+"
Rtqfwev"nkhg"e{engu"ctg"dgeqokpi"ujqtvgt0"
*m+"
Uvcvg"cpf"nqecn"iqxgtpogpvu"ctg"hkpcpekcnn{"ygcm0"
*n+"
Vwtoqkn"cpf"xkqngpeg"kp"vjg"yqtnf"ku"kpetgcukpi0"
*o+" Ykpvgtu"ctg"eqnfgt"cpf"uwoogtu"ctg"jqvvgt"vjcp"wuwcn0"
*p+" Jqog"rtkegu"tgockp"gzegrvkqpcnn{"nqy0"
*q+" Inqdcn"octmgvu"qhhgt"vjg"jkijguv"itqyvj"kp"tgxgpwgu0"
"
C"dcuke"vgpgv"qh"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"ku"vjcv"hktou"pggf"vq"hqtowncvg"
uvtcvgikgu"vq"vcmg"cfxcpvcig"qh"gzvgtpcn"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vq"cxqkf"qt"
tgfweg" vjg" korcev" qh" gzvgtpcn" vjtgcvu0" Hqt" vjku" tgcuqp." kfgpvkh{kpi."
oqpkvqtkpi." cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" gzvgtpcn" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" ctg"
guugpvkcn" hqt" uweeguu0" Vjg" rtqeguu" qh" eqpfwevkpi" tgugctej" cpf"
icvjgtkpi" cpf" cuukokncvkpi" gzvgtpcn" kphqtocvkqp" ku" ecnngf" gzvgtpcn"
gpxktqpogpvcn"uecppkpi."qt"kpfwuvt{"cpcn{uku0"
18
STUDY GUIDE
3032"" Kpvgtpcn"Uvtgpivju"cpf"Ygcmpguugu"
"
Kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju" cpf" kpvgtpcn" ygcmpguugu" ctg" cp" qticpkucvkqpu"

eqpvtqnncdng" cevkxkvkgu" vjcv" ctg" rgthqtogf" gurgekcnn{" ygnn" qt" rqqtn{0"
Vjg{" ctkug" kp" vjg" ocpcigogpv." octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi."
rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqpu."tgugctej"cpf"fgxgnqrogpv."cpf"ocpcigogpv"
kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" cevkxkvkgu" qh" c" dwukpguu0" Kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf"
gxcnwcvkpi"qticpkucvkqpcn"uvtgpivju"cpf"ygcmpguugu"kp"vjg"hwpevkqpcn"
ctgcu" qh" c" dwukpguu" ku" cp" guugpvkcn" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" cevkxkv{0"
Qticpkucvkqpu" uvtkxg" vq" rwtuwg" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" ecrkvcnkug" qp" kpvgtpcn"
uvtgpivju"cpf"gnkokpcvg"ygcmpguugu0""
"""""""""
"
Uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" ctg" fgvgtokpgf" tgncvkxg" vq" vjg"
eqorgvkvqtu0" Tgncvkxg" fghkekgpe{" qt" uwrgtkqtkv{" ku" korqtvcpv"
kphqtocvkqp0" Cnuq." uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" ecp" dg" fgvgtokpgf" d{"
gngogpvu" qh" dgkpi." tcvjgt" vjcp" rgthqtocpeg0" Uvtgpivju" oc{" kpxqnxg"
qypgtujkr" qh" pcvwtcn" tguqwtegu" qt" c" jkuvqtke" tgrwvcvkqp" hqt" swcnkv{0"
Uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" oc{" dg" fgvgtokpgf" tgncvkxg" vq" c" hktou"
qyp"tguqwtegu0"Jkij"ngxgnu"qh"kpxgpvqt{"vwtpqxgt"oc{"pqv"dg"uvtgpivj"
vq"c"hkto"vjcv"uggmu"|gtq/uvqem/qwv0"
"
Kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" ecp" dg" fgvgtokpgf" kp" c" pwodgt" qh" yc{u." kpenwfkpi"
eqorwvkpi" tcvkqu." ogcuwtkpi" rgthqtocpeg." cpf" eqorctkpi" vq" rcuv"
rgtkqfu" cpf" kpfwuvt{" cxgtcigu0" Xctkqwu" v{rgu" qh" uwtxg{" cnuq" ecp" dg"
fgxgnqrgf" cpf" cfokpkuvgtgf" vq" gzcokpg" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" uwej" cu"
gornq{gg" oqtcng." rtqfwevkqp" ghhkekgpe{." cfxgtvkukpi" ghhgevkxgpguu."
cpf"ewuvqogt"nq{cnv{0"
3033"" Nqpi/vgto"Qdlgevkxgu"
"
Qdlgevkxgu" ecp" dg" fghkpgf" cu" urgekhke" tguwnvu" vjcv" cp" qticpkucvkqp"
uggmu"vq"cejkgxg"kp"rwtuwkpi"kvu"dcuke"okuukqp0"Nqpi/vgto"ogcpu"oqtg"
vjcp" qpg" {gct0" Qdlgevkxgu" ctg" guugpvkcn" hqt" qticpkucvkqpcn" uweeguu"
dgecwug"vjg{"uvcvg"fktgevkqp."ckf"kp"gxcnwcvkqp."etgcvg"u{pgti{."tgxgcn"
rtkqtkvkgu."hqewu"eqqtfkpcvkqp."cpf"rtqxkfg"c"dcuku"hqt"ghhgevkxg"rncppkpi."
qticpkukpi." oqvkxcvkpi." cpf"eqpvtqnnkpi"cevkxkvkgu0"Qdlgevkxgu" ujqwnf"dg"
ejcnngpikpi."ogcuwtcdng."eqpukuvgpv."tgcuqpcdng."cpf"engct0"Kp"c"nctig"
eqorcp{."qdlgevkxgu"ujqwnf"dg"guvcdnkujgf"hqt"vjg"qxgtcnn"qticpkucvkqp"
cpf"hqt"gcej"fkxkukqp"cpf"fgrctvogpv0"
19
STUDY GUIDE
3034"" Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Uvtcvgikgu" ctg" vjg" ogcpu" d{" yjkej" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu" yknn" dg"
cejkgxgf0" Dwukpguu" uvtcvgikgu" oc{" kpenwfg" igqitcrjke" gzrcpukqp."
fkxgtukhkecvkqp."ceswkukvkqp."rtqfwev"fgxgnqrogpv."octmgv"rgpgvtcvkqp."
tgvtgpejogpv." fkxguvkvwtg." nkswkfcvkqp." cpf" lqkpv" xgpvwtgu0" Uvtcvgikgu"
ctg" rqvgpvkcn" cevkqpu" vjcv" tgswktg" vqr" ocpcigogpv" fgekukqpu" cpf"
nctig" coqwpv" qh" hktou" tguqwtegu0" Kp" cffkvkqp." uvtcvgikgu" chhgev" cp"
qticpkucvkqpu" nqpi/vgto" rtqurgtkv{." v{rkecnn{" hqt" cv" ngcuv" hkxg" {gctu."
cpf"vjwu"ctg"hwvwtg/qtkgpvgf0""
3035"" Cppwcn"Qdlgevkxgu"
"
Cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" ctg" ujqtv/vgto" oknguvqpgu" vjcv" qticpkucvkqpu" owuv"

cejkgxg" vq" tgcej" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu0" Nkmg" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu."
cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" ujqwnf" dg" ogcuwtcdng." swcpvkvcvkxg." ejcnngpikpi."
tgcnkuvke."eqpukuvgpv."cpf"rtkqtkvkugf0"Vjg{"ujqwnf"dg"guvcdnkujgf"cv"vjg"
eqtrqtcvg." fkxkukqpcn." cpf" hwpevkqpcn" ngxgnu" kp" c" nctig" qticpkucvkqp0"
Cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" ujqwnf" dg" uvcvgf" kp" vgtou" qh" ocpcigogpv."
fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" *OKU+"
ceeqornkujogpvu0"C"ugv"qh"cppwcn"qdlgevkxgu"ku"pggfgf"hqt"gcej"nqpi/
vgto"qdlgevkxg0"Cppwcn"qdlgevkxgu"ctg"gurgekcnn{"korqtvcpv"kp"uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp." yjgtgcu" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu" ctg" rctvkewnctn{"
korqtvcpv" kp" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp0" Cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" tgrtgugpv" vjg"
dcuku"hqt"cnnqecvkpi"tguqwtegu0"
3036"" Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Rqnkekgu"
"
Rqnkekgu"ctg"vjg"ogcpu"d{"yjkej"cppwcn"qdlgevkxgu"yknn"dg"cejkgxgf0"
Rqnkekgu" kpenwfg" iwkfgnkpgu." twngu." tgiwncvkqpu." cpf" rtqegfwtgu"
guvcdnkujgf" vq" uwrrqtv" ghhqtvu" vq" cejkgxg" uvcvgf" qdlgevkxgu0" Rqnkekgu"
ctg" iwkfgu" vq" fgekukqp" ocmkpi" cpf" cfftguu" tgrgvkvkxg" qt" tgewttkpi"
ukvwcvkqpu0" Rqnkekgu" ctg" oquv" qhvgp" uvcvgf" kp" vgtou" qh" ocpcigogpv."
fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" OKU" cevkxkvkgu0" Rqnkekgu" ecp" dg" guvcdnkujgf" cv" vjg"
eqtrqtcvg" ngxgn" cpf" crrn{" vq" cp" gpvktg" qticpkucvkqp" cv" vjg" fkxkukqpcn"
ngxgn"cpf"crrn{"vq"c"ukping"fkxkukqp."qt"vjg{"ecp"dg"guvcdnkujgf"cv"vjg"
hwpevkqpcn" ngxgn" cpf" crrn{" vq" rctvkewnct" qrgtcvkqpcn" cevkxkvkgu" qt"
fgrctvogpvu0" Rqnkekgu" ctg" gurgekcnn{" korqtvcpv" kp" uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp" dgecwug" nkmg" cppwcn" qdlgevkxg." vjg{" qwvnkpg" cp"
qticpkucvkqpu"gzrgevcvkqpu"qh"kvu"gornq{ggu"cpf"ocpcigtu0"Rqnkekgu"
cnnqy"eqpukuvgpe{"cpf"eqqtfkpcvkqp"ykvjkp"cpf"dgvyggp"qticpkucvkqpcn"
fgrctvogpvu0
20
STUDY GUIDE
3037""" Vjg"Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"Oqfgn""
"
Vjg" htcogyqtm" qh" vjku" oqfgn" ku" c" ykfgn{" ceegrvgf." eqortgjgpukxg"
oqfgn" qh" vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu0" Vjg" oqfgn" fqgu" pqv"
iwctcpvgg" uweeguu." dwv" kv" fqgu" tgrtgugpv" c" engct" cpf" rtcevkecn"
crrtqcej"hqt"hqtowncvkpi."korngogpvkpi."cpf"gxcnwcvkpi"uvtcvgikgu0"C"
eqortgjgpukxg"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"oqfgn"eqpukuvu"qh"vjg"hqnnqykpi"
uvcigu<"
*c+" Fgxgnqrkpi"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu0"
*d+" Rgthqtokpi"gzvgtpcn"cwfkv0"
*e+"
Rgthqtokpi"kpvgtpcn"cwfkv0"
*f+" Guvcdnkujkpi"nqpi/vgto"qdlgevkxgu0"
*g+" Igpgtcvkpi."gxcnwcvkpi."cpf"ugngevkpi"uvtcvgikgu0"
*h+"
Korngogpvkpi"uvtcvgikgu0"
*i+" Ogcuwtkpi"cpf"gxcnwcvkpi"rgthqtocpeg0"
3038"" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"Rtqeguu"""""
"
Vjg" oqfgn" ujqyu" vjcv" kfgpvkh{kpi" cp" gzkuvkpi" xkukqp." okuukqp."

qdlgevkxgu." cpf" uvtcvgikgu" ku" vjg" nqikecn" uvctvkpi" rqkpv" hqt" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv" dgecwug" c" hktou" rtgugpv" ukvwcvkqp" cpf" eqpfkvkqp" oc{"
rtgenwfg"egtvckp"uvtcvgikgu"cpf"oc{"gxgp"fkevcvg"c"rctvkewnct"eqwtug"
qh" cevkqp0" Vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" f{pcoke" cpf"
eqpvkpwqwu0" Vjgtghqtg." uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp." korngogpvcvkqp." cpf"
gxcnwcvkqp"cevkxkvkgu"ujqwnf"dg"rgthqtogf"qp"c"eqpvkpwcn"qt"qp/iqkpi"
dcuku0
"
Kv" ujqwnf" dg" pqvgf" vjcv" dwukpguu" gvjkeu." uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{." cpf"
gpxktqpogpvcn" uwuvckpcdknkv{" kuuwgu"korcev" cnn" cevkxkvkgu" kp" vjg" oqfgn0"
Nkmgykug." inqdcn" cpf" kpvgtpcvkqpcn" kuuwgu" cnuq" korcev" xktvwcnn{" cnn"
uvtcvgike" fgekukqp" vqfc{0" Kp" rtcevkeg." vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"
rtqeguu"cevkxkvkgu"ctg"ecttkgf"qwv"ykvj"owej"hngzkdknkv{"cpf"vcev0"Kp"vjku"
tgictf." crrnkecvkqp" qh" vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" v{rkecnn{"
oqtg" hqtocn" kp" nctigt" cpf" ygnn/guvcdnkujgf" qticpkucvkqpu0" Kp" uocnngt"
hktou."vjg"rtqeguu"vgpfu"vq"nguu"hqtocn"cpf"eqorngz0"
"
Hkiwtg" 4" ujqyu" vjg" ockp" uvcigu" qh" vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv"
rtqeguu0"
21
STUDY GUIDE
Hkiwtg"4<"Vjg"ockp"uvcigu"qh"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"rtqeguu"
"
Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" cnnqyu" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" dg" oqtg" rtqcevkxg"

vjcp" tgcevkxg" kp" ujcrkpi" ku" qyp" hwvwtg0" Kv" cnnqyu" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq"
kpkvkcvg" cpf" kphnwgpeg" cevkxkvkgu" cpf" vjwu" gzgtv" eqpvtqn" qxgt" kvu" qyp"
fguvkp{0" Uocnn" dwukpguu" qypgtu." rtgukfgpvu." cpf" ocpcigtu" qh" ocp{"
hqt/rtqhkv" cpf" pqp/rtqhkv" qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" tgeqipkugf" cpf" tgcnkugf"
vjg" dgpghkvu" qh" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" vjcv" ecp" dg" ecvgiqtkugf" kpvq"
hkpcpekcn"dgpghkvu."cpf"pqp/hkpcpekcn"dgpghkvu<""
"""""""""
"
*c+"" Hkpcpekcn"Dgpghkvu
*k+"
Kpetgcugf"rgthqtocpeg"cpf"rtqhkvu0"
*kk+"
Jkij/rgthqtokpi" hktou" uggo" vq" ocmg" oqtg" kphqtogf"

fgekukqpu" ykvj" cpvkekrcvkqp" qh" dqvj" ujqtv/" cpf" nqpi/vgto"
eqpugswgpegu0
*kkk+" Hktou" korngogpvkpi" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" jcxg" nqygt"

kpekfgpeg"qh"dcpmtwrve{"
*d+
Pqp/hkpcpekcn"Dgpghkvu
*k+"
Gpjcpegf"cyctgpguu"qh"gzvgtpcn"vjtgcvu0"
*kk+"
Cp"kortqxgf"wpfgtuvcpfkpi"qh"eqorgvkvqtu"uvtcvgikgu0"
22
STUDY GUIDE
*kkk+" Kpetgcugf"gornq{gg"rtqfwevkxkv{0"
*kx+" Tgfwegf"tgukuvcpeg"vq"ejcpig0"
*x+"
C" engctgt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi"

tgncvkqpujkru0"
qh"
rgthqtocpeg/tgyctf"
3039""" Tgcuqpu"hqt"Tgukuvcpeg"vq"Uvtcvgike"Rncppkpi""
"
Uqog" hktou" fq" pqv" gpicig" kp" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi." cpf" uqog" hktou" fq"
uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" dwv" tgegkxg" pq" uwrrqtv" htqo" ocpcigtu" cpf"
gornq{ggu0" Uqog" tgcuqpu" hqt" rqqt" qt" pq" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" kpenwfg"
ncem" qh" mpqyngfig" qt" gzrgtkgpeg" kp" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi." rqqt" tgyctf"
uvtwevwtgu." hktg/hkijvkpi" cevkxkvkgu." tcvkqpcng" hqt" ycuvg" qh" vkog." vqq"
gzrgpukxg." nc|kpguu." eqpvgpv" ykvj" uweeguu." hgct" qh" hcknwtg."
qxgteqphkfgpeg." rtkqt" dcf" gzrgtkgpeg." ugnh/kpvgtguv." hgct" qh" vjg"
wpmpqyp."jqpguv"fkhhgtgpeg"qh"qrkpkqp."cpf"fqwdvkpi"vjg"ghhgevkxgpguu"
qh"uvtcvgike"rncppkpi0""""""
303:"" Rkvhcnnu"kp"Uvtcvgike"Rncppkpi"
"
Uvtcvgike"rncppkpi"ku"cp"kpxqnxgf."kpvtkecvg."cpf"eqorngz"rtqeguu"vjcv"
vcmgu" cp" qticpkucvkqp" kpvq" wpejctvgf" vgttkvqt{0" Kv" fqgu" pqv" rtqxkfg" c"
tgcf{/vq/wug" rtguetkrvkqp" hqt" uweeguu0" Kpuvgcf." kv" vcmgu" vjg"
qticpkucvkqp"vjtqwij"c"lqwtpg{"cpf"qhhgtu"c"htcogyqtm"hqt"cfftguukpi"
swguvkqpu"cpf"uqnxkpi"rtqdngou0"Dgkpi"cyctg"qh"rqvgpvkcn"rkvhcnnu"cpf"
dgkpi"rtgrctgf"vq"cfftguu"vjgo"ku"guugpvkcn"vq"uweeguu0"Uqog"rkvhcnnu"
vq"ycvej"hqt"cpf"cxqkf"kp"uvtcvgike"rncppkpi"ctg<""
*c+" Ickp"eqpvtqn"qxgt"fgekukqpu"cpf"tguqwtegu0"
*d+" Lwuv"vq"ucvkuh{"ceetgfkvcvkqp"qt"tgiwncvqt{"pggfu0"
*e+"
Vqq" jcuvkn{" oqxg" htqo" okuukqp" fgxgnqrogpv" vq" uvtcvgi{"

hqtowncvkqp0
*f+" Hckn"vq"eqoowpkecvg"vjg"rncp"vq"gornq{ggu0"
*g+" Vqr" ocpcigogpv" ocmg" kpvwkvkxg" fgekukqp" vq" qxgttwng" vjg"
rncppkpi0"
*h+"
Ncem"qh"vqr"ocpcigogpv"uwrrqtv0"
*i+" Hckn"vq"wug"rncp"cu"c"iwkfg"hqt"gxcnwcvkqp0"
*j+" Fgngicvg"rncppkpi"vq"urgekhke"gornq{ggu0"
*k+"
Hckn"vq"kpxqnxg"mg{"gornq{ggu0"
23
STUDY GUIDE
*l+"
Hckn"vq"etgcvg"c"eqnncdqtcvkxg"enkocvg"uwrrqtvkxg"qh"ejcpig0"
*m+"
Xkgy"rncppkpi"cu"wppgeguuct{"qt"wpkorqtvcpv0"
*n+"
Gpitquugf"kp"ewttgpv"rtqdngou"vjgtgd{"chhgevkpi"rncppkpi0"
*o+" Dwtgcwetce{"uvkhngu"hngzkdknkv{"cpf"etgcvkxkv{0"
303;"" Iwkfgnkpgu"hqt"Ghhgevkxg"Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"
"
Hcknkpi"vq"hqnnqy"egtvckp"iwkfgnkpgu"kp"eqpfwevkpi"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"
ecp" hquvgt" etkvkekuo" qh" vjg" rtqeguu" cpf" etgcvg" rtqdngou" hqt" vjg"
qticpkucvkqp0" Kuuwgu" uwej" cu" fghkpkpi" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" kp" c"
rctvkewnct" hkto" cu" c" rgqrng/rtqeguu" qt" c" rcrgt/" rtqeguu" ujqwnf" dg"
cfftguugf0" Vjg" hqnnqykpi" ctg" uqog" iwkfgnkpgu" hqt" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv<"
*c+" Fgxgnqrkpi"c"ngctpkpi"qticpkucvkqpcn"ewnvwtg0""
*d+" Gpeqwtcikpi"
rctvkekrcvkqp0"
*e+"
gornq{gg"
gorqygtogpv"
cpf"
gornq{gg"
Guvcdnkujkpi"cp"qrgp"eqoowpkecvkqp"enkocvg0"
*f+" Rtkqtkvkukpi""uvtcvgikgu"cpf"qrvkokukpi"tguqwteg"cnnqecvkqp0"
*g+" Ocmkpi" tkijv" vtcfg/qhhu" dgvyggp" eqphnkevkpi" kpvgtguvu" cpf"
uvcmgjqnfgtu0"
*h+"
Eqpegrvu"cpf"vgejpkswgu"vq"gpjcpeg"fgekukqp"ghhgevkxgpguu0"
*i+" Rqukvkxg"cvvkvwfg"vqyctfu"tkumu0"
*j+" Ujqykpi"eqpegtp"hqt"eqtrqtcvg"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"*EUT+0"
*k+"
Fgxgnqrkpi"c"rqukvkxg"yqtm"ewnvwtg0"
3042""" Eqorctkpi"Dwukpguu"cpf"Oknkvct{"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Ceeqtfkpi"vq"Ygduvgtu"Pgy"Yqtnf"Fkevkqpct{."uvtcvgi{"ku"vjg"uekgpeg"
qh" rncppkpi" cpf" fktgevkpi" nctig/uecng" oknkvct{" qrgtcvkqpu." qh"
ocpqgwxtkpi" hqtegu" kpvq" vjg" oquv" cfxcpvcigqwu" rqukvkqp" rtkqt" vq"
cevwcn"gpicigogpv"ykvj"vjg"gpgo{0fi"Vjg"jkuvqt{"qh"uvtcvgike"rncppkpi"
dgicp"kp"vjg"oknkvct{0"C"mg{"cko"qh"dqvj"dwukpguu"cpf"oknkvct{"uvtcvgi{"
ku" vq" ickp" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0fi" Kp" ocp{" tgurgevu." dwukpguu"
uvtcvgi{"ku"nkmg"oknkvct{"uvtcvgi{."cpf"oknkvct{"uvtcvgikuvu"jcxg"ngctpgf"
owej" qxgt" vjg" egpvwtkgu" vjcv" ecp" dgpghkv" dwukpguu" uvtcvgikuvu" vqfc{0"
Dqvj" dwukpguu" cpf" oknkvct{" qticpkucvkqpu" vt{" vq" wug" vjgkt" qyp"
uvtgpivju" vq" gzrnqkv" eqorgvkvqtu" ygcmpguugu0" Vjg" gngogpv" qh"
24
STUDY GUIDE
uwtrtkug" rtqxkfgu" itgcv" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcigu" kp" dqvj" oknkvct{" cpf"

dwukpguu" uvtcvgi{0" Kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" vjcv" rtqxkfg" fcvc" qp"
qrrqpgpvu" qt" eqorgvkvqtu" uvtcvgikgu" cpf" tguqwtegu" ctg" cnuq" xkvcnn{"
korqtvcpv0
"
C" hwpfcogpvcn" fkhhgtgpeg" dgvyggp" oknkvct{" cpf" dwukpguu" uvtcvgi{" ku"

vjcv" dwukpguu" uvtcvgi{" ku" hqtowncvgf." korngogpvgf." cpf" gxcnwcvgf"
ykvj"cp"cuuworvkqp"qh"eqorgvkvkqp."yjgtgcu"oknkvct{"uvtcvgi{"ku"dcugf"
qp"cp"cuuworvkqp"qh"eqphnkev0"Jqygxgt."oknkvct{"eqphnkev"cpf"dwukpguu"
eqorgvkvkqp" ctg" uq" ukoknct" vjcv" ocp{" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv"
vgejpkswgu"crrn{"gswcnn{"vq"dqvj0"Dwukpguu"uvtcvgikuvu"jcxg"ceeguu"vq"
xcnwcdng" kpukijvu" vjcv" oknkvct{" vjkpmgtu" jcxg" tghkpgf" qxgt" vkog0"
Uwrgtkqt" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp" cpf" korngogpvcvkqp" ecp" qxgteqog" cp"
qrrqpgpvu"uwrgtkqtkv{"kp"pwodgtu"cpf"tguqwtegu0"Dqvj"dwukpguu"cpf"
oknkvct{"qticpkucvkqp"owuv"cfcrv"vq"ejcpig"cpf"eqpuvcpvn{"kortqxg"vq"
dg" uweeguuhwn0" Jqygxgt." uqog" hktou" vqq" qhvgp" fq" pqv" ejcpig" vjgkt"
uvtcvgikgu"yjgp"vjgkt"gpxktqpogpv"cpf"eqorgvkvkxg"eqpfkvkqpu"fkevcvg"
vjg" pggf" vq" ejcpig0" Hktou" wnvkocvgn{" ctg" octikpcnkugf" d{" vjg"
ejcpikpi" gpxktqpogpv." yjkej" ku" ukoknct" vq" vjg" ecug" qh" Pcrqngqpu"
fghgcv"cu"c"oknkvct{"ngcfgt0""
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Yjcv"ku"ogcpv"d{"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpvA"
40"
Yj{" jcu" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" dgeqog" kpetgcukpin{" korqtvcpv" cpf"

tgngxcpv"kp"vjg"ewttgpv"geqpqoke"gpxktqpogpvA"
50"
Yj{"fkf"uqog"qticpkucvkqpu"korngogpvkpi"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"hckn"vq"
cejkgxg"uweeguu"gxgpvwcnn{A"Fkuewuu"hqwt"*6+"tgcuqpu"vq"uwrrqtv"{qwt"
cpuygt0
Ecug"Uvwf{"hqt"Encuu"Fkuewuukqp"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu"hqt"Fkuewuukqp"
30"
Fkuewuu"vjg"jkuvqtkecn"fgxgnqrogpv"qh"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0
40"
Fkuewuu" vjg" ewttgpv" uvtcvgike" kuuwgu" vjcv" pggf" vq" dg" cfftguugf" d{"
Cfkfcu"Itqwr0"
25
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"4<"
Qticpkucvkqpcn"Rwtrqug."Xkukqp."cpf"Okuukqp"
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Fguetkdg" vjg" pcvwtg" cpf" tqng" qh" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu" kp"
uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv="
40"
Fkuewuu" yj{" vjg" rtqeguu" qh" fgxgnqrkpi" c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" ku" cu"
korqtvcpv"cu"vjg"tguwnvkpi"fqewogpv="
50"
Kfgpvkh{"vjg"eqorqpgpvu"qh"okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu="cpf""
60"
Fkuewuu" jqy" engct" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu" ecp" dgpghkv" qvjgt"
uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"cevkxkvkgu0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku" vqrke" hqewugu" qp" vjg" eqpegrvu" cpf" vqqnu" pggfgf" vq" gxcnwcvg" cpf" ytkvg"
dwukpguu"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu0"Kv"hktuv"rtqxkfgu"cp"qxgtxkgy"qh"vjg"
etgcvkqp"qh"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp0""Kv"cnuq"jkijnkijvu"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"xkukqp"cpf"
okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu" kp" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv0" Vjg" rtqeguu" qh" fgxgnqrkpi" c"
okuukqp"uvcvgogpv"ku"fguetkdgf"cu"korqtvcpv"cu"vjg"tguwnvkpi"fqewogpv0""Vjg"
eqorqpgpvu" qh" c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" ctg" kfgpvkhkgf" cpf" gzcokpgf" kp" fgvckn0""
Uwdugswgpvn{." vjg" dgpghkvu" qh" c" engct" xkukqp" cpf" c" engct" okuukqp" qh" cp"
qticpkucvkqp" ctg" rtgugpvgf0" Hkpcnn{." c" rtcevkecn" htcogyqtm" hqt" fgxgnqrkpi"
okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu"ku"rtqxkfgf0"
26
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
403"
Etgcvkpi"c"Xkukqp"
Ejcrvgt"4."r"970
404"
Fgxgnqrkpi"c"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpv"
405"
Xkukqp"xgtuwu"Okuukqp"
Ejcrvgt"4."r"990
406"
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Fgxgnqrkpi"Xkukqp"
cpf"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpvu"
Ejcrvgt"4."rr"99"/"9:0
407"
Korqtvcpeg"*Dgpghkvu+"qh"Xkukqp"
cpf"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpvu"
Ejcrvgt"4."rr"9:"/"9;0
408"
Ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"c"Okuukqp"
Uvcvgogpv
Ejcrvgt"4."rr"9;"/":30
409"
Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpv"Eqorqpgpvu"
Ejcrvgt"4."rr":3"/":40
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
403"""
Etgcvkpi"c"Xkukqp<"Yjcv"Fq"Yg"Ycpv"vq"DgeqogA"
"
Uvctvkpi" c" pgy" dwukpguu" tguvu" qp" c" ugv" qh" dgnkghu" vjcv" vjg" pgy"
qticpkucvkqp"ecp"qhhgt"uqog"rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkegu"vq"uqog"ewuvqogtu."
kp" uqog" igqitcrjke" ctgcu." wukpi" uqog" v{rgu" qh" vgejpqnqi{." cv" c"
rtqhkvcdng" rtkeg0" C" pgy" dwukpguu" qypgt" v{rkecnn{" dgnkgxgu" vjcv" vjg"
ocpcigogpv" rjknquqrj{" qh" vjg" pgy" gpvgtrtkug" yknn" tguwnv" kp" c"
hcxqwtcdng"rwdnke"kocig"cpf"vjcv"vjku"eqpegrv"qh"vjg"dwukpguu"ecp"dg"
eqoowpkecvgf" vq." cpf" yknn" dg" cfqrvgf" d{" korqtvcpv" uvcmgjqnfgtu0"
Yjgp" vjg" ugv" qh" dgnkghu" cdqwv" c" dwukpguu" cv" kvu" kpegrvkqp" ku" rwv" kpvq"
ytkvkpi." vjg" tguwnvkpi" fqewogpv" okttqtu" vjg" ucog" dcuke" kfgcu" vjcv"
wpfgtnkg"vjg"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu0""
"
C"xkukqp"fgpqvgu"c"hwvwtg"uegpctkq"qt"c"uvcvg"qh"eqpfkvkqpu"fguktgf"d{"
vjg"hqwpfgt"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp0""C"engct"xkukqp"rtqxkfgu"vjg"hqwpfcvkqp"
hqt" fgxgnqrkpi" c" eqortgjgpukxg" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv0" C" xkukqp"
uvcvgogpv" ujqwnf" cpuygt" vjg" dcuke" swguvkqp." Yjcv" fq" yg" ycpv" vq"
dgeqogAfi" " Ocp{" qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" dqvj" c" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv0" Vjg" xkukqp" uvcvgogpv" ujqwnf" dg" guvcdnkujgf" hktuv" cpf"
27
STUDY GUIDE
hqtgoquv0" Kv" ujqwnf" dg" ujqtv." rtghgtcdn{" qpg" ugpvgpeg0" Vjg" xkukqp"
uvcvgogpv"ujqwnf"dg"fgxgnqrgf"d{"cu"ocp{"ocpcigtu"cu"rquukdng"vq"
jkijnkijv" vjg" etgcvkqp" qh" c" ujctgf" xkukqp0" Hqt" gzcorng." Igpgtcn"
Oqvqtu"xkukqp"ku"vq"dg"vjg"yqtnf"ngcfgt"kp"vtcpurqtvcvkqp"rtqfwevu"cpf"
tgncvgf"ugtxkegu0"
404"" Fgxgnqrkpi"c"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpv<"Yjcv"ku"Qwt"DwukpguuA"
"""""""""""
"
Ftwemgt" uc{u" vjcv" cumkpi" vjg" swguvkqp" Yjcv" ku" qwt" dwukpguuAfi" ku"
u{pqp{oqwu" ykvj" cumkpi" vjg" swguvkqp" Yjcv" ku" qwt" okuukqpAfi0" C"
okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" ku" cp" gpfwtkpi" uvcvgogpv" qh" rwtrqug" vjcv"
fkuvkpiwkujgu" qpg" qticpkucvkqp" htqo" qvjgt" ukoknct" gpvgtrtkugu0" Kv" ku"
cnuq"c"fgenctcvkqp"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqpu"tgcuqp"hqt"dgkpi0fi"Kv"cpuygtu"
vjg" rkxqvcn" swguvkqp" Yjcv" ku" qwt" dwukpguuAfi" C" engct" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv" ku" guugpvkcn" hqt" ghhgevkxgn{" guvcdnkujkpi" qdlgevkxgu" cpf"
hqtowncvkpi"uvtcvgikgu0""""
405"""
Xkukqp"xgtuwu"Okuukqp"
"
Vjg" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" cpuygtu" vjg" swguvkqp" Yjcv" ku" qwt"

dwukpguuAfi." yjgtgcu" vjg" xkukqp" uvcvgogpv" cpuygtu" vjg" swguvkqp"
Yjcv" fq" yg" ycpv" vq" dgeqogAfi0" Ocp{" qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" dqvj" c"
okuukqp" cpf" xkukqp" uvcvgogpv0" " Kp" vgtou" qh" uvtwevwtg." c" xkukqp"
uvcvgogpv" vcmgu" vjg" hqto" qh" c" ugpvgpeg" yjkng" c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv"
eqpukuvu" qh" ugxgtcn" ugpvgpegu" qt" rctcitcrju" jkijnkijvkpi" c"
eqortgjgpukxg"eqpvgpv0"Ykvj"tgictf"vq"gornq{gg"oqvkxcvkqp."c"xkukqp"
uvcvgogpv" ku" oqtg" kpurktkpi" vjcp" c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv0" Kp" vgtou" qh"
eqpvgpv." c" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" ku" oqtg" kphqtocvkxg" vjcp" c" xkukqp"
uvcvgogpv0" Yjgp" gornq{ggu" cpf" ocpcigtu" vqigvjgt" ujcrg" qt"
hcujkqp" vjg" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu" hqt" c" hkto." vjg" tguwnvcpv"
fqewogpvu" ecp" tghngev" vjg" rgtuqpcn" xkukqpu" vjcv" ocpcigtu" cpf"
gornq{ggu"jcxg"kp"vjgkt"jgctvu"cpf"okpfu"cdqwv"vjgkt"qyp"hwvwtgu0"C"
ujctgf" xkukqp" etgcvgu" c" eqooqpcnkv{" qh" kpvgtguvu" vjcv" ecp" jgkijvgp"
gornq{gg"oqtcng"ukipkhkecpvn{0"""
406"""
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Fgxgnqrkpi"Xkukqp"cpf"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpvu"
"
Vjg"rtqeguu"qh"fgxgnqrkpi"c"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpv"tgrtgugpvu"
c" itgcv" qrrqtvwpkv{" hqt" uvtcvgikuvu" vq" qdvckp" pggfgf" uwrrqtv" htqo" cnn"
ocpcigtu"kp"vjg"hkto0"D{"cnnqykpi" cnn"ocpcigtu"vq"rtqxkfg"kprwv"kpvq"
cpf"uwrrqtv"vjg"hkpcn"fqewogpvu."vjg"hkto"ecp"oqtg"gcukn{"qdvckp"vjgkt"
uwrrqtv"hqt"qvjgt"uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp."korngogpvcvkqp."cpf"gxcnwcvkqp"
cevkxkvkgu0"C"ykfgn{"wugf"crrtqcej"vq"fgxgnqrkpi"c"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv"kpxqnxgu"vjg"hqnnqykpi"uvgru<"
28
STUDY GUIDE
*c+" Ugngev" ugxgtcn" ctvkengu" cdqwv" vjgug" uvcvgogpvu" cpf" cum"

ocpcigtu"vq"tgcf"vjgug"cu"dcemitqwpf"kphqtocvkqp0"
*d+" Cum" vjg" ocpcigtu" vq" rtgrctg" c" ftchv" qh" c" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv"hqt"vjg"hkto0"
*e+"
C" hceknkvcvqt" qt" eqookvvgg" qh" vqr" ocpcigtu" ujqwnf" vjgp" ogtig"
vjgug"uvcvgogpvu"kpvq"c"ukping"fqewogpv"cpf"fkuvtkdwvg"vjg"ftchv"
uvcvgogpvu"vq"cnn"ocpcigtu0"
*f+" C" tgswguv" hqt" oqfkhkecvkqpu." cffkvkqpu." cpf" fgngvkqpu" ku" pggfgf"
pgzv."cnqpi"ykvj"c"oggvkpi"vq"tgxkug"vjg"fqewogpv0"
*g+" Yjgp" vjg" fqewogpvu" ctg" hkpcnkugf." fgekukqpu" qp" jqy" dguv" vq"
eqoowpkecvg" vjg" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp" vq" cnn" ocpcigtu."
gornq{ggu."cpf"qvjgt"uvcmgjqnfgtu"qh"vjg"hkto"ctg"pggfgf0"
407""" Korqtvcpeg"*Dgpghkvu+"qh"Xkukqp"cpf"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpvu"
""""""""""
"
Vjg"dgpghkvu"ickpgf"htqo"fgxgnqrkpi"c"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu"
ctg<
*c+" Cejkgxg"enctkv{"qh"rwtrqug"coqpi"cnn"ocpcigtu"cpf"gornq{ggu0"
*d+" Rtqxkfg" c" dcuku" hqt" cnn" qvjgt" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" cevkxkvkgu."
kpenwfkpi" kpvgtpcn" cpf" gzvgtpcn" cuuguuogpv." guvcdnkujkpi"
qdlgevkxgu." fgxgnqrkpi" uvtcvgikgu." ejqqukpi" coqpi" cnvgtpcvkxg"
uvtcvgikgu." fgxkukpi" rqnkekgu." guvcdnkujkpi" qticpkucvkqpcn"
uvtwevwtgu."cnnqecvkpi"tguqwtegu."cpf"gxcnwcvkpi"rgthqtocpeg0"
*e+"
Rtqxkfg"fktgevkqp"cpf"ugpug"qh"rwtrqug0"
*f+" Rtqxkfg"c"hqecn"rqkpv"hqt"cnn"uvcmgjqnfgtu"qh"vjg"hkto0"
*g+" Tguqnxg"fkxgtigpv"xkgyu"coqpi"ocpcigtu0"
*h+"
Rtqoqvg" c" ugpug" qh" ujctgf" gzrgevcvkqpu" coqpi" cnn" ocpcigtu"

cpf"gornq{ggu0"
*i+" Rtqlgev"c"ugpug"qh"yqtvj"cpf"kpvgpv"vq"cnn"uvcmgjqnfgtu0"
*j+" Rtqlgev"cp"qticpkugf."oqvkxcvgf"qticpkucvkqp"yqtvj{"qh"uwrrqtv0"
*k+"
Cejkgxg"jkijgt"qticpkucvkqpcn"rgthqtocpeg0"
*l+"
Cejkgxg"u{pgti{"coqpi"cnn"ocpcigtu"cpf"gornq{ggu0
29
STUDY GUIDE
408""
Ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"c"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpv"
"
C"okuukqp"uvcvgogpv"ku"oqtg"vjcp"c"uvcvgogpv"qh"urgekhke"fgvcknu0"Kv"ku"
c" fgenctcvkqp" qh" cvvkvwfg" cpf" c" rngfig" hqt" ewuvqogt" qtkgpvcvkqp0" Kv" ku"
wuwcnn{" dtqcf" kp" ueqrg" hqt" vyq" tgcuqpu0" Hktuv." c" iqqf" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv" cnnqyu" hqt" vjg" igpgtcvkqp" cpf" eqpukfgtcvkqp" qh" c" tcpig" qh"
hgcukdng" cnvgtpcvkxg" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" uvtcvgikgu0" Ugeqpf." c" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv" pggfu" vq" dg" dtqcf" vq" tgeqpekng" fkhhgtgpegu" ghhgevkxgn{"
coqpi" vjg" uvcmgjqnfgtu0" Hwtvjgtoqtg" kv" owuv" crrgcn" vq" vjg"
qticpkucvkqpu"fkxgtug"itqwru"qh"uvcmgjqnfgtu0"Vjg"ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"
c"iqqf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpv"ctg<"
*c+" Dtqcf" kp" ueqrg<" fq" pqv" kpenwfg" oqpgvct{" coqwpvu." pwodgtu."
rgtegpvcigu."tcvkqu."cpf"qdlgevkxgu."
*d+" Nguu"vjcp"472"yqtfu"kp"ngpivj0"
*e+"
Kpurktkpi0"
*f+" Kfgpvkh{"vjg"wvknkv{"qh"c"hktou"rtqfwevu0"
*g+" Tgxgcn"vjcv"vjg"hkto"ku"uqekcnn{"tgurqpukdng0"
*h+"
Tgxgcn"vjcv"vjg"hkto"ku"gpxktqpogpvcnn{"tgurqpukdng0"
*i+" Kpenwfg" pkpg" eqorqpgpvu<" ewuvqogtu." rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu."

octmgvu."vgejpqnqi{.
*j+" eqpegtp" hqt" uwtxkxcn1itqyvj." rtqhkvu." rjknquqrj{." ugnh/eqpegrv."
eqpegtp"hqt"rwdnke"kocig."eqpegtp"hqt"gornq{ggu0"
*k+"
Tgeqpeknkcvqt{0"
*l+"
Gpfwtkpi0"
409"""
Vjg"Eqorqpgpvu"qh"c"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpv""
"
Okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu" ecp" cpf" fq" xct{" kp" ngpivj." eqpvgpv." hqtocv." cpf"
urgekhkekv{0"Cp"ghhgevkxg"uvcvgogpv"ujqwnf"kpenwfg"pkpg"eqorqpgpvu<"
*c+" Ewuvqogtu""Yjq"ctg"vjg"hktou"ewuvqogtuA"
*d+" Rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu" " Yjcv" ctg" vjg" hktou" oclqt" rtqfwevu" qt"
ugtxkeguA"
*e+"
Octmgvu""Igqitcrjkecnn{."yjgtg"fqgu"vjg"hkto"eqorgvgA"
30
STUDY GUIDE
*f+" Vgejpqnqi{""Ku"vjg"hkto"vgejpqnqikecnn{"ewttgpvA""
*g+" Eqpegtp" hqt" uwtxkxcn." itqyvj." cpf" rtqhkvcdknkv{" " Ku" vjg" hkto"
eqookvvgf"vq"itqyvj"cpf"hkpcpekcn"uqwpfpguuA"
*h+"
Rjknquqrj{" " Yjcv" ctg" vjg" dcuke" dgnkghu." xcnwgu." curktcvkqpu."

cpf"gvjkecn"rtkqtkvkgu"qh""vjg"hktoA"
*i+" Ugnh/eqpegrv" " Yjcv" ku" vjg" hktou" fkuvkpevkxg" eqorgvgpeg" qt"
oclqt"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcigA"
*j+" Eqpegtp" hqt" rwdnke" kocig" " Ku" vjg" hkto" tgurqpukxg" vq" uqekcn."
eqoowpkv{."cpf"gpxktqpogpvcn"eqpegtpuA"
*k+"
Eqpegtp" hqt" gornq{ggu" " Ctg" gornq{ggu" c" xcnwcdng" cuugv" qh"
vjg"hktoA"
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Yj{"ku"c"eqtrqtcvg"xkukqp"qt"c"eqtrqtcvg"okuukqp"uvcvgogpv"korqtvcpv"vq"
uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqpA"
40"
Fkhhgtgpvkcvg" c" eqtrqtcvg" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" htqo" c" eqtrqtcvg" xkukqp"

uvcvgogpv0
50"
Fkuewuu" vjg" dgpghkvu" qh" jcxkpi" c" engctn{" fghkpgf" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpv0
60"
Gzcokpg"vjg"ockp"eqorqpgpvu"qh"c"okuukqp"uvcvgogpv0
Uvwf{"hqt"Encuu"Fkuewuukqp"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Etkvkecnn{"gzcokpg"vjg"xkukqp"cpf"okuukqp"uvcvgogpvu"qh"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0
40"
Kp" yjcv" yc{u" ecp" {qw" hwtvjgt" kortqxg" vjg" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp"
uvcvgogpvuA
31
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"5<"
Gzvgtpcn"Ocpcigogpv"Cwfkv""
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Fguetkdg"jqy"vq"eqpfwev"cp"gzvgtpcn"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"cwfkv="
40"
Fkuewuu" vjg" oclqt" gzvgtpcn" hqtegu" vjcv" chhgev" qticpkucvkqpu<" geqpqoke."

uqekcn." ewnvwtcn." fgoqitcrjke." gpxktqpogpvcn." rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn."
ngicn."vgejpqnqikecn."cpf"eqorgvkvkxg="
50"
Fkuewuu"korqtvcpv"hqtgecuvkpi"vqqnu"wugf"kp"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv="
60"
Fkuewuu"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"oqpkvqtkpi"gzvgtpcn"vtgpfu"cpf"gxgpvu="
70"
Fkuewuu"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"eqnngevkpi"eqorgvkvkxg"kpvgnnkigpeg="
80"
Fkuewuu"mg{"uqwtegu"qh"gzvgtpcn"kphqtocvkqp."kpenwfkpi"vjg"Kpvgtpgv="
90"
Fkuewuu"vjg"vtgpf"vqyctfu"eqqrgtcvkqp"coqpi"eqorgvkvqtu="
:0"
Fkuewuu" octmgv" eqooqpcnkv{" cpf" tguqwtegu" ukoknctkv{" kp" tgncvkqp" vq"

eqorgvkvkxg"cpcn{uku="cpf"
;0"
Gzrnckp" jqy" vq" fgxgnqr" cp" Gzvgtpcn" Hcevqt" Gxcnwcvkqp" *GHG+" Ocvtkz."
cpf"c"Eqorgvkvkxg"Rtqhkng"Ocvtkz0""
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku" vqrke" rtqxkfgu" cp" qxgtxkgy" qh" gzvgtpcn" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" cwfkv0" Kv"
gzcokpgu"vjg"vqqnu"cpf"eqpegrvu"pggfgf"vq"eqpfwev"cp"gzvgtpcn"cwfkv"*cnuq"
mpqyp"cu"uecppkpi"qt"kpfwuvt{"cpcn{uku+0"Kv"jkijnkijvu"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"oclqt"
gzvgtpcn" hqtegu" vjcv" chhgev" qticpkucvkqpu." cpf" korqtvcpv" hqtgecuvkpi" vqqnu"
wugf"kp"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"ctg"fkuewuugf0"Uwdugswgpvn{."kv"gzcokpgu"vjg"
korqtvcpeg"qh"oqpkvqtkpi"gzvgtpcn"vtgpfu"cpf"gxgpvu."cpf"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"
eqnngevkpi" eqorgvkvkxg" kpvgnnkigpeg0" Mg{" uqwtegu" qh" gzvgtpcn" kphqtocvkqp" cpf"
vjg"vtgpf"vqyctfu"eqqrgtcvkqp"coqpi"eqorgvkvqtu"ctg"fkuewuugf0""Vjku"vqrke"
cnuq" hqewugu" qp" octmgv" eqooqpcnkv{" cpf" tguqwtegu" ukoknctkv{" kp" tgncvkqp" vq"
eqorgvkvkxg"cpcn{uku0"Hkpcnn{."vjg"vqrke"fgcnu"ykvj"vjg"ogvjqfu"qh"fgxgnqrkpi""
cp"GHG"Ocvtkz."cpf"c"Eqorgvkvkxg"Rtqhkng"Ocvtkz0""
32
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
503"
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"cp"Gzvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr";4"/";50
504"
Mg{"Gzvgtpcn"Hqtegu"
Ejcrvgt"5"."rr";5"/";60
505"
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Rgthqtokpi"cp"
Gzvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
506"
Vjg"Kpfwuvtkcn"Qticpkucvkqp"*K1Q+"
Xkgy
Ejcrvgt"5."r";70
507"
Geqpqoke"Hqtegu"
508"
Uqekcn."Ewnvwtcn."Fgoqitcrjke."cpf" Ejcrvgt5."rr";9"/";:0
Pcvwtcn"Gpxktqpogpv"Hqtegu"
509"
Rqnkvkecn."Iqxgtpogpvcn."cpf"Ngicn"
Hqtegu"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr";:"/"3220
50:"
Vgejpqnqikecn"Hqtegu"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr"323"/"3240
50;"
Eqorgvkvkxg"Hqtegu"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr"324"/"3270
5032" Eqorgvkvkxg"Cpcn{uku<"Rqtvgtu"
Hkxg/Hqteg"Oqfgn"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr"327"/"32:0
5033" Uqwtegu"qh"Gzvgtpcn"Kphqtocvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"5."r"32;0
5034" Hqtgecuvkpi"Vqqnu"cpf"Vgejpkswgu" Ejcrvgt"5."rr"32;"/"3320

5035" Kpfwuvt{"Cpcn{uku<"Vjg"Gzvgtpcn"
Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KHG+"Ocvtkz"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr"332"/"3340
5036" Vjg"Eqorgvkvkxg"Rtqhkng"Ocvtkz"
*ERO+"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr"335"/"3360
33
STUDY GUIDE
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
503"""
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"cp"Gzvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
"
Cp" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv" hqewugu" qp" kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" vtgpfu" cpf"
gxgpvu"dg{qpf"vjg"eqpvtqn"qh"c"ukping"hkto."uwej"cu"kpetgcugf"hqtgkip"
eqorgvkvkqp." rqrwncvkqp" ujkhvu." cp" cigkpi" uqekgv{." eqpuwogt" hgct" qh"
vtcxgnnkpi." cpf" uvqem" octmgv" xgnqekv{0" Cp" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv" tgxgcnu" mg{"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" eqphtqpvkpi" cp" qticpkucvkqp" uq" vjcv"
ocpcigtu" ecp" hqtowncvg" uvtcvgikgu" vq" vcmg" cfxcpvcig" qh" vjg"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"cxqkf"qt"tgfweg"vjg"korcev"qh"vjtgcvu0"Vjg"rwtrqug"
qh" cp" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv" ku" vq" fgxgnqr" c" hkpkvg" nkuv" qh" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" vjcv"
eqwnf"dgpghkv"c"hkto."cpf"vjtgcvu"vjcv"ujqwnf"dg"cxqkfgf0"Vjg"gzvgtpcn"
cwfkv"ku"pqv"ckogf"cv"fgxgnqrkpi"cp"gzjcwuvkxg"nkuv"qh"gxgt{"rquukdng"
hcevqt"vjcv"eqwnf"kphnwgpeg"vjg"dwukpguu0"Kv"ku"ckogf"cv"kfgpvkh{kpi"mg{"
xctkcdngu" vjcv" qhhgt" cevkqpcdng" tgurqpugu0" Hktou" ujqwnf" dg" cdng" vq"
tgurqpf"gkvjgt"qhhgpukxgn{"qt"fghgpukxgn{"vq"vjg"hcevqtu"d{"hqtowncvkpi"
uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" vcmg" cfxcpvcig" qh" gzvgtpcn" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" qt" vjcv"
okpkokug"vjg"korcev"qh"rqvgpvkcn"vjtgcvu0"
504"""
Mg{"Gzvgtpcn"Hqtegu"
"
Gzvgtpcn" hqtegu" ecp" dg" fkxkfgf" kpvq" hkxg" dtqcf" ecvgiqtkgu<" *3+"
geqpqoke" hqtegu." *4+" uqekcn." ewnvwtcn." fgoqitcrjke." cpf" pcvwtcn"
gpxktqpogpv" hqtegu." *5+" rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn." cpf" ngicn" hqtegu." *6+"
vgejpqnqikecn"hqtegu."cpf"*7+"eqorgvkvkxg"hqtegu0"Ejcpigu"kp"gzvgtpcn"
hqtegu"vtcpuncvg"kpvq"ejcpigu"kp"eqpuwogt"fgocpf"hqt"dqvj"kpfwuvtkcn"
cpf" eqpuwogt" rtqfwevu" cpf" ugtxkegu0" Gzvgtpcn" hcevqtu" chhgev" vjg"
v{rgu" qh" rtqfwevu" fgxgnqrgf." vjg" pcvwtg" qh" rqukvkqpkpi" cpf" octmgv"
ugiogpvcvkqp" uvtcvgikgu." vjg" v{rg" qh" ugtxkeg" qhhgtgf." cpf" vjg" ejqkeg"
qh" dwukpguugu" vq" ceswktg" qt" ugnn0" Gzvgtpcn" hqtegu" fktgevn{" chhgev" dqvj"
uwrrnkgtu" cpf" fkuvtkdwvqtu0" Kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" gzvgtpcn"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" gpcdngu" qticpkucvkqpu" vq" fgxgnqr" c" engct"
okuukqp."vq"fgukip"uvtcvgikgu"vq"cejkgxg"nqpi/vgto"qdlgevkxgu."cpf"vq"
fgxgnqr"rqnkekgu"vq"cejkgxg"cppwcn"qdlgevkxgu0""
505"""
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Rgthqtokpi"cp"Gzvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
"
Vq" rgthqto" cp" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv." c" eqorcp{" ujqwnf" kpxqnxg" cu" ocp{"
ocpcigtu" cpf" " gornq{ggu" cu" rquukdng0" Vjg" eqorcp{" ujqwnf" hktuv"
icvjgt" eqorgvkvkxg" kpvgnnkigpeg" cpf" kphqtocvkqp" cdqwv" geqpqoke."
ngicn." cpf" vgejpqnqikecn" vtgpfu0" Kpfkxkfwcnu" ecp" dg" cumgf" vq" oqpkvqt"
xctkqwu" uqwtegu" qh" kphqtocvkqp." uwej" cu" mg{" ocic|kpgu." vtcfg"
lqwtpcnu." cpf" pgyurcrgtu0" Vjgug" kpfkxkfwcnu" ecp" uwdokv" rgtkqfke"
34
STUDY GUIDE
uecppkpi" tgrqtvu" vq" c" eqookvvgg" qh" ocpcigtu" ejctigf" ykvj"

rgthqtokpi" vjg" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv0" Vjku" crrtqcej" rtqxkfgu" c" eqpvkpwqwu"
uvtgco"qh"vkogn{"uvtcvgike"kphqtocvkqp."cpf"kpxqnxgu"ocp{"kpfkxkfwcnu"
kp"vjg"gzvgtpcn/cwfkv"rtqeguu0""
"""""""""
"
Vjg" Kpvgtpgv" rtqxkfgu" c" tkej" uqwteg" hqt" icvjgtkpi" uvtcvgike"
kphqtocvkqp." cu" fq" eqtrqtcvg." wpkxgtukv{." cpf" rwdnke" nkdtctkgu0"
Uwrrnkgtu." fkuvtkdwvqtu." ucngurgtuqpu." ewuvqogtu." cpf" eqorgvkvqtu"
tgrtgugpv" qvjgt" uqwtegu" qh" xkvcn" kphqtocvkqp0" Qpeg" kphqtocvkqp" ku"
icvjgtgf."kv"ujqwnf"dg"cuukokncvgf"cpf"gxcnwcvgf0"C"oggvkpi"qt"ugtkgu"
qh" oggvkpiu" qh" ocpcigtu" ku" pggfgf" vq" eqnngevkxgn{" kfgpvkh{" vjg" oquv"
korqtvcpv"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vjtgcvu"hcekpi"vjg"hkto0"C"rtkqtkvkugf"nkuv"qh"
vjgug"hcevqtu"eqwnf"dg"qdvckpgf"d{"tgswguvkpi"vjcv"cnn"ocpcigtu"tcpm"
vjg"hcevqtu"kfgpvkhkgf"kp"vjg"qtfgt"qh"korqtvcpeg0"
506""
Vjg"Kpfwuvtkcn"Qticpkucvkqp"*K1Q+"Xkgy"
"
Vjg"Kpfwuvtkcn"Qticpkucvkqp"*K1Q+"crrtqcej"vq"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig"
cfxqecvgu" vjcv" gzvgtpcn" *kpfwuvt{+" hcevqtu" ctg" oqtg" korqtvcpv" vjcp"
kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" kp" c" hkto" hqt" cejkgxkpi" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0" Vjg"
xkgy" eqpvgpfu" vjcv" qticpkucvkqpu" rgthqtocpeg" yknn" dg" rtkoctkn{"
fgvgtokpgf" d{" kpfwuvt{" hqtegu0" Rqtvgtu" Hkxg/Hqtegu" Oqfgn" ku" cp"
gzcorng"qh"vjg"K1Q"rgturgevkxg."yjkej"hqewugu"qp"cpcn{ukpi"gzvgtpcn"
hqtegu" cpf" kpfwuvt{" xctkcdng" cu" c" dcuku" hqt" igvvkpi" cpf" mggrkpi"
eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0" Vjg" vjgqt{" eqpvgpfu" vjcv" eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcig"ku"fgvgtokpgf"nctign{"d{"eqorgvkvkxg"rqukvkqpkpi"ykvjkp"cp"
kpfwuvt{0"Ocpcikpi"uvtcvgikecnn{"htqo"vjg"K1Q"rgturgevkxg"gpvcknu"hktou"
vt{kpi" vq" eqorgvg" kp" cvvtcevkxg" kpfwuvtkgu." cxqkfkpi" ygcm" qt" hcnvgtkpi"
kpfwuvtkgu." cpf" ickpkpi" c" hwnn" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" mg{" gzvgtpcn" hcevqt"
tgncvkqpujkru" ykvjkp" vjcv" uvtcvgike" kpfwuvt{." K1Q" tgugctej" rtqxkfgu"
korqtvcpv" eqpvtkdwvkqpu" vq" qwt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" jqy" vq" ickp"
eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0" Vjg" K1Q" xkgy" jcu" gpjcpegf" qwt"
wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv0" Ghhgevkxg" kpvgitcvkqp" cpf"
wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" dqvj" gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" ku" vjg" mg{" vq"
ugewtkpi"cpf"mggrkpi"c"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig0"
507""
Geqpqoke"Hqtegu"
"
Geqpqoke"hcevqtu"jcxg"c"fktgev"korcev"qp"vjg"rqvgpvkcn"cvvtcevkxgpguu"
qh" xctkqwu" uvtcvgikgu0" Uqog" qh" vjg" mg{" geqpqoke" xctkcdng" vq" dg"
oqpkvqtgf" kpenwfg" c" ujkhv" vq" ugtxkeg" cpf" mpqyngfig" geqpqo{."
cxckncdknkv{"qh"etgfkv."ngxgn"qh"fkurqucdng"kpeqog."rtqrgpukv{"qh"rgqrng"
vq" urgpf." kpvgtguv" tcvgu." kphncvkqp" tcvgu." iqxgtpogpv" dwfigv" fghkekvu."
itquu" fqoguvke" rtqfwev" vtgpf." eqpuworvkqp" rcvvgtpu." wpgornq{ogpv"
vtgpfu." yqtmgt" rtqfwevkxkv{" ngxgnu." hqtgkip" gzejcpig" " ejcpigu." uvqem"
35
STUDY GUIDE
octmgv" vtgpfu." hqtgkip" eqwpvtkgu" geqpqoke" eqpfkvkqpu." korqtv1gzrqtv"

hcevqtu."fgocpf"ujkhvu"hqt"fkhhgtgpv"ecvgiqtkgu"qh"iqqfu"cpf"ugtxkegu."
kpeqog"fkhhgtgpegu"d{"tgikqp"cpf"eqpuwogt"itqwr."rtkeg"hnwevwcvkqpu."
gzrqtv"qh"ncdqwt"cpf"ecrkvcn."oqpgvct{"cpf"hkuecn"rqnkekgu."cpf"rqnkekgu"
qh"inqdcn"geqpqoke"eqcnkvkqpu"qt"dnqemu0"
""""""""""
508"" Uqekcn."Ewnvwtcn."Fgoqitcrjke."cpf"Pcvwtcn"Gpxktqpogpv"Hqtegu"
"
Uqekcn."ewnvwtcn."fgoqitcrjke."cpf"pcvwtcn"gpxktqpogpv"ejcpigu"jcxg"
c" oclqt" korcev" qp" xktvwcnn{" cnn" rtqfwevu." ugtxkegu." octmgvu." cpf"
ewuvqogtu0"Uocnn." nctig." hqt/rtqhkv."cpf" pqp/rtqhkv" qticpkucvkqpu" kp" cnn"
kpfwuvtkgu" cpf" ugevqtu" ctg" dgkpi" uvciigtgf" cpf" ejcnngpigf" d{" vjg"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" ctkukpi" htqo" ejcpigu" kp" uqekcn." ewnvwtcn."
fgoqitcrjke."cpf"gpxktqpogpvcn"xctkcdngu0"Uqog"mg{"uqekcn."ewnvwtcn."
fgoqitcrjke." cpf" gpxktqpogpvcn" xctkcdngu" kpenwfg" ejknf/dgctkpi"
tcvgu." pwodgt" qh" dktvju." kookitcvkqp" cpf" gokitcvkqp" tcvgu." nkhg"
gzrgevcpe{" tcvgu." uqekcn" ugewtkv{" cpf" jgcnvjectg" rtqitcoogu."
nqecvkqp" qh" tgvcknkpi." ocpwhcevwtkpi" cpf" ugtxkeg" dwukpguugu." cvvkvwfg"
vqyctfu" dwukpguu." nkhguv{ngu." vtchhke" eqpiguvkqp." cxgtcig" fkurqucdng"
kpeqog." cvvkvwfgu" vqyctfu" yqtm." ectggtu." cpf" ngkuwtg" vkog." cvvkvwfgu"
vqyctfu"kpxguvkpi"cpf"ucxkpi."tcekcn"gswcnkv{."cxgtcig"ngxgn"qh"jkijgt"
gfwecvkqp."iqxgtpogpvcn"tgiwncvkqp."gpxktqpogpvcn"rtqvgevkqp"kuuwgu."
gpgti{" eqpugtxcvkqp." uqekcn" rtqitcoogu." rqrwncvkqp" ejcpigu" d{"
igqitcrjkecn" ctgc." ekv{." uvcvg" cpf" tgikqp." " ejcpigu" kp" yqtmhqteg"
eqorqukvkqp."cpf"nkdgtcnkucvkqp"rqnkekgu0"
509""
Rqnkvkecn."Iqxgtpogpvcn."cpf"Ngicn"Hqtegu"
"
Rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn." cpf" ngicn" hcevqtu" ecp" tgrtgugpv" mg{"

qrrqtvwpkvkgu" qt" vjtgcvu" hqt" dqvj" uocnn" cpf" nctig" qticpkucvkqpu0" Hqt"
kpfwuvtkgu"cpf"hktou"vjcv"fgrgpf"jgcxkn{"qp"iqxgtpogpv"eqpvtcevu"qt"
uwdukfkgu." rqnkvkecn" hqtgecuvu" ecp" dg" vjg" oquv" korqtvcpv" rctv" qh" cp"
gzvgtpcn"cwfkv0"Ejcpigu"kp"rcvgpv"ncyu."cpvk/vtwuv"ngikuncvkqp."vcz"tcvgu."
cpf" nqdd{kpi" cevkxkvkgu" ecp" chhgev" hktou" ukipkhkecpvn{0" Vjg" kpetgcukpi"
inqdcn" kpvgtfgrgpfgpeg" coqpi" geqpqokgu." octmgvu." iqxgtpogpvu."
cpf" qticpkucvkqpu" ocmgu" kv" korgtcvkxg" vjcv" hktou" eqpukfgt" vjg"
rquukdng" korcev" qh" rqnkvkecn" xctkcdngu" qp" vjg" hqtowncvkqp" cpf"
korngogpvcvkqp"qh"eqorgvkvkxg"uvtcvgikgu0""
"
Ocp{" eqwpvtkgu" yqtnfykfg." uwej" cu" Gwtqrgcp" Wpkqp" pcvkqpu." ctg"

tguqtvkpi" vq" rtqvgevkqpkuo" vq" uchgiwctf" vjgkt" qyp" kpfwuvtkgu0"
Iqxgtpogpvu"inqdcnn{"ctg"wpfgt"rtguuwtg"vq"rtqvgev"lqdu"cv"jqog"cpf"
ockpvckp" vjg" pcvkqpu" kpfwuvtkcn" dcug0" Kp" vjku" tgictf." geqpqokuvu"
ecwvkqp" vjcv" vjg" ewttgpv" tcuj" qh" vtcfg" eqpuvtckpvu" yknn" ocmg" kv" oqtg"
fkhhkewnv" hqt" inqdcn" geqpqoke" itqyvj" vq" tgeqxgt" htqo" vjg" inqdcn"
36
STUDY GUIDE
tgeguukqp0" Uqog" mg{" rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn." cpf" ngicn" xctkcdngu"

kpenwfg" iqxgtpogpv" tgiwncvkqp" qt" fgtgiwncvkqp." ejcpigu" kp" vcz" ncyu."
ejcpigu"kp"rcvgpv"ncyu."gpxktqpogpvcn"rtqvgevkqp"ngikuncvkqp."ngxgn"qh"
iqxgtpogpv" uwdukfkgu." iqxgtpogpv" oqpgvct{" cpf" hkuecn" rqnke{"
ejcpigu."rqnkvkecn"eqpfkvkqpu."uk|g"qh"iqxgtpogpv"dwfigvu."ejcpigu"kp"
yqtnf"qkn."ewttgpe{"cpf"ncdqwt"octmgvu."cpf"kpvgtpcvkqpcn"rqnkvkecn"cpf"
ugewtkv{"eqpfkvkqpu0"
50:"""
Vgejpqnqikecn"Hqtegu"
"
Vgejpqnqikecn" hqtegu" tgrtgugpv" oclqt" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" vjcv"

owuv" dg" eqpukfgtgf" kp" hqtowncvkpi" uvtcvgikgu0" Vgejpqnqikecn"
cfxcpegogpvu" ecp" ftcocvkecnn{" chhgev" qticpkucvkqpu" rtqfwevu."
ugtxkegu." octmgvu." uwrrnkgtu." fkuvtkdwvqtu." eqorgvkvqtu." ewuvqogtu."
ocpwhcevwtkpi" rtqeguugu." octmgvkpi" rtcevkegu." cpf" eqorgvkvkxg"
rqukvkqp0"Vgejpqnqikecn"cfxcpegogpvu"ecp"etgcvg"pgy"octmgvu."uwej"
cu"vjg"Kpvgtpgv."tguwnv"kp"rtqnkhgtcvkqp"qh"pgy"cpf"kortqxgf"rtqfwevu."
ejcpig" vjg" tgncvkxg" eqorgvkvkxg" equv" rqukvkqpu" kp" cp" kpfwuvt{." cpf"
tgpfgt" gzkuvkpi" rtqfwevu" cpf" ugtxkegu" qduqngvg0" Vgejpqnqikecn"
ejcpigu" ecp" tgfweg" qt" gnkokpcvg" equv" dcttkgtu" dgvyggp" dwukpguugu."
etgcvg" ujqtvgt" rtqfwevkqp" twpu." etgcvg" ujqtvcigu" kp" vgejpkecn" umknnu."
cpf" tguwnv" kp" ejcpikpi" xcnwgu" cpf" gzrgevcvkqpu" qh" gornq{ggu."
ocpcigtu." cpf" ewuvqogtu0" Vgejpqnqikecn" cfxcpegogpvu" ecp" etgcvg"
pgy" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcigu" vjcv" ctg" oqtg" rqygthwn" vjcp" gzkuvkpi"
cfxcpvcigu0" Pq" eqorcp{" qt" kpfwuvt{" vqfc{" ku" kpuwncvgf" cickpuv"
gogtikpi" vgejpqnqikecn" fgxgnqrogpvu0" Kp" jkij/vgej" kpfwuvtkgu."
kfgpvkhkecvkqp" cpf" gxcnwcvkqp" qh" mg{" vgejpqnqikecn" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf"
vjtgcvu" ecp" dg" vjg" oquv" korqtvcpv" rctv" qh" vjg" gzvgtpcn" uvtcvgike/
ocpcigogpv"cwfkv0"
50;""
Eqorgvkvkxg"Hqtegu"
"
Cp" korqtvcpv" rctv" qh" cp" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv" ku" kfgpvkh{kpi" tkxcn" hktou" cpf"
fgvgtokpkpi" vjgkt" uvtgpivju." ygcmpguugu." ecrcdknkvkgu." qrrqtvwpkvkgu."
vjtgcvu."qdlgevkxgu."cpf"uvtcvgikgu."tguwnvkpi"kp"eqorgvkvqtu"cpcn{uku0"
Eqnngevkpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" kphqtocvkqp" qp" eqorgvkvqtu" ku" guugpvkcn" hqt"
uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp0" Kfgpvkh{kpi" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" ku"
cnyc{u" fkhhkewnv" dgecwug" ocp{" hktou" jcxg" fkxkukqpu" vjcv" eqorgvg" kp"
fkhhgtgpv" kpfwuvtkgu0" Ocp{" ownvkfkxkukqpcn" hktou" fq" pqv" rtqxkfg" ucngu"
cpf" rtqhkv" kphqtocvkqp" qp" c" fkxkukqpcn" dcuku" hqt" eqorgvkvkxg" tgcuqpu0"
Cnuq." rtkxcvgn{" jgnf" hktou" fq" pqv" rwdnkuj" cp{" hkpcpekcn" qt" octmgvkpi"
kphqtocvkqp0
37
STUDY GUIDE
*c+
Eqorgvkvqtu"Cpcn{uku
Cfftguukpi" swguvkqpu" cdqwv" eqorgvkvqtu" ku" korqtvcpv" kp" cp"
gzvgtpcn" cwfkv0" Uqog" mg{" swguvkqpu" cdqwv" eqorgvkvqtu" ctg" cu"
hqnnqyu<"
*k+"
Yjcv"ctg"vjg"oclqt"eqorgvkvqtu"uvtgpivjuA"
*kk+"
Yjcv"ctg"vjg"oclqt"eqorgvkvqtu"ygcmpguuguA"
*kkk+" Yjcv" ctg" vjg" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" qdlgevkxgu" cpf"

uvtcvgikguA"
*kx+" Jqy" yknn" vjg" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" oquv" nkmgn{" tgurqpf" vq"
ewttgpv" geqpqoke." uqekcn." ewnvwtcn." fgoqitcrjke."
gpxktqpogpvcn."rqnkvkecn."iqxgtpogpvcn."ngicn."vgejpqnqikecn."
cpf"eqorgvkvkxg"vtgpfu"chhgevkpi"qwt"kpfwuvt{A"
*x+"
Jqy" xwnpgtcdng" ctg" vjg" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" vq" qwt"

cnvgtpcvkxg"eqorcp{"uvtcvgikguA"
*xk+" Jqy"xwnpgtcdng"ctg"qwt"cnvgtpcvkxg"uvtcvgikgu"vq"uweeguuhwn"
eqwpvgtcvvcem"d{"qwt"oclqt"eqorgvkvqtuA"
*xkk+" Jqy" ctg" qwt" rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu" rqukvkqpgf" tgncvkxg" vq"
oclqt"eqorgvkvqtuA"
*xkkk+" Vq" yjcv" gzvgpv" ctg" pgy" hktou" gpvgtkpi" cpf" qnf" hktou"
ngcxkpi"vjku"kpfwuvt{A"
*kz+" Yjcv"mg{"hcevqtu"jcxg"tguwnvgf"kp"qwt"rtgugpv"eqorgvkvkxg"
rqukvkqp"kp"vjku"kpfwuvt{A"
*z+"
Jqy" jcxg" vjg" ucngu" cpf" rtqhkv" tcpmkpiu" qh" oclqt"

eqorgvkvqtu" kp" vjg" kpfwuvt{" ejcpig" qxgt" vjg" {gctuA"
Yj{"jcxg"vjgug"tcpmkpiu"ejcpigf"vjcv"yc{A"
*zk+" Yjcv" ku" vjg" pcvwtg" qh" uwrrnkgt" cpf" fkuvtkdwvqt"

tgncvkqpujkru"kp"vjku"kpfwuvt{A"
*zkk+" Vq"yjcv"gzvgpv"eqwnf"uwduvkvwvg"rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkegu"dg"
c"vjtgcv"vq"eqorgvkvqtu"kp"vjku"kpfwuvt{A"
*d+
Eqorgvkvkxg"Kpvgnnkigpeg"Rtqitcoogu"
Eqorgvkvkxg" kpvgnnkigpeg" *EK+" ku" fghkpgf" cu" c" u{uvgocvke" cpf"
gvjkecn"rtqeguu"hqt"icvjgtkpi"cpf"cpcn{ukpi"kphqtocvkqp"cdqwv"vjg"
eqorgvkvqtu" cevkxkvkgu" cpf" igpgtcn" dwukpguu" vtgpfu" vq" hwtvjgt" c"
38
STUDY GUIDE
dwukpguuu"qyp"iqcnu0"Iqqf"eqorgvkvkxg"kpvgnnkigpeg"kp"dwukpguu."
cu" kp" vjg" oknkvct{." ku" qpg" qh" vjg" mg{u" vq" uweeguu0" Vjg" oqtg"
kphqtocvkqp" cpf" mpqyngfig" c" hkto" ecp" qdvckp" cdqwv" kvu"
eqorgvkvqtu." vjg" oqtg" nkmgn{" kv" ku" vjcv" kv" ecp" hqtowncvg" cpf"
korngogpv" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgikgu0" Oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" ygcmpguugu"
ecp"tgrtgugpv"gzvgtpcn"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"yjgtgcu"oclqt"eqorgvkvqtu"
uvtgpivju"oc{"tgrtgugpv"mg{"vjtgcvu0""
Hktou" pggf" cp" ghhgevkxg" eqorgvkvkxg" kpvgnnkigpeg" *EK+"
rtqitcoogu0"Vjg"vjtgg"dcuke"qdlgevkxgu"qh"c"EK"rtqitcoog"ctg<"
*k+"
Vq"rtqxkfg"c"igpgtcn"wpfgtuvcpfkpi"qh"cp"kpfwuvt{"cpf"kvu"
eqorgvkvqtu="
*kk+"
Vq"kfgpvkh{"ctgcu"kp"yjkej"eqorgvkvqtu"ctg"xwnpgtcdng"cpf"
vq" cuuguu" vjg" korcev" uvtcvgike" cevkqpu" yqwnf" jcxg" qp"
eqorgvkvqtu="cpf"
*kkk+" Vq" kfgpvkh{" rqvgpvkcn" oqxgu" vjcv" c" eqorgvkvqt" okijv" ocmg"
vjcv"yqwnf"gpfcpigt"c"hktou"rqukvkqp"kp"vjg"octmgv0"
Eqorgvkvkxg" kphqtocvkqp" ku" gswcnn{" crrnkecdng" hqt" uvtcvgi{"
hqtowncvkqp." korngogpvcvkqp." cpf" gxcnwcvkqp" fgekukqpu0" Cp"
ghhgevkxg" EK" rtqitcoog" cnnqyu" cnn" ctgcu" qh" c" hkto" vq" ceeguu"
eqpukuvgpv" cpf" xgtkhkcdng" kphqtocvkqp" kp" ocmkpi" fgekukqp0" Cnn"
ogodgtu"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp."htqo"vjg"ejkgh"gzgewvkxg"qhhkegt"vq"
ewuvqfkcpu."ctg"xcnwcdng"kpvgnnkigpeg"cigpvu"cpf"ujqwnf"tgictf"
vjgougnxgu" vq" dg" c" rctv" qh" vjg" EK" rtqeguu0" Urgekcn"
ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"c"uweeguuhwn"EK"rtqitcoog"kpenwfg"hngzkdknkv{."
wughwnpguu."vkognkpguu."cpf"etquu/hwpevkqpcn"eqqrgtcvkqp0"
""
"
*e+
"
Octmgv"Eqooqpcnkv{"cpf"Tguqwteg"Ukoknctkv{
D{" fghkpkvkqp." eqorgvkvqtu" ctg" hktou" vjcv" qhhgt" ukoknct" rtqfwevu"
cpf"ugtxkegu"kp"vjg"ucog"octmgv0"Octmgvu"ecp"dg"igqitcrjke"qt"
rtqfwev" ctgcu" qt" ugiogpvu0" Kp" vjg" kpuwtcpeg" kpfwuvt{." vjg"
octmgvu"ctg"dtqmgp"fqyp"kpvq"eqoogtekcn1eqpuwogt."jgcnvj1nkhg."
qt" Gwtqrg1Cukc0" Tgugctejgtu" wug" vjg" vgtou" octmgv"
eqooqpcnkv{" cpf" tguqwteg" ukoknctkv{" vq" uvwf{" tkxcnt{" coqpi"
eqorgvkvqtu0"Octmgv"eqooqpcnkv{"ecp"dg"fghkpgf"cu"vjg"pwodgt"
cpf"ukipkhkecpeg"qh"octmgvu"vjcv"c"hkto"eqorgvgu"kp"ykvj"tkxcnu0"
Tguqwteg"ukoknctkv{"ku"vjg"gzvgpv"vq"yjkej"vjg"v{rg"cpf"coqwpv"
qh"c"hktou"kpvgtpcn"tguqwtegu"ctg"eqorctcdng"vq"c"tkxcn0"Qpg"yc{"
vq"cpcn{ug"eqorgvkvkxgpguu"dgvyggp"vyq"qt"coqpi"ugxgtcn"hktou"
ku" vq" kpxguvkicvg" octmgv" eqooqpcnkv{" cpf" tguqwteg" ukoknctkv{"
kuuwgu" yjkng" nqqmkpi" hqt" ctgcu" qh" rqvgpvkcn" eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcig"cnqpi"gcej"hktou"xcnwg"ejckp0"
39
STUDY GUIDE
5032"" Eqorgvkvkxg"Cpcn{uku<"Rqtvgtu"Hkxg/Hqteg"Oqfgn"
"
Rqtvgtu" Hkxg/Hqtegu" Oqfgn" qh" eqorgvkvkxg" cpcn{uku" ku" c" ykfgn{" wugf"
crrtqcej" hqt" fgxgnqrkpi" uvtcvgikgu" kp" ocp{" kpfwuvtkgu0" Ceeqtfkpi" vq"
Rqtvgt." vjg" pcvwtg" qh" eqorgvkvkxgpguu" kp" c" ikxgp" kpfwuvt{" ecp" dg"
xkgygf"cu"c"eqorqukvg"qh"hkxg"hqtegu<"
*c+" Tkxcnt{"coqpi"eqorgvkpi"hktou0"
*d+" Rqvgpvkcn"gpvt{"qh"pgy"eqorgvkvqtu0"
*e+"
Rqvgpvkcn"fgxgnqrogpv"qh"uwduvkvwvg"rtqfwevu0"
*f+" Dctickpkpi"rqygt"qh"uwrrnkgtu0"
*g+" Dctickpkpi"rqygt"qh"eqpuwogtu0"
"
Vjg" hqnnqykpi" vjtgg" uvgru" hqt" wukpi" Rqtvgtu" Hkxg/Hqtegu" Oqfgn" ecp"
kpfkecvg" yjgvjgt" eqorgvkvkqp" kp" c" ikxgp" kpfwuvt{" ku" uwej" vjcv" vjg"
kpfwuvt{" ku" cvvtcevkxgfi" cpf" vjcv" vjg" hkto" ecp" ocmg" cp" ceegrvcdng"
rtqhkv<"
*c+" Kfgpvkh{"mg{"curgevu"qt"gngogpvu"qh"gcej"eqorgvkvkxg"hqteg"vjcv"
korcev"vjg"hkto0"
*d+" Gxcnwcvg"jqy"uvtqpi"cpf"korqtvcpv"gcej"gngogpv"ku"hqt"vjg"hkto0"
*e+"
Fgekfg"yjgvjgt"vjg"eqnngevkxg"uvtgpivj"qh"vjg"gngogpvu"ku"yqtvj"
vjg"hkto"gpvgtkpi"qt"uvc{kpi"kp"vjg"kpfwuvt{0"
5033""" Uqwtegu"qh"Gzvgtpcn"Kphqtocvkqp"
"
C" ygcnvj" qh" uvtcvgike" kphqtocvkqp" ku" cxckncdng" vq" qticpkucvkqpu" htqo"
dqvj" rwdnkujgf" cpf" wprwdnkujgf" uqwtegu0" Wprwdnkujgf" uqwtegu"
kpenwfg"ewuvqogt"uwtxg{u."octmgv"tgugctej."urggejgu"cv"rtqhguukqpcn"
cpf" ujctgjqnfgtu" oggvkpiu." vgngxkukqp" rtqitcoogu." kpvgtxkgyu." cpf"
eqpxgtucvkqpu" ykvj" uvcmgjqnfgtu0" Rwdnkujgf" uqwtegu" qh" uvtcvgike"
kphqtocvkqp" kpenwfg" rgtkqfkecnu." lqwtpcnu." tgrqtvu." iqxgtpogpv"
fqewogpvu." cduvtcevu." dqqmu." fktgevqtkgu." pgyurcrgtu." cpf" lqwtpcnu0"
Vjg" Kpvgtpgv" jcu" ocfg" kv" gcukgt" hqt" hktou" vq" icvjgt." cuukokncvg." cpf"
gxcnwcvg" kphqtocvkqp0" Vjgtg" ctg" cnuq" ocp{" gzegnngpv" ygdukvgu" hqt"
icvjgtkpi"kphqtocvkqp0""
40
STUDY GUIDE
5034"" Vqqnu"cpf"Vgejpkswgu"qh"Hqtgecuvkpi"
"
Hqtgecuvu"ctg"gfwecvgf"cuuworvkqpu"cdqwv"hwvwtg"vtgpfu"cpf"gxgpvu0"
Hqtgecuvkpi" ku" c" eqorngz" cevkxkv{" dgecwug" qh" hcevqtu" uwej" cu"
vgejpqnqikecn" kppqxcvkqp." ewnvwtcn" ejcpigu." pgy" rtqfwevu." kortqxgf"
ugtxkegu." uvtqpigt" eqorgvkvqtu." ujkhvu" kp" iqxgtpogpv" rtkqtkvkgu."
ejcpikpi" uqekcn" xcnwgu." wpuvcdng" geqpqoke" eqpfkvkqpu." cpf"
wphqtguggp" gxgpvu0" Ocpcigt" qhvgp" owuv" tgn{" qp" rwdnkujgf" hqtgecuvu"
vq"ghhgevkxgn{"kfgpvkh{"gzvgtpcnu"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vjtgcvu0"
"
Hqtgecuvkpi" vqqnu" ecp" dg" dtqcfn{" ecvgiqtkugf" kpvq" swcpvkvcvkxg"

vgejpkswgu." cpf" swcnkvcvkxg" vgejpkswgu0" Swcpvkvcvkxg" hqtgecuvu" ctg"
oquv" crrtqrtkcvg" yjgp" jkuvqtkecn" fcvc" ctg" cxckncdng" cpf" yjgp" vjg"
tgncvkqpujkru"coqpi"mg{"xctkcdngu"ctg"gzrgevgf"vq"tgockp"vjg"ucog"
kp"vjg"hwvwtg0"Nkpgct"tgitguukqp"cpcn{uku"ku"cp"gzcorng"qh"swcpvkvcvkxg"
hqtgecuvkpi" vgejpkswgu0" Kp" vjg" ecug" qh" swcnkvcvkxg" hqtgecuv." dqvj"
cpcn{vkecn" cpf" kpvwkvkxg" lwfiogpvu" ctg" tgswktgf0" Kv" ku" korqtvcpv" hqt"
uvtcvgikuvu"vq"fgxqvg"uwhhkekgpv"vkog"cpf"ghhqtv"vq"uvwf{"vjg"wpfgtn{kpi"
dcugu" qh" rwdnkujgf" hqtgecuvu." cpf" vq" fgxgnqr" kpvgtpcn" hqtgecuvu" qh"
vjgkt" qyp0" Mg{" gzvgtpcn" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" ecp" dg" ghhgevkxgn{"
kfgpvkhkgf" qpn{" vjtqwij" iqqf" hqtgecuvu0" Ceewtcvg" hqtgecuvu" ecp"
rtqxkfg" oclqt" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcigu" hqt" qticpkucvkqpu0" Hqtgecuvu"
ctg"xkvcn"vq"vjg"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"rtqeguu"cpf"vq"vjg"uweeguu"qh"
qticpkucvkqpu0"
5035"" Kpfwuvt{" Cpcn{uku<" Vjg" Gzvgtpcn" Hcevqt" Gxcnwcvkqp" *GHG+"

Ocvtkz"
"
Cp" Gzvgtpcn" Hcevqt" Gxcnwcvkqp" *GHG+" Ocvtkz" cnnqyu" uvtcvgikuvu" vq"

uwooctkug" cpf" gxcnwcvg" geqpqoke." uqekcn." ewnvwtcn." fgoqitcrjke."
gpxktqpogpvcn." rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn." ngicn." vgejpqnqikecn." cpf"
eqorgvkvkxg" kphqtocvkqp0" Vjg" GHG" Ocvtkz" ecp" dg" fgxgnqrgf" kp" hkxg"
uvgru<"
*c+" Nkuv" mg{" gzvgtpcn" hcevqtu" cu" kfgpvkhkgf" kp" vjg" gzvgtpcn/cwfkv"
rtqeguu0"
*d+" Cuukip" vq" gcej" hcevqt" c" ygkijv" vjcv" tcpigu" htqo" 202" *pqv"
korqtvcpv+"vq"302"*xgt{"korqtvcpv+0"
*e+"
Cuukip"c"tcvkpi"dgvyggp"3"cpf"6"vq"gcej"mg{"gzvgtpcn"hcevqt"vq"
kpfkecvg"jqy"vjg"hktou"ewttgpv"uvtcvgikgu"tgurqpf"vq"vjg"hcevqt."
yjgtg"6"?"vjg"tgurqpug"ku"uwrgtkqt."5"?"vjg"tgurqpug"ku"cdqxg"
cxgtcig."4"?"vjg"tgurqpug"ku"cxgtcig."cpf"3"?"vjg"tgurqpug"ku"
rqqt0
41
STUDY GUIDE
*f+" Ownvkrn{" gcej" hcevqtu" ygkijv" d{" kvu" tcvkpi" vq" fgvgtokpg" c"
ygkijvgf"ueqtg0"
*g+" Uwo" vjg" ygkijvgf" ueqtgu" hqt" gcej" xctkcdng" vq" fgvgtokpg" vjg"
vqvcn"ygkijvgf"ueqtg"hqt"vjg"qticpkucvkqp0"
5036""" Vjg"Eqorgvkvkxg"Rtqhkng"Ocvtkz"*ERO+""
"
Vjg" Eqorgvkvkxg" Rtqhkng" Ocvtkz" *ERO+" kfgpvkhkgu" c" hktou" oclqt"

eqorgvkvqtu"cpf"kvu"rctvkewnct"uvtgpivju"cpf"ygcmpguugu"kp"tgncvkqp"vq"
c" ucorng" hktou" uvtcvgike" rqukvkqp0" Vjg" ygkijvu" cpf" vqvcn" ygkijvgf"
ueqtgu" kp" dqvj" ERO" cpf" GHG" jcxg" vjg" ucog" ogcpkpi0" Jqygxgt."
etkvkecn" uweeguu" hcevqtu" kp" ERO" kpenwfg" dqvj" kpvgtpcn" cpf" gzvgtpcn"
kuuwgu0" Vjgtghqtg." vjg" tcvkpiu" tghgt" vq" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu."
yjgtg" 6" ?" oclqt" uvtgpivj." 5" ?" okpqt" uvtgpivj." 4" ?" okpqt" ygcmpguu."
cpf" 3" ?" oclqt" ygcmpguu0" Vjg" etkvkecn" uweeguu" hcevqtu" kp" c" ERO" ctg"
pqv"itqwrgf"kpvq"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vjtgcvu"cu"vjg{"ctg"kp"cp"GHG0"Kp"c"
ERO." vjg" tcvkpiu" cpf" vqvcn" ygkijvgf" ueqtgu" hqt" tkxcn" hktou" ecp" dg"
eqorctgf" vq" vjg" ucorng" hkto0" Vjku" eqorctcvkxg" cpcn{uku" rtqxkfgu"
korqtvcpv"kpvgtpcn"uvtcvgike"kphqtocvkqp0""
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Gzcokpg" vjg" korqtvcpeg" qh" vjg" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv" *gzvgtpcn" gpxktqpogpvcn"

uecppkpi+" vq" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv0" Ikxg" vyq" *4+" tgcuqpu" vq" uwrrqtv"
{qwt"cpuygt0"
40"
Gzrnckp" Rqtvgtu" Hkxg/Hqtegu" Oqfgn" ykvj" tgngxcpv" gzcorngu0" Yjcv" ctg"

kvu"nkokvcvkqpuA"
50"
Fkuewuu"vjg"RGUVNG"Oqfgn"ykvj"crrtqrtkcvg"gzcorngu0"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Fkuewuu"vjg"gzvgtpcn"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vjtgcvu"qh"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0
40"
Eqpfwev"Rqtvgtu"Hkxg/Hqtegu"Cpcn{uku"qp"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0""
42
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"6<"
Kpvgtpcn"Ocpcigogpv"Cwfkv""
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Fguetkdg"jqy"vq"rgthqto"cp"kpvgtpcn"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"cwfkv="
40"
Fguetkdg"vjg"Tguqwteg/Dcugf"Xkgy"*TDX+"kp"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv="
50"
Fkuewuu"mg{"kpvgttgncvkqpujkru"coqpi"vjg"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu"qh"dwukpguu="
60"
Kfgpvkh{" vjg" dcuke" hwpevkqpu" qt" cevkxkvkgu" qh" vjg" mg{" qticpkucvkqpcn"
hwpevkqpu"qh"c"eqorcp{="
70"
Gzrnckp"jqy"vq"fgvgtokpg"cpf"rtkqtkvkug"c"hkto"u"kpvgtpcn"uvtgpivju"cpf"
ygcmpguugu=
80"
Fkuewuu" vjg" pcvwtg" cpf" tqng" qh" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" kp"
uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv="
90"
Gzrnckp"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"hkpcpekcn"tcvkq"cpcn{uku."equv1dgpghkv"cpcn{uku."
xcnwg" ejckp" cpcn{uku" cpf" dgpejoctmkpi" cu" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"
vqqnu="cpf"
:0"
Fgxgnqr"cp"Kpvgtpcn"Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KHG+"Ocvtkz0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku" vqrke" hqewugu" qp" kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" c" hktou" uvtgpivju" cpf"
ygcmpguugu" kp" vjg" hwpevkqpcn" ctgcu" qh" dwukpguu." kpenwfkpi" ocpcigogpv."
fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou0" Tgncvkqpujkru" coqpi"
vjgug"ctgcu"qh"dwukpguu"ctg"gzcokpgf0"Uvtcvgike"kornkecvkqpu"qh"vjg"eqpegrvu"
qh" korqtvcpv" hwpevkqpcn" ctgcu" ctg" gzcokpgf0" Vjg" rtqeguu" qh" rgthqtokpi" cp"
kpvgtpcn" cwfkv" ku" fguetkdgf0" Kv" rtqxkfgu" cp" qxgtxkgy" qh" kpvgtpcn" uvtcvgike/
ocpcigogpv" cwfkv" cpf" fguetkdgu" jqy" kv" ku" vq" dg" rgthqtogf0" Kv" jkijnkijvu" vjg"
Tguqwteg/Dcugf" Xkgy" *TDX+" kp" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" cpf" gzrnckpu" vjg" mg{"
kpvgttgncvkqpujkru"coqpi"vjg"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu"qh"dwukpguu0"Vjg"ogvjqfu"cu"vq"
jqy" vq" fgvgtokpg" cpf" rtkqtkvkug" c" hkto" u" kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu"
ctg" gzrnckpgf0" Uwdugswgpvn{." vjg" dcuke" hwpevkqpu" qt" cevkxkvkgu" qh" vjg" mg{"
qticpkucvkqpcn" hwpevkqpu" qh" c" eqorcp{" ctg" fkuewuugf0" Kv" cnuq" jkijnkijvu" vjg"
korqtvcpeg" qh" hkpcpekcn" tcvkq" cpcn{uku." equv1dgpghkv" cpcn{uku." xcnwg" ejckp"
cpcn{uku"cpf"dgpejoctmkpi"cu"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"vqqnu0"Vjgp."yg"yknn"nqqm"
cv" vjg" pcvwtg" cpf" tqng" qh" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" kp" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv0"Hkpcnn{."vjg"Kpvgtpcn"Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KHG+"Ocvtkz"ku"fkuewuugf0"
43
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
Fcxkf."H0"T0"*4234+0"Uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv<"
Eqpegrvu"cpf"ecugu0"Wpkvgf"Mkpifqo<"
Rgctuqp0"
603"
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"cp"Kpvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"346"/"3470
604"
Mg{"Kpvgtpcn"Hqtegu"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"347"/"3480
605"
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Rgthqtokpi"cp"Kpvgtpcn"
Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"348"/"3490
606"
Vjg"Tguqwteg/Dcugf"Xkgy"*TDX+"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"349"/"34:0
607"
Kpvgitcvkpi"Uvtcvgi{"cpf"Ewnvwtg"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"34:"/"3520
608"
Ocpcigogpv"Hwpevkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"352"/"3560
609"
Ocpcigogpv"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"356"/"3560
60:"
Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Octmgvkpi"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3560
60;"
Ewuvqogt"Cpcn{uku"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3560
6032" Ugnnkpi"Rtqfwevu1Ugtxkegu"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"356"/"3580
6033" Rtqfwev"cpf"Ugtxkeg"Rncppkpi"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3580
6034" Rtkekpi"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"358"/"3590
6035" Fkuvtkdwvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3590
6036" Octmgv"Tgugctej"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3590
6037" Equv1Dgpghkv"Cpcn{uku"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"359"/"35:0
6038" Octmgvkpi"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"35:0
6039" Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"35:0
603:" Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"Hwpevkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"35:"/"35;0
603;" Dcuke"V{rgu"qh"Hkpcpekcn"Tcvkqu"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"35;"/"3660
6042" Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3660
6043" Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Rtqfwevkqp1"Qrgtcvkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"367"/"3680
6044" Rtqfwevkqp1Qrgtcvkqpu"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3680
6045" Tgugctej"cpf"Fgxgnqrogpv"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"368"/"3690
6046" Kpvgtpcn"cpf"Gzvgtpcn"T(F"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"369"/"36:0
6047" T(F"Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"36:0
6048" Ocpcigogpv"Kphqtocvkqp"U{uvgou"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"36:0
Cwfkv"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"36:"/"36;0
604:" Xcnwg"Ejckp"Cpcn{uku"*XEC+"
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"36;"/"3730
604;" Dgpejoctmkpi"
Ejcrvgt"6."r"3730
6052" Vjg"Kpvgtpcn"Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KHG+"
Ocvtkz
Ejcrvgt"6."rr"374"/"3750
44
STUDY GUIDE
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
603""
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"cp"Kpvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
"
Cnn" qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguu" kp" vjg" hwpevkqpcn"

ctgcu" qh" dwukpguu0" Pq" gpvgtrtkug" ku" gswcnn{" uvtqpi" qt" ygcm" kp" cnn"
hwpevkqpcn" ctgcu0" C" eqorcp{" oc{" dg" mpqyp" hqt" kvu" gzegnngpv"
rtqfwevkqp"cpf"rtqfwev"fgukip."yjgtgcu"cpqvjgt"hkto"oc{"dg"mpqyp"
hqt"kvu"uwrgtd"octmgvkpi"uvtcvgi{0"Kpvgtpcn"uvtgpivju"cpf"ygcmpguugu."
eqwrngf"ykvj"gzvgtpcn"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vjtgcvu"cpf"c"engct"uvcvgogpv"
qh" okuukqp." rtqxkfg" vjg" dcuku" hqt" guvcdnkujkpi" qdlgevkxgu" cpf"
uvtcvgikgu0" Qdlgevkxgu" cpf" uvtcvgikgu" ctg" guvcdnkujgf" ykvj" vjg"
kpvgpvkqp" qh" ecrkvcnkukpi" wrqp" kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju" cpf" qxgteqokpi"
ygcmpguugu0
604"""
Mg{"Kpvgtpcn"Hqtegu""
"
Kp" cp" kpvgtpcn" " cwfkv." kpvgtpcn" hqtegu" tghgt" vq" vjg" uvtgpivju" cpf"
ygcmpguugu"qh"vjg"xctkqwu"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqpu."uwej"
cu" cfokpkuvtcvkqp" cpf" ocpcigogpv." octmgvkpi." rtqfwevkqp1"
qrgtcvkqpu." ceeqwpvkpi1" hkpcpeg." tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv." cpf"
ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou0" Fkhhgtgpv" v{rgu" qh" qticpkucvkqpu"
jcxg"fkhhgtgpv"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu0"Kp"c"jqurkvcn."vjg"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu"oc{"
kpenwfg" ectfkqnqi{." jcgocvqnqi{." pwtukpi." ockpvgpcpeg." rj{ukekcp"
uwrrqtv."cpf"gogtigpe{"wpkv0"Vjg"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu"qh"c"wpkxgtukv{"ecp"
dg"encuukhkgf"kpvq"cecfgoke"cpf"pqp/cecfgoke"fgrctvogpvu0"C"hktou"
uvtgpivju" vjcv" ecppqv" dg" gcukn{" ocvejgf" qt" kokvcvgf" d{" eqorgvkvqtu"
ctg" ecnngf" fkuvkpevkxg" eqorgvgpekgu0" Dwknfkpi" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig"
kpxqnxgu" vcmkpi" cfxcpvcig" qh" fkuvkpevkxg" eqorgvgpekgu0" Cnn" hktou"
ujqwnf" eqpvkpwcnn{" uvtkxg" " vq" kortqxg" qp" vjgkt" ygcmpguugu." vwtpkpi"
vjgo" kpvq" uvtgpivju." cpf" wnvkocvgn{" fgxgnqrkpi" fkuvkpevkxg"
eqorgvgpekgu" vjcv" ecp" rtqxkfg" vjg" hkto" ykvj" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig"
qxgt"tkxcn"hktou0"
605"""
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Rgthqtokpi"cp"Kpvgtpcn"Cwfkv"
"
Vjg" rtqeguu" qh" rgthqtokpi" cp" kpvgtpcn" cwfkv" enqugn{" rctcnngnu" vjg"
rtqeguu" qh" rgthqtokpi" cp" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv0" Tgrtgugpvcvkxg" ocpcigtu"
cpf" gornq{ggu" htqo" vjtqwijqwv" vjg" hkto" pggf" vq" dg" kpxqnxgf" kp"
fgvgtokpkpi" c" hktou" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu0" Vjg" kpvgtpcn" cwfkv"
tgswktgu" icvjgtkpi" cpf" cuukokncvkpi" kphqtocvkqp" cdqwv" vjg" hktou"
ocpcigogpv." octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi." rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqpu."
tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv" *T(F+." cpf" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp"
u{uvgou" qrgtcvkqpu0" Mg{" hcevqtu" ujqwnf" dg" rtkqtkvkugf" uq" vjcv" vjg"
45
STUDY GUIDE
hktou" oquv" korqtvcpv" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" ecp" dg" fgvgtokpgf"

eqnngevkxgn{0"
"""""""""
"
Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ku" c" jkijn{" kpvgtcevkxg" rtqeguu" vjcv" tgswktgu"
ghhgevkxg" eqqtfkpcvkqp" coqpi" vjg" fkhhgtgpv" hwpevkqpcn" ctgcu" qh" cp"
qticpkucvkqp0" Kvu" uweeguu" tgswktgu" vjcv" ocpcigtu" cpf" gornq{ggu"
htqo"hwpevkqpcn"ctgcu"yqtm"vqigvjgt"vq"rtqxkfg"kfgcu"cpf"kphqtocvkqp0"
C" mg{" vq" qticpkucvkqpcn" uweeguu" ku" ghhgevkxg" eqqtfkpcvkqp" cpf"
wpfgtuvcpfkpi" coqpi" ocpcigtu" htqo" cnn" hwpevkqpcn" dwukpguu" ctgcu0"
Vjtqwij"kpxqnxgogpv"kp"rgthqtokpi"cp"kpvgtpcn"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"
cwfkv."ocpcigtu"qh"vjg"hkto"eqog"vq"wpfgtuvcpf"vjg"pcvwtg"cpf"ghhgev"
qh" fgekukqpu" kp" qvjgt" hwpevkqpcn" dwukpguu" ctgcu" kp" vjgkt" hkto0"
Mpqyngfig" qh" vjgug" ku" etkvkecn" hqt" ghhgevkxgn{" guvcdnkujkpi" qdlgevkxgu"
cpf"uvtcvgikgu0""
606""
Vjg"Tguqwteg/Dcugf"Xkgy"*TDX+"
"
Vjg"Tguqwteg/Dcugf"Xkgy"*TDX+"crrtqcej"vq"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig"
eqpvgpfu" vjcv" kpvgtpcn" tguqwtegu" ctg" oqtg" korqtvcpv" hqt" c" hkto" vjcp"
gzvgtpcn"hcevqtu"kp"cejkgxkpi"cpf"uwuvckpkpi"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig0"Kp"
eqpvtcuv"vq"vjg"K1Q"vjgqt{."rtqrqpgpvu"qh"vjg"TDX"xkgy"eqpvgpf"vjcv"
qticpkucvkqpcn" rgthqtocpeg" yknn" rtkoctkn{" dg" fgvgtokpgf" d{" kpvgtpcn"
tguqwtegu" vjcv" ecp" dg" itqwrgf" kpvq" vjtgg" cnn/gpeqorcuukpi"
ecvgiqtkgu<"rj{ukecn"tguqwtegu."jwocp"tguqwtegu."cpf"qticpkucvkqpcn"
tguqwtegu0" Rj{ukecn" tguqwtegu" kpenwfg" cnn" rncpv" cpf" gswkrogpv."
nqecvkqp." vgejpqnqi{." tcy" ocvgtkcnu." ocejkpgu=" jwocp" tguqwtegu"
kpenwfg" cnn" gornq{ggu." vtckpkpi." gzrgtkgpeg." kpvgnnkigpeg." mpqyngfig."
umknnu." cdknkvkgu=" cpf" qticpkucvkqpcn" tguqwtegu" kpenwfg" hkto" uvtwevwtg."
rncppkpi" rtqeguugu." kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou." rcvgpvu." vtcfgoctmu."
eqr{tkijvu." cpf" fcvcdcugu0" TDX" vjgqt{" cuugtvu" vjcv" tguqwtegu" ctg"
cevwcnn{"yjcv"jgnru"c"hkto"gzrnqkv"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"pgwvtcnkug"vjtgcvu0""
"
Vjg" dcuke" rtgokug" qh" vjg" TDX" ku" vjcv" vjg" okz." v{rg." coqwpv." cpf"
pcvwtg" qh" c" hktou" kpvgtpcn" tguqwtegu" ujqwnf" dg" eqpukfgtgf" hktuv" cpf"
hqtgoquv" kp" fgxkukpi" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" ecp" ngcf" vq" uwuvckpcdng"
eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig0"Hqt"c"tguqwteg"vq"dg"xcnwcdng."kv"owuv"gkvjgt"
dg" *3+" tctg." *4+" jctf" vq" kokvcvg." qt" *5+" pqv" gcukn{" uwduvkvwvcdng0" Qhvgp"
ecnngf" gorktkecn" kpfkecvqtu." vjgug" vjtgg" ejctcevgtkuvkeu" qh" tguqwtegu"
gpcdng"c"hkto"vq"korngogpv"uvtcvgikgu"vjcv"kortqxg"kvu"ghhkekgpe{"cpf"
ghhgevkxgpguu" cpf" ngcf" vq" c" uwuvckpcdng" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig0" Vjg"
TDX" jcu" eqpvkpwgf" vq" itqy" kp" rqrwnctkv{" cpf" eqpvkpwgu" vq" uggm" c"
dgvvgt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" vjg" tgncvkqpujkru" dgvyggp" tguqwtegu" cpf"
uwuvckpgf" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig" kp" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv0" Jgpeg."
wpfgtuvcpfkpi" dqvj" gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu." cpf" oqtg"
46
STUDY GUIDE
korqtvcpvn{."wpfgtuvcpfkpi"vjg"tgncvkqpujkru"coqpi"vjgo."yknn"dg"vjg"
mg{"vq"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp0"
607"""
Kpvgitcvkpi"Uvtcvgi{"cpf"Ewnvwtg" "
"
Qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" ecp" dg" fghkpgf" cu" c" rcvvgtp" qh" vjcv" jcu"
dggp" fgxgnqrgf" d{" cp" qticpkucvkqp" cu" kv" ngctpu" vq" eqrg" ykvj" kvu"
rtqdngo" qh" gzvgtpcn" cfcrvcvkqp" cpf" kpvgtpcn" kpvgitcvkqp." cpf" vjcv"
jcu"yqtmgf"ygnn"gpqwij"vq"dg"eqpukfgtgf"xcnkf"cpf"vq"dg"vcwijv"vq"
pgy" ogodgtu" cu" vjg" eqttgev" yc{" vq" rgtegkxg." vjkpm." cpf" hggn0fi"
Qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" ecrvwtgu" vjg" uwdvng." gnwukxg." cpf" nctign{"
wpeqpuekqwu" hqtegu" vjcv"ujcrg" c" yqtmrnceg0" Tgoctmcdn{" tgukuvcpv"
vq"ejcpig."ewnvwtg"ecp"tgrtgugpv"c"oclqt"uvtgpivj"qt"ygcmpguu"hqt"
vjg" hkto0" Kv" ecp" dg" cp" wpfgtn{kpi" tgcuqp" hqt" uvtgpivju" qt"
ygcmpguugu"kp"cp{"qh"vjg"oclqt"dwukpguu"hwpevkqpu0"Kv"ku"cp"curgev"
qh" c" eqorcp{" vjcv" owuv" dg" gorjcukugf" kp" rgthqtokpi" cp" kpvgtpcn"
uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" cwfkv" dgecwug" ewnvwtg" cpf" uvtcvgi{" owuv"
yqtm"vqigvjgt0
"
Vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" vcmgu" rnceg" nctign{" ykvjkp" c"

rctvkewnct" qticpkucvkqpu" ewnvwtg0" Cp" qticpkucvkqpu" ewnvwtg" owuv"
uwrrqtv" vjg" eqnngevkxg" eqookvogpv" qh" kvu" rgqrng" vq" c" eqooqp"
rwtrqug0" Kv" owuv" hquvgt" eqorgvgpeg" cpf" gpvjwukcuo" coqpi"
ocpcigtu" cpf" gornq{ggu0" " Kv" cnuq" ukipkhkecpvn{" chhgevu" kvu" dwukpguu"
fgekukqpu" cpf" vjwu" owuv" dg" gxcnwcvgf" fwtkpi" cp" kpvgtpcn" uvtcvgike/
ocpcigogpv"cwfkv0"Kv"ku"korqtvcpv"hqt"uvtcvgikuvu"vq"wpfgtuvcpf"vjcv"c"
hkto" ku" c" uqekq/ewnvwtcn" u{uvgo0" Uweeguu" ku" qhvgp" fgvgtokpgf" d{"
nkpmcigu" dgvyggp" c" hktou" ewnvwtg" cpf" uvtcvgikgu0" Vjg" ejcnngpig" qh"
uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" vqfc{" ku" vq" dtkpi" cdqwv" vjg" ejcpigu" kp"
qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" cpf" kpfkxkfwcn" okpf/ugvu" vjcv" ctg" pggfgf" vq"
uwrrqtv"vjg"hqtowncvkqp."korngogpvcvkqp."cpf"gxcnwcvkqp"qh"uvtcvgikgu0"
608"""
Ocpcigogpv"Hwpevkqpu"
"
Vjg" hwpevkqpu" qh" ocpcigogpv" eqpukuv" qh" hkxg" dcuke" cevkxkvkgu<"

rncppkpi." qticpkukpi." oqvkxcvkpi." uvchhkpi." cpf" eqpvtqnnkpi0" Vjgug"
cevkxkvkgu" ctg" korqtvcpv" vq" cuuguu" kp" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" dgecwug" cp"
qticpkucvkqp" ujqwnf" eqpvkpwcnn{" ecrkvcnkug" qp" kvu" ocpcigogpv"
uvtgpivju"cpf"kortqxg"qp"kvu"ocpcigogpv"ygcm"ctgcu0""
*c+
"
Rncppkpi"Hwpevkqp
Rncppkpi" ku" vjg" rtqeguu" d{" yjkej" cp" kpfkxkfwcn" fgvgtokpgu"
yjgvjgt"vq"cvvgorv"c"vcum."yqtmu"qwv"vjg"oquv"ghhgevkxg"yc{"qh"
tgcejkpi" fguktgf" qdlgevkxgu." cpf" rtgrctgu" vq" qxgteqog"
wpgzrgevgf"fkhhkewnvkgu"ykvj"cfgswcvg"tguqwtegu0"Rncppkpi"ku"vjg"
47
STUDY GUIDE
eqtpgtuvqpg" qh" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp0" Kv" " ku" eqpukfgtgf"

vjg" hqwpfcvkqp" qh" ocpcigogpv0" Kv" jgnru" c" hkto" vq" cejkgxg" dqvj"
kvu" ujqtv/vgto" cpf" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu" vjtqwij" qrvkokucvkqp" qh"
qticpkucvkqpcn" tguqwtegu0" Kv" ecp" jcxg" c" rqukvkxg" korcev" qp"
qticpkucvkqpcn" cpf" kpfkxkfwcn" rgthqtocpeg0" C" hkto" ecp" fgxgnqr"
u{pgti{" vjtqwij" rncppkpi0" Oqtg" korqtvcpvn{." kv" cnnqyu" c" hkto" vq"
cfcrv" vq" ejcpikpi" octmgvu0" Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ecp" dg"
xkgygf"cu"c"hqtocn"rncppkpi"rtqeguu"vjcv"cnnqyu"cp"qticpkucvkqp"
vq"rwtuwg"rtqcevkxg"tcvjgt"vjcp"tgcevkxg"uvtcvgikgu0"
*d+
"
Qticpkukpi"Hwpevkqp
Vjg" rwtrqug" qh" qticpkukpi" ku" vq" cejkgxg" eqqtfkpcvgf" ghhqtvu" d{"
fghkpkpi" vcumu" cpf" cwvjqtkv{" tgncvkqpujkru0" Qticpkukpi" ogcpu"
fgvgtokpkpi" yjq" fqgu" yjcv" cpf" yjq" tgrqtvu" vq" yjqo0" Vjg"
qticpkukpi"hwpevkqp"qh"ocpcigogpv"ecp"dg"xkgygf"cu"eqpukuvkpi"
qh" vjtgg" ugswgpvkcn" cevkxkvkgu<" dtgcmkpi" fqyp" vcumu" kpvq" lqdu"
*yqtm" urgekcnkucvkqp+." eqodkpkpi" lqdu" vq" hqto" fgrctvogpvu"
*fgrctvogpvcnkucvkqp+." cpf" fgngicvkpi" cwvjqtkv{0" C" ygnn/
qticpkugf" hkto" igpgtcnn{" jcu" oqvkxcvgf" ocpcigtu" cpf"
gornq{ggu" yjq" ctg" eqookvvgf" vq" uggkpi" vjg" qticpkucvkqp"
uweeggf0" Tguqwtegu" ctg" cnnqecvgf" oqtg" ghhgevkxgn{" cpf" wugf"
oqtg" ghhkekgpvn{" kp" c" ygnn/qticpkugf" hkto" vjcp" kp" c" fkuqticpkugf"
hkto0
*e+
"
Oqvkxcvkpi"Hwpevkqp
Oqvkxcvkpi"ecp"dg"fghkpgf"cu"vjg"rtqeguu"qh"kphnwgpekpi"rgqrng"
vq" ceeqornkuj" urgekhke" qdlgevkxgu0" Vjg" oqvkxcvkpi" hwpevkqp" qh"
ocpcigogpv" kpenwfgu" hqwt" oclqt" eqorqpgpvu<" ngcfgtujkr."
itqwr" f{pcokeu." eqoowpkecvkqp." cpf" qticpkucvkqpcn" ejcpig0"
Ghhgevkxg" ngcfgtu" kpurktg" ocpcigtu" cpf" gornq{ggu" kp" c" hkto" vq"
uvtkxg"hqt"cejkgxkpi"jkij"ngxgnu"qh"rgthqtocpeg"cpf"rtqfwevkxkv{0""
Ngcfgtujkr"kpenwfgu"fgxgnqrkpi"c"xkukqp"qh"vjg"hktou"hwvwtg"cpf"
kpurktkpi" rgqrng" vq" yqtm" jctf" vq" cejkgxg" vjcv" xkukqp0" Itqwr"
f{pcokeu" rnc{" c" oclqt" tqng" kp" gornq{gg" oqtcng" cpf"
ucvkuhcevkqp0" Uvtcvgikuvu" ujqwnf" kfgpvkh{" vjg" eqorqukvkqp" cpf"
pcvwtg"qh"kphqtocn"itqwru"kp"cp"qticpkucvkqp"vq"hceknkvcvg"uvtcvgi{"
hqtowncvkqp." korngogpvcvkqp." cpf" gxcnwcvkqp0" Eqoowpkecvkqp" ku"
c" oclqt" eqorqpgpv" kp" oqvkxcvkqp0" Cp" qticpkucvkqpu" u{uvgo" qh"
eqoowpkecvkqp" fgvgtokpgu" yjgvjgt" uvtcvgikgu" ecp" dg"
korngogpvgf" uweeguuhwnn{0" Vjgtghqtg." c" rtkoct{" tgcuqp" hqt"
kpuvkvwvkpi" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ku" vq" dwknf" cpf" uwrrqtv"
ghhgevkxg"eqoowpkecvkqp"pgvyqtmu"vjtqwijqwv"vjg"hkto0"
48
STUDY GUIDE
*f+
"
Uvchhkpi"Hwpevkqp
Vjg" ocpcigogpv" hwpevkqp" qh" uvchh." cnuq" ecnngf" rgtuqppgn"
ocpcigogpv" qt" jwocp" tguqwteg" ocpcigogpv." kpenwfgu"
cevkxkvkgu" uwej" cu" tgetwkvkpi." kpvgtxkgykpi." ugngevkpi." qtkgpvkpi."
vtckpkpi." fgxgnqrkpi." gxcnwcvkpi." tgyctfkpi." fkuekrnkpkpi."
rtqoqvkpi." vtcpuhgttkpi." cpf" ocpcikpi" wpkqp" tgncvkqpu0" Uvchhkpi"
cevkxkvkgu" rnc{" c" oclqt" tqng" kp" uvtcvgi{/korngogpvcvkqp" ghhqtvu0"
Vjgtghqtg." jwocp" tguqwteg" ocpcigtu" ctg" dgeqokpi" oqtg"
cevkxgn{" kpxqnxgf" kp" vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu0" Kv" ku"
korqtvcpv" vq" kfgpvkh{" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" kp" vjg" uvchhkpi"
ctgc0" Vjg" jwocp" tguqwtegu" fgrctvogpv" eqqtfkpcvgu" uvchhkpi"
fgekukqpu"kp"vjg"hkto."uq"vjcv"cp"qticpkucvkqp"cu"c"yjqng"oggvu"
vjg" ngicn" tgswktgogpvu0" Vjku" fgrctvogpv" cnuq" rtqxkfgu" pggfgf"
eqpukuvgpe{" kp" cfokpkuvgtkpi" eqorcp{" twngu." ycigu." rqnkekgu."
cpf"gornq{gg"dgpghkvu."cpf"eqnngevkxg"dctickpkpi"ykvj"wpkqpu0"
*g+
"
Eqpvtqnnkpi"Hwpevkqp
Vjg" eqpvtqnnkpi" hwpevkqp" qh" ocpcigogpv" kpenwfgu" cnn" qh" vjqug"
cevkxkvkgu" wpfgtvcmgp" vq" gpuwtg" vjcv" cevwcn" qrgtcvkqpu" eqphqto"
vq" rncppgf" qrgtcvkqpu0" Cnn" ocpcigtu" kp" c" eqorcp{" jcxg"
eqpvtqnnkpi" tgurqpukdknkvkgu" uwej" cu" eqpfwevkpi" rgthqtocpeg"
gxcnwcvkqp" cpf" vcmkpi" pgeguuct{" cevkqpu" vq" okpkokug"
kpghhkekgpekgu0" Vjg" eqpvtqnnkpi" hwpevkqp" qh" ocpcigogpv" ku"
rctvkewnctn{" korqtvcpv" hqt" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgi{" gxcnwcvkqp0"
Eqpvtqnnkpi"eqpukuvu"qh"hqwt"dcuke"uvgru<""
*k+"
Guvcdnkujkpi"rgthqtocpeg"uvcpfctfu0"
*kk+"
Ogcuwtkpi"kpfkxkfwcn"cpf"qticpkucvkqpcn"rgthqtocpeg0"
*kkk+" Eqorctkpi" cevwcn" rgthqtocpeg" vq" rncppgf" rgthqtocpeg"

uvcpfctfu0"
*kx+" Vcmkpi"eqttgevkxg"cevkqpu0"
609"""
Ocpcigogpv"Cwfkv""""
"
Vjg"hqnnqykpi"swguvkqpu"ctg"cumgf"kp"c"ocpcigogpv"wpkv<"
*c+" Fq"ocpcigtu"fgngicvg"cwvjqtkv{"ygnnA"
*d+" Ku"vjg"qticpkucvkqpu"uvtwevwtg"crrtqrtkcvgA"
*e+"
Ctg"lqd"fguetkrvkqpu"cpf"lqd"urgekhkecvkqpu"engctA"
*f+" Ku"gornq{gg"oqtcng"jkijA"
49
STUDY GUIDE
*g+" Ctg"gornq{gg"vwtpqxgt"cpf"cdugpvggkuo"nqyA"
*h+"
Ctg"qticpkucvkqpcn"tgyctf"cpf"eqpvtqn"ogejcpkuou"ghhgevkxgA"
Swguvkqpu"cdqwv"ocpcigogpv"cwfkv"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Fqgu"vjg"hkto"wug"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"eqpegrvuA"
*d+" Ctg" eqorcp{" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" iqcnu" ogcuwtcdng" cpf" ygnn"
eqoowpkecvgfA
*e+"
Fq"ocpcigtu"cv"cnn"jkgtctejkecn"ngxgnu"rncp"ghhgevkxgn{A"
*f+" Fq"ocpcigtu"fgngicvg"cwvjqtkv{"ygnnA"
*g+" Ku"vjg"qticpkucvkqpu"uvtwevwtg"crrtqrtkcvgA"
*h+"
Ctg"lqd"fguetkrvkqpu"cpf"lqd"urgekhkecvkqpu"engctA"
*i+" Ku"gornq{gg"oqtcng"jkijA"
*j+" Ctg"gornq{gg"vwtpqxgt"cpf"cdugpvggkuo"nqyA"
*k+"
Ctg"qticpkucvkqpcn"tgyctf"cpf"eqpvtqn"ogejcpkuou"ghhgevkxgA"
60:""
Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Octmgvkpi"
"
Octmgvkpi" ecp" dg" fguetkdgf" cu" vjg" rtqeguu" qh" fghkpkpi." cpvkekrcvkpi."
etgcvkpi." cpf" hwnhknnkpi" ewuvqogtu" pggfu" cpf" ycpvu" hqt" rtqfwevu" cpf"
ugtxkegu0"Vjg"ugxgp"dcuke"hwpevkqpu"qh"octmgvkpi"ctg<"
*c+" Ewuvqogt"cpcn{uku=""
*d+" Ugnnkpi"rtqfwevu1ugtxkegu=""
*e+"
Rtqfwev"cpf"ugtxkeg"rncppkpi=""
*f+" Rtkekpi=""
*g+" Fkuvtkdwvkqp=""
*h+"
Octmgvkpi"tgugctej="cpf""
*i+" Qrrqtvwpkv{"cpcn{uku0""
"
Wpfgtuvcpfkpi"vjgug"hwpevkqpu"jgnru"uvtcvgikuvu"kfgpvkh{"cpf"gxcnwcvg"
octmgvkpi"uvtgpivju"cpf"ygcmpguugu0"
50
STUDY GUIDE
60;""
Ewuvqogt"Cpcn{uku"
"
Ewuvqogt" cpcn{uku" ku" vjg" gzcokpcvkqp" cpf" gxcnwcvkqp" qh" eqpuwogt"

pggfu." fguktgu." cpf" ycpvu0" Kv" kpxqnxgu" cfokpkuvgtkpi" ewuvqogt"
uwtxg{u." cpcn{ukpi" eqpuwogt" kphqtocvkqp." gxcnwcvkpi" octmgv"
rqukvkqpkpi"uvtcvgikgu."fgxgnqrkpi"ewuvqogt"rtqhkngu."cpf"fgvgtokpkpi"
qrvkocn" octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" uvtcvgikgu0" Vjg" kphqtocvkqp" igpgtcvgf"
d{" ewuvqogt" cpcn{uku" ecp" dg" guugpvkcn" kp" fgxgnqrkpi" cp" ghhgevkxg"
okuukqp" uvcvgogpv0" Ewuvqogt" rtqhkngu" ecp" tgxgcn" vjg" fgoqitcrjke"
ejctcevgtkuvkeu" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" ewuvqogtu0" Dw{gtu." ugnngtu."
fkuvtkdwvqtu."ucngurgqrng."ocpcigtu."yjqngucngtu."tgvckngtu."uwrrnkgtu."
cpf" etgfkvqtu" ecp" cnn" rctvkekrcvg" kp" icvjgtkpi" kphqtocvkqp" vq"
uweeguuhwnn{" kfgpvkh{" ewuvqogtu" pggfu" cpf" ycpvu0" Uweeguuhwn"
qticpkucvkqpu" eqpvkpwcnn{" oqpkvqt" rtgugpv" cpf" rqvgpvkcn" ewuvqogtu"
dw{kpi"rcvvgtpu"cpf"dgjcxkqwt0""
6032"" Ugnnkpi"Rtqfwevu1Ugtxkegu""
"
Uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" igpgtcnn{" fgrgpfu" qp" vjg" cdknkv{"

qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp"vq"ugnn"uqog"rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkegu0"Ugnnkpi"kpenwfgu"
ocp{" octmgvkpi" cevkxkvkgu." uwej" cu" cfxgtvkukpi." ucngu" rtqoqvkqp."
rwdnkekv{." rgtuqpcn" ugnnkpi." ucngu" hqteg" ocpcigogpv." ewuvqogt"
tgncvkqpu."cpf"fgcngt"tgncvkqpu0"Vjgug"cevkxkvkgu"ctg"gurgekcnn{"etkvkecn"
yjgp"c"hkto"rwtuwgu"c"octmgv"rgpgvtcvkqp"uvtcvgi{0"Vjg"ghhgevkxgpguu"
qh" xctkqwu" ugnnkpi" vqqnu" hqt" eqpuwogt" cpf" kpfwuvtkcn" rtqfwevu" xctkgu0"
Rgtuqpcn" ugnnkpi" ku" oquv" korqtvcpv" hqt" kpfwuvtkcn" iqqfu" eqorcpkgu."
yjgtgcu" cfxgtvkukpi" ku" oquv" ghhgevkxg" hqt" eqpuwogt" iqqfu"
eqorcpkgu0" Vqfc{." Kpvgtpgv" cfxgtvkukpi" jcu" dgeqog" kpetgcukpin{"
korqtvcpv"kp"ugnnkpi"rtqfwevu"cpf"ugtxkegu0"Fgvgtokpkpi"qticpkucvkqpcn"
uvtgpivju"cpf"ygcmpguugu"kp"vjg"ugnnkpi"hwpevkqpu"qh"octmgvkpi"ku"cp"
korqtvcpv"rctv"qh"rgthqtokpi"cp"kpvgtpcn"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"cwfkv0""
6033"" Rtqfwev"cpf"Ugtxkeg"Rncppkpi"
"
Rtqfwev" cpf" ugtxkeg" rncppkpi" kpenwfgu" cevkxkvkgu" uwej" cu" vguv"

octmgvkpi=" rtqfwev" cpf" dtcpf" rqukvkqpkpi=" fgxkukpi" ycttcpvkgu="
rcemcikpi=" fgvgtokpkpi" rtqfwev" qrvkqpu." hgcvwtgu." uv{ng." cpf" swcnkv{="
fgngvkpi" qnf" rtqfwevu=" cpf" rtqxkfkpi" hqt" ewuvqogt" ugtxkeg0" Rtqfwev"
cpf" ugtxkeg" rncppkpi" ku" rctvkewnctn{" korqtvcpv" yjgp" c" eqorcp{" ku"
rwtuwkpi" rtqfwev" fgxgnqrogpv" qt" fkxgtukhkecvkqp0" Qpg" qh" vjg" oquv"
ghhgevkxg" rtqfwev" cpf" ugtxkeg" rncppkpi" vgejpkswg" ku" vguv" octmgvkpi0"
Vguv"octmgvu"cnnqy"cp"qticpkucvkqp"vq"vguv"cnvgtpcvkxg"octmgvkpi"rncpu"
cpf" vq" hqtgecuv" hwvwtg" ucngu" qh" pgy" rtqfwevu0" Kv" ku" wugf" oqtg"
htgswgpvn{" d{" eqpuwogt" iqqfu" eqorcpkgu" vjcp" d{" kpfwuvtkcn" iqqfu"
eqorcpkgu0" Vguv" octmgvkpi" ecp" cnnqy" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" cxqkf"
51
STUDY GUIDE
uwduvcpvkcn" nquugu" d{" tgxgcnkpi" ygcm" rtqfwevu" cpf" kpghhgevkxg"

octmgvkpi"crrtqcejgu"dghqtg"nctig/uecng"rtqfwevkqp"dgikpu0"""
6034"" Rtkekpi"
"
Hkxg" oclqt" uvcmgjqnfgtu" chhgev" rtkekpi" fgekukqpu<" eqpuwogtu."

iqxgtpogpvu." uwrrnkgtu." fkuvtkdwvqtu." cpf" eqorgvkvqtu0" Cp"
qticpkucvkqp" yknn" rwtuwg" c" hqtyctf" kpvgitcvkqp" uvtcvgi{" rtkoctkn{" vq"
ickp" dgvvgt" eqpvtqn" qxgt" rtkegu" ejctigf" vq" eqpuwogtu0" Eqorgvkpi"
qticpkucvkqpu" owuv" dg" ectghwn" pqv" vq" eqqtfkpcvg" fkueqwpvu." etgfkv"
vgtou."qt"eqpfkvkqp"qh"ucng="pqv"vq"fkuewuu"rtkegu."octm/wru."cpf"equvu"
cv"vtcfg"cuuqekcvkqp"oggvkpiu="pqv"vq"cttcpig"vq"kuuwg"pgy"rtkeg"nkuvu"
qp" vjg" ucog" fcvg." vq" tqvcvg" nqy" dkfu" qp" eqpvtcev." qt" vq" wpkhqton{"
tguvtkev" rtqfwevkqp" vq" ockpvckp" jkij" rtkegu0" Uvtcvgikuvu" ujqwnf" xkgy"
rtkeg" htqo" dqvj" ujqtv/twp" cpf" nqpi/twp" rgturgevkxgu." dgecwug"
eqorgvkvqtu" ecp" eqr{" rtkeg" ejcpigu" ykvj" tgncvkxg" gcug0" Qhvgp." c"
fqokpcpv"hkto"yknn"ciitguukxgn{"ocvej"cnn"rtkeg"ewvu"d{"eqorgvkvqtu0"
6035"" Fkuvtkdwvkqp"
"
Fkuvtkdwvkqp" kpenwfgu" yctgjqwukpi." fkuvtkdwvkqp" ejcppgnu." fkuvtkdwvkqp"

eqxgtcig." tgvckn" ukvg" nqecvkqpu." ucngu" vgttkvqtkgu." kpxgpvqt{" ngxgnu" cpf"
nqecvkqp." vtcpurqtvcvkqp." yjqngucnkpi." cpf" tgvcknkpi0" Oquv" rtqfwegtu"
vqfc{" fq" pqv" ugnn" vjgkt" iqqfu" fktgevn{" vq" eqpuwogtu=" kpuvgcf." xctkqwu"
octmgvkpi" gpvkvkgu" cev" cu" kpvgtogfkctkgu0" Vjg{" dgct" c" xctkgv{" qh"
pcogu" uwej" cu" yjqngucngtu." tgvckngtu." dtqmgtu." hceknkvcvqtu." cigpvu."
xgpfqtu." qt" ukorn{" fkuvtkdwvqtu0" Fkuvtkdwvkqp" dgeqogu" gurgekcnn{"
korqtvcpv"yjgp"c"hkto"ku"uvtkxkpi"vq"korngogpv"c"octmgv"fgxgnqrogpv"
qt" hqtyctf" kpvgitcvkqp" uvtcvgi{0" Uqog" qh" vjg" oquv" eqorngz" cpf"
ejcnngpikpi" fgekukqpu" hcegf" d{" c" hkto" eqpegtp" rtqfwev" fkuvtkdwvkqp0"
Uweeguuhwn" qticpkucvkqpu" kfgpvkh{" cpf" gxcnwcvg" cnvgtpcvkxg" yc{u" vq"
tgcej" vjgkt" wnvkocvg" octmgv0" Rquukdng" crrtqcejgu" xct{" htqo" fktgev"
ugnnkpi"vq"wukpi"lwuv"qpg"qt"ocp{"yjqngucngtu"cpf"tgvckngtu0"Uvtgpivju"
cpf" ygcmpguugu" qh" gcej" ejcppgn" cnvgtpcvkxg" ujqwnf" dg" fgvgtokpgf"
ceeqtfkpi" vq" geqpqoke." eqpvtqn." cpf" cfcrvkxg" etkvgtkc0" Qticpkucvkqpu"
ujqwnf" eqpukfgt" vjg" equvu" cpf" dgpghkvu" qh" xctkqwu" yjqngucnkpi" cpf"
tgvcknkpi" qrvkqpu0" Vjg{" owuv" eqpukfgt" vjg" pggf" vq" oqvkxcvg" cpf"
eqpvtqn" ejcppgn" ogodgtu" cpf" vjg" pggf" vq" cfcrv" vq" ejcpigu" kp" vjg"
hwvwtg0
52
STUDY GUIDE
6036"" Octmgv"Tgugctej"
"
Octmgv"tgugctej"ku"vjg"u{uvgocvke"icvjgtkpi."tgeqtfkpi."cpf"cpcn{ukpi"
qh" fcvc" cdqwv" rtqdngou" tgncvkpi" vq" vjg" octmgvkpi" qh" iqqfu" cpf"
ugtxkegu0" Octmgvkpi" tgugctej" ecp" wpeqxgt" etkvkecn" uvtgpivju" cpf"
ygcmpguugu." cpf" octmgvkpi" tgugctejgtu" gornq{" pwogtqwu" uecngu."
kpuvtwogpvu." rtqegfwtgu." eqpegrvu." cpf" vgejpkswgu" vq" icvjgt"
kphqtocvkqp0" Octmgvkpi" tgugctej" cevkxkvkgu" uwrrqtv" cnn" qh" vjg" oclqt"
dwukpguu" hwpevkqpu" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqp0" Qticpkucvkqpu" vjcv" rquuguu"
gzegnngpv" octmgvkpi" tgugctej" umknnu" jcxg" c" fghkpkvg" uvtgpivj" kp"
rwtuwkpi"igpgtke"uvtcvgikgu0"
6037"" Equv1Dgpghkv"Cpcn{uku"
"
Vjg" hwpevkqp" qh" equv1dgpghkv" cpcn{uku" kpxqnxgu" cuuguukpi" vjg" equvu."

dgpghkvu."cpf"tkumu"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"octmgvkpi"fgekukqpu0"Vjtgg"uvgru"
ctg"tgswktgf"vq"rgthqto"c"equv1dgpghkv"cpcn{uku<"*3+"eqorwvg"vjg"vqvcn"
equvu"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"c"fgekukqp."*4+"guvkocvg"vjg"vqvcn"dgpghkvu"htqo"
vjg" fgekukqp." cpf" *5+" eqorctg" vjg" vqvcn" equvu" ykvj" vqvcn" dgpghkvu0"
Yjgp"gzrgevgf"dgpghkvu"gzeggf"vqvcn"equvu."cp"qrrqtvwpkv{"dgeqogu"
oqtg" cvvtcevkxg0" Uqogvkogu" vjg" xctkcdngu" kpenwfgf" kp" c" equv1dgpghkv"
cpcn{uku" ecppqv" dg" swcpvkhkgf" qt" gxgp" ogcuwtgf." dwv" wuwcnn{"
tgcuqpcdng" guvkocvgu" ecp" dg" ocfg" vq" cnnqy" vjg" cpcn{uku" vq" dg"
rgthqtogf0" Qpg" mg{" hcevqt" vq" dg" eqpukfgtgf" ku" tkum0" Equv1dgpghkv"
cpcn{uku" ujqwnf" cnuq" dg" rgthqtogf" yjgp" c" eqorcp{" ku" gxcnwcvkpi"
cnvgtpcvkxg"yc{u"vq"dg"uqekcnn{"tgurqpukdng0"
6038"" Octmgvkpi"Cwfkv""
"
Vjg" hqnnqykpi" swguvkqpu" cdqwv" octmgvkpi" owuv" dg" gzcokpgf" kp"

uvtcvgike"rncppkpi<"
*c+" Ctg"octmgvu"ugiogpvgf"ghhgevkxgn{A"
*d+" Ku"vjg"qticpkucvkqp"rqukvkqpgf"ygnn"coqpi"eqorgvkvqtuA"
*e+"
Jcu"vjg"hktou"octmgv"ujctg"dggp"kpetgcukpiA"
*f+" Ctg"rtgugpv"ejcppgnu"qh"fkuvtkdwvkqp"tgnkcdng"cpf"equv/ghhgevkxgA"
*g+" Fqgu"vjg"hkto"jcxg"cp"ghhgevkxg"u{uvgo"qh"ucngu"qticpkucvkqpA"
*h+"
Fqgu"vjg"hkto"eqpfwev"octmgv"tgugctejA"
*i+" Ctg"rtqfwev"swcnkv{"cpf"ewuvqogt"ugtxkeg"iqqfA"
*j+" Ctg"vjg"hktou"rtqfwevu"cpf"ugtxkegu"rtkegf"crrtqrtkcvgn{A"
53
STUDY GUIDE
*k+"
Fqgu" vjg" hkto" jcxg" cp" ghhgevkxg" rtqoqvkqp." cfxgtvkukpi." cpf"

rwdnkekv{"uvtcvgi{A"
*l+"
Ctg"octmgvkpi."rncppkpi."cpf"dwfigvkpi"ghhgevkxgA"
*m+"
Fq" vjg" hktou" octmgvkpi" ocpcigtu" jcxg" cfgswcvg" gzrgtkgpeg"

cpf"vtckpkpiA"
*n+"
Ku"vjg"hktou"Kpvgtpgv"rtgugpeg"gzegnngpv"cu"eqorctgf"vq"tkxcnuA"
6039"" Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"
"
Hkpcpekcn"eqpfkvkqp" ku" qhvgp" eqpukfgtgf" vjg" ukping" dguv" ogcuwtg" qh" c"
hktou" eqorgvkvkxg" rqukvkqp" cpf" qxgtcnn" cvvtcevkxgpguu" vq" kpxguvqtu0"
Fgvgtokpkpi"cp"qticpkucvkqpu"hkpcpekcn"uvtgpivju"cpf"ygcmpguugu"ku"
guugpvkcn" vq" ghhgevkxgn{" hqtowncvg" uvtcvgikgu0" C" hktou" nkswkfkv{."
ngxgtcig."yqtmkpi"ecrkvcn."rtqhkvcdknkv{."cuugv"wvknkucvkqp."ecuj"hnqy."cpf"
gswkv{" ecp" gnkokpcvg" uqog" uvtcvgikgu" cu" dgkpi" hgcukdng" cnvgtpcvkxgu0"
Hkpcpekcn" hcevqtu" qhvgp" cnvgt" gzkuvkpi" uvtcvgikgu" cpf" ejcpig"
korngogpvcvkqp"rncpu0""
603:"" Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"Hwpevkqpu""
"
Vjg" hwpevkqpu" qh" hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi" eqortkug" vjtgg" fgekukqpu<" vjg"

kpxguvogpv" fgekukqp." vjg" hkpcpekpi" fgekukqp." cpf" vjg" fkxkfgpf"
fgekukqp0"Vjg"kpxguvogpv"fgekukqp"cnuq"ecnngf"ecrkvcn"dwfigvkpi."ku"vjg"
cnnqecvkqp" cpf" tgcnnqecvkqp" qh" ecrkvcn" cpf" tguqwtegu" vq" rtqlgevu."
cuugvu." cpf" fkxkukqpu" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqp0" Qpeg" uvtcvgikgu" ctg"
hqtowncvgf." ecrkvcn" dwfigvkpi" fgekukqpu" ctg" tgswktgf" vq" uweeguuhwnn{"
korngogpv"vjg"uvtcvgikgu0"Vjg"hkpcpekpi"fgekukqp"fgvgtokpgu"vjg"dguv"
ecrkvcn"uvtwevwtg"hqt"vjg"hkto"cpf"kpenwfgu"gzcokpkpi"xctkqwu"ogvjqfu"
d{"yjkej"vjg"hkto"ecp"tckug"ecrkvcn"d{"kuuwkpi"uvqem."kpetgcukpi"fgdv."
ugnnkpi" cuugvu." qt" wukpi" c" eqodkpcvkqp" qh" vjgug" crrtqcejgu0" Vjg"
hkpcpekpi" fgekukqp" owuv" eqpukfgt" dqvj" ujqtv/vgto" cpf" nqpi/vgto"
pggfu" hqt" yqtmkpi" ecrkvcn0" Vyq" mg{" hkpcpekcn" tcvkqu" vjcv" kpfkecvg"
yjgvjgt"c"hktou"hkpcpekpi"fgekukqp"jcxg"dggp"ghhgevkxg"ctg"vjg"fgdv/
vq/gswkv{"tcvkq"cpf"vjg"fgdv/vq/vqvcn/cuugvu"tcvkq0""
"
Qp" vjg" qvjgt" jcpf." fkxkfgpf" fgekukqpu" eqpegtp" kuuwgu" uwej" cu" vjg"
rgtegpvcig"qh"gctpkpiu"rckf"vq"uvqemjqnfgtu."vjg"uvcdknkv{"qh"fkxkfgpfu"
rckf" qxgt" vkog." cpf" vjg" tgrwtejcug" qt" kuuwcpeg" qh" uvqem0" Fkxkfgpf"
fgekukqpu" fgvgtokpg" vjg" coqwpv" qh" hwpfu" vjcv" ctg" tgvckpgf" kp" c" hkto"
eqorctgf" vq" vjg" coqwpv" rckf" qwv" vq" uvqemjqnfgtu0" Vjtgg" hkpcpekcn"
tcvkqu"vjcv"ctg"jgnrhwn"kp"gxcnwcvkpi"c"hktou"fkxkfgpf"fgekukqpu"ctg"vjg"
gctpkpiu/rgt/ujctg"tcvkq."vjg"fkxkfgpf/rgt/ujctg"tcvkq."cpf"vjg"rtkeg/
gctpkpiu"tcvkq0"Vjg"dgpghkvu"qh"rc{kpi"fkxkfgpfu"vq"kpxguvqtu"owuv"dg"
54
STUDY GUIDE
dcncpegf"cickpuv"vjg"dgpghkvu"qh"kpvgtpcnn{"tgvckpkpi"hwpfu."cpf"vjgtg"
ku"pq"ugv"hqtownc"qp"jqy"vq"dcncpeg"vjku"vtcfg/qhh0"
603;"" Dcuke"V{rgu"qh"Hkpcpekcn"Tcvkqu"
"
Hkpcpekcn" tcvkqu" ctg" eqorwvgf" htqo" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" kpeqog"

uvcvgogpv"cpf"dcncpeg"ujggv0"Eqorwvkpi"hkpcpekcn"tcvkqu"ku"nkmg"vcmkpi"
c" rkevwtg" dgecwug" vjg" tguwnvu" tghngev" c" ukvwcvkqp" cv" lwuv" qpg" rqkpv" kp"
vkog0" Eqorctkpi" tcvkqu" qxgt" vkog" cpf" vq" kpfwuvt{" cxgtcigu" ku" oqtg"
nkmgn{"vq"tguwnv"kp"ogcpkpihwn"uvcvkuvkeu"vjcv"ecp"dg"wugf"vq"kfgpvkh{"cpf"
gxcnwcvg" uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu0" Vtgpf" cpcn{uku" ku" c" wughwn"
vgejpkswg" vjcv" kpeqtrqtcvgu" dqvj" vjg" vkog" cpf" kpfwuvt{" cxgtcig"
fkogpukqpu" qh" hkpcpekcn" tcvkqu0" Mg{" hkpcpekcn" tcvkqu" ecp" dg" encuukhkgf"
kpvq"vjg"hqnnqykpi"hkxg"v{rgu<"
*c+" Nkswkfkv{"tcvkqu"ogcuwtg"c"hktou"cdknkv{"vq"oggv"ocvwtkpi"ujqtv/
vgto"qdnkicvkqpu0"
*d+" Ngxgtcig" tcvkqu" ogcuwtg" vjg" gzvgpv" vq" yjkej" c" hkto" jcu" dggp"
hkpcpegf"d{"fgdv0"
*e+"
Cevkxkv{" tcvkqu" ogcuwtg" jqy" ghhgevkxgn{" c" hkto" ku" wukpi" kvu"
tguqwtegu0"
*f+" Rtqhkvcdknkv{"tcvkqu"ogcuwtg"ocpcigogpvu"qxgtcnn"ghhgevkxgpguu"
cu"ujqyp"d{"vjg"tgvwtpu"igpgtcvgf"qp"ucngu"cpf"kpxguvogpv0"
*g+" Itqyvj"tcvkqu"ogcuwtg"vjg"hktou"cdknkv{"vq"ockpvckp"kvu"geqpqoke"
rqukvkqp"kp"vjg"itqyvj"qh"vjg"geqpqo{"cpf"kpfwuvt{0"
6042""" Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"Cwfkv""
"
Vjg"hqnnqykpi"hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi"swguvkqpu"ujqwnf"dg"gzcokpgf<"
*c+" Yjgtg" ku" vjg" hkto" hkpcpekcnn{" uvtqpi" cpf" ygcm" cu" kpfkecvgf" d{"
vjg"hkpcpekcn"tcvkq"cpcn{uguA"
*d+" Ecp"vjg"hkto"tckug"pggfgf"ujqtv/vgto"ecrkvcnA"
*e+"
Ecp" vjg" hkto" tckug" pggfgf" nqpi/vgto" ecrkvcn" vjtqwij" fgdv1qt"

gswkv{A
*f+" Fqgu"vjg"hkto"jcxg"uwhhkekgpv"yqtmkpi"ecrkvcnA"
*g+" Ctg"ecrkvcn"dwfigvkpi"rtqegfwtgu"ghhgevkxgA"
*h+"
Ctg"fkxkfgpf"rc{qwv"rqnkekgu"tgcuqpcdngA"
55
STUDY GUIDE
*i+" Fqgu" vjg" hkto" jcxg" iqqf" tgncvkqpu" ykvj" kvu" kpxguvqtu" cpf"
uvqemjqnfgtuA"
*j+" Ctg"vjg"hktou"hkpcpekcn"ocpcigtu"gzrgtkgpegf"cpf"ygnn/vtckpgfA"
*k+"
Ku"vjg"hktou"fgdv"ukvwcvkqp"gzegnngpvA"
6043"" Fghkpkvkqp"qh"Rtqfwevkqp1Qrgtcvkqpu"
"""""""""
"
Vjg"rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqp"hwpevkqpu"qh"c"dwukpguu"eqpukuvu"qh"cnn"vjqug"
cevkxkvkgu" vjcv" vtcpuhqto" kprwvu" kpvq" iqqfu" cpf" ugtxkegu0"
Rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqp"ocpcigogpv"fgcnu"ykvj"kprwvu."vtcpuhqtocvkqpu."
cpf"qwvrwvu"vjcv"xct{"cetquu"kpfwuvtkgu"cpf"octmgvu0"C"ocpwhcevwtkpi"
qrgtcvkqp" vtcpuhqtou" qt" eqpxgtvu" kprwvu" uwej" cu" tcy" ocvgtkcnu."
ncdqwt." ecrkvcn." ocejkpgu." cpf" hceknkvkgu" kpvq" hkpkujgf" iqqfu" cpf"
ugtxkegu0"Rtqfwevkqp1"qrgtcvkqpu"cevkxkvkgu"qhvgp"tgrtgugpv"vjg"nctiguv"
rctv" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" jwocp" cpf" ecrkvcn" cuugvu0" Kp" oquv"
kpfwuvtkgu." vjg" oclqt" equvu" qh" rtqfwekpi" c" rtqfwev" qt" ugtxkeg" ctg"
kpewttgf"ykvjkp"qrgtcvkqpu."uq"rtqfwevkqp1"qrgtcvkqpu"ecp"jcxg"itgcv"
xcnwg" cu" c" eqorgvkvkxg" ygcrqp" kp" c" eqorcp{u" qxgtcnn" uvtcvgi{0"
Uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" kp" vjg" hkxg" hwpevkqpu" qh" rtqfwevkqp" ecp"
ogcp"vjg"uweeguu"qt"hcknwtg"qh"cp"gpvgtrtkug0"Vjg"hkxg"dcuke"hwpevkqpu"
qh"rtqfwevkqp"ctg"rtqeguu."ecrcekv{."kpxgpvqt{."yqtmhqteg."cpf"swcnkv{.""
6044"" Rtqfwevkqp1Qrgtcvkqpu"Cwfkv""
"
Vjg"swguvkqpu"hqt"rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqpu"cwfkv"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Ctg" uwrrnkgtu" qh" tcy" ocvgtkcnu." rctvu." cpf" uwd/cuugodnkgu"
tgnkcdng"cpf"tgcuqpcdngA"
*d+" Ctg" hceknkvkgu." gswkrogpv." ocejkpgt{." cpf" qhhkegu" kp" iqqf"
eqpfkvkqpA"
*e+"
Ctg"kpxgpvqt{/eqpvtqn"rqnkekgu"cpf"rtqegfwtgu"ghhgevkxgA"
*f+" Ctg"swcnkv{/eqpvtqn"rqnkekgu"cpf"rtqegfwtgu"ghhgevkxgA"
*g+" Ctg"hceknkvkgu."tguqwtegu."cpf"octmgvu"uvtcvgikecnn{"nqecvgfA"
*h+"
Fqgu"vjg"hkto"jcxg"vgejpqnqikecn"eqorgvgpekguA"
56
STUDY GUIDE
6045"" Tgugctej"cpf"Fgxgnqrogpv"
"
Vjg" hkhvj" oclqt" ctgc" qh" kpvgtpcn" qrgtcvkqpu" vjcv" ujqwnf" dg" gzcokpgf"
hqt" urgekhke"uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" ku" tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv"
*T(F+0" Ocp{" hktou" vqfc{" fq" pqv" eqpfwev" cp{" T(F" cv" cnn." cpf" {gv"
ocp{" qvjgt" eqorcpkgu" fgrgpf" qp" uweeguuhwn" T(F" cevkxkvkgu" hqt"
uwtxkxcn0" Hktou" rwtuwkpi" c" rtqfwev" fgxgnqrogpv" uvtcvgi{" gurgekcnn{."
pggf"vq"jcxg"c"uvtqpi"T(F"qtkgpvcvkqp0"Qticpkucvkqpu"kpxguv"kp"T(F"
dgecwug" vjg{" dgnkgxg" uwej" cp" kpxguvogpv" yknn" ngcf" vq" c" uwrgtkqt"
rtqfwev" qt" ugtxkeg" cpf" yknn" ikxg" vjgo" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcigu0"
Tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv" gzrgpfkvwtgu" ctg" fktgevgf" cv" fgxgnqrkpi"
pgy"rtqfwevu"dghqtg"eqorgvkvqtu"fq."cv"kortqxkpi"rtqfwev"swcnkv{."qt"
cv" kortqxkpi" ocpwhcevwtkpi" rtqeguugu" vq" tgfweg" equvu0" Ghhgevkxg"
ocpcigogpv"qh"vjg"T(F"hwpevkqp"tgswktgu"c"uvtcvgike"cpf"qrgtcvkqpcn"
rctvpgtujkr"dgvyggp"T(F"cpf"vjg"qvjgt"xkvcn"dwukpguu"hwpevkqpu0"Vjg"
qxgtcnn" okuukqp" qh" T(F" vjwu" jcu" dgeqog" dtqcf/dcugf." kpenwfkpi"
uwrrqtvkpi" gzkuvkpi" dwukpguugu." jgnrkpi" ncwpej" pgy" dwukpguugu."
fgxgnqrkpi" pgy" rtqfwevu." kortqxkpi" rtqfwev" swcnkv{." kortqxkpi"
ocpwhcevwtkpi" ghhkekgpe{." cpf" fggrgpkpi" qt" dtqcfgpkpi" vjg"
eqorcp{u"vgejpqnqikecn"ecrcdknkvkgu0"
6046"" Kpvgtpcn"cpf"Gzvgtpcn"T(F"
"
T(F"kp"qticpkucvkqpu"ecp"vcmg"vyq"dcuke"hqtou<"*3+"kpvgtpcn"T(F."kp"
yjkej" cp" qticpkucvkqp" qrgtcvgu" kvu" qyp" T(F" fgrctvogpv." cpf1qt" *4+"
eqpvtcev" T(F." kp" yjkej" c" hkto" jktgu" kpfgrgpfgpv" tgugctejgtu" qt"
kpfgrgpfgpv"cigpekgu"vq"fgxgnqr"urgekhke"rtqfwevu0"Ocp{"eqorcpkgu"
wug" dqvj" tgugctejgtu" cpf" kpfgrgpfgpv" cigpekgu" vq" fgxgnqr" urgekhke"
rtqfwevu0"Ocp{"eqorcpkgu"cnuq"wug"dqvj"crrtqcejgu"vq"fgxgnqr"pgy"
rtqfwevu0" C" ykfgn{" wugf" crrtqcej" hqt" qdvckpkpi" qwvukfg" T(F"
cuukuvcpeg" ku" vq" rwtuwg" c" lqkpv" xgpvwtg" ykvj" cpqvjgt" hkto0" T(F"
uvtgpivju" qt" ecrcdknkvkgu" cpf" ygcmpguugu" qt" nkokvcvkqpu" rnc{" c" oclqt"
tqng"kp"uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp"cpf"uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp0""
6047"" T(F"Cwfkv""
"
Swguvkqpu" uwej" cu" vjg" hqnnqykpi" ujqwnf" dg" cumgf" kp" rgthqtokpi" cp"
T(F"cwfkv<"
*c+" Fqgu"vjg"hkto"jcxg"T(F"hceknkvkguA"Ctg"vjg{"cfgswcvgA"
*d+" Kh"qwvukfg"T(F"hktou"ctg"wugf."ctg"vjg{"equv/ghhgevkxgA"
*e+"
Ctg"vjg"qticpkucvkqpu"T(F"rgtuqppgn"ygnn/swcnkhkgfA"
*f+" Ctg"T(F"tguqwtegu"cnnqecvgf"ghhgevkxgn{A"
57
STUDY GUIDE
*g+" Ctg"ocpcigogpv"kphqtocvkqp"cpf"eqorwvgt"u{uvgou"cfgswcvgA"
*h+"
Ku" eqoowpkecvkqp" dgvyggp" T(F" cpf" qvjgt" qticpkucvkqpcn" wpkvu"

ghhgevkxgA
*i+" Ctg"rtgugpv"rtqfwevu"vgejpqnqikecnn{"eqorgvkvkxgA"
"""""""""
6048"" Ocpcigogpv"Kphqtocvkqp"U{uvgou"
"
C" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" rwtrqug" ku" vq" kortqxg" vjg"

rgthqtocpeg"qh"cp"gpvgtrtkug"d{"kortqxkpi"vjg"swcnkv{"qh"ocpcigtkcn"
fgekukqpu0" Cp" ghhgevkxg" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgo" vjwu" eqnngevu." eqfgu."
uvqtgu."u{pvjgukugu."cpf"rtgugpvu"kphqtocvkqp"kp"uwej"c"ocppgt"vjcv"kv"
cpuygtu"korqtvcpv"qrgtcvkpi"cpf"uvtcvgike"swguvkqpu0"Vjg"jgctv"qh"cp"
kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgo"ku"c"fcvcdcug"eqpvckpkpi"vjg"mkpfu"qh"tgeqtfu"cpf"
fcvc" korqtvcpv" vq" ocpcigtu0" Kv" tgegkxgu" tcy" ocvgtkcnu" htqo" dqvj" vjg"
gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn" gxcnwcvkqp" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqp0" Kv" icvjgtu" fcvc"
cdqwv" octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg." rtqfwevkqp." cpf" rgtuqppgn" ocvvgtu"
kpvgtpcnn{." cpf" uqekcn." ewnvwtcn." fgoqitcrjke." gpxktqpogpvcn."
geqpqoke." rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn." ngicn." vgejpqnqikecn." cpf"
eqorgvkvkxg"hcevqtu"gzvgtpcnn{0"Fcvc"ctg"kpvgitcvgf"kp"yc{u"pggfgf"vq"
uwrrqtv"ocpcigtkcn"fgekukqp"ocmkpi0"""""""""
6049"" Ocpcigogpv"Kphqtocvkqp"U{uvgou"Cwfkv"
"
Swguvkqpu" uwej" cu" vjg" hqnnqykpi" ujqwnf" dg" cumgf" yjgp" eqpfwevkpi"
vjku"cwfkv<"
*c+" Fq"cnn"ocpcigtu"kp"vjg"hkto"wug"vjg"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgo"vq"ocmg"
fgekukqpuA"
*d+" Ku" vjgtg" c" ejkgh" kphqtocvkqp" qhhkegt" qt" fktgevqt" qh" kphqtocvkqp"
u{uvgou"rqukvkqp"kp"vjg"hktoA"
*e+"
Ctg"fcvc"kp"vjg"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgo"wrfcvgf"tgiwnctn{A"
*f+" Fq" ocpcigtu" htqo" cnn" hwpevkqpcn" ctgcu" qh" vjg" hkto" eqpvtkdwvg"
kprwv"vq"vjg"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgoA"
*g+" Ctg" vjgtg" ghhgevkxg" rcuuyqtfu" hqt" gpvt{" kpvq" vjg" hktou"
kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgoA"
*h+"
Ctg"uvtcvgikuvu"qh"vjg"hkto"hcoknkct"ykvj"vjg"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgou"
qh"tkxcn"hktouA"
*i+" Ku"vjg"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgo"wugt/htkgpfn{A"
58
STUDY GUIDE
*j+" Fq" cnn" wugtu" qh" vjg" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgo" wpfgtuvcpf" vjg"
eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcigu"vjcv"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgo"ecp"rtqxkfg"vq"
hktouA
*k+"
Ctg" eqorwvgt" vtckpkpi" yqtmujqru" rtqxkfgf" hqt" wugtu" qh" vjg"

kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgoA"
*l+"
Ku" vjg" hktou" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgo" eqpvkpwcnn{" dgkpi" kortqxgf" kp"

vgtou"qh"eqpvgpv"cpf"wugt/htkgpfnkpguuA""
604:""" Xcnwg"Ejckp"Cpcn{uku"*XEC+"
"
XEC" tghgtu" vq" vjg" rtqeguu" yjgtgd{" c" hkto" fgvgtokpgu" vjg" equvu"
cuuqekcvgf" ykvj" qticpkucvkqpcn" cevkxkvkgu" htqo" rwtejcukpi" tcy"
ocvgtkcnu" vq" ocpwhcevwtkpi" rtqfwevu" vq" octmgvkpi" vjgug" rtqfwevu0" Kv"
ckou" vq" kfgpvkh{" yjgtg" nqy/equv" cfxcpvcigu" qt" fkucfxcpvcigu" gzkuv"
cp{yjgtg" cnqpi" vjg" xcnwg" ejckp" htqo" tcy" ocvgtkcnu" vq" ewuvqogt"
ugtxkeg" cevkxkvkgu0" XEC" ecp" gpcdng" c" hkto" vq" dgvvgt" kfgpvkh{" kvu" qyp"
uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu." gurgekcnn{" cu" eqorctgf" vq" eqorgvkvqtu"
xcnwg"ejckp"cpcn{ugu"cpf"vjgkt"qyp"fcvc"gzcokpgf"qxgt"vkog0"Xcnwg"
ejckp" cpcn{uku" ecp" dg" etkvkecnn{" korqtvcpv" hqt" c" hkto" kp" oqpkvqtkpi"
yjgvjgt" kvu" rtkegu" cpf" equvu" ctg" eqorgvkvkxg0" Dcugf" qp" vjg" xcnwg"
ejckp" cpcn{uku." hktou" ujqwnf" dg" cdng" vq" fgvgtokpg" yjgtg" equv"
cfxcpvcigu" cpf" fkucfxcpvcigu" kp" vjgkt" xcnwg" ejckp" qeewt" tgncvkxg" vq"
vjg"xcnwg"ejckp"qh"tkxcn"hktou0"Vjgtghqtg."cnn"hktou"ujqwnf"wug"XEC"vq"
fgxgnqr"cpf"pwtvwtg"c"eqtg"eqorgvgpeg"cpf"eqpxgtv"vjku"eqorgvgpeg"
kpvq" c" fkuvkpevkxg" eqorgvgpeg0" C" eqtg" eqorgvgpeg" ku" c" xcnwg" ejckp"
cevkxkv{"vjcv"c"hkto"rgthqtou"gurgekcnn{"ygnn0"Yjgp"c"eqtg"eqorgvgpeg"
gxqnxgu" kpvq" c" oclqt" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig." vjgp" kv" ku" ecnngf" c"
fkuvkpevkxg"eqorgvgpeg0""Jgpeg."oqtg"cpf"oqtg"eqorcpkgu"ctg"wukpi"
XEC" vq" ickp" cpf" uwuvckp" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig" d{" dgkpi" gurgekcnn{"
ghhkekgpv"cpf"ghhgevkxg"cnqpi"xctkqwu"rctvu"qh"vjg"xcnwg"ejckp0"
604;"" Dgpejoctmkpi""
"
Dgpejoctmkpi"ku"cp"cpcn{vkecn"vqqn"wugf"vq"fgvgtokpg"yjgvjgt"c"hktou"
xcnwg" ejckp" cevkxkvkgu" ctg" eqorgvkvkxg" eqorctgf" vq" tkxcnu" cpf" vjwu"
eqpfwekxg" vq" ykppkpi" kp" vjg" octmgvrnceg0" Dgpejoctmkpi" gpvcknu"
ogcuwtkpi" equvu" qh" xcnwg" ejckp" cevkxkvkgu" cetquu" cp" kpfwuvt{" vq"
fgvgtokpg"dguv"rtcevkegufi"coqpi"eqorgvkpi"hktou"hqt"vjg"rwtrqug"qh"
fwrnkecvkpi"qt"kortqxkpi"qp"vjqug"dguv"rtcevkegu0"Kv"gpcdngu"c"hkto"vq"
vcmg" cevkqp" vq" kortqxg" kvu" eqorgvkvkxgpguu" d{" kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf"
kortqxkpi" qp" xcnwg" ejckp" cevkxkvkgu" yjgtg" tkxcn" hktou" jcxg"
eqorctcvkxg" cfxcpvcigu" kp" equv." ugtxkeg." tgrwvcvkqp." qt" qrgtcvkqp0" C"
tgegpv"uwtxg{"kpfkecvgf"vjcv"okuukqp"cpf"xkukqp"uvcvgogpv"cnqpi"ykvj"
59
STUDY GUIDE
ewuvqogt"uwtxg{u"ctg"vjg"oquv"wugf"kortqxgogpv"vqqnu."hqnnqygf"d{"
UYQV"
cpcn{uku."
Kphqtocn"
Dgpejoctmkpi."
Rgthqtocpeg"
Dgpejoctmkpi."cpf"Dguv"Rtcevkeg"Dgpejoctmkpi0"Kv"cnuq"tgrqtvgf"vjg"
vqqnu" vjcv" ctg" nkmgn{" vq" kpetgcug" kp" rqrwnctkv{" vjg" oquv" qxgt" vjg" pgzv"
vjtgg"{gctu"ctg"Rgthqtocpeg"Dgpejoctmkpi."Kphqtocn"Dgpejoctmkpi."
UYQV"cpcn{uku."cpf"Dguv"Rtcevkeg"Dgpejoctmkpi0""Fcvc/ujctkpi"cpf"
kphqtocvkqp/ujctkpi"coqpi"hktou"ku"c"itgcv"ejcnngpig"kp"eqpfwevkpi"c"
dgpejoctmkpi" gzgtekug0" Rtkxcvg" ugevqt" cpf" eqpuwnvkpi" hktou" ctg"
ewttgpvn{" rnc{kpi" cp" kpetgcukpin{" korqtvcpv" tqng" kp" dgpejoctmkpi"
cevkxkvkgu0
6052"" Vjg"Kpvgtpcn"Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KHG+"Ocvtkz"
"
C" uwooct{" uvgr" kp" eqpfwevkpi" cp" kpvgtpcn" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"

cwfkv" ku" vq" eqpuvtwev" cp" Kpvgtpcn" Hcevqt" Gxcnwcvkqp" *KHG+" Ocvtkz0" Vjku"
uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp" vqqn" uwooctkugu" cpf" gxcnwcvgu" vjg" oclqt"
uvtgpivju" cpf" ygcmpguugu" kp" vjg" hwpevkqpcn" ctgcu" qh" c" dwukpguu0" Kv"
cnuq" rtqxkfgu" c" dcuku" hqt" kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" tgncvkqpujkru"
coqpi" vjqug" ctgcu0" Kv" rtqxkfgu" korqtvcpv" kphqtocvkqp" hqt" uvtcvgi{"
hqtowncvkqp0" Kpvwkvkxg" lwfiogpvu" ctg" tgswktgf" kp" fgxgnqrkpi" cp" KHG"
Ocvtkz." uq" vjg" crrgctcpeg" qh" c" uekgpvkhke" crrtqcej" ujqwnf" pqv" dg"
kpvgtrtgvgf" vq" ogcp" vjku" ku" cp" cnn/rqygthwn" vgejpkswg0" C" vjqtqwij"
wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" vjg" hcevqtu" kpenwfgf" ku" oqtg" korqtvcpv" vjcp" vjg"
cevwcn" pwodgtu0" Ukoknct" vq" vjg" HGG" Ocvtkz" cpf" Eqorgvkvkxg" Rtqhkng"
Ocvtkz."cp"KHG"Ocvtkz"ecp"dg"fgxgnqrgf"kp"hkxg"uvgru<"
*c+" Nkuv" mg{" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" cu" kfgpvkhkgf" kp" vjg" kpvgtpcn/cwfkv"
rtqeguu0"
*d+" Cuukip"c"ygkijv"vjcv"tcpigu"htqo"202"*pqv"korqtvcpv+"vq"302"*cnn/
korqtvcpv+"vq"gcej"hcevqt0"
*e+"
Cuukip" c" 3/vq/6" tcvkpi" vq" gcej" hcevqt" vq" kpfkecvg" yjgvjgt" vjcv"
hcevqt" tgrtgugpvu" c" oclqt" ygcmpguu" *tcvkpi" ?" 3+." c" okpqt"
ygcmpguu"*tcvkpi"?"4+."c"okpqt"uvtgpivj"*tcvkpi"?"5+."qt"c"oclqt"
uvtgpivj"*tcvkpi"?"6+0"Pqvg"vjcv"uvtgpivju"owuv"tgegkxg"c"5"qt"6"
tcvkpi" cpf" ygcmpguugu" owuv" tgegkxgf" c" 3" qt" 4" tcvkpi0" Tcvkpiu"
ctg" vjwu" eqorcp{/dcugf." yjgtgcu" vjg" ygkijvu" kp" uvgr" 4" ctg"
kpfwuvt{/dcugf0
*f+" Ownvkrn{" gcej" hcevqtu" ygkijv" d{" kvu" tcvkpi" vq" fgvgtokpg" c"
ygkijvgf"ueqtg"hqt"gcej"xctkcdng0"
*g+" Uwo" vjg" ygkijvgf" ueqtgu" hqt" gcej" xctkcdng" vq" fgvgtokpg" vjg"
vqvcn"ygkijvgf"ueqtg"hqt"vjg"qticpkucvkqp0"
60
STUDY GUIDE
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Yjcv"ku"vjg"eqorgvgpeg"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqpA"Yj{"ku"kv"korqtvcpv"vq"cp"
qticpkucvkqpA"
40"
Fkuewuu"vjg"ockp"eqorqpgpvu"qh"kpvgtpcn"ocpcigogpv"cwfkv0""
50"
Yj{"ku"cp"kpvgtpcn"ocpcigogpv"cwfkv"etkvkecnn{"korqtvcpv"kp"vjg"rtqeguu"
qh"hqtowncvkpi"c"uvtcvgi{A"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Eqpfwev"c"UYQV"Cpcn{uku"qp"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0
40"
Fkuewuu" vjg" mg{" kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" vjcv" pggf" vq" dg" cfftguugf" d{" Cfkfcu"
Itqwr0
61
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"7<"
Uvtcvgi{"Encuukhkecvkqp<"Ngxgnu"cpf"V{rgu"qh"
Uvtcvgikgu
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Fkuewuu"vjg"xcnwg"qh"guvcdnkujkpi"nqpi/vgto"qdlgevkxgu="
40"
Kfgpvkh{"cpf"gzrnckp"38"v{rgu"qh"dwukpguu"uvtcvgikgu="
50"
Fkuewuu"Rqtvgtu"hkxg"igpgtke"uvtcvgikgu="
60"
Fkuewuu"vjg"ngxgnu"qh"uvtcvgikgu"kp"nctig"xgtuwu"uocnn"hktou="
70"
Eqorctg"cpf"eqpvtcuv"hkpcpekcn"ykvj"uvtcvgike"qdlgevkxgu="
80"
Gzrnckp"vjg"Hktuv"Oqxgt"Cfxcpvcigu"Eqpegrv="
90"
Fkuewuu" lqkpv/xgpvwtgu1" rctvpgtkpi." ogtigt1" ceswkukvkqp." vjg" dcncpegf"

ueqtgectf"cpf"tgegpv"vtgpfu"kp"qwvuqwtekpi="
:0"
Fkuewuu" uvtcvgikgu" hqt" eqorgvkpi" kp" vwtdwngpv." jkij" xgnqekv{" octmgvu="

cpf
;0"
Fkuewuu" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" kp" pqp/rtqhkv." iqxgtpogpvcn." cpf" uocnn"

qticpkucvkqpu0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku" vqrke" rtqxkfgu" cp" qxgtxkgy" qh" vjg" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" ecp" dg" wugf" hqt"
korngogpvcvkqp0"Vjg"xcnwg"qh"uvtcvgikgu"kp"cevkqp"ku"hktuv"fkuewuugf."hqnnqygf"
d{"cp"gzrncpcvkqp"qh"vjg"ukzvggp"uvtcvgikgu"vjcv"ctg"eqooqpn{"eqpukfgtgf"hqt"
crrnkecvkqp0"Rqtvgtu"hkxg"igpgtke"uvtcvgikgu"yknn"dg"gzcokpgf0"Uwdugswgpvn{."
vjg" ngxgnu" qh" uvtcvgikgu" kp" nctig" cpf" uocnn" hktou" yknn" dg" jkijnkijvgf0" Yg" yknn"
vjgp" nqqm" cv" vjg" fkhhgtgpeg" dgvyggp" hkpcpekcn" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" uvtcvgike"
qdlgevkxgu0" " Vjgp" vjg" Hktuv" Oqxgt" Cfxcpvcigu" Eqpegrv" yknn" dg" gzrnckpgf0"
Eqpegrvu"uwej"cu"lqkpv/xgpvwtg1"rctvpgtkpi."ogtigt1"ceswkukvkqp."vjg"dcncpegf"
ueqtgectf"cpf"tgegpv"vtgpfu"kp"qwvuqwtekpi"yknn"dg"gzcokpgf0"Hwtvjgtoqtg."c"
fkuewuukqp" qp" vjg" uvtcvgikgu" hqt" eqorgvkpi" kp" vwtdwngpv." cpf" jkij/xgnqekv{"
octmgvu" yknn" cnuq" ikxg" c" dgvvgt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" uvtcvgikgu" kp" cevkqp0" Ncuvn{."
vjku" vqrke" jkijnkijvu" vjg" tqng" qh" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" kp" pqp/rtqhkv."
iqxgtpogpvcn."cpf"uocnn"qticpkucvkqpu0"""
62
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
Fcxkf."H0"T0"*4234+0"Uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv<"
Eqpegrvu"cpf"ecugu0"Wpkvgf"Mkpifqo<"
Rgctuqp0"
703"
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"Nqpi/Vgto"Qdlgevkxgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3850
704"
Hkpcpekcn"Xgtuwu"Uvtcvgike"Qdlgevkxgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"385"/"3860
705"
Ocpcikpi"ykvjqwv"Qdlgevkxgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3860
706"
Vjg"Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3870
707"
V{rgu"qh"Cnvgtpcvkxg"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"387"/"3880
708"
Ngxgnu"qh"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"388"/"38;0
709"
Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu<"Hqtyctf"
Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"38:"/"38;0
70:"
Dcemyctf"Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"38;"/"3920
70;"
Jqtk|qpvcn"Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"392"/"3930
7032" Kpvgpukxg"Uvtcvgikgu<"Octmgv"
Rgpgvtcvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3930
7033" Octmgv"Fgxgnqrogpv"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"393"/"3940
7034" Rtqfwev"Fgxgnqrogpv"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"394"/"3950
7035" Fkxgtukhkecvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3950
7036" Tgncvgf"Fkxgtukhkecvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3960
7037" Wptgncvgf"Fkxgtukhkecvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3970
7038" Tgvtgpejogpv"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"398"/"3990
7039" Fkxguvkvwtg"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"399"/"39:0
703:" Nkswkfcvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"39:0
703;" Rqtvgtu"Hkxg"Igpgtke"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"39:"/"3:40
7042" Vjg"Hktuv"Oqxgt"Cfxcpvcigu"Eqpegrv"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"3:9"/"3::0
7043" Uvtcvgikgu"hqt"Eqorgvkpi"kp"Vwtdwngpv."
Jkij/Xgnqekv{"Octmgvu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"3:4"/"3:50
7044" Lqkpv/xgpvwtgu1Rctvpgtkpi"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"3:5"/"3:70
7045" Ogtigt1Ceswkukvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"3:7"/"3:90
7046" Qwvuqwtekpi"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"3::"/"3:;0
7047" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"kp"Pqp/"Rtqhkv"
Qticpkucvkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"7."rr"3:;"/"3;20
7048" Iqxgtpogpvcn"Cigpekgu"cpf"
Fgrctvogpvu"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3;30
7049" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"kp"Uocnn"
Qticpkucvkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"7."r"3;30
63
STUDY GUIDE
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
703"
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"Nqpi/Vgto"Qdlgevkxgu"
"
Uvtcvgikgu"tgrtgugpv"vjg"cevkqpu"vq"dg"vcmgp"vq"ceeqornkuj"nqpi/vgto"
qdlgevkxgu0" Vjg" vkog" htcog" hqt" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" uvtcvgikgu"
ujqwnf" dg" eqpukuvgpv." wuwcnn{" htqo" vyq" vq" hkxg" {gctu0" Qdlgevkxgu"
ujqwnf" dg" swcpvkvcvkxg." ogcuwtcdng." tgcnkuvke." wpfgtuvcpfcdng."
jkgtctejkecn." qdvckpcdng." cpf" eqpitwgpv" coqpi" qticpkucvkqpcn" wpkvu0"
Gcej"qdlgev"ujqwnf"cnuq"dg"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"c"vkognkpg0"Qdlgevkxgu"ctg"
eqooqpn{"uvcvgf"kp"vgtou"uwej"cu"itqyvj"kp"cuugvu."itqyvj"kp"ucngu."
rtqhkvcdknkv{." octmgv" ujctg." fgitgg" cpf" pcvwtg" qh" fkxgtukhkecvkqp."
fgitgg" cpf" pcvwtg" qh" xgtvkecn" kpvgitcvkqp." gctpkpiu" rgt" ujctg." cpf"
uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{0" Engctn{" guvcdnkujgf" qdlgevkxgu" qhhgt" ocp{"
dgpghkvu0" Vjg{" rtqxkfg" fktgevkqp." cnnqy" u{pgti{." cpf" kp" gxcnwcvkqp."
guvcdnkuj" rtkqtkvkgu." tgfweg" wpegtvckpv{." okpkokug" eqphnkevu." uvkowncvg"
gzgtvkqp."cpf"ckf"kp"dqvj"vjg"cnnqecvkqp"qh"tguqwtegu"cpf"vjg"fgukip"qh"
lqdu0" Qdlgevkxgu" rtqxkfg" c" dcuku" hqt" eqpukuvgpv" fgekukqp" ocmkpi" d{"
ocpcigtu" yjqug" xcnwgu" cpf" cvvkvwfgu" fkhhgt0" Qdlgevkxgu" ugtxg" cu"
uvcpfctfu" d{" yjkej" kpfkxkfwcnu." itqwru." fgrctvogpvu." fkxkukqpu." cpf"
gpvktg" qticpkucvkqp" ecp" dg" gxcnwcvgf0" Nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu" ctg"
pggfgf" cv" vjg" eqtrqtcvg." fkxkukqpcn." cpf" hwpevkqpcn" ngxgnu" qh" cp"
qticpkucvkqp0" Vjg{" ctg" cp" korqtvcpv" ogcuwtg" qh" ocpcigtkcn"
rgthqtocpeg0
704"""
Hkpcpekcn"Qdlgevkxgu"Xgtuwu"Uvtcvgike"Qdlgevkxgu"
"
Hkpcpekcn" cpf" uvtcvgike" qdlgevkxgu" ctg" vyq" v{rgu" qh" qdlgevkxgu"

gurgekcnn{" eqooqp" kp" qticpkucvkqpu0" Hkpcpekcn" qdlgevkxgu" kpenwfg"
vjqug"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"itqyvj"kp"tgxgpwgu."itqyvj"kp"gctpkpiu."jkijgt"
fkxkfgpfu."nctigt"rtqhkv"octikpu."itgcvgt"tgvwtp"qp"kpxguvogpv."jkijgt"
gctpkpiu" rgt" ujctg." c" tkukpi" uvqem" rtkeg." cpf" kortqxgf" ecuj" hnqy0"
Uvtcvgike" qdlgevkxgu" tghgt" vq" vjkpiu" uwej" cu" c" nctig" octmgv" ujctg."
swkemgt" qp/vkog" fgnkxgt{" vjcp" tkxcnu." ujqtvgt" fgukip/vq/octmgv" vkogu"
vjcp" tkxcnu." nqygt" equvu" vjcp" tkxcnu." cpf" jkijgt" rtqfwev" swcnkv{" vjcp"
tkxcnu." ykfgt" igqitcrjkecn" eqxgtcig" vjcp" tkxcnu." cejkgxkpi"
vgejpqnqikecn" ngcfgtujkr." cpf" eqpukuvgpvn{" igvvkpi" pgy" qt" kortqxgf"
rtqfwevu" vq" octmgv" cjgcf" qh" tkxcnu0" Vjgtg" ctg" vtcfg/qhhu" dgvyggp"
hkpcpekcn" cpf" uvtcvgike" qdlgevkxgu0" Dqvj" hkpcpekcn" qdlgevkxgu." cpf"
uvtcvgike" qdlgevkxgu" ujqwnf" kpenwfg" dqvj" cppwcn" cpf" nqpi/vgto"
rgthqtocpeg" qdlgevkxgu0" Hkpcpekcn" qdlgevkxgu" ecp" dguv" dg" ogv" d{"
hqewukpi" hktuv" cpf" hqtgoquv" qp" cejkgxkpi" uvtcvgike" qdlgevkxgu" vjcv"
kortqxg"c"hktou"eqorgvkvkxgpguu"cpf"octmgv"uvtgpivj0"
64
STUDY GUIDE
705""
Ocpcikpi"ykvjqwv"Qdlgevkxgu""
""
Vjgtg"ctg"qvjgt"yc{u"qh"ocpcikpi"ykvjqwv"qdlgevkxgu<"
*c+" Ocpcikpi"d{"gzvtcrqncvkqp="
*d+" Ocpcikpi"d{"etkuku=""
*e+"
Ocpcikpi"d{"uwdlgevkxgu="cpf"
*f+" Ocpcikpi"d{"jqrg0"
706""
Vjg"Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf""
"
Vjg" Dcncpegf" Ueqtgectf" ku" cp" gxcnwcvkqp" vqqn" kpvgitcvkpi" dqvj"

hkpcpekcn" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" pqp/hkpcpekcn" qdlgevkxgu." qt" vctigvu0"
Fgxgnqrgf" kp" 3;;5" d{" Jctxctf" Dwukpguu" Uejqqn" rtqhguuqtu" Tqdgtv"
Mcrncp"cpf"Fcxkf"Pqtvqp."cpf"tghkpgf"eqpvkpwcnn{"vjtqwij"vqfc{."vjg"
Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf"ku"c"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"cpf"eqpvtqn"vgejpkswgu0"
Vjg"Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf"fgtkxgu"kvu"pcog"htqo"vjg"rgtegkxgf"pggf"qh"
hktou" vq" dcncpegfi" hkpcpekcn" ogcuwtgu" vjcv" ctg" wugf" gzenwukxgn{" kp"
uvtcvgi{" gxcnwcvkqp" cpf"eqpvtqn" ykvj"pqp/hkpcpekcn" ogcuwtgu"uwej" cu"
rtqfwev" swcnkv{" cpf" ewuvqogt" ugtxkeg0" Cp" ghhgevkxg" Dcncpegf"
Ueqtgectf" eqpvckpu" c" ectghwnn{" ejqugp" eqodkpcvkqp" qh" uvtcvgike" cpf"
hkpcpekcn"qdlgevkxgu"vcknqtgf"kp"vjg"eqorcp{u"dwukpguu0"
707""
V{rgu"qh"Cnvgtpcvkxg"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" cp" gpvgtrtkug" eqwnf" rwtuwg" ecp" dg"

ecvgiqtkugf" kpvq" gngxgp" cevkqpu<" hqtyctf" kpvgitcvkqp." dcemyctf"
kpvgitcvkqp." jqtk|qpvcn" kpvgitcvkqp." octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp." octmgv"
fgxgnqrogpv." rtqfwev" fgxgnqrogpv." tgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp." wptgncvgf"
fkxgtukhkecvkqp." tgvtgpejogpv." fkxguvkvwtg." cpf" nkswkfcvkqp0" Gcej"
cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgi{" jcu" eqwpvnguu" xctkcvkqpu0" Ocp{" hktou"
ukownvcpgqwun{"rwtuwg"c"eqodkpcvkqp"qh"vyq"qt"oqtg"uvtcvgikgu."dwv"c"
eqodkpcvkqp"uvtcvgi{"ecp"dg"gzegrvkqpcnn{"tkum{"kh"ecttkgf"vqq"hct0"Pq"
eqorcp{"ecp"chhqtf"vq"rwtuwg"cnn"vjg"uvtcvgikgu"vjcv"okijv"dgpghkv"kv0"
Fkhhkewnv" fgekukqpu" owuv" dg" ocfg0" Rtkqtkv{" owuv" dg" guvcdnkujgf0"
Qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" nkokvgf" tguqwtegu." cpf" owuv" ejqqug" coqpi"
cnvgtpcvkxg"uvtcvgikgu0"""
708""
Ngxgnu"qh"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Kp" nctig" hktou." vjgtg" ctg" cevwcnn{" hqwt" ngxgnu" qh" uvtcvgikgu<" eqtrqtcvg."
fkxkukqpcn." hwpevkqpcn." cpf" qrgtcvkqpcn" cu" knnwuvtcvgf" kp" Hkiwtg" 50""
Jqygxgt."kp"uocnn"hktou."vjgtg"ctg"cevwcnn{"vjtgg"ngxgnu"qh"uvtcvgikgu<"
eqorcp{." hwpevkqpcn." cpf" qrgtcvkqpcn0" Kp" nctig" hktou." vjg" rgtuqpu"
65
STUDY GUIDE
rtkoctkn{" tgurqpukdng" hqt" jcxkpi" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgikgu" cv" vjg" xctkqwu"

ngxgnu" kpenwfg" vjg" EGQ" qh" vjg" eqtrqtcvkqp=" vjg" rtgukfgpv." gzgewvkxg"
xkeg/rtgukfgpv." qt" igpgtcn" ocpcigt" cv" vjg" fkxkukqpcn" ngxgn=" vjg"
tgurgevkxg" jgcfu" qh" fgrctvogpvu." ejkgh" hkpcpeg" qhhkegt." jwocp"
tguqwteg" ocpcigt." qt" ejkgh" octmgvkpi" qhhkegt" cv" vjg" hwpevkqpcn" ngxgn."
cpf"vjg"rncpv"ocpcigt."cpf"ucngu"ocpcigt"cv"vjg"qrgtcvkqpcn"ngxgn0"Kp"
uocnn" hktou." vjg" rgtuqpu" rtkoctkn{" tgurqpukdng" hqt" jcxkpi" ghhgevkxg"
uvtcvgikgu"cv"vjg"xctkqwu"ngxgnu"kpenwfg"vjg"dwukpguu"qypgt."rtgukfgpv"
qt"igpgtcn"ocpcigt"cv"vjg"eqorcp{"ngxgn"cpf"vjgp"vjg"ucog"tcpig"qh"
rgtuqpu"cv"vjg"nqygt"vyq"ngxgnu0"Kv"ku"korqtvcpv"vjcv"cnn"ocpcigtu"cv"cnn"
ngxgnu" rctvkekrcvg" cpf" wpfgtuvcpf" vjg" hktou" uvtcvgike" rncp" vq" jgnr"
gpuwtg"eqqtfkpcvkqp."hceknkvcvkqp."cpf"eqookvogpv0""
Hkiwtg"5<"Vjtgg"v{rgu"qh"qticpkucvkqpcn"uvtcvgikgu
709""
Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu<"Hqtyctf"Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Hqtyctf" kpvgitcvkqp." dcemyctf" kpvgitcvkqp." cpf" jqtk|qpvcn" kpvgitcvkqp"

ctg"cnuq"mpqyp"cu"xgtvkecn"kpvgitcvkqp"uvtcvgikgu"yjkej"cnnqy"c"hkto"vq"
ickp" eqpvtqn" qxgt" fkuvtkdwvqtu." uwrrnkgtu." cpf" eqorgvkvqtu0" " Kp" vjku"
eqpvgzv." hqtyctf" kpvgitcvkqp" kpxqnxgu" ickpkpi" qypgtujkr" qt" kpetgcugf"
eqpvtqn" qxgt" fkuvtkdwvqtu" qt" tgvckngtu0" Kpetgcukpi" pwodgt" qh"
ocpwhcevwtgtu" cpf" uwrrnkgtu" vqfc{" ku" rwtuwkpi" c" hqtyctf" kpvgitcvkqp"
uvtcvgi{" d{" guvcdnkujkpi" ygdukvgu" vq" fktgevn{" ugnn" rtqfwevu" vq"
eqpuwogtu0"Vjku"uvtcvgi{"ku"ecwukpi"vwtoqkn"kp"uqog"kpfwuvtkgu"cu"kp"
vjg" ecug" qh" vjg" tgegpv" ncwpej" qh" kRcf" cpf" kRjqpg" d{" Crrng" Kpe0"
vjtqwij"kvu"hqtyctf"kpvgitcvkqp"uvtcvgi{0"
"""""""""""
66
STUDY GUIDE
"
Cp"ghhgevkxg"ogcpu"qh"korngogpvkpi"hqtyctf"kpvgitcvkqp"ku"htcpejkukpi0"
Dwukpguugu" ecp" gzrcpf" tcrkfn{" d{" htcpejkukpi" dgecwug" equvu" cpf"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu" ctg" urtgcf" coqpi" ocp{" kpfkxkfwcnu0" Vjgtg" ctg" ukz"
iwkfgnkpgu"vjcv"kpfkecvg"yjgp"hqtyctf"kpvgitcvkqp"oc{"dg"cp"ghhgevkxg"
uvtcvgi{<
*c+" Yjgp" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" rtgugpv" fkuvtkdwvqtu" ctg" gurgekcnn{"
gzrgpukxg."wptgnkcdng."qt"kpecrcdng0"
*d+" Yjgp"vjg"cxckncdknkv{"qh"swcnkv{"fkuvtkdwvqtu"ku"nkokvgf0""
*e+"
Yjgp"cp"qticpkucvkqp"eqorgvgu"kp"cp"kpfwuvt{"vjcv"ku"itqykpi0"
*f+" Yjgp" c" hkto" jcu" dqvj" vjg" ecrkvcn" cpf" jwocp" tguqwtegu" hqt"
hqtyctf"kpvgitcvkqp0"
*g+" Yjgp"vjg"cfxcpvcigu"qh"uvcdng"rtqfwevkqp"ctg"rctvkewnctn{"jkij0"
*h+"
Yjgp"rtgugpv"fkuvtkdwvqtu"qt"tgvckngtu"jcxg"jkij"rtqhkv"octikpu0"
70:""
Dcemyctf"Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Dqvj" ocpwhcevwtgtu" cpf" tgvckngtu" rwtejcug" pggfgf" ocvgtkcnu" htqo"

uwrrnkgtu0"Dcemyctf"kpvgitcvkqp"ku"c"uvtcvgi{"qh"uggmkpi"qypgtujkr"qt"
kpetgcugf"eqpvtqn"qh"c"hktou"uwrrnkgtu0"Vjku"uvtcvgi{"ecp"dg"gurgekcnn{"
crrtqrtkcvg"yjgp"c"hktou"ewttgpv"uwrrnkgtu"ctg"wptgnkcdng."vqq"equvn{."
qt"ecppqv"oggv"vjg"hktou"pggfu0"Inqdcn"eqorgvkvkqp"ku"cnuq"urwttkpi"
hktou"vq"tgfweg"vjgkt"pwodgt"qh"uwrrnkgtu"cpf"vq"fgocpf"jkijgt"ngxgnu"
qh"ugtxkeg"cpf"swcnkv{"htqo"vjqug"vjg{"mggr0"Ugxgp"iwkfgnkpgu"yjgp"
dcemyctf"kpvgitcvkqp"oc{"dg"gurgekcnn{"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{"ctg<"
*c+" Yjgp" c" hktou" rtgugpv" uwrrnkgtu" ctg" vqq" gzrgpukxg." wptgnkcdng."
qt"kpecrcdng"qh"oggvkpi"vjg"hktou"pggfu0"
*d+" Yjgp" vjg" pwodgt" qh" uwrrnkgtu" ku" uocnn" cpf" vjg" pwodgt" qh"
eqorgvkvqtu"ku"nctig0"
*e+"
Yjgp"c"hkto"eqorgvgu"kp"cp"kpfwuvt{"vjcv"ku"itqykpi"tcrkfn{0"
*f+" Yjgp"c"hkto"jcu"dqvj"ecrkvcn"cpf"jwocp"tguqwtegu"vq"ocpcig"
vjg"pgy"dwukpguu"qh"uwrrn{kpi"kvu"qyp"tcy"ocvgtkcnu0"
*g+" Yjgp"vjg"cfxcpvcig"qh"uvcdng"rtkegu"ku"rctvkewnctn{"korqtvcpv0"
*h+"
Yjgp"rtgugpv"uwrrnkgtu"jcxg"jkij"rtqhkv"octikpu0"
*i+" Yjgp"c"hkto"pggfu"vq"swkemn{"ceswktg"c"pggfgf"tguqwteg0"
67
STUDY GUIDE
70;""
Jqtk|qpvcn"Kpvgitcvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Jqtk|qpvcn"kpvgitcvkqp"tghgtu"vq"c"uvtcvgi{"qh"uggmkpi"qypgtujkr"qh."qt"
kpetgcugf" eqpvtqn" qxgt" c" hktou" eqorgvkvqtu0" Qpg" qh" vjg" oquv"
ukipkhkecpv"vtgpfu"kp"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"vqfc{"ku"vjg"kpetgcugf"wug"
qh" jqtk|qpvcn" kpvgitcvkqp" cu" c" itqyvj" uvtcvgi{0" Ogtigtu." ceswkukvkqpu."
cpf" vcmgqxgtu" coqpi" eqorgvkvqtu" cnnqy" hqt" kpetgcugf" geqpqokgu" qh"
uecng" cpf" gpjcpegf" vtcpuhgt" qh" tguqwtegu" cpf" eqorgvgpekgu0" Vjgtg"
ctg" hkxg" iwkfgnkpgu" vjcv" kpfkecvg" yjgp" jqtk|qpvcn" kpvgitcvkqp" oc{" dg"
cp"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{<"
*c+" Yjgp" c" eqorcp{" ecp" ickp" oqpqrqnkuvke" ejctcevgtkuvkeu" kp" c"
rctvkewnct"ctgc"qt"tgikqp"ykvjqwv"iqxgtpogpvcn"kpvgtxgpvkqp0"
*d+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{"eqorgvgu"kp"c"itqykpi"kpfwuvt{0"
*e+"
Yjgp" kpetgcug" geqpqokgu" qh" uecng" rtqxkfg" oclqt" eqorgvkvkxg"

cfxcpvcig0
*f+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{"jcu"dqvj"vjg"ecrkvcn"cpf"jwocp"vcngpv"pggfgf"
vq"ocpcig"uweeguuhwnn{"cp"gzrcpfgf"dwukpguu0"
*g+" Yjgp" eqorgvkvqtu" ctg" hcnvgtkpi" fwg" vq" c" ncem" qh" ocpcigtkcn"
gzrgtvkug" qt" c" pggf" hqt" rctvkewnct" tguqwtegu" vjcv" c" eqorcp{"
rquuguugu0"
7032""" Kpvgpukxg"Uvtcvgikgu<"Octmgv"Rgpgvtcvkqp"
"
Octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp." octmgv" fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" rtqfwev" fgxgnqrogpv"

ctg" tghgttgf" vq" cu" kpvgpukxg" uvtcvgikgu" dgecwug" vjg{" tgswktg" kpvgpukxg"
ghhqtvu" kh" c" hktou" eqorgvkvkxg" rqukvkqp" ykvj" gzkuvkpi" rtqfwevu" ku" vq"
kortqxg0" Kp" vjku" tgictf." c" octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp" uvtcvgi{" uggmu" vq"
kpetgcug" octmgv" ujctg" hqt" rtgugpv" rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu" kp" rtgugpv"
octmgvu"vjtqwij"itgcvgt"octmgvkpi"ghhqtvu0"Vjku"uvtcvgi{"ku"ykfgn{"wugf"
cnqpg" cpf" kp" eqodkpcvkqp" ykvj" qvjgt" uvtcvgikgu0" Octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp"
kpenwfgu"kpetgcukpi"vjg"pwodgt"qh"ucngurgtuqpu."kpetgcukpi"cfxgtvkukpi"
gzrgpfkvwtgu." qhhgtkpi" gzvgpukxg" ucngu" rtqoqvkqp" kvgou." qt" kpetgcukpi"
rwdnkekv{" ghhqtvu0" Vjgug" hkxg" iwkfgnkpgu" kpfkecvg" yjgp" octmgv"
rgpgvtcvkqp"oc{"dg"cp"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{<"
*c+" Yjgp" ewttgpv" octmgvu" ctg" pqv" ucvwtcvgf" ykvj" c" rctvkewnct"
rtqfwev"qt"ugtxkeg0"
*d+" Yjgp"vjg"wucig"tcvg"qh"rtgugpv"ewuvqogtu"eqwnf"dg"kpetgcugf"
ukipkhkecpvn{0
68
STUDY GUIDE
*e+"
Yjgp" vjg" octmgv" ujctgu" qh" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" jcxg" dggp"

fgenkpkpi"yjkng"vqvcn"kpfwuvt{"ucngu"jcxg"dggp"kpetgcukpi0"
*f+" Yjgp"vjg"eqttgncvkqp"dgvyggp"fqnnct"ucngu"cpf"fqnnct"octmgvkpi"
gzrgpfkvwtgu"jkuvqtkecnn{"jcu"dggp"jkij0"
*g+" Yjgp"kpetgcugf"geqpqokgu"qh"uecng"rtqxkfg"oclqt"eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcig0
7033""" Octmgv"Fgxgnqrogpv"
"
Octmgv" fgxgnqrogpv" kpxqnxgu" kpvtqfwekpi" gzkuvkpi" rtqfwevu" qt"

ugtxkegu"kpvq"pgy"igqitcrjkecn"ctgcu."gkvjgt"nqecnn{"qt"kpvgtpcvkqpcnn{0"
Inqdcnkucvkqp" uvtcvgi{" qh" c" eqorcp{" ku" c" ukipkhkecpv" gzcorng" qh"
octmgv" fgxgnqrogpv" uvtcvgi{" cv" vjg" inqdcn" ngxgn0" Vjgtg" ctg" ukz"
iwkfgnkpgu" vjcv" kpfkecvg" yjgp" octmgv" fgxgnqrogpv" oc{" dg" cp"
ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{<"
*c+" Yjgp" pgy" ejcppgnu" qh" fkuvtkdwvkqp" ctg" cxckncdng" vjcv" ctg"
tgnkcdng."kpgzrgpukxg."cpf"qh"iqqf"swcnkv{0"
*d+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{"ku"xgt{"uweeguuhwn"cv"yjcv"kv"fqgu0"
*e+"
Yjgp"pgy"wpvcrrgf"qt"wpucvwtcvgf"octmgvu"gzkuv0"
*f+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{"jcu"vjg"pggfgf"ecrkvcn"cpf"jwocp"tguqwtegu"
vq"ocpcig"gzrcpfgf"qrgtcvkqpu0"
*g+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{"jcu"gzeguu"rtqfwevkqp"ecrcekv{0"
*h+"
Yjgp"c"eqorcp{u"dcuke"kpfwuvt{"ku"tcrkfn{"dgeqokpi"inqdcn"kp"
ueqrg0""
7034""" Rtqfwev"Fgxgnqrogpv"
"
Rtqfwev" fgxgnqrogpv" ku" c" uvtcvgi{" vjcv" uggmu" kpetgcugf" ucngu" d{"
kortqxkpi" qt" oqfkh{kpi" rtgugpv" rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu0" Rtqfwev"
fgxgnqrogpv" wuwcnn{" gpvcknu" nctig" tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv"
gzrgpfkvwtgu0"Rtqfwev"fgxgnqrogpv"ku"vjg"oquv"korqtvcpv"uvtcvgi{"hqt"
jkij/vgej"hktou"cu"ygnn"jqurkvcnkv{/qtkgpvgf"hktou"uwej"cu"jqvgnu0"Vjg"
hqnnqykpi"hkxg"iwkfgnkpgu"kpfkecvg"yjgp"rtqfwev"fgxgnqrogpv"oc{"dg"
cp"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{"vq"rwtuwg<"
*c+" Yjgp" c" hkto" jcu" uweeguuhwn" rtqfwevu" vjcv" ctg" kp" vjg" ocvwtkv{"
uvcig"qh"vjg"rtqfwev"nkhg"e{eng0"
*d+" Yjgp" c" hkto" eqorgvgu" kp" cp" kpfwuvt{" vjcv" ku" ejctcevgtkugf" d{"
tcrkf"vgejpqnqikecn"fgxgnqrogpvu0"
69
STUDY GUIDE
*e+"
Yjgp" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" qhhgt" dgvvgt/swcnkv{" rtqfwevu" cv"

eqorctcdng"rtkegu0"
*f+" Yjgp"c"hkto"eqorgvgu"kp"c"jkij/itqyvj"kpfwuvt{0"
*g+" Yjgp"c"hkto"jcu"uvtqpi"tgugctej"cpf"fgxgnqrogpv"ecrcdknkvkgu0"
7035""" Fkxgtukhkecvkqp"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Vjgtg"ctg"vyq"igpgtcn"v{rgu"qh"fkxgtukhkecvkqp"uvtcvgikgu<"tgncvgf"cpf"
wptgncvgf0"Dwukpguugu"ctg"uckf"vq"dg"tgncvgf"yjgp"vjgkt"xcnwg"ejckpu"
rquuguugu" eqorgvkvkxgn{" xcnwcdng" etquu/dwukpguu" uvtcvgike" hkvu0"
Dwukpguugu"ctg" uckf" vq"dg" wptgncvgf" yjgp" vjgkt" xcnwg" ejckpu" ctg" uq"
fkuukoknct"vjcv"pq"eqorgvkvkxgn{"xcnwcdng"etquu/dwukpguu"tgncvkqpujkru"
gzkuv0" Oquv" eqorcpkgu" hcxqwt" tgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp" uvtcvgikgu" kp"
qtfgt"vq"ecrkvcnkug"qp"u{pgtikgu"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Vtcpuhgttkpi" eqorgvkvkxgn{" xcnwcdng" gzrgtvkug." vgejpqnqikecn"
mpqy/jqy."qt"qvjgt"ecrcdknkvkgu"htqo"qpg"dwukpguu"vq"cpqvjgt0"
*d+" Eqodkpkpi" vjg" tgncvgf" cevkxkvkgu" qh" ugrctcvg" dwukpguugu" kpvq"
ukping"qrgtcvkqpu"vq"cejkgxg"nqygt"equvu0"
*e+"
Gzrnqkvkpi"eqooqp"wug"qh"c"ygnn/mpqyp"dtcpf"pcog0"
*f+" Etquu/dwukpguu" eqnncdqtcvkqp" vq" etgcvg" xcnwcdng" tguqwteg"

uvtgpivju"cpf"ecrcdknkvkgu0"
7036""" Tgncvgf"Fkxgtukhkecvkqp"
"
Ukz" iwkfgnkpgu" hqt" yjgp" tgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp" oc{" dg" cp" ghhgevkxg"
uvtcvgi{"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Yjgp" c" eqorcp{" eqorgvgu" kp" c" pq/itqyvj" qt" c" unqy/itqyvj"
kpfwuvt{0
*d+" Yjgp" cffkpi" pgy." dwv" tgncvgf" rtqfwevu" yqwnf" ukipkhkecpvn{"
gpjcpeg"vjg"ucngu"qh"ewttgpv"rtqfwevu0"
*e+"
Yjgp" pgy." dwv" tgncvgf" rtqfwevu" eqwnf" dg" qhhgtgf" cv" jkijn{"
eqorgvkvkxg"rtkegu0"
*f+" Yjgp"pgy."dwv"tgncvgf"rtqfwevu"jcxg"ugcuqpcn"ucngu"ngxgnu"dwv"
eqwpvgtdcncpeg"c"eqorcp{u"gzkuvkpi"rgcmu"cpf"xcnng{u0"
*g+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{u"rtqfwevu"ctg"ewttgpvn{"kp"vjg"fgenkpkpi"uvcig"
qh"vjg"rtqfwevu"nkhg"e{eng0"
*h+"
Yjgp"c"eqorcp{"jcu"c"uvtqpi"ocpcigogpv"vgco0""
70
STUDY GUIDE
7037"" Wptgncvgf"Fkxgtukhkecvkqp"
"
Cp"wptgncvgf"fkxgtukhkecvkqp"uvtcvgi{"hcxqwtu"ecrkvcnkukpi"qp"c"rqtvhqnkq"
qh" dwukpguugu" vjcv" ctg" ecrcdng" qh" fgnkxgtkpi" gzegnngpv" hkpcpekcn"
rgthqtocpeg" kp" vjgkt" tgurgevkxg" kpfwuvtkgu." tcvjgt" vjcp" uvtkxkpi" vq"
ecrkvcnkug" qp" xcnwg" ejckp" uvtcvgike" hkvu" coqpi" vjg" dwukpguugu0" Hktou"
vjcv" gornq{" wptgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp" eqpvkpwcnn{" ugctej" cetquu"
fkhhgtgpv"kpfwuvtkgu"hqt"eqorcpkgu"vjcv"ecp"dg"ceswktgf"hqt"c"fgcn"cpf"
{gv" jcxg" rqvgpvkcn" vq" rtqxkfg" c" jkij" tgvwtp" qp" kpxguvogpv0" Rwtuwkpi"
wptgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp" gpvcknu" dgkpi" qp" vjg" jwpv" vq" ceswktg"
eqorcpkgu" vjcv" jcxg" jkij" itqyvj" rtqurgevu" dwv" ctg" ujqtv" qp"
kpxguvogpv" ecrkvcn0" Cp" qdxkqwu" ftcydcem" qh" wptgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp"
ku"vjcv"vjg"rctgpv"hkto"owuv"jcxg"cp"gzegnngpv"vqr"ocpcigogpv"vgco"
vjcv"rncpu."qticpkugu."oqvkxcvgu."fgngicvgu."cpf"eqpvtqnu"ghhgevkxgn{0"Kv"
ku"owej"oqtg"fkhhkewnv"vq"ocpcig"dwukpguugu"kp"ocp{"kpfwuvtkgu"vjcp"
kp" c" ukping" kpfwuvt{0" Uqog" korqtvcpv" iwkfgnkpgu" hqt" yjgp" wptgncvgf"
fkxgtukhkecvkqp"oc{"dg"cp"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{"ctg<"
*c+" Yjgp" tgxgpwg" yqwnf" kpetgcug" tguwnvkpi" htqo" wptgncvgf"
fkxgtukhkecvkqp"ghhqtvu0"
*d+" Yjgp" c" eqorcp{" eqorgvgu" kp" c" pq/itqyvj" qt" unqy/itqyvj"
kpfwuvt{0
*e+"
Yjgp"c"eqorcp{u"rtgugpv"ejcppgnu"qh"fkuvtkdwvkqp"uwrrqtvu"c"
fkxgtukhkecvkqp"uvtcvgi{0"
*f+" Yjgp"vjg"pgy"rtqfwevu"jcxg"eqwpvgte{enkecn"ucngu"rcvvgtpu0"
*g+" Yjgp"c"eqorcp{u"dcuke"kpfwuvt{"ku"fgenkpkpi0"
*h+"
Yjgp" c" eqorcp{" jcu" vjg" tgncvgf" ecrkvcn" cpf" ocpcigogpv"

vcngpv0"
*i+" Yjgp" cp" wptgncvgf" dwukpguu" ku" cp" cvvtcevkxg" dwukpguu"

qrrqtvwpkv{0
*j+" Yjgp" vjgtg" gzkuvu" hkpcpekcn" u{pgti{" dgvyggp" vjg" ceswktgf" cpf"
ceswktkpi"hktou0"
*k+"
Yjgp"gzkuvkpi"octmgvu"ctg"ucvwtcvgf0"
*l+"
Yjgp"c"hkto"jcu"eqpegpvtcvgf"uwduvcpvkcnn{"qp"c"ukping"kpfwuvt{"
hqt"vqq"nqpi"kp"hgct"qh"cp"cpvk/vtwuv"kpvgtxgpvkqp0"
71
STUDY GUIDE
7038""" Tgvtgpejogpv""
"
Tgvtgpejogpv" qeewtu" yjgp" cp" qticpkucvkqp" tgitqwru" vjtqwij" equv"

cpf" cuugv" tgfwevkqp" vq" tgxgtug" fgenkpkpi" ucngu" cpf" rtqhkvu0"
Uqogvkogu."kv"ku"ecnngf"c"vwtpctqwpf"qt"tgqticpkucvkqpcn"uvtcvgi{0"Kv"ku"
fgukipgf" vq" hqtvkh{" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" dcuke" fkuvkpevkxg" eqorgvgpeg0"
Fwtkpi"tgvtgpejogpv."uvtcvgikuvu"yqtm"ykvj"nkokvgf"tguqwtegu"cpf"hceg"
rtguuwtg" htqo" ujctgjqnfgtu." gornq{ggu." cpf" vjg" ogfkc0"
Tgvtgpejogpv" ecp" gpvckn" ugnnkpi" qhh" ncpf" cpf" dwknfkpiu" vq" tckug"
pggfgf" ecuj." rtwpkpi" rtqfwev" nkpgu." enqukpi" octikpcn" dwukpguugu."
enqukpi" qduqngvg" hcevqtkgu." cwvqocvkpi" rtqeguugu." tgfwekpi" vjg"
pwodgt"qh"gornq{ggu."cpf"kpuvkvwvkpi"gzrgpug"eqpvtqn"u{uvgou0"Hkxg"
iwkfgnkpgu" hqt" yjgp" tgvtgpejogpv" oc{" dg" cp" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgi{" vq"
rwtuwg"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Yjgp"cp"qticpkucvkqp"jcu"c"engctn{"fkuvkpevkxg"eqorgvgpeg0"
*d+" Yjgp" cp" qticpkucvkqp" ku" qpg" qh" vjg" ygcmgt" eqorgvkvqtu" kp" c"
ikxgp"kpfwuvt{0"
*e+"
Yjgp" cp" qticpkucvkqp" ku" rnciwgf" d{" kpghhkekgpe{." nqy"

rtqhkvcdknkv{." okpkokug" gzvgtpcn" vjtgcvu." vcmg" cfxcpvcig" qh"
kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju." cpf" qxgteqog" kpvgtpcn" ygcmpguugu" qxgt"
vkog0
*f+" Yjgp" cp" qticpkucvkqp" jcu" hckngf" vq" ecrkvcnkug" qp" gzvgtpcn"
qrrqtvwpkvkgu." okpkokug" gzvgtpcn" vjtgcvu." vcmg" cfxcpvcig" qh"
kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju." cpf" qxgteqog" kpvgtpcn" ygcmpguugu" qxgt"
vkog0
*g+" Yjgp"cp"qticpkucvkqp"jcu"itqyp"uq"nctig"uq"swkemn{"vjcv"oclqt"
kpvgtpcn"tgqticpkucvkqp"ku"pggfgf0"
7039""" Fkxguvkvwtg""
"
Ugnnkpi"c"fkxkukqp"qt"rctv"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp"ku"ecnngf"fkxguvkvwtg0"Kv"ku"
qhvgp" wugf" vq" tckug" ecrkvcn" hqt" hwtvjgt" uvtcvgike" ceswkukvkqp" qt"
kpxguvogpvu0" Fkxguvkvwtg" ecp" dg" rctv" qh" cp" qxgtcnn" tgvtgpejogpv"
uvtcvgi{" vq" tkf" cp" qticpkucvkqp" qh" dwukpguugu" vjcv" ctg" wprtqhkvcdng."
vjcv" tgswktg" vqq" owej" ecrkvcn." qt" vjcv" fq" pqv" hkv" ygnn" ykvj" vjg" hktou"
qvjgt" cevkxkvkgu0" Fkxguvkvwtg" jcu" cnuq" dgeqog" c" rqrwnct" uvtcvgi{" hqt"
hktou"vq"hqewu"qp"vjgkt"eqtg"dwukpguugu"cpf"dgeqog"nguu"fkxgtukhkgf0"
Ukz" iwkfgnkpgu" hqt" yjgp" fkxguvkvwtg" oc{" dg" cp" ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgi{" vq"
rwtuwg"hqnnqy<"
72
STUDY GUIDE
*c+" Yjgp" c" eqorcp{" jcu" rwtuwgf" c" tgvtgpejogpv" uvtcvgi{" cpf"
hckngf"vq"ceeqornkuj"pggfgf"kortqxgogpvu0"
*d+" Yjgp" c" fkxkukqp" pggfu" oqtg" tguqwtegu" vq" dg" eqorgvkvkxg" vjcp"
vjg"eqorcp{"ecp"rtqxkfg0"
*e+"
Yjgp" c" fkxkukqp" ku" tgurqpukdng" hqt" c" eqorcp{u" qxgtcnn" rqqt"
rgthqtocpeg0
*f+" Yjgp"c"fkxkukqp"ku"c"okuhkv"ykvj"tguv"qh"c"eqorcp{0"
*g+" Yjgp"c"nctig"coqwpv"qh"ecuj"ku"pggfgf"swkemn{0"
*h+"
Yjgp"iqxgtpogpv"cpvkvtwuv"cevkqp"vjtgcvgpu"c"eqorcp{0"
703:""" Nkswkfcvkqp""
"
Ugnnkpi"cnn"qh"c"eqorcp{u"cuugvu."kp"rctvu."hqt"vjgkt"vcpikdng"yqtvj"ku"
ecnngf" nkswkfcvkqp0" Nkswkfcvkqp" ku" c" tgeqipkvkqp" qh" fghgcv." cpf"
eqpugswgpvn{" ecp" dg" cp" goqvkqpcnn{" fkhhkewnv" uvtcvgi{0" Jqygxgt." kv"
oc{"dg"dgvvgt"vq"egcug"qrgtcvkpi"vjcp"vq"eqpvkpwg"nqukpi"nctig"uwou"
qh"oqpg{0"Vjg"vjtgg"iwkfgnkpgu"vjcv"kpfkecvg"yjgp"nkswkfcvkqp"oc{"dg"
cp"ghhgevkxg"uvtcvgi{"ctg<"
*c+" Yjgp" c" eqorcp{" jcu" rwtuwgf" dqvj" c" tgvtgpejogpv" uvtcvgi{"
cpf"c"fkxguvkvwtg"uvtcvgi{"cpf"pgkvjgt"jcu"dggp"uweeguuhwn0"
*d+" Yjgp" c" eqorcp{u" qpn{" cnvgtpcvkxg" ku" dcpmtwrve{0" Nkswkfcvkqp"
tgrtgugpvu" cp" qtfgtn{" cpf" rncppgf" ogcpu" qh" qdvckpkpi" vjg"
itgcvguv"rquukdng"ecuj"hqt"c"eqorcp{u"cuugvu0"
*e+"
C" eqorcp{" ecp" ngicnn{" fgenctg" dcpmtwrve{" hktuv" cpf" vjgp"

nkswkfcvg"xctkqwu"fkxkukqpu"vq"tckug"pggfgf"ecrkvcn0"
*f+" Yjgp"vjg"uvqemjqnfgtu"qh"c"eqorcp{"ecp"okpkokug"vjgkt"nquugu"
d{"ugnnkpi"vjg"eqorcp{u"cuugvu0""
703;""" Rqtvgtu"Hkxg"Igpgtke"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Ceeqtfkpi" vq" Rqtvgt." uvtcvgikgu" cnnqy" qticpkucvkqpu" vq" ickp"

eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig" htqo" vjtgg" fkhhgtgpv" dcugu<" equv" ngcfgtujkr."
fkhhgtgpvkcvkqp."cpf"hqewu0"Rqtvgt"ecnnu"vjgug"dcugu"igpgtke"uvtcvgikgu0"
Equv" ngcfgtujkr" gorjcukugu" rtqfwekpi" uvcpfctfkugf" rtqfwevu" cv" c"
xgt{" nqy" rgt/wpkv" equv" hqt" eqpuwogtu" yjq" ctg" rtkeg/ugpukvkxg0" Vyq"
cnvgtpcvkxg"v{rgu"qh"equv"ngcfgtujkr"uvtcvgikgu"ecp"dg"fghkpgf0"V{rg"3"
ku"c"nqy/equv"uvtcvgi{"vjcv"qhhgtu"rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkegu"vq"c"ykfg"tcpig"
qh"ewuvqogtu"cv"vjg"nqyguv"rtkeg"cxckncdng"qp"vjg"octmgv0"V{rg"4"ku"c"
dguv/xcnwg" qp" vjg" octmgv0" Vjg" dguv/xcnwg" uvtcvgi{" ckou" vq" qhhgt"
73
STUDY GUIDE
ewuvqogtu"c"tcpig"qh"rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkeg"cv"vjg"nqyguv"rtkeg"cxckncdng"
eqorctgf" vq" c" tkxcnu" rtqfwevu" ykvj" ukoknct" cvvtkdwvgu0" Dqvj" V{rg" 3"
cpf"V{rg"4"uvtcvgikgu"vctigv"c"nctig"octmgv0"Rqtvgtu"V{rg"5"igpgtke"
uvtcvgi{"ku"fkhhgtgpvkcvkqp."c"uvtcvgi{"ckogf"cv"rtqfwekpi"rtqfwevu"cpf"
ugtxkegu"eqpukfgtgf"wpkswg"kpfwuvt{/ykfg"cpf"fktgevgf"cv"eqpuwogtu"
yjq"ctg"tgncvkxgn{"rtkeg/kpugpukvkxg0"
"
Hqewu"ogcpu"rtqfwekpi"rtqfwevu"cpf"ugtxkegu"vjcv"hwnhkn"vjg"pggfu"qh"
uocnn"itqwru"qh"eqpuwogtu0"Vyq"cnvgtpcvkxg"v{rgu"qh"hqewu"uvtcvgikgu"
ctg"V{rg"6"cpf"V{rg"70"V{rg"6"ku"c"nqy/equv"hqewu"uvtcvgi{"vjcv"qhhgtu"
rtqfwevu"cpf"ugtxkegu"vq"c"uocnn"tcpig"*pkejg"itqwr+"qh"ewuvqogtu"cv"
vjg"nqyguv"rtkeg"cxckncdng"qp"vjg"octmgv0"V{rg"7"ku"c"dguvxcnwg"hqewu"
uvtcvgi{" vjcv" qhhgtu" rtqfwevu" cpf" ugtxkegu" vq" c" uocnn" tcpig" qh"
ewuvqogtu"cv"vjg"dguv/xcnwg"cxckncdng"qp"vjg"octmgv0"Kv"ku"uqogvkogu"
ecnngf"hqewugf"fkhhgtgpvkcvkqp0fi"Vjg"dguv/xcnwg"uvtcvgi{"ckou"vq"qhhgt"
c"pkejg"itqwr"qh"ewuvqogtu"rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkegu"vjcv"oggv"vjgkt"vcuvg"
cpf" tgswktgogpvu" dgvvgt" vjcp" tkxcnu" rtqfwevu" fq0" Dqvj" V{rg" 6" cpf"
V{rg" 7" hqewu" uvtcvgikgu" vctigv" c" uocnn" octmgv0" Jqygxgt." vjg"
fkhhgtgpeg" ku" vjcv" V{rg" 6" uvtcvgikgu" qhhgt" rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu" vq" c"
pkejg"itqwr"cv"vjg"nqyguv"rtkeg."yjgtgcu"V{rg"7"qhhgtu"rtqfwevu"cpf"
ugtxkegu"vq"c"pkejg"itqwr"cv"jkijgt"rtkegu"dwv"nqcfgf"ykvj"hgcvwtgu"uq"
vjg"qhhgtkpiu"ctg"rgtegkxgf"cu"vjg"dguv"xcnwg0"
7042"" Vjg"Hktuv"Oqxgt"Cfxcpvcigu"Eqpegrv"
"
Hktuv" oqxgt" cfxcpvcigu" tghgt" vq" vjg" dgpghkvu" c" hkto" oc{" cejkgxg" d{"
gpvgtkpi"c"pgy"octmgv"qt"fgxgnqrkpi"c"pgy"rtqfwev"qt"ugtxkeg"rtkqt"vq"
tkxcn"hktou0"Uqog"cfxcpvcigu"qh"dgkpi"c"hktuv"oqxgt"kpenwfg"ugewtkpi"
ceeguu" vq" tctg" tguqwtegu." ickpkpi" pgy" mpqyngfig" qh" etkvkecn" hcevqtu"
cpf" kuuwgu." ickpkpi" octmgv" ujctg" cpf" rqukvkqp" kp" vjg" dguv" nqecvkqpu."
guvcdnkujkpi" cpf" ugewtkpi" nqpi/vgto" tgncvkqpujkru" ykvj" ewuvqogtu."
uwrrnkgtu." fkuvtkdwvqtu." cpf" kpxguvqtu." cpf" hkpcnn{" ickpkpi" ewuvqogt"
nq{cnv{" cpf" eqookvogpvu0" Vq" uwuvckp" vjg" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig"
ickpgf" d{" dgkpi" vjg" hktuv" oqxgt." c" hkto" pggfu" vq" dg" c" hcuv" ngctpgt0"
Jqygxgt."vjgtg"ctg"tkumu"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"dgkpi"vjg"hktuv"oqxgt."uwej"
cu"wpgzrgevgf"cpf"wpcpvkekrcvgf"rtqdngou"cpf"equvu"vjcv"qeewt"htqo"
dgkpi"vjg"hktuv"hkto"fqkpi"dwukpguu"kp"vjg"pgy"octmgv0""Pqtocnn{."hktuv"
oqxgt" cfxcpvcigu" oquv" qh" vjg" vkog" qhvgp" qhhugv" vjg" hktuv" oqxgt"
fkucfxcpvcigu0"Crrng"Kpe0"jcu"cnyc{u"dggp"c"iqqf"gzcorng"qh"c"hktuv"
oqxgt"hkto0"
74
STUDY GUIDE
7043"" Uvtcvgikgu"hqt"Eqorgvkpi"kp"Vwtdwngpv."Jkij/Xgnqekv{"Octmgvu"
"
Vjg" yqtnf" ku" ejcpikpi" oqtg" cpf" oqtg" tcrkfn{." cpf" eqpugswgpvn{"
kpfwuvtkgu"cpf"hktou"vjgougnxgu"ctg"ejcpikpi"hcuvgt"vjcp"gxgt0"Uqog"
kpfwuvtkgu" ctg" ejcpikpi" uq" hcuv" vjcv" tgugctejgtu" ecnn" vjgo" vwtdwngpv."
jkij/xgnqekv{" octmgvu." uwej" cu" vgngeqoowpkecvkqpu." ogfkecn."
dkqvgejpqnqi{." rjctocegwvkecnu." eqorwvgt" jctfyctg." uqhvyctg." cpf"
xktvwcnn{" cnn" Kpvgtpgv/dcugf" kpfwuvtkgu0" Jkij/xgnqekv{" ejcpig" ku" engctn{"
dgeqokpi"oqtg"cpf"oqtg"vjg"twng"tcvjgt"vjcp"vjg"gzegrvkqp."gxgp"kp"
uwej" kpfwuvtkgu" cu" vq{u." rjqpgu." dcpmkpi." fghgpeg." rwdnkujkpi." cpf"
eqoowpkecvkqp0" Cp" gzcorng" qh" vwtdwngpv." jkij/xgnqekv{" octmgv" ku" vjg"
vcdngv" eqorwvgt." ykvj" oqtg" vjcp" 322" eqorcpkgu" vt{kpi" vq" gowncvg"
Crrngu"kRqf"cpf"vcdngv"rtqfwevu0"
"
Oggvkpi"vjg"ejcnngpig"qh"jkij/xgnqekv{"ejcpig"rtgugpvu"vjg"hkto"ykvj"
c"ejqkeg"qh"yjgvjgt"vq"tgcev."cpvkekrcvg."qt"ngcf"vjg"octmgv"kp"vgtou"qh"
kvu"qyp"uvtcvgi{0"Vq"rtkoctkn{"tgcev"vq"ejcpigu"kp"vjg"kpfwuvt{"yqwnf"
dg" c" fghgpukxg" uvtcvgi{" wugf" vq" eqwpvgt" wpgzrgevgf" ujkhvu" kp" dw{gt"
vcuvgu"cpf"vgejpqnqikecn"dtgcmvjtqwiju0"Vjg"tgcev/vq/ejcpig"uvtcvgi{"
yqwnf" pqv" dg" cu" ghhgevkxg" cu" vjg" cpvkekrcvg/ejcpig" uvtcvgi{." yjkej"
yqwnf"gpvckn"fgxkukpi"cpf"hqnnqykpi"vjtqwij"ykvj"rncpu"hqt"fgcnkpi"ykvj"
vjg" gzrgevgf" ejcpigu0" Jqygxgt." hktou" kfgcnn{" uvtkxg" vq" dg" kp" c"
rqukvkqp" vq" ngcf" vjg" ejcpigu" kp" jkij/xgnqekv{" octmgvu." yjgtgd{" vjg{"
rkqpggt" pgy" cpf" dgvvgt" vgejpqnqikgu" cpf" rtqfwevu" cpf" ugv" kpfwuvt{"
uvcpfctfu0" Dgkpi" vjg" ngcfgt" qt" rkqpggt" qh" ejcpig" kp" c" jkij/xgnqekv{"
octmgv" ku" cp" ciitguukxg." qhhgpukxg" uvtcvgi{" vjcv" kpenwfgu" twujkpi"
pgzv/igpgtcvkqp" rtqfwevu" vq" octmgv" cjgcf" qh" tkxcnu" cpf" dgkpi"
eqpvkpwcnn{" rtqcevkxg" kp" ujcrkpi" vjg" octmgv" vq" qpgu" qyp" dgpghkv0"
Cnvjqwij" c" ngcf/ejcpig" uvtcvgi{" ku" dguv" yjgpgxgt" vjg" hkto" jcu" vjg"
tguqwtegu" vq" rwtuwg" vjku" crrtqcej." qp" qeecukqp" gxgp" vjg" uvtqpiguv"
hktou" kp" vwtdwngpv" kpfwuvtkgu" jcxg" vq" gornq{" vjg" tgcev/vq/vjg/octmgv"
uvtcvgi{" cpf" vjg" cpvkekrcvg/vjg/octmgv" uvtcvgi{0" Qpg" uvtcvgi{" vq"
eqorgvg"kp"c"vwtdwngpv"kpfwuvt{"ku"vq"ceswktg"tkxcnu"hktou."vjwu"ickpkpi"
geqpqokgu"qh"uecng"cpf"kortqxgf"ghhkekgpe{0"
"
"
Ogcpu"hqt"Cejkgxkpi"Uvtcvgikgu<"Eqqrgtcvkqp"coqpi"Eqorgvkvqtu"
Uvtcvgikgu"vjcv"uvtguu"eqqrgtcvkqp"coqpi"eqorgvkvqtu"ctg"dgkpi"wugf"
oqtg" qhvgp0" Hqt" eqnncdqtcvkqp" dgvyggp" eqorgvkvqtu" vq" uweeggf." dqvj"
hktou" owuv" eqpvtkdwvg" uqogvjkpi" fkuvkpevkxg." uwej" cu" vgejpqnqi{."
fkuvtkdwvkqp." dcuke" tgugctej." qt" ocpwhcevwtkpi" ecrcekv{0" " Jqygxgt." c"
oclqt" tkum" ku" vjcv" wpkpvgpfgf" vtcpuhgtu" qh" korqtvcpv" umknnu" qt"
vgejpqnqi{"oc{" qeewt" cv" qticpkucvkqpcn" ngxgnu"dgnqy" yjgtg" vjg" fgcn"
ycu" fqpg0" Kphqtocvkqp" pqv" eqxgtgf" kp" vjg" hqtocn" citggogpv" qhvgp"
igvu"vtcfgf"kp"vjg"fc{/vq/fc{"kpvgtcevkqpu"cpf"fgcnkpiu"qh"gpikpggtu."
octmgvgtu."cpf"rtqfwev"fgxgnqrgtu0"Hktou"qhvgp"ikxg"cyc{"vqq"owej"
75
STUDY GUIDE
kphqtocvkqp" vq" tkxcn" hktou" yjgp" qrgtcvkpi" wpfgt" eqqrgtcvkxg"

citggogpvu0"Kp"vjku"tgictf."vkijvgt"hqtocn"citggogpvu"ctg"pggfgf0"
7044""" Lqkpv/Xgpvwtgu1Rctvpgtkpi"
"
Lqkpv/xgpvwtg" ku" c" rqrwnct" uvtcvgi{" vjcv" qeewtu" yjgp" vyq" qt" oqtg"
eqorcpkgu" htqo" c" vgorqtct{" rctvpgtujkr" qt" eqpuqtvkwo" hqt" vjg"
rwtrqug" qh"ecrkvcnkukpi"qp" uqog" qrrqtvwpkv{0" Qhvgp." vjg" vyq" qt" oqtg"
urqpuqtkpi" hktou" htqo" c" ugrctcvg" qticpkucvkqp" cpf" jcxg" ujctgf"
gswkv{" qypgtujkr" kp" vjg" pgy" gpvkv{0" Qvjgt" v{rgu" qh" eqqrgtcvkxg"
cttcpigogpvu"kpenwfg"tgugctej"cpf"fgxgnqrogpv"rctvpgtujkru."etquu/
fkuvtkdwvkqp" citggogpvu." etquu/nkegpukpi" citggogpvu." etquu/
ocpwhcevwtkpi"citggogpvu"cpf"lqkpv/dkffkpi"eqpuqtvkc0"Lqkpv"xgpvwtgu"
cpf" eqqrgtcvkxg" cttcpigogpvu" ctg" dgkpi" wugf" kpetgcukpin{" dgecwug"
vjg{" cnnqy" eqorcpkgu" vq" kortqxg" eqoowpkecvkqp" cpf" pgvyqtmkpi." vq"
inqdcnkug" qrgtcvkqpu." cpf" vq" okpkokug" tkumu0" Lqkpv" xgpvwtgu" cpf"
rctvpgtujkru" ctg" qhvgp" wugf" vq" rwtuwg" cp" qrrqtvwpkv{" vjcv" ku" vqq"
eqorngz." wpgeqpqokecn." qt" tkum{" hqt" c" ukping" hkto" vq" rwtuwg" cnqpg0"
Uwej"dwukpguu"tgncvkqpu"cnuq"ctg"wugf"yjgp"cejkgxkpi"cpf"uwuvckpkpi"
eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig"yjgp"cp"kpfwuvt{"tgswktgu"c"dtqcfgt"tcpig"qh"
eqorgvgpekgu" cpf" mpqy/jqy" vjcp" cp{" qpg" hkto" ecp" octujcn0" Kp" c"
inqdcn" octmgv" vkgf" vqigvjgt" d{" vjg" Kpvgtpgv." lqkpv" xgpvwtgu."
rctvpgtujkru." cpf" cnnkcpegu" ctg" rtqxkpi" vq" dg" oqtg" ghhgevkxg" yc{" vq"
gpjcpeg" eqtrqtcvg" itqyvj" vjcp" ogtigtu" cpf" ceswkukvkqpu0" C" oclqt"
tgcuqp" yj{" hktou" ctg" wukpi" rctvpgtkpi" cu" c" ogcpu" vq" cejkgxg"
uvtcvgikgu"ku"inqdcnkucvkqp0"C"fqoguvke"hkto"ecp"dgpghkv"koogpugn{"d{"
rctvpgtkpi"ykvj"c"hqtgkip"eqorcp{"vq"ickp"uwduvcpvkcn"rtgugpeg"kp"vjcv"
pgy"eqwpvt{0"
7045""" Ogtigt1Ceswkukvkqp"
"
Ogtigt" cpf" ceswkukvkqp" ctg" vyq" eqooqpn{" wugf" yc{u" vq" rwtuwg"
uvtcvgikgu0"C"ogtigt"qeewtu"yjgp"vyq"eqorcpkgu"qh"cdqwv"gswcn"uk|g"
wpkvg" vq" hqto" qpg" gpvgtrtkug0" Cp" ceswkukvkqp" qeewtu" yjgp" c" nctig"
eqorcp{"rwtejcugu"c"uocnngt"hkto."qt"xkeg"xgtuc0"Yjgp"c"ogtigt"qt"
ceswkukvkqp"ku"pqv"fguktgf"d{"dqvj"rctvkgu."kv"ecp"dg"ecnngf"c"vcmgqxgt"
qt" jquvkng" vcmgqxgt0" Kp" eqpvtcuv." kh" vjg" ceswkukvkqp" ku" fguktgf" d{" dqvj"
eqorcpkgu." kv" ku" vgtogf" c" htkgpfn{" vcmgqxgt0" Oquv" ogtigtu" ctg"
htkgpfn{0" Uqog" qh" vjg" ocp{" rqvgpvkcn" dgpghkvu" qh" ogtikpi" ykvj" qt"
ceswktkpi"cpqvjgt"hkto"kpenwfg"rtqxkfkpi"kortqxgf"ecrcekv{"wvknkucvkqp."
ocmkpi" dgvvgt" wug" qh" vjg" gzkuvkpi" ucngu" hqteg." tgfwekpi" ocpcigtkcn"
uvchh." ickpkpi" geqpqokgu" qh" uecng." uoqqvjkpi" qwv" ugcuqpcn" vtgpfu" kp"
ucngu." ickpkpi" ceeguu" vq" pgy" uwrrnkgtu." fkuvtkdwvqtu." ewuvqogtu."
rtqfwevu." cpf" etgfkvqtu." ickpkpi" pgy" vgejpqnqi{." cpf" tgfwekpi" vcz"
qdnkicvkqpu0"
76
STUDY GUIDE
7046""" Qwvuqwtekpi"
"
Dwukpguu/rtqeguu"qwvuqwtekpi"*DRQ+"kpxqnxgu"eqorcpkgu"vcmkpi"qxgt"
vjg" hwpevkqpcn" qrgtcvkqpu." uwej" cu" jwocp" tguqwtegu." kphqtocvkqp"
u{uvgou."ceeqwpvkpi."ewuvqogt"ugtxkeg."cpf"gxgp"octmgvkpi"qh"qvjgt"
hktou0" Kv" ku" c" ogcpu" hqt" cejkgxkpi" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" ctg" ukoknct" vq"
rctvpgtkpi" cpf" lqkpv/xgpvwtkpi0" Vqfc{" eqorcpkgu" ctg" ejqqukpi" vq"
qwvuqwteg" vjgkt" hwpevkqpcn" qrgtcvkqpu" oqtg" cpf" oqtg" hqt" ugxgtcn"
tgcuqpu<
*c+" Kv"ku"nguu"gzrgpukxg"qt"oqtg"equv/ucxkpi0"
*d+" Kv"cnnqyu"vjg"hkto"vq"hqewu"qp"vjg"eqtg"dwukpguugu0"
*e+"
Kv"gpcdngu"vjg"hkto"vq"rtqxkfg"dgvvgt"ugtxkegu0"
*f+" Cnnqykpi"vjg"hkto"vq"cnkip"kvugnh"ykvj"dguv/kp/yqtnffi"uwrrnkgtu"yjq"
hqewu"qp"rgthqtokpi"vjg"urgekcn"vcum0"
*g+" Rtqxkfkpi" vjg" hkto" hngzkdknkv{" ujqwnf" ewuvqogt" pggfu" ujkhv"
wpgzrgevgfn{0"
*h+"
Cnnqykpi" vjg" hkto" vq" eqpegpvtcvg" qp" qvjgt" kpvgtpcn" xcnwg" ejckp"
cevkxkvkgu0"etkvkecn"vq"uwuvckpkpi"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig0"
7047"" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"kp"Pqp/Rtqhkv"Qticpkucvkqpu"
"
Pqp/rtqhkv" qticpkucvkqpu" ctg" dcukecnn{" lwuv" nkmg" rtqhkv/ocmkpi"

eqorcpkgu"gzegrv"hqt"vyq"oclqt"fkhhgtgpegu<"3+"pqp/rtqhkvu"fq"pqv"rc{"
vczgu"cpf"4+"pqp/rtqhkvu"fq"pqv"jcxg"ujctgjqnfgtu"vq"rtqxkfg"ecrkvcn0"
Vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" dgkpi" wugf" ghhgevkxgn{" d{"
eqwpvnguu" pqp/rtqhkv" cpf" iqxgtpogpvcn" qticpkucvkqpu." uwej" cu" Iktn""
Iwkfgu."Dq{"Ueqwvu."vjg"Tgf"Etquu"qt"vjg"Tgf"Etguegpv."ejcodgtu"
qh" eqoogteg." gfwecvkqpcn" kpuvkvwvkqpu." ogfkecn" kpuvkvwvkqpu." rwdnke"
wvknkvkgu." nkdtctkgu." iqxgtpogpv" cigpekgu." cpf" tgnkikqwu" qticpkucvkqpu0"
Eqorctgf" vq" hqt/rtqhkv" hktou." pqp/rtqhkv" cpf" iqxgtpogpvcn"
qticpkucvkqpu" oc{" dg" vqvcnn{" fgrgpfgpv" qp" qwvukfg" hkpcpekpi0"
Gurgekcnn{"hqt"vjgug"qticpkucvkqpu."uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"rtqxkfgu"cp"
gzegnngpv"xgjkeng"hqt"fgxgnqrkpi"cpf"lwuvkh{kpi"tgswguvu"hqt"pggfgf"hqt"
hkpcpekcn"uwrrqtv0"
7048""" Iqxgtpogpvcn"Cigpekgu"cpf"Fgrctvogpvu"
"
Iqxgtpogpvcn" cigpekgu" cpf" fgrctvogpvu" ctg" tgurqpukdng" hqt"

hqtowncvkpi." korngogpvkpi." cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" wug"
vczrc{gtu" fqnnctu" kp" vjg" oquv" equv/ghhgevkxg" yc{" vq" rtqxkfg" ugtxkegu"
cpf" rtqitcoogu0" Uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" eqpegrvu" ctg" igpgtcnn{"
77
STUDY GUIDE
tgswktgf" cpf" vjku" ykfgn{" wugf" vq" gpcdng" iqxgtpogpvcn" qticpkucvkqpu"

vq" dg" oqtg" ghhgevkxg" cpf" ghhkekgpv0" Uvtcvgikuvu" kp" iqxgtpogpvcn"
qticpkucvkqpu" qrgtcvg" ykvj" nguu" uvtcvgike" cwvqpqo{" vjcp" vjgkt"
eqwpvgtrctvu" kp" rtkxcvg" hktou0" Rwdnke" gpvgtrtkugu" igpgtcnn{" ecppqv"
fkxgtukh{" kpvq" wptgncvgf" dwukpguugu" qt" ogtig" ykvj" qvjgt" hktou0"
Iqxgtpogpvcn" uvtcvgikuvu" wuwcnn{" gplq{" nkvvng" htggfqo" kp" cnvgtkpi" vjg"
qticpkucvkqpu"okuukqpu"qt"tgfktgevkpi"qdlgevkxgu0"Uvtcvgike"kuuwgu"igv"
fkuewuugf" cpf" fgdcvgf" kp" vjg" ogfkc" cpf" ngikuncvwtg0" Vjgtg" ku" pqy"
oqtg" rtgfkevcdknkv{" kp" vjg" ocpcigogpv" qh" rwdnke" ugevqt" gpvgtrtkugu0"
Iqxgtpogpv" cigpekgu" cpf" fgrctvogpvu" ctg" hkpfkpi" vjcv" vjgkt"
gornq{ggu" igv" gzekvgf" cdqwv" vjg" qrrqtvwpkv{" vq" rctvkekrcvg" kp" vjg"
uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqhguu" cpf" vjgtgd{" jcxg" cp" ghhgev" qp" vjg"
qticpkucvkqpu"okuukqp."qdlgevkxgu."uvtcvgikgu."cpf"rqnkekgu0"Oqtgqxgt."
iqxgtpogpv"cigpekgu"ctg"wukpi"c"uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv"crrtqcej"vq"
fgxgnqr"cpf"uwduvcpvkcvg"hqtocn"tgswguvu"hqt"cffkvkqpcn"hwpfkpi0""""
7049"" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"kp"Uocnn"Qticpkucvkqpu"
"
Uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"ku"xkvcn"hqt"nctig"hktou"uweeguu0""Nkmgykug."vjg"
uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" gswcnn{" xkvcn" hqt" uocnn" eqorcpkgu0"
Htqo" vjgkt" kpegrvkqp." cnn" qticpkucvkqpu" jcxg" c" uvtcvgi{0" Gxgp" kh" vjg"
uvtcvgi{" ygtg" eqpfwevgf" kphqtocnn{." qt" d{" c" ukping" qypgt" qt"
gpvtgrtgpgwt." vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ecp" ukipkhkecpvn{"
gpjcpeg" uocnn" hktou" itqyvj" cpf" rtqurgtkv{0" Kp" vjku" tgictf."c" ncem" qh"
uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" mpqyngfig" ku" c" ugtkqwu" qduvceng" hqt" ocp{"
uocnn" dwukpguu" qypgtu0" Qvjgt" rtqdngou" qhvgp" gpeqwpvgtgf" kp"
crrn{kpi" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" eqpegrvu" vq" uocnn" dwukpguugu" ctg" c"
ncem" qh" dqvj" uwhhkekgpv" ecrkvcn" vq" gzrnqkv" gzvgtpcn" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" c"
fc{/vq/fc{"eqipkvkxg"htcog"qh"tghgtgpeg0""Tgugctej"cnuq"kpfkecvgu"vjcv"
uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" kp" uocnn" hktou" ku" oqtg" kphqtocn" vjcp" kp" nctig"
hktou." dwv" uocnn" hktou" vjcv" gpicig" kp" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv"
qwvrgthqto"vjqug"vjcv"fq"pqv0
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Yjcv" ku" c" fkxgtukhkecvkqp" uvtcvgi{A" Yjcv" ctg" vjg" tgcuqpu" vjcv" oc{"
eqpvtkdwvg"vq"kvu"hcknwtgA""
40"
Ykvj" vjg" ckf" qh" c" fkcitco." fkuewuu" Rqtvgtu" Hkxg" Igpgtke" Uvtcvgikgu0"
Ikxg"tgngxcpv"gzcorngu"vq"uwrrqtv"{qwt"cpuygt0"
50"
Kp" vkogu" qh" cp" geqpqoke" fqypvwtp." yjkej" v{rg" qh" dwukpguu" uvtcvgi{" ku"
oquv" ghhgevkxg" hqt" c" eqorcp{" vq" etgcvg" cpf" uwuvckp" eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcigA"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
78
STUDY GUIDE
60"
Gzrnckp" vjg" fkhhgtgpeg" dgvyggp" lqkpv/xgpvwtgu" cpf" rctvpgtujkru" cu" c"

ogcpu"hqt"cejkgxkpi"xctkqwu"uvtcvgikgu0"
70"
Yjcv"uvtcvgikgu"ctg"dguv"hqt"vwtdwngpv."jkij/xgnqekv{"octmgvuA"
80"
Fkuewuu"vjg"korqtvcpeg"cpf"tgngxcpeg"qh"kpvgpukxg"uvtcvgikgu0"
90"
Fkuewuu"vjg"fkhhgtgpeg"dgvyggp"ogtigt"cpf"vcmg/qxgt"qt"ceswkukvkqp0"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Etkvkecnn{" gzcokpg" vjg" dwukpguu" uvtcvgikgu" wugf" d{" Cfkfcu" Itqwr" vq"
cejkgxg"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig0"
40"
Fkuewuu" cp{" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" oc{" dg" wugf" d{" Cfkfcu" Itqwr"
vq"qwvrgthqto"kvu"eqorgvkvqtu0"
79
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"8<"
Uvtcvgi{"Cpcn{uku"cpf"Ejqkeg."cpf"vjg"Tqng"
qh"Dqctf"qh"Fktgevqtu"kp"Uvtcvgi{"Ugngevkqp"
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Fguetkdg" vjg" vjtgg/uvcig" htcogyqtm" hqt" ejqqukpi" coqpi" cnvgtpcvkxg"

uvtcvgikgu="
40"
Gzrnckp"jqy"vq"fgxgnqr"c"UYQV"Ocvtkz."URCEG"Ocvtkz."DEI"Ocvtkz."KG"
Octvkz."cpf"SURO="
50"
Kfgpvkh{"korqtvcpv"dgjcxkqwtcn."rqnkvkecn."gvjkecn."cpf"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"
eqpukfgtcvkqpu"kp"uvtcvgi{"cpcn{uku"cpf"ejqkeg="
60"
Fkuewuu"vjg"tqng"qh"kpvwkvkqp"kp"uvtcvgike"cpcn{uku"cpf"ejqkeg="
70"
Fkuewuu" vjg" tqng" qh" qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" kp" uvtcvgike" cpcn{uku" cpf"
ejqkeg="cpf"
80"
Fkuewuu" vjg" tqng" qh" dqctf" qh" fktgevqtu" kp" vjg" rtqeguu" qh" uvtcvgi{"
ugngevkqp0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku" vqrke" hqewugu" qp" igpgtcvkpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" cnvgtpcvkxgu." cpf" ugngevkpi"
uvtcvgikgu" vq" rwtuwg0" Uvtcvgi{" cpcn{uku" cpf" ejqkeg" uggm" vq" fgvgtokpg"
cnvgtpcvkxg" eqwtugu" qh" cevkqp" vjcv" eqwnf" dguv" gpcdng" vjg" hkto" vq" cejkgxg" kvu"
okuukqp" cpf" qdlgevkxgu0" Vjg" hktou" rtgugpv" uvtcvgikgu." qdlgevkxgu." cpf"
okuukqp." eqwrngf" ykvj" vjg" gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn" cwfkv" kphqtocvkqp." rtqxkfg" c"
dcuku"hqt"igpgtcvkpi"cpf"gxcnwcvkpi"hgcukdng"cnvgtpcvkxg"uvtcvgikgu0"Vjku"vqrke"
fkuewuugu"vjg"rtqeguu"vjcv"ocp{"hktou"wug"vq"fgvgtokpg"cp"crrtqrtkcvg"ugv"
qh" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu0" C" eqortgjgpukxg" uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp" htcogyqtm"
eqpukuvkpi"vjtgg"uvcigu"yknn"dg"fkuewuugf"kp"fgvckn0"Vjg"vjtgg"uvcigu"ctg"vjg"
kprwv" uvcig." vjg" ocvejkpi" uvcig." cpf" vjg" fgekukqp" uvcig0" Vjg" ewnvwtcn."
rqnkvkecn."gvjkecn."cpf"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"eqpukfgtcvkqpu"kp"uvtcvgi{"cpcn{uku"
cpf" ejqkeg" yknn" dg" fkuewuugf0" Hkpcnn{." vjg" tqng" qh" dqctf" qh" fktgevqtu" kp" vjg"
rtqeguu"qh"uvtcvgi{"ugngevkqp"yknn"dg"jkijnkijvgf0"
80
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
803"
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Igpgtcvkpi"cpf"
Ugngevkpi"Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"8."rr"425"/"4260
804"
Eqortgjgpukxg"Uvtcvgi{"
Hqtowncvkqp"Htcogyqtm"
Ejcrvgt"8."rr"427"/"4280
805"
Vjg"Kprwv"Uvcig"
Ejcrvgt"8"r"4270
806"
Vjg"Ocvejkpi"Uvcig"
Ejcrvgt"8."rr"427"/"4420
807"
Vjg"Fgekukqp"Uvcig"
Ejcrvgt"8."rr"442"/"4480
808"
Ewnvwtcn"Curgevu"qh"Uvtcvgi{"
Ejqkeg"
Ejcrvgt"8."r"4480
809"
Vjg"Rqnkvkeu"qh"Uvtcvgi{"Ejqkeg"
Ejcrvgt"8."rr"448"/"4490
80:"
Iqxgtpcpeg"Kuuwgu"
Ejcrvgt"8."rr"449"/"44;0
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
803"""
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Igpgtcvkpi"cpf"Ugngevkpi"Uvtcvgikgu"
"
Kp"vjg"rtqeguu"qh"igpgtcvkpi"uvtcvgikgu."c"ocpcigcdng"ugv"qh"vjg"oquv"
cvvtcevkxg" uvtcvgikgu" owuv" dg" fgxgnqrgf0" Vjg" cfxcpvcigu."
fkucfxcpvcigu." vtcfg/qhhu." equvu." cpf" dgpghkvu" qh" vjgug" uvtcvgikgu"
ujqwnf" dg" fgvgtokpgf0" Kfgpvkh{kpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" cnvgtpcvkxg"
uvtcvgikgu"ujqwnf"kpxqnxg"ocp{"qh"vjg"ocpcigtu"cpf"gornq{ggu"yjq"
gctnkgt" cuugodngf" vjg" qticpkucvkqpcn" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp" uvcvgogpvu."
rgthqtogf" vjg" gzvgtpcn" cwfkv." cpf" eqpfwevgf" vjg" kpvgtpcn" cwfkv0"
Tgrtgugpvcvkxgu"htqo"gcej"fgrctvogpv"cpf"xkukqp"qh"vjg"hkto"ujqwnf"
dg" kpenwfgf" kp" vjku" rtqeguu0" Cnn" rctvkekrcpvu" kp" vjg" uvtcvgi{" cpcn{uku"
cpf"ejqkeg"cevkxkv{"ujqwnf"jcxg"vjg"hktou"gzvgtpcn"cpf"kpvgtpcn"cwfkv"
kphqtocvkqp" cxckncdng0" Vjku" Kphqtocvkqp." eqwrngf" ykvj" vjg" hktou"
okuukqp"uvcvgogpv."yknn"jgnr"rctvkekrcpvu"et{uvcnnkug"kp"vjgkt"qyp"okpfu"
rctvkewnct" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" vjg{" dgnkgxg" eqwnf" dgpghkv" vjg" hkto" oquv0"
Cnvgtpcvkxg"uvtcvgikgu"rtqrqugf"d{"rctvkekrcpvu"ujqwnf"dg"eqpukfgtgf"
cpf" fkuewuugf" kp" c" oggvkpi" qt" ugtkgu" qh" oggvkpiu0" Vjg" rtqrqugf"
81
STUDY GUIDE
uvtcvgikgu"yknn"vjgp"dg"tcpmgf"kp"qtfgt"qh"cvvtcevkxgpguu0"Vjku"rtqeguu"
yknn" tguwnv" kp" c" rtkqtkvkugf" nkuv" qh" dguv" uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" tghngevu" vjg"
eqnngevkxg"ykufqo"qh"vjg"itqwr0"
804"""
Eqortgjgpukxg"Uvtcvgi{/Hqtowncvkqp"Htcogyqtm"
"
Korqtvcpv" uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp" vgejpkswgu" ecp" dg" kpvgitcvgf" kpvq" c"

vjtgg/uvcig" fgekukqp/ocmkpi" htcogyqtm0" Vjg" vjtgg" uvcigu" ctg" vjg"
kprwv" uvcig." vjg" ocvejkpi" uvcig." cpf" vjg" fgekukqp" uvcig0" " Vjg"
vgejpkswgu"wugf"kp"vjg"kprwv"uvcig"ctg"vjg"Gzvgtpcn"Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"
*GHG+" Ocvtkz." vjg" Eqorgvkvkxg" Rtqhkng" Ocvtkz" *ERO+." cpf" vjg" Kpvgtpcn"
Hcevqt"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KHG+"Ocvtkz0"Kp"vjg"ocvejkpi"uvcig."vjg"vgejpkswgu"
crrnkgf" kpenwfg" vjg" Uvtgpivju" Ygcmpguugu/Qrrqtvwpkvkgu/Vjtgcvu"
*UYQV+" Ocvtkz." vjg" Uvtcvgike" Rqukvkqp" cpf" Cevkqp" Gxcnwcvkqp"
*URCEG+" Ocvtkz." vjg" Dquvqp" Eqpuwnvkpi" Itqwr" *DEI+" Ocvtkz." vjg"
Kpvgtpcn/Gzvgtpcn" *KG+" Ocvtkz." cpf" vjg" Itcpf" Uvtcvgi{" Ocvtkz0" Hkpcnn{."
kp"vjg"fgekukqp"uvcig.""Swcpvkvcvkxg"Uvtcvgike"Rncppkpi"Ocvtkz"*SURO+"
ku" wugf0" Cnn" pkpg" vgejpkswgu" tgswktg" vjg" kpvgitcvkqp" qh" kpvwkvkqp" cpf"
cpcn{uku0"
805""
Vjg"Kprwv"Uvcig"
"
Vjg" kphqtocvkqp" fgtkxgf" htqo" vjgug" vjtgg" ocvtkegu" rtqxkfgu" dcuke"

kprwv" kphqtocvkqp" hqt" vjg" ocvejkpi" cpf" fgekukqp" uvcig" ocvtkegu0" Vjg"
kprwv"vqqnu"tgswktg"uvtcvgikuvu"vq"swcpvkh{"uwdlgevkxkv{"fwtkpi"vjg"gctn{"
uvcigu"qh"vjg"uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp"rtqeguu0"Ocmkpi"uocnn"fgekukqpu"kp"
vjg" kprwv" ocvtkegu" tgictfkpi" vjg" tgncvkxg" korqtvcpeg" qh" gzvgtpcn" cpf"
kpvgtpcn" hcevqtu" cnnqyu" uvtcvgikuvu" vq" oqtg" ghhgevkxgn{" igpgtcvg" cpf"
gxcnwcvg" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu0" Iqqf" kpvwkvkxg" lwfiogpv" ku" cnyc{u"
pggfgf"kp"fgvgtokpkpi"crrtqrtkcvg"ygkijvu"cpf"tcvkpiu0"
806"""
Vjg"Ocvejkpi"Uvcig<"UYQV"Ocvtkz"
"
Vjg" Uvtgpivju" Ygcmpguugu/Qrrqtvwpkvkgu/Vjtgcvu" *UYQV+" Ocvtkz" ku"

cp"korqtvcpv"ocvejkpi"vqqn"vjcv"jgnru"ocpcigtu"fgxgnqr"hqwt"v{rgu"qh"
uvtcvgikgu<"
*c+" UQ"*uvtgpivju/qrrqtvwpkvkgu+"Uvtcvgikgu="
*d+" YQ"*ygcmpguugu/qrrqtvwpkvkgu+"Uvtcvgikgu="
*e+"
UV"*uvtgpivju/vjtgcvu+"Uvtcvgikgu="cpf"
*f+" YV"*ygcmpguugu/vjtgcvu+"Uvtcvgikgu0"
82
STUDY GUIDE
"
Ocvejkpi"mg{"gzvgtpcn"cpf"kpvgtpcn"hcevqtu"ku"vjg"oquv"fkhhkewnv"rctv"qh"
fgxgnqrkpi"c"UYQV"Ocvtkz0"Kv"tgswktgu"iqqf"lwfiogpv0"
*c+
"
Vjg" Uvtcvgike" Rqukvkqp" cpf" Cevkqp" Gxcnwcvkqp" *URCEG+"

Ocvtkz
Vjg" URCEG" Ocvtkz" ku" cpqvjgt" korqtvcpv" vqqn" hqt" vjg" uvtcvgi{/
ocvejkpi" uvcig0" Kvu" hqwt/swcftcpv" htcogyqtm" kpfkecvgu" yjgvjgt"
ciitguukxg." eqpugtxcvkxg." fghgpukxg." qt" eqorgvkvkxg" uvtcvgikgu"
ctg" oquv" crrtqrtkcvg" hqt" c" ikxgp" qticpkucvkqp0" Vjg" czgu" qh" vjg"
URCEG" Ocvtkz" tgrtgugpv" vyq" kpvgtpcn" fkogpukqpu" qh" hkpcpekcn"
rqukvkqp" *HR+." cpf" eqorgvkvkxg" rqukvkqp" *ER+." cpf" vyq" gzvgtpcn"
fkogpukqpu"qh"uvcdknkv{"rqukvkqp"*UR+."cpf"kpfwuvt{"rqukvkqp"*KR+0"
Vjgug" hqwt" hcevqtu" ctg" vjg" oquv" korqtvcpv" fgvgtokpcpvu" qh" cp"
qticpkucvkqpu"qxgtcnn"uvtcvgike"rqukvkqp0"
*d+
"
Vjg"Dquvqp"Eqpuwnvkpi"Itqwr"*DEI+"Ocvtkz
Vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz" ku" fgukipgf" urgekhkecnn{" vq" gpjcpeg" c"
ownvkfkxkukqpcn"hktou"ghhqtvu"vq"hqtowncvg"uvtcvgikgu0"Kv"itcrjkecnn{"
rqtvtc{u"fkhhgtgpegu"coqpi"fkxkukqpu"kp"vgtou"qh"tgncvkxg"octmgv"
ujctg" rqukvkqp" cpf" kpfwuvt{" itqyvj0" Vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz" cnnqyu" c"
ownvk/fkxkukqpcn" qticpkucvkqp" vq" ocpcig" kvu" rqtvhqnkq" qh"
dwukpguugu"d{"gzcokpkpi"vjg"tgncvkxg"octmgv"ujctg"rqukvkqp"cpf"
vjg" kpfwuvt{" itqyvj" tcvg" qh" gcej" fkxkukqp" tgncvkxg" vq" cnn" qvjgt"
fkxkukqpu" kp" vjg" qticpkucvkqp0" Tgncvkxg" octmgv" ujctg" rqukvkqp" ku"
fghkpgf" cu" vjg" tcvkq" qh" c" fkxkukqpu" qyp" octmgv" ujctg" qt"
tgxgpwgu" kp" c" rctvkewnct" kpfwuvt{" vq" vjg" octmgv" ujctg" qt"
tgxgpwgu"jgnf"d{"vjg"nctiguv"tkxcn"hkto"kp"vjg"kpfwuvt{0"Vjg"dcuke"
DEI"Ocvtkz"ku"eqorqugf"qh"hqwt"swcftcpvu0"Fkxkukqpu"nqecvgf"kp"
Swcftcpv" K" qh" vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz" ctg" ecnngf" Swguvkqp" Octmu.fi"
vjqug" nqecvgf" kp" Swcftcpv" KK" ctg" ecnngf" Uvctu.fi" vjqug" kp"
Swcftcpv" KKK" ctg" ecnngf" Ecuj" Eqyu.fi" cpf" vjqug" fkxkukqpu"
nqecvgf" kp" Swcftcpv" KX" ctg" ecnngf" Fqiu0fi" Vjg" oclqt" dgpghkv" qh"
vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz" ku" vjcv" kv" ftcyu" cvvgpvkqp" vq" vjg" ecuj" hnqy."
kpxguvogpv" ejctcevgtkuvkeu." cpf" pggfu" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqp)u"
xctkqwu"fkxkukqpu0"""
"""""""""""
*e+ Vjg"Kpvgtpcn"Gxcnwcvkqp"*KG+"Ocvtkz
"
Vjg" KG" Ocvtkz" ku" cnuq" fgukipgf" urgekhkecnn{" vq" gpjcpeg" c"
ownvkfkxkukqpcn" hktou" ghhqtvu" vq" hqtowncvg" uvtcvgikgu0" Kv" rqukvkqpu"
cp" qticpkucvkqp)u" xctkqwu" fkxkukqpu" kp" c" pkpg/egnn" fkurnc{0" Kv" ku"
ukoknct" vq" vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz" kp" vjcv" dqvj" kpxqnxg" rnqvvkpi"
qticpkucvkqpu" fkxkukqpu" kp" c" uejgocvke" fkcitco0" Vjku" ku" yj{"
vjg{" ctg" dqvj" ecnngf" rqtvhqnkq" ocvtkegu0fi" Jqygxgt." vjgtg" ctg"
uqog"korqtvcpv"fkhhgtgpeg"dgvyggp"vjg"DEI"Ocvtkz"cpf"vjg"KG"
Ocvtkz0"Hktuv."vjg"czgu"ctg"fkhhgtgpv0"Cnuq."vjg"KG"Ocvtkz"tgswktgu"
83
STUDY GUIDE
oqtg" kphqtocvkqp" cdqwv" vjg" fkxkukqpu" vjcp" vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz0"

Hwtvjgtoqtg." vjg" uvtcvgike" kornkecvkqpu" qh" gcej" ocvtkz" ctg"
fkhhgtgpv0" Uvtcvgikuvu" kp" ownvkfkxkukqpcn" hktou" qhvgp" fgxgnqr" dqvj"
vjg" DKI" Ocvtkz" cpf" vjg" KG" Ocvtkz" kp" hqtowncvkpi" cnvgtpcvkxg"
uvtcvgikgu0"C"eqooqp"rtcevkeg"ku"vq"fgxgnqr"c"DEI"Ocvtkz"cpf"
cp" KG" Ocvtkz" hqt" vjg" rtgugpv" cpf" vjgp" fgxgnqr" rtqlgevgf"
ocvtkegu" vq" tghngev" gzrgevcvkqpu" qh" vjg" hwvwtg0" Vjku" dghqtg/cpf/
chvgt" cpcn{uku" hqtgecuvu" vjg" gzrgevgf" ghhgev" qh" uvtcvgike"
fgekukqpu"qp"cp"qticpkucvkqpu"rqtvhqnkq"qh"fkxkukqpu0"
*f+
"
Vjg"Itcpf"Uvtcvgi{"Ocvtkz
Vjg" Itcpf" Uvtcvgi{" Ocvtkz" jcu" dgeqog" c" rqrwnct" vqqn" hqt"
hqtowncvkpi" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu0" Cnn" qticpkucvkqpu" ecp" dg"
rqukvkqpgf" kp" qpg" qh" vjg" Itcpf" Uvtcvgi{" Ocvtkzu" hqwt" uvtcvgi{"
swcftcpvu0" C" hktou" fkxkukqpu" nkmgykug" eqwnf" dg" rqukvkqpgf0" Vjg"
Itcpf" Uvtcvgi{" Ocvtkz" ku" dcugf" qp" vyq" gxcnwcvkxg" fkogpukqpu<"
eqorgvkvkxg"rqukvkqp"cpf"octmgv"*Kpfwuvt{+"itqyvj0"Cp{"kpfwuvt{"
yjqug" cppwcn" itqyvj" kp" ucngu" gzeggfu" 7" rgtegpv" eqwnf" dg"
eqpukfgtgf" vq" jcxg" tcrkf" itqyvj0" Crrtqrtkcvg" uvtcvgikgu" hqt" cp"
qticpkucvkqp" vq" eqpukfgt" ctg" nkuvgf" kp" ugswgpvkcn" qtfgt" qh"
cvvtcevkxgpguu" kp" gcej" swcftcpv" qh" vjg" ocvtkz0" Kp" vjku" tgictf."
hktou"nqecvgf"kp"Swcftcpv"K"qh"vjg"Itcpf"Uvtcvgi{"Ocvtkz"ctg"kp"
cp" gzegnngpv" uvtcvgike" rqukvkqp0" Ogcpyjkng." hktou" rqukvkqpgf" kp"
Swcftcpv" KK" pggf" vq" gxcnwcvg" vjgkt" rtgugpv" crrtqcej" vq" vjg"
octmgvrnceg" ugtkqwun{0" Swcftcpv" KKK" qticpkucvkqpu" eqorgvg" kp"
unqy/itqyvj" kpfwuvtkgu" cpf" jcxg" ygcm" eqorgvkvkxg" rqukvkqpu0"
Hkpcnn{." Swcftcpv" KX" dwukpguugu" jcxg" c" uvtqpi" eqorgvkvkxg"
rqukvkqp"dwv"ctg"kp"c"unqy/itqyvj"kpfwuvt{0"
807"""" Vjg" Fgekukqp" Uvcig<" Vjg" Swcpvkvcvkxg" Uvtcvgike" Rncppkpi" Ocvtkz"

*SURO+"
"
Vjg"SURO"ku"vjg"qpn{"cpcn{vkecn"vgejpkswg"vq"fgukipgf"vq"fgvgtokpg"
vjg"tgncvkxg"cvvtcevkxgpguu"qh"hgcukdng"cnvgtpcvkxg"cevkqpu0"Kv"eqortkugu"
Uvcig" 5" qh" vjg" uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp" cpcn{vkecn" htcogyqtm0" Vjku"
vgejpkswg" qdlgevkxgn{" kpfkecvgu" yjkej" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu" ctg" dguv0"
Kv"wugu"kprwv"htqo"Uvcig"3"cpcn{ugu"cpf"ocvejkpi"tguwnvu"htqo"Uvcig"
4"cpcn{ugu"vq"fgekfg"qdlgevkxgn{"coqpi"cnvgtpcvkxg"uvtcvgikgu0""
"
Vjcv"ku."vjg"GHG"Ocvtkz."cpf"Eqorgvkvkxg"Rtqhkng"Ocvtkz"vjg"eqortkug"
Uvcig"3."eqwrngf"ykvj"vjg"UYQV"Ocvtkz."URCEG"Ocvtkz."DEI"Ocvtkz."
KH"Ocvtkz."cpf"Itcpf"Uvtcvgi{"Ocvtkz"vjcv"eqortkug"Uvcig"4."rtqxkfg"
vjg" pggfgf" kphqtocvkqp" hqt" ugvvkpi" wr" vjg" SURO" *Uvcig" 5+0" Vjg"
SURO" ku" c" vqqn" vjcv" cnnqyu" uvtcvgikuvu" vq" gxcnwcvg" cnvgtpcvkxg"
uvtcvgikgu" qdlgevkxgn{." dcugf" qp" rtgxkqwun{" kfgpvkhkgf" gzvgtpcn" cpf"
84
STUDY GUIDE
kpvgtpcn" etkvkecn" uweeguu" hcevqtu0" Nkmg" qvjgt" uvtcvgi{/hqtowncvkqp"

cpcn{vkecn"vqqnu."SURO"tgswktgu"iqqf"kpvwkvkxg"lwfiogpv0"
"
Eqpegrvwcnn{." vjg" SURO" fgvgtokpgu" vjg" tgncvkxg" cvvtcevkxgpguu" qh"

xctkqwu" uvtcvgikgu" qp" vjg" gzvgpv" vq" yjkej" mg{" gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn"
etkvkecn"uweeguu"hcevqtu"ctg"ecrkvcnkugf"wrqp"qt"kortqxgf0"Vjg"tgncvkxg"
cvvtcevkxgpguu" qh" gcej" uvtcvgi{" ykvjkp" c" ugv" qh" cnvgtpcvkxgu" ku"
eqorwvgf"d{"fgvgtokpkpi"vjg"ewowncvkxg"korcev"qh"gcej"gzvgtpcn"cpf"
kpvgtpcn" etkvkecn" uweeguu" hcevqt0" Cp{" pwodgt" qh" ugvu" qh" cnvgtpcvkxg"
uvtcvgikgu" ecp" dg" kpenwfgf" kp" vjg" SURO." cpf" cp{" pwodgt" qh"
uvtcvgikgu"ecp"ocmg"wr"c"ikxgp"ugv."dwv"qpn{"uvtcvgikgu"ykvjkp"c"ikxgp"
ugv"ctg"gxcnwcvgf"tgncvkxg"vq"gcej"qvjgt0"""
""""""""""
""""""""" Rqukvkxg"Hgcvwtgu"cpf"Nkokvcvkqpu"qh"vjg"SURO""
"
C" rqukvkxg" hgcvwtg" qh" vjg" SURO" ku" vjcv" ugvu" qh" uvtcvgikgu" ecp" dg"
gzcokpgf" ugswgpvkcnn{" qt" ukownvcpgqwun{0" Cpqvjgt" rqukvkxg" hgcvwtg" ku"
vjcv"kv"tgswktgu"uvtcvgikuvu"vq"kpvgitcvg"rgtvkpgpv"gzvgtpcn"cpf"kpvgtpcn"
hcevqtu"kpvq"vjg"fgekukqp"rtqeguu0"Fgxgnqrkpi"c"SURO"ocmgu"kv"nguu"
nkmgn{"vjcv"mg{"hcevqtu"yknn"dg"qxgtnqqmgf"qt"ygkijvgf"kpcrrtqrtkcvgn{0""
Qp"vjg"qvjgt"jcpf."vjg"SURO"ku"pqv"ykvjqwv"uqog"nkokvcvkqpu0"Hktuv."kv"
cnyc{u" tgswktgu" kpvwkvkxg" lwfiogpvu" cpf" gfwecvgf" cuuworvkqpu0" Vjg"
tcvkpiu" cpf" cvvtcevkxgpguu" ueqtgu" tgswktg" lwfiogpv" fgekukqpu." gxgp"
vjqwij" vjg{" ujqwnf" dg" dcugf" qp" qdlgevkxg" kphqtocvkqp0" Cpqvjgt"
nkokvcvkqp" qh" vjg" SURO" ku" vjcv" kv" ecp" dg" qpn{" cu" iqqf" cu" vjg"
rtgtgswkukvg" kphqtocvkqp" cpf" ocvejkpi" cpcn{uku" wrqp" yjkej" kv" ku"
dcugf0"
808""
Ewnvwtcn"Curgevu"qh"Uvtcvgi{"Ejqkeg""
"
" Qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" tghgtu" vq" vjg" ugv" qh" ujctgf" xcnwgu." dgnkghu."
cvvkvwfgu." ewuvqou." pqtou." rgtuqpcnkvkgu." jgtqgu." cpf" jgtqkpgu" vjcv"
fguetkdg" c" hkto0" Ewnvwtg" ku" vjg" wpkswg" yc{" cp" qticpkucvkqp" fqgu"
dwukpguu0" Kv" ku" vjg" jwocp" fkogpukqp" vjcv" etgcvgu" uqnkfctkv{" cpf"
ogcpkpi" cpf" kv" kpurktgu" eqookvogpv" cpf" rtqfwevkxkv{" kp" cp"
qticpkucvkqp"yjgp"uvtcvgi{"ejcpigu"ctg"ocfg0""
"
Kv" ku" dgpghkekcn" vq" xkgy" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" htqo" c" ewnvwtcn"
rgturgevkxg" dgecwug" uweeguu" qhvgp" fgrgpfu" qp" vjg" fgitgg" qh"
uwrrqtv" vjcv" uvtcvgikuvu" tgegkxg" htqo" c" hktou" ewnvwtg0" Kh" c" hktou"
uvtcvgikgu"ctg"uwrrqtvgf"d{"ewnvwtcn"rtqfwevu"uwej"cu"xcnwgu."dgnkghu."
tkvgu." tkvwcnu." egtgoqpkgu." uvqtkgu." u{odqnu." ncpiwcig." jgtqgu."
jgtqkpgu."cpf"vjgp"ocpcigtu"qhvgp"ecp"korngogpv"ejcpig"uykhvn{"cpf"
gcukn{0" Jqygxgt." kh" c" uwrrqtvkxg" ewnvwtg" fqgu" pqv" gzkuv" cpf" ku" pqv"
ewnvkxcvgf."vjgp"uvtcvgi{"ejcpigu"oc{"dg"kpghhgevkxg"qt"gxgp"eqwpvgt/
rtqfwevkxg0" " C" hktou" ewnvwtg" ecp" dgeqog" jquvkng" vq" pgy" uvtcvgikgu."
85
STUDY GUIDE
tguwnvkpi" kp" eqphwukqp" cpf" fkucttc{0" Uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" tgswktg" hgygt"

ewnvwtcn"ejcpigu"oc{"dg"oqtg"cvvtcevkxg"dgecwug"gzvgpukxg"ejcpigu"
ecp"vcmg"eqpukfgtcdng"vkog"cpf"ghhqtv0"Yjgpgxgt"vyq"hktou"ogtig."kv"
dgeqogu" gurgekcnn{" korqtvcpv" vq" gxcnwcvg" cpf" eqpukfgt" ewnvwtg/
uvtcvgi{"nkpmcigu0"Ewnvwtg"rtqxkfgu"cp"gzrncpcvkqp"hqt"vjg"fkhhkewnvkgu"c"
hkto" gpeqwpvgtu" yjgp" kv" cvvgorvu" vq" ujkhv" kvu" uvtcvgike" fktgevkqp0" Pqv"
qpn{" jcu" vjg" tkijvfi" eqtrqtcvg" ewnvwtg" dgeqog" vjg" guugpeg" cpf"
hqwpfcvkqp" qh" eqtrqtcvg" gzegnngpeg." dwv" vjg" uweeguu" qt" hcknwtg" qh"
pggfgf" eqtrqtcvg" tghqtou" jkpigu" qp" ocpcigogpvu" ykufqo" cpf"
cdknkv{" vq" ejcpig" vjg" hktou" ftkxkpi" ewnvwtg" kp" vkog" cpf" kp" vwpg" ykvj"
tgswktgf"ejcpigu"kp"uvtcvgikgu0"
809"""
Vjg"Rqnkvkeu"qh"Uvtcvgi{"Ejqkeg"
"
Kpvgtpcn"rqnkvkeu"chhgev"vjg"ejqkeg"qh"uvtcvgikgu"kp"cnn"qticpkucvkqpu0"Vjg"
jkgtctej{" qh" eqoocpf" kp" cp" qticpkucvkqp." eqodkpgf" ykvj" vjg" ectggt"
curktcvkqpu" qh" fkhhgtgpv" rgqrng" cpf" vjg" pggf" vq" cnnqecvg" uecteg"
tguqwtegu." iwctcpvggu" vjg" hqtocvkqp" qh" eqcnkvkqpu" qh" kpvgtguv/uggmkpi"
kpfkxkfwcnu0" Eqcnkvkqpu" qh" kpfkxkfwcnu" qhvgp" hqto" ctqwpf" mg{" uvtcvgi{"
kuuwgu"vjcv"hceg"cp"gpvgtrtkug0"C"oclqt"tgurqpukdknkv{"qh"uvtcvgikuvu"ku"
vq" iwkfg" vjg" fgxgnqrogpv" qh" eqcnkvkqpu." vq" pwtvwtg" cp" qxgtcnn" vgco"
eqpegrv." cpf" vq" ickp" vjg" uwrrqtv" qh" mg{" kpfkxkfwcnu" cpf" itqwru" qh"
kpfkxkfwcnu0" Ykvj" fgxgnqrogpv" qh" kortqxgf" uvtcvgi{/hqtocvkqp" vqqnu."
rqnkvkecn"hcevqtu"dgeqog"nguu"korqtvcpv"kp"ocmkpi"uvtcvgike"fgekukqpu0"
Ocpcikpi" rqnkvkecn" tgncvkqpujkru" ku" cp" kpvgitcn" rctv" qh" dwknfkpi"
gpvjwukcuo" cpf" gurtkv" fg" eqtru" kp" cp" qticpkucvkqp0" Uweeguuhwn"
uvtcvgikuvu" qhvgp" tguqtv" vq" rqnkvkecn" vcevkeu" vq" ickp" uwrrqtv" cpf"
eqookvogpv" kp" cejkgxkpi" qticpkucvkqpcn" qdlgevkxgu0" Vjg{" tguqtv" vq"
kphqtocn"eqoowpkecvkqp."hggfdcem/uggmkpi."tgeqipkvkqp"qh"uwrrqtvgtu"
cpf" ejcorkqpu." cpf" dcncpeg" qh" rqygt" coqpi" fkhhgtgpv" eqcnkvkqpu0"
Vjg" vcevkeu" wugf" d{" uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgikuvu" kpenwfg" gswkhkpcnkv{."
ucvkuh{kpi."igpgtcnkucvkqp."hqewu"qp"jkijgt/qtfgt"kuuwgu."cpf"rtqxkfkpi"
rqnkvkecn"ceeguu"qp"korqtvcpv"kuuwgu0""""""
80:"""
Iqxgtpcpeg"Kuuwgu"""
"
C"dqctf"qh"fktgevqtu"ku"c"itqwr"qh"kpfkxkfwcnu"yjq"ctg"gngevgf"d{"vjg"
qypgtujkr" qh" c" eqtrqtcvkqp" vq" jcxg" qxgtukijv" cpf" iwkfcpeg" qxgt"
ocpcigogpv"cpf"yjq"nqqm"qwv"hqt"ujctgjqnfgtu"kpvgtguvu0"Vjg"cev"qh"
qxgtukijv" cpf" fktgevkqp" ku" tghgttgf" vq" cu" iqxgtpcpeg0" Vjg" pcvkqpcn"
Cuuqekcvkqp" qh" Eqtrqtcvg" Fktgevqtu" fghkpgu" iqxgtpcpeg" cu" vjg"
ejctcevgtkuvke" qh" gpuwtkpi" vjcv" nqpi/vgto" uvtcvgike" qdlgevkxgu" cpf"
rncpu"ctg"guvcdnkujgf"cpf"vjcv"vjg"rtqrgt"ocpcigogpv"uvtwevwtg"ku"kp"
rnceg" vq" cejkgxg" vjgug" qdlgevkxgu." yjkng" cv" vjg" ucog" vkog" ocmkpi"
uwtg" vjcv" vjg" uvtwevwtg" hwpevkqpu" vq" ockpvckp" vjg" eqtrqtcvkqpu"
86
STUDY GUIDE
kpvgitkv{." tgrwvcvkqp." cpf" tgurqpukdknkv{" vq" kvu" xctkqwu" eqpuvkvwgpekgu0fi"

Vjku" dtqcf" ueqrg" qh" tgurqpukdknkv{" hqt" vjg" dqctf" ujqyu" jqy" dqctfu"
ctg" dgkpi" jgnf" ceeqwpvcdng" hqt" vjg" gpvktg" rgthqtocpeg" qh" vjg" hkto0"
Vqfc{." pgy" ceeqwpvkpi" twngu" qt" eqtrqtcvkqp" ngikuncvkqp" jcxg"
gpjcpegf" eqtrqtcvg/iqxgtpcpeg" eqfgu" cpf" tgswktg" owej" oqtg"
gzvgpukxg"hkpcpekcn"fkuenquwtg"coqpi"rwdnken{"jgnf"hktou0""
*c+
"
Vjg"Tqng"cpf"Fwvkgu"qh"c"Dqctf"qh"Fktgevqtu
Vjg"tqngu"cpf"fwvkgu"qh"c"dqctf"qh"fktgevqtu"ecp"dg"fkxkfgf"kpvq"
hqwt"dtqcf"ecvgiqtkgu<"
*k+"
Eqpvtqn"cpf"qxgtukijv"qxgt"ocpcigogpv="
*kk+"
Cfjgtgpeg"vq"ngicn"rtguetkrvkqpu="
*kkk+" Eqpukfgtcvkqp"qh"uvcmgjqnfgtu"kpvgtguvu="cpf"
*kx+" Cfxcpegogpv"qh"uvqemjqnfgtu"rtqhkvu0"
*d+
"
Vjg" Etkvgtkc" hqt" Gxcnwcvkpi" Cnvgtpcvkxgu" cpf" Ugngevkpi" vjg"

Dguv"Uvtcvgi{
Vq" ogcuwtg" vjg" ghhgevkxgpguu" qh" vjg" xctkqwu" cnvgtpcvkxgu" vq"
qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtcvgi{." kv" ku" gzvtgogn{" korqtvcpv" vq" eqpfwev" c"
UYQV" cpcn{uku" vq" hkiwtg" qwv" vjg" uvtgpivju." ygcmpguugu."
qrrqtvwpkvkgu"cpf"vjtgcvu"*dqvj"kpvgtpcn"cpf"gzvgtpcn+"qh"vjg"gpvkv{"
kp" swguvkqp0" Vjku" oc{" tgswktg" vq" vcmg" egtvckp" rtgecwvkqpct{"
ogcuwtgu" qt" gxgp" vq" ejcpig" vjg" gpvktg" uvtcvgi{0" Kp" eqtrqtcvg"
uvtcvgi{" *fktgevkqpcn." rqtvhqnkq" cpf" rctgpvkpi+." Lqjpuqp" cpf"
Uejqngu"rtgugpv"c"oqfgn"kp"yjkej"uvtcvgike"qrvkqpu"ctg"gxcnwcvgf"
cickpuv"vjtgg"mg{"uweeguu"etkvgtkc<"
*k+"
Uwkvcdknkv{"*yqwnf"kv"yqtmA+"Tgngxcpeg"
*kk+"
Hgcukdknkv{"*ecp"kv"dg"ocfg"vq"yqtmA+"Tguqwtegu"
*kkk+" Ceegrvcdknkv{"*yknn"vjg{"yqtm"kvA+"Tgcevkqpu"
"*e+
"
Igpgtcn"Crrtqcejgu"vq"Uvtcvgi{"Ejqkeg
Kp" igpgtcn" vgtou." vjgtg" ctg" vyq" ockp" crrtqcejgu." yjkej" ctg"
qrrqukvg"dwv"eqorngogpv"gcej"qvjgt"kp"uqog"yc{u."vq"uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv<"
*k+
"
Vjg"Kpfwuvtkcn"Qticpkucvkqpcn"Crrtqcej""
Kv"ku"dcugf"qp"geqpqoke"vjgqt{."cpf"fgcnu"ykvj"kuuwgu"nkmg"
eqorgvkvkxg" tkxcnt{." tguqwteg" cnnqecvkqp." geqpqokgu" qh"
uecng0"Kv"ku"dcugf"qp"cuuworvkqpu"uwej"cu"tcvkqpcnkv{."ugnh/
fkuekrnkpgf"dgjcxkqwt."cpf"rtqhkv"oczkokucvkqp0"
87
STUDY GUIDE
*kk+ Vjg"Uqekqnqikecn"Crrtqcej
"""""""""Kv"fgcnu"rtkoctkn{"ykvj"jwocp"kpvgtcevkqpu."cpf"ku"dcugf"qp"
cuuworvkqpu"nkmg"dqwpfgf"tcvkqpcnkv{."ucvkuh{kpi"dgjcxkqwt."
rtqhkv" uwd/qrvkocnkv{0" Cp" gzcorng" qh" c" eqorcp{" vjcv"
ewttgpvn{"qrgtcvgu"vjku"yc{"ku"Iqqing0""
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"
Vjg"Dqvvqo/Wr"Crrtqcej
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ecrkvcn" dwfigvkpi" rtqeguu." rtqrqucnu" ctg" cuuguugf" wukpi"
hkpcpekcn" etkvgtkc" uwej" cu" tgvwtp" qp" kpxguvogpv1equv/dgpghkv"
cpcn{uku0" Equv" wpfgtguvkocvkqp" cpf" dgpghkv" qxgtguvkocvkqp" ctg"
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vjg"uwduvcpeg"qh"c"pgy"uvtcvgi{."cnn"qh"yjkej"ku"fqpg"ykvjqwv"c"
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*g+
""""
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fktgevkqp"vjg"eqorcp{"ujqwnf"vcmg0""
*h+
"
Eqnncdqtcvkxg"Uvtcvgike"Rncppkpi"Vgejpkswgu
Uqog"qticpkucvkqpu"ctg"uvctvkpi"vq"gzrgtkogpv"ykvj"Eqnncdqtcvkxg"
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pcvwtg"qh"uvtcvgike"fgekukqpu0"
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
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40"
Etkvkecnn{" gzcokpg" vjg" mg{" etkvgtkc" wugf" yjgp" dqctf" qh" fktgevqtu" ku"
tgswktgf"vq"ugngev"c"uvtcvgi{"coqpi"c"nkuv"qh"qrvkqpu"hqt"korngogpvcvkqp0"
50"
Fgxgnqr"c"UYQV"Cpcn{uku"hqt"c"urgekhke"kpfwuvt{"vjcv"{qw"jcxg"mpqyp"
qh0
60"
Fkuewuu" vjg" DEI" Ocvtkz." cpf" URCEG" Ocvtkz." cpf" KG" Ocvtkz." cpf"
eqorctg"vjgo"kp"vgtou"qh"ghhgevkxgpguu0""
88
STUDY GUIDE
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Eqpfwev"c"eqorgvkvqtu"cpcn{uku"hqt"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0"
40"
Yjcv" ctg" vjg" gzvgtpcn" kuuwgu" vjcv" oc{" chhgev" vjg" uvtcvgi{" ugngevkqp"
ocfg"d{"Cfkfcu"ItqwrA"
89
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"9<"
Uvtcvgi{"Korngogpvcvkqp"Kuuwgu"
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Gzrnckp" vjg" ockp" ocpcigogpv" kuuwgu" egpvtcn" vq" uvtcvgi{"

korngogpvcvkqp="
40"
Fkuewuu" vjg" korqtvcpeg" qh" cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" rqnkekgu" kp" cejkgxkpi"
qticpkucvkqpcn"eqookvogpv"hqt"uvtcvgikgu"vq"dg"korngogpvgf="
50"
Gzrnckp" yj{" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg" ku" uq" korqtvcpv" kp" uvtcvgi{"

korngogpvcvkqp="
60"
Gzrnckp" jqy" c" hkto" ecp" ghhgevkxgn{" nkpm" rgthqtocpeg" cpf" rc{" vq"
uvtcvgikgu="
70"
Fguetkdg" jqy" vq" oqfkh{" cp" qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" vq" uwrrqtv" pgy"
uvtcvgikgu="
80"
Gzrnckp" octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" cpf" rtqfwev" rqukvkqpkpi" cu" uvtcvgi{"

korngogpvcvkqp"vqqnu="
90"
Gzrnckp" vjg" korqtvcpeg" qh" rtqlgevgf" hkpcpekcn" uvcvgogpv." cpf" vjg"

rtqegfwtgu"hqt"fgvgtokpkpi"vjg"yqtvj"qh"c"dwukpguu="
:0"
Fkuewuu" vjg" pcvwtg" cpf" vjg" tqng" qh" tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv" kp"
uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp="cpf"
;0"
Gzrnckp" jqy" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou" ecp" fgvgtokpg" vjg"

uweeguu"qh"uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp"ghhqtvu0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
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kuuwgu" ctg" encuukhkgf" kpvq" vyq" ecvgiqtkgu0" Vjg" hktuv" ecvgiqt{" fgcnu" ykvj" vjg"
ocpcigogpv" cpf" qrgtcvkqpu" qh" cp" qticpkucvkqp" yjgtgcu" vjg" ugeqpf"
ecvgiqt{"hqewugu"gurgekcnn{"qp"qticpkucvkqpcn"hwpevkqpu."pcogn{." octmgvkpi."
hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi." Tgugctej" cpf" Fgxgnqrogpv" *T(F+." cpf" Ocpcigogpv"
Kphqtocvkqp" U{uvgo" *OKU+0" Kv" jkijnkijvu" vjg" korqtvcpeg" qh" qticpkucvkqpcn"
ocpcigogpv." qrgtcvkqpu." cpf" hwpevkqpcn" fkogpukqpu" kp" uvtcvgi{/
korngogpvcvkqp." cpf" vjgkt" tgurgevkxg" tgncvkqpujkru" ykvj" uvtcvgi{/
korngogpvcvkqp0" Kv" cnuq" fgcnu" ykvj" uqog" korqtvcpv" curgevu" kp" uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp" uwej" cu" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg." qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg."
90
STUDY GUIDE
rgthqtocpeg/dcugf" eqorgpucvkqp." tguvtwevwtkpi" cpf" tggpikpggtkpi." cpf"

urgekhke"hwpevkqpcn"uvtcvgikgu0""
Vjg" vqrke" cnuq" gzcokpgu" octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi." T(F." cpf"
ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgo" *OKU+" kuuwgu" vjcv" ctg" egpvtcn" vq" ghhgevkxg"
uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp0"Urgekcn"vqrkeu"kpenwfg"octmgv"ugiogpvcvkqp."octmgv"
rqukvkqpkpi." gxcnwcvkpi" vjg" yqtvj" qh" c" dwukpguu." fgvgtokpkpi" vq" yjcv" gzvgpv"
fgdv"cpf"uvqem"ujqwnf"dg"wugf"cu"c"uqwteg"qh"ecrkvcn."fgxgnqrkpi"rtqlgevgf"
hkpcpekcn" uvcvgogpvu." eqpvtcevkpi" T(F" qwvukfg" vjg" hkto." cpf" etgcvkpi" cp"
kphqtocvkqp" uwrrqtv" u{uvgo0" Ocpcigt" cpf" gornq{gg" kpxqnxgogpv" cpf"
rctvkekrcvkqp" ctg" guugpvkcn" hqt" uweeguu" kp" octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi."
T(F."cpf"OKU"cevkxkvkgu0"
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
ocpcigogpv<"Eqpegrvu"cpf"ecugu0"Wpkvgf"
Mkpifqo<"Rgctuqp0"
903"
Uvtcvgi{"Korngogpvcvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"464"/"4670
904"
Guvcdnkujkpi"Cppwcn"Qdlgevkxgu"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"467"/"4690
905"
Rqnke{/ocmkpi"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"469"/"46:0
906"
Tguqwteg"Cnnqecvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"9."r"46;0
907"
Ocpcikpi"Eqphnkev"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"46;"/"4720
908"
Ocvejkpi"Uvtwevwtg"ykvj"Uvtcvgi{"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"472"/"4820
909"
Tguvtwevwtkpi"cpf"Tggpikpggtkpi"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"482"/"4830
90:"
Nkpmkpi"Rgthqtocpeg"cpf"Rc{"vq"
Uvtcvgikgu"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"483"/"4860
90;"
Ocpcikpi"Tgukuvcpeg"vq"Ejcpig"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"486"/"4870
9032" Etgcvkpi"c"Uvtcvgi{/Uwrrqtvkxg"
Ewnvwtg
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"487"/"4880
9033" Rtqfwevkqp1Qrgtcvkqpcn"Eqpegtpu"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"488"/"4890
9034" Jwocp"Tguqwteg"Eqpegtpu"
Ejcrvgt"9."rr"489"/"4950
9035" Ewttgpv"Octmgvkpi"Kuuwgu"
Ejcrvgt":."rr"4:5"/"4;30
9036" Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"Kuuwgu"
Ejcrvgt":."rr"4;3"/"5270
9037" Tgugctej"cpf"Fgxgnqrogpv"*T(F+"
Kuuwgu"
Ejcrvgt":."rr"527"/"5290
*OKU+"Kuuwgu"
Ejcrvgt":."rr"529"/"52:0
91
STUDY GUIDE
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
903"""
Uvtcvgi{"Korngogpvcvkqp"
"
Uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp" tgswktgu" iqqf" kpvwkvkxg" cpf" cpcn{vkecn" umknnu" dwv"

uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" tgswktgu" urgekcn" oqvkxcvkqp" cpf" ngcfgtujkr"
umknnu0"Ncuvn{."uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp"tgswktgu"eqqtfkpcvkqp"coqpi"c"hgy"
rncppgtu"cpf"fgekukqp/ocmgtu0"Jqygxgt."kp"uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp."
eqqtfkpcvkqp."kpvgitcvkqp."cpf"cnkipogpv"qh"oclqtkv{"qh"vjg"ogodgtu"qh"
cp"qticpkucvkqp"ctg"tgswktgf0"
904"""
Guvcdnkujkpi""Cppwcn"Qdlgevkxgu"
""""""""" Kv" ku" c" fgegpvtcnkugf" cevkxkv{" vjcv" fktgevn{" kpxqnxg" cnn" ocpcigtu" kp" cp"
qticpkucvkqp0" Cevkxg" rctvkekrcvkqp" kp" guvcdnkujkpi" cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu"
ecp" ngcf" vq" ceegrvcpeg" cpf" eqookvogpv0" Cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" ctg"
guugpvkcn"hqt"uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp"dgecwug"vjg{"*3+"tgrtgugpv"vjg"
dcuku" hqt" cnnqecvkpi" tguqwtegu=" *4+" ctg" c" rtkoct{" ogejcpkuo" hqt"
gxcnwcvkpi" ocpcigtu=" *5+" ctg" vjg" oclqt" kpuvtwogpv" hqt" oqpkvqtkpi"
rtqitguu" vqyctfu" cejkgxkpi" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu=" cpf" *6+" guvcdnkuj"
qticpkucvkqpcn." fkxkukqpcn." cpf" fgrctvogpvcn" rtkqtkvkgu0" Eqpukfgtcdng"
vkog"cpf"ghhqtv"ujqwnf"dg"fgxqvgf"vq"gpuwtkpi"vjcv"cppwcn"qdlgevkxgu"
ctg" ygnn/eqpegkxgf." eqpukuvgpv" ykvj" nqpi/vgto" qdlgevkxgu." cpf""
uwrrqtvkxg"qh"uvtcvgikgu"vq"dg"korngogpvgf0""
"
Cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" ugtxg" cu" iwkfgnkpgu" hqt" cevkqp." fktgevkpi" cpf"

ejcppgnnkpi" ghhqtvu" cpf" cevkxkvkgu" qh" qticpkucvkqp" ogodgtu0" Vjg{"
rtqxkfg"c"uqwteg"qh"ngikvkoce{"kp"cp"gpvgtrtkug"d{"lwuvkh{kpi"cevkxkvkgu"
vq"uvcmgjqnfgtu0"Vjg{"ugtxg"cu"uvcpfctfu"qh"rgthqtocpeg0"Vjg{"cnuq"
ugtxg" cu" cp" korqtvcpv" uqwteg" qh" gornq{gg" oqvkxcvkqp" cpf"
kfgpvkhkecvkqp0" Vjg{" ikxg" kpegpvkxgu" hqt" ocpcigtu" cpf" gornq{ggu" vq"
rgthqto0" Vjg{" rtqxkfg" c" dcuku" hqt" qticpkucvkqpcn" fgukip0" Cppwcn"
qdlgevkxgu" ujqwnf" dg" eqorcvkdng" ykvj" gornq{ggu" cpf" ocpcigtu"
xcnwgu"cpf"uwrrqtvgf"d{"engctn{"uvcvgf"rqnkekgu0"
""""""""""""
905"""" Rqnke{"Ocmkpi"
"""""""""
"
Kp"fckn{"qrgtcvkqpu."rqnkekgu"ctg"pggfgf"vq"ocmg"c"uvtcvgi{"yqtm0"Vjg{"
hceknkvcvg" uqnxkpi" tgewttkpi" rtqdngou" cpf" iwkfg" vjg" korngogpvcvkqp" qh"
uvtcvgi{0" Vjg{" ctg" urgekhke" iwkfgnkpgu." ogvjqfu." rtqegfwtgu." twngu."
hqtou." cpf" cfokpkuvtcvkxg" rtcevkegu" guvcdnkujgf" vq" uwrrqtv" cpf"
gpeqwtcig" yqtm" vqyctfu" urgekhkgf" iqcnu0" Rqnkekgu" ugv" dqwpfctkgu."
eqpuvtckpvu." cpf" nkokvu" qp" vjg" mkpfu" qh" cfokpkuvtcvkxg" cevkqpu" vjcv" ecp"
dg"vcmgp"vq"tgyctf"cpf"ucpevkqp"dgjcxkqwt0"Vjg{"enctkh{"yjcv"ecp"cpf"
ecppqv"dg"fqpg"kp"rwtuwkv"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp)u"qdlgevkxgu0"Rqnkekgu"vjcv"
92
STUDY GUIDE
ctg" fgxkugf" vq" uwrrqtv" c" uvtcvgi{" qt" cp" qdlgevkxg" ctg" mpqyp" cu"
uwrrqtvkpi" rqnkekgu0" Uwrrqtvkpi" rqnkekgu" ctg" ocfg" cv" c" jkgtctej{" qh"
ngxgnu<"eqorcp{."fkxkukqpcn."cpf"fgrctvogpvcn0""
906""
Tguqwteg"Cnnqecvkqp"
"
Tguqwteg" cnnqecvkqp" ku" c" egpvtcn" ocpcigogpv" cevkxkv{" vjcv" cnnqyu" hqt"
uvtcvgi{" gzgewvkqp0" Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" kvugnh" ku" uqogvkogu"
tghgttgf" vq" cu" c" tguqwteg" cnnqecvkqp" rtqeguu0fi" Kh" tguqwtegu" ctg"
cnnqecvgf"kp"yc{u"pqv"eqpukuvgpv"ykvj"rtkqtkvkgu"kpfkecvgf"d{"crrtqxgf"
cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu." owej" fcocig" yknn" dg" fqpg" vq" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv" cpf" qticpkucvkqpcn" uweeguu0" " Qticpkucvkqpu" pggf" vq"
cnnqecvg" cv" ngcuv" hqwt" v{rgu" qh" tguqwtegu" vq" cejkgxg" vjg" fguktgf"
qdlgevkxgu<"hkpcpekcn"tguqwtegu."rj{ukecn"tguqwtegu."jwocp"tguqwtegu."
cpf"vgejpqnqikecn"tguqwtegu0""Hcevqtu"vjcv"eqooqpn{"jkpfgt"ghhgevkxg"
tguqwteg"cnnqecvkqp"kpenwfg"cp"qxgt/rtqvgevkqp"qh"tguqwtegu."vqq"itgcv"
cp" gorjcuku" qp" ujqtv/twp" hkpcpekcn" etkvgtkc." qticpkucvkqpcn" rqnkekgu."
xciwg" uvtcvgi{" vctigvu." c" tgnwevcpeg" vq" vcmg" tkumu." cpf" c" ncem" qh"
uwhhkekgpv"mpqyngfig0"Vjg"tgcn"xcnwg"qh"cp{"tguqwteg"cnnqecvkqp"nkgu"kp"
vjg"tguwnvkpi"ceeqornkujogpv"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqpu"qdlgevkxgu"tguwnvkpi"
htqo"qrvkokucvkqp"qh"tguqwteg"cnnqecvkqp0"
907"""" Ocpcikpi"Eqphnkev"
"
Kpvgtfgrgpfgpe{" qh" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" eqorgvkvkqp" hqt" nkokvgf" tguqwtegu"

vgpf"vq"ngcf"vq"eqphnkev0"Eqphnkev"ku"fghkpgf"cu"c"fkucitggogpv"dgvyggp"
vyq" qt" oqtg" rctvkgu" qp" qpg" qt" oqtg" kuuwgu0" Guvcdnkujkpi" cppwcn"
qdlgevkxgu" ecp" ngcf" vq" eqphnkev" dgecwug" kpfkxkfwcnu" jcxg" fkhhgtgpv"
gzrgevcvkqpu" cpf" rgtegrvkqpu." uejgfwngu" etgcvg" rtguuwtgu."
rgtuqpcnkvkgu" ctg" kpeqorcvkdng." cpf" okuwpfgtuvcpfkpiu" dgvyggp" nkpg"
ocpcigtu" qeewt0" Eqphnkev" ujqwnf" dg" ocpcigf" ghhgevkxgn{" dghqtg"
f{uhwpevkqpcn" eqpugswgpegu" chhgev" qticpkucvkqpcn" rgthqtocpeg0"
Eqphnkev" ecp" ugtxg" vq" gpgtikug" qrrqukpi" itqwru" kpvq" cevkqp"cpf" oc{"
jgnr" ocpcigtu" kfgpvkh{" rtqdngou0" Xctkqwu" crrtqcejgu" hqt" ocpcikpi"
cpf" tguqnxkpi" eqphnkevu" ecp" dg" encuukhkgf" kpvq" vjtgg" ecvgiqtkgu<"
cxqkfcpeg."fkhhwukqp."cpf"eqphtqpvcvkqp0"
908""
Ocvejkpi"Uvtwevwtg"ykvj"Uvtcvgi{"
"
Ejcpigu"kp"uvtcvgi{"qhvgp"tgswktg"ejcpigu"kp"vjg"yc{"cp"qticpkucvkqp"
ku" uvtwevwtgf" hqt" vyq" oclqt" tgcuqpu0" Hktuv." uvtwevwtg" nctign{" fkevcvgu"
jqy" qdlgevkxgu" cpf" rqnkekgu" yknn" dg" guvcdnkujgf0" Ugeqpf." uvtwevwtg"
fkevcvgu"jqy"tguqwtegu"yknn"dg"cnnqecvgf0"Ejcpigu"kp"uvtcvgi{"ngcf"vq"
ejcpigu"kp"qticpkucvkqpcn"uvtwevwtg0"
93
STUDY GUIDE
*c+
"
Qrvkocn"Qticpkucvkqpcn"Fgukip
Vjgtg"ku"pq"qpg"qrvkocn"qticpkucvkqpcn"fgukip"qt"uvtwevwtg"hqt"c"
ikxgp" uvtcvgi{" qt" v{rg" qh" qticpkucvkqp0" Yjcv" ku" crrtqrtkcvg" hqt"
qpg" qticpkucvkqp" oc{" pqv" dg" crrtqrtkcvg" hqt" c" ukoknct" hkto0"
Eqpuwogt" iqqfu" eqorcpkgu" vgpf" vq" gowncvg" vjg" fkxkukqpcn"
uvtwevwtg/d{/rtqfwev"hqto"qh"qticpkucvkqp0"Uocnn"hktou"vgpf"vq"dg"
hwpevkqpcnn{"uvtwevwtgf"*egpvtcnkugf+0"Ogfkwo/uk|gf"hktou"vgpf"vq"
dg"fkxkukqpcnn{"uvtwevwtgf"*fgegpvtcnkugf+0"Nctig"hktou"vgpf"vq"dg"
wug" c" uvtcvgike" dwukpguu" wpkv" *UDW+" qt" ocvtkz" uvtwevwtg0" Cu"
eqorcpkgu"itqy."vjgkt"uvtwevwtgu"igpgtcnn{"ejcpig"htqo"ukorng"
vq"eqorngz"cu"c"tguwnv"qh"eqpecvgpcvkqp."qt"vjg"nkpmkpi"vqigvjgt"
qh"ugxgtcn"dcuke"uvtcvgikgu0"
*d+
"
Dcuke"V{rgu"qh"Qticpkucvkqpcn"Uvtwevwtg
Vjku" vqrke" hqewugu" qp" ugxgp" dcuke" v{rgu" qh" qticpkucvkqpcn"
uvtwevwtg<" hwpevkqpcn." fkxkukqpcn" d{" igqitcrjkecn" ctgc." fkxkukqpcn"
d{" rtqfwev." fkxkukqpcn" d{" ewuvqogt." fkxkukqpcn" d{" rtqeguu."
uvtcvgike"dwukpguu"wpkv"*UDW+."cpf"ocvtkz0"Ejcpigu"kp"uvtwevwtg"
ecp" hceknkvcvg" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp." dwv" ecppqv" gpuwtg"
cduqnwvg"uweeguu"qh"c"uvtcvgi{0"Uvtwevwtg"ecp"ujcrg"vjg"ejqkeg"
qh" uvtcvgikgu0" C" oqtg" korqtvcpv" eqpegtp" ku" fgvgtokpkpi" yjcv"
v{rgu" qh" uvtwevwtcn" ejcpigu" ctg" pggfgf" vq" korngogpv" pgy"
uvtcvgikgu"cpf"jqy"vjgug"ejcpigu"ecp"dguv"dg"ceeqornkujgf0"
*e+
"
Vjg"Hwpevkqpcn"Uvtwevwtg"
Vjg" oquv" ykfgn{" wugf" uvtwevwtg" ku" vjg" hwpevkqpcn" qt" egpvtcnkugf"
v{rgf"dgecwug"vjku"uvtwevwtg"ku"vjg"ukornguv"cpf"ngcuv"gzrgpukxg"
qh" vjg" eqooqp" uvtwevwtgu" cfqrvgf0" C" hwpevkqpcn" uvtwevwtg"
itqwru" vcumu" cpf" cevkxkvkgu" d{" dwukpguu" hwpevkqp." uwej" cu"
rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqpu." octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi." tgugctej"
cpf" fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou0" Kv"
rtqoqvgu" urgekcnkucvkqp" qh" ncdqwt." gpeqwtcigu" ghhkekgpv" wug" qh"
ocpcigtkcn" cpf" vgejpkecn" vcngpv." okpkokugu" vjg" pggf" hqt" cp"
gncdqtcvg"eqpvtqn"u{uvgo."cpf"cnnqyu"tcrkf"fgekukqp"ocmkpi0"
*f+
"
Vjg"Fkxkukqpcn"Uvtwevwtg
Vjg" fkxkukqpcn" qt" fgegpvtcnkugf" uvtwevwtg" ku" vjg" ugeqpf" oquv"
eqooqp"v{rg"wugf"d{"vjg"dwukpguugu0"Cu"c"uocnn"hkto"itqyu."kv"
jcu"oqtg"fkhhkewnv{"ocpcikpi"fkhhgtgpv"rtqfwevu"cpf"ugtxkegu"kp"
fkhhgtgpv" octmgvu0" Uqog" hqto" qh" fkxkukqp" uvtwevwtg" dgeqogu"
pgeguuct{" vq" oqvkxcvg" gornq{ggu." eqpvtqn" qrgtcvkqpu." cpf"
eqorgvg" uweeguuhwnn{" kp" fkxgtug" nqecvkqpu0" Vjg" fkxkukqpcn"
uvtwevwtg"ecp"dg"qticpkugf"kp"qpg"qh"hqwt"yc{u<"d{"igqitcrjkecn"
ctgc."d{"rtqfwev"qt"ugtxkeg."d{"ewuvqogt."qt"d{"rtqeguu0"Ykvj"c"
fkxkukqpcn" uvtwevwtg." hwpevkqpcn" cevkxkvkgu" ctg" rgthqtogf" dqvj"
94
STUDY GUIDE
egpvtcnn{"cpf"kp"gcej"ugrctcvg"fkxkukqp0"Kp"c"fkxkukqpcn"uvtwevwtg."
ceeqwpvcdknkv{"ku"engct0"Kv"cnnqyu"nqecn"eqpvtqn"qh"nqecn"ukvwcvkqpu0"Kv"
etgcvgu" ectggt" fgxgnqrogpv" ejcpegu" cpf" rtqoqvgu" fgngicvkqp"
qh"cwvjqtkv{0"Oqtgqxgt."kv"ngcfu"vq"eqorgvkvkxg"enkocvg"kpvgtpcnn{"
tguwnvkpi"kp"dgvvgt"rgthqtocpeg0"Ncuvn{."kv"cnnqyu"gcu{"cffkpi"qh"
pgy" rtqfwevu" qt" tgikqpu" dgukfgu" cnnqykpi" uvtkev" eqpvtqn" cpf"
cvvgpvkqp"vq"rtqfwevu."ewuvqogtu."cpf"tgikqpu0"
*g+
"
Vjg"Uvtcvgike"Dwukpguu"Wpkv"*UDW+"Uvtwevwtg"
Cu" vjg" pwodgt." uk|g." cpf" fkxgtukv{" qh" fkxkukqpu" kp" cp"
qticpkucvkqp" kpetgcug." eqpvtqnnkpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" fkxkukqpcn"
qrgtcvkqpu" dgeqog" kpetgcukpin{" fkhhkewnv" hqt" uvtcvgikuvu0" Cu" c"
tguwnv."rtqhkvu"fq"pqv"kpetgcug"rtqrqtvkqpcnn{"ykvj"ucngu"kpetgcug0"
Vjg"urcp"qh"eqpvtqn"dgeqogu"vqq"nctig"cv"vqr"ngxgnu"qh"vjg"hkto0"
Kp" ownvkfkxkukqpcn" qticpkucvkqpu." cp" UDW" uvtwevwtg" ecp" itgcvn{"
hceknkvcvg" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" ghhqtvu0" Kv" itqwru" ukoknct"
fkxkukqpu" kpvq" uvtcvgike" dwukpguu" wpkvu" cpf" fgngicvg" cwvjqtkv{"
cpf" tgurqpukdknkv{" hqt" gcej" wpkv" vq" c" ugpkqt" gzgewvkxg" yjq"
tgrqtvu" fktgevn{" vq" vjg" ejkgh" gzgewvkxg" qhhkegt0" Kv" ecp" hceknkvcvg"
uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" d{" kortqxkpi" eqqtfkpcvkqp" dgvyggp"
ukoknct" fkxkukqpu" cpf" ejcppgnnkpi" ceeqwpvcdknkv{" vq" fkuvkpev"
dwukpguu"wpkvu0"
*h+
"
Vjg"Ocvtkz"Uvtwevwtg
Kv"ku"vjg"oquv"eqorngz"qh"cnn"fgukipu"dgecwug"kv"fgrgpfu"qp"dqvj"
xgtvkecn"cpf"jqtk|qpvcn"hnqyu"qh"cwvjqtkv{"cpf"eqoowpkecvkqp0"Kv"
ecp" tguwnv" kp" jkijgt" qxgtjgcfu" dgecwug" kv" etgcvgu" oqtg"
ocpcigogpv"rqukvkqpu0"Fgurkvg"kvu"eqorngzkv{."kv"ku"ykfgn{"wugf"
kp" eqpuvtwevkqp." jgcnvjectg." tgugctej." cpf" fghgpeg0" Kvu"
cfxcpvcigu"ctg"vjcv"rtqlgev"qdlgevkxgu"ctg"engct."cpf"vjgtg"ctg"
ocp{" ejcppgnu" qh" eqoowpkecvkqp." yqtmgtu" ecp" ugg" vjg" xkukdng"
tguwnvu"qh"vjgkt"yqtm."cpf"ujwvvkpi"c"rtqlgev"ecp"dg"fqpg"gcukn{0"
Kv" hceknkvcvgu" vjg" wug" qh" urgekcnkugf" rgtuqppgn." gswkrogpv." cpf"
hceknkvkgu0" " Hwpevkqpcn" " tguqwtegu" ctg" ujctgf" tcvjgt" vjcp"
fwrnkecvgf" cu" kp" c" fkxkukqpcn" uvtwevwtg0" Kpfkxkfwcnu" ykvj" c" jkij"
fgitgg" qh" gzrgtvkug" ecp" fkxkfg" vjgkt" vkog" cu" pggfgf" coqpi"
rtqlgevu."vjgtgd{"fgxgnqrkpi"vjgkt"umknnu"uwduvcpvkcnn{0"
909"""
Tguvtwevwtkpi"cpf"Tggpikpggtkpi""
"
Tguvtwevwtkpi" ku" cnuq" ecnngf" fqypuk|kpi." tkijvuk|kpi." qt" fgnc{gtkpi0" Kv"

kpxqnxgu" tgfwekpi" vjg" uk|g" qh" vjg" hkto" kp" vgtou" qh" pwodgt" qh"
gornq{ggu."pwodgt"qh"fkxkukqpu"qt"wpkvu."cpf"pwodgt"qh"jkgtctejkecn"
ngxgnu" kp" vjg" hktou" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg0" Vjku" tgfwevkqp" kp" uk|g" ku"
kpvgpfgf" vq" kortqxg" dqvj" ghhkekgpe{" cpf" ghhgevkxgpguu0" Tguvtwevwtkpi"
95
STUDY GUIDE
ku" eqpegtpgf" rtkoctkn{" ykvj" ujctgjqnfgt" ygnn/dgkpi" tcvjgt" vjcp"

gornq{gg"ygnn/dgkpi0"Vjg"rtkoct{"dgpghkv"uqwijv"htqo"tguvtwevwtkpi"ku"
equv" tgfwevkqp0" Kv" chhgevu" vjg" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg" cpf"
qticpkucvkqpcn" ejctv0" Kv" kpxqnxgu" gnkokpcvkqp" qh" uqog" gornq{ggu." cpf"
ku" ejctcevgtkugf" d{" uvtcvgike." nqpi/vgto" fgekukqpu" chhgevkpi" cnn"
dwukpguu"hwpevkqpu0"Hqt"uqog"jkijn{"dwtgcwetcvke"hktou"ykvj"fgenkpkpi"
qticpkucvkqpcn"rgthqtocpeg"cpf"tgrgcvgf"cppwcn"nquugu."tguvtwevwtkpi"
ecp" dg" cp" ghhgevkxg" vwtpctqwpf" " uvtcvgi{" hqt" tguewkpi" vjg" hkto" htqo"
inqdcn"eqorgvkvkqp"cpf"fgokug0"
"
Tggpikpggtkpi"ku"eqpegtpgf"ykvj"gornq{gg"cpf"ewuvqogt"ygnn/dgkpi0"Kv"
ku" ecnngf" rtqeguu" ocpcigogpv." rtqeguu" kppqxcvkqp." qt" rtqeguu" tg/
fgukip." kpxqnxkpi" tgeqphkiwtkpi" cpf" tgfgukipkpi" yqtm." lqdu." cpf"
rtqeguugu"hqt"vjg"rwtrqug"qh"kortqxkpi"swcnkv{."ugtxkeg."cpf"urggf0"Kv"
fqgu"pqv"wuwcnn{"chhgev"vjg"qticpkucvkqpcn"uvtwevwtg"cpf"vjg"uk|g"qh"vjg"
hkto0"Kv"ku"ejctcevgtkugf"d{"ocp{"vcevkecn."ujqtv/vgto"dwukpguu/hwpevkqp/
urgekhke"fgekukqpu0"Kp"tggpikpggtkpi."c"hkto"wugu"kphqtocvkqp"vgejpqnqi{"
vq" dtgcm" fqyp" hwpevkqp" dcttkgtu" cpf" etgcvg" c" yqtm" u{uvgo" dcugf" qp"
dwukpguu" rtqeguugu." rtqfwevu." qt" qwvrwvu" tcvjgt" vjcp" qp" hwpevkqpu" qt"
kprwvu0" Eqtpgtuvqpgu" qh" tggpikpggtkpi" ctg" fgegpvtcnkucvkqp." tgekrtqecn"
kpvgtfgrgpfgpeg."cpf"kphqtocvkqp"ujctkpi0""
"
Tggpikpggtkpi"vqfc{"owuv"iq"dg{qpf"mpqemkpi"fqyp"kpvgtpcn"dcttkgtu"
htqo"jkpfgt"rctvu"qh"eqorcp{"htqo"eqqrgtcvkpi"ghhgevkxg."kv"owuv"cnuq"
tgoqxg" vjg" gzvgtpcn" dcttkgtu" vjcv" rtgxgpv." fkueqwtcig." qt" rtqjkdkv"
eqqrgtcvkqp" ykvj" qvjgt" hktou" qt" gxgp" tkxcn" hktou0" " C" dgpghkv" qh"
tggpikpggtkpi"ku"vjcv"kv"qhhgtu"gornq{ggu"vjg"qrrqtvwpkv{"vq"ugg"oqtg"
engctn{" jqy" vjgkt" rctvkewnct" lqdu" chhgev" vjg" hkpcn" rtqfwev" qt" ugtxkeg"
dgkpi"octmgvgf"d{"vjg"hkto0"Jqygxgt."kv"ecp"cnuq"tckug"ocpcigt"cpf"
gornq{gg" cpzkgv{." yjkej." wpnguu" ecnogf." ecp" ngcf" vq" eqtrqtcvg"
vtcwoc0"
90:"""" Nkpmkpi"Rgthqtocpeg"cpf"Rc{"vq"Uvtcvgi{/Rgthqtocpeg"
""""""""""
"
Cp" qticpkucvkqpu" tgyctf" u{uvgo" ujqwnf" dg" oqtg" enqugn{" nkpmgf" vq"
uvtcvgi{/rgthqtocpeg0" Fgekukqpu" qp" ucnct{" kpetgcugu." rtqoqvkqpu."
ogtkv"rc{."cpf"dqpwugu"ujqwnf"dg"oqtg"enqugn{"cnkipgf"vq"uwrrqtv"vjg"
nqpi/vgto"uvtcvgike"qdlgevkxgu"qh"vjg"qticpkucvkqp0"C"fwcn"dqpwu"u{uvgo"
dcugf"qp"dqvj"cppwcn"qdlgevkxgu"cpf"nqpi/vgto"qdlgevkxgu"ku"dgeqokpi"
eqooqp0" Qpg" tguwnv" qh" vjg" inqdcn" tgeguukqp" ycu" vjcv" eqorcpkgu"
kpuvkvwvgf" rqnkekgu" vq" cnnqy" vjgkt" ujctgjqnfgtu" vq" xqvg" hqt" gzgewvkxg"
eqorgpucvkqp" rqnkekgu0" Kp" cp" ghhqtv" vq" ewv" equvu" cpf" kpetgcug"
rtqfwevkxkv{." oqtg" cpf" oqtg" Lcrcpgug" eqorcpkgu" ctg" uykvejkpi" htqo"
ugpkqtkv{/dcugf" rc{" vq" rgthqtocpeg/dcugf" crrtqcejgu0" Rtqhkv/ujctkpi"
ku"cpqvjgt"ykfgn{"wugf"hqto"qh"kpegpvkxg"eqorgpucvkqp0""
96
STUDY GUIDE
"
Cpqvjgt"ghhgevkxg"ogvjqf"vq"nkpm"rgthqtocpeg"cpf"rc{"vq"uvtcvgikgu"ku"
ickp/ujctkpi0" Ickp/ujctkpi" tgswktgu" gornq{ggu" qt" fgrctvogpvu" vq"
guvcdnkuj"rgthqtocpeg"vctigvu0"Kh"cevwcn"tguwnvu"gzeggf"qdlgevkxgu."cnn"
ogodgtu" igv" dqpwugu0" Oqtgqxgt." etkvgtkc" uwej" cu" ucngu." rtqhkv."
rtqfwevkqp" ghhkekgpe{." swcnkv{." cpf" uchgv{" eqwnf" cnuq" ugtxg" cu" dcugu"
hqt"cp"ghhgevkxg"dqpwu"u{uvgo0"Kp"cffkvkqp"vq"c"fwcn"dqpwu"u{uvgo."c"
eqodkpcvkqp" qh" tgyctf" uvtcvgi{" kpegpvkxgu." uwej" cu" ucnct{" tckugu."
uvqem" qrvkqpu." htkpig" dgpghkvu." rtqoqvkqpu." rtckug." tgeqipkvkqp."
etkvkekuo."hgct."rwuj"jctf"hqt"uweeguuhwn"uvtcvgi{/korngogpvcvkqp0"
90;"""
Ocpcikpi"Tgukuvcpeg"vq"Ejcpig"
"
Qticpkucvkqpu" qt" kpfkxkfwcnu" ecppqv" cxqkf" ejcpig0" Vjg" vjqwijv" qh"

ejcpig" tckugu" cpzkgvkgu" dgecwug" rgqrng" hgct" geqpqoke" nquu."
kpeqpxgpkgpeg." wpegtvckpv{." cpf" c" dtgcm" kp" pqtocn" uqekcn" rcvvgtpu0"
Cp{" ejcpig" kp" uvtwevwtg." vgejpqnqi{." rgqrng" qt" uvtcvgikgu" jcu" vjg"
rqvgpvkcn" vq" fkutwrv" eqohqtvcdng" kpvgtcevkqp" rcvvgtpu0" Tgukuvcpeg" vq"
ejcpig" ku" eqooqp0" Vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" kvugnh" ecp"
korqug" oclqt" ejcpigu" qp" kpfkxkfwcnu" cpf" rtqeguugu0" Kv" ku" c" fkhhkewnv"
vcum" vq" tg/qtkgpvcvg" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" igv" rgqrng" vq" vjkpm" cp" cev"
uvtcvgikecnn{0" Tgukuvcpeg" vq" ejcpig" vcmgu" vjg" hqto" qh" ucdqvcikpi"
rtqfwevkqp"ocejkpgu."cdugpvggkuo."hknkpi"wphqwpfgf"itkgxcpegu."cpf"
cp"wpyknnkpipguu"vq"eqqrgtcvg0""
"
Rgqrng" qhvgp" tgukuv" ejcpig" ockpn{" dgecwug" qh" kpceewtcvg" qt"

kpcfgswcvg" kphqtocvkqp" tgictfkpi" vjg" ejcpig0" Ocpcigtu" ujqwnf" dg"
cdng" vq" fgxgnqr" cp" qticpkucvkqpcn" enkocvg" eqpfwekxg" vq" ejcpig" d{"
rtqxkfkpi" uwhhkekgpv" cpf" ceewtcvg" kphqtocvkqp" qp" vjg" ejcpig" yjkej"
owuv"dg"xkgygf"cu"cp"qrrqtvwpkv{"tcvjgt"vjcp"cu"c"vjtgcv"d{"ogodgtu"
qh" vjg" qticpkucvkqp0" Vjtgg" eqooqpn{" wugf" uvtcvgikgu" ctg" c" hqteg"
ejcpig"uvtcvgi{."cp"gfwecvkxg"ejcpig"uvtcvgi{."cpf"c"tcvkqpcn"qt"ugnh/
kpvgtguv"ejcpig"uvtcvgi{0"
"
Uvtcvgikuvu" ujqwnf" etgcvg" c" yqtm" gpxktqpogpv" yjgtgd{" ejcpig" ku"

tgeqipkugf" cu" pgeguuct{" cpf" dgpghkekcn" uq" vjcv" kpfkxkfwcnu" ecp" oqtg"
gcukn{" cfcrv" vq" ejcpig0" Vjg" uvtcvgikgu" hqt" ocpcikpi" ejcpig" oc{"
kpenwfg"eqpuvcpv"eqoowpkecvkqp"cpf"fkcnqiwg"uguukqpu"qp"vjg"pggf"hqt"
qticpkucvkqpcn" ejcpig." vtckpkpi" cpf" gfwecvkqp" yqtmujqr" eqpegtpkpi"
qticpkucvkqpcn" ejcpig." cpf" gornq{gg" rctvkekrcvkqp" kp" vjg" fgekukqp"
ocmkpi" rtqeguu" tgncvgf" vq" vjg" ejcpig0" Hceknkvcvkpi" cpf" uwrrqtv"
ugtxkegu" uwej" cu" eqwpugnnkpi." eqcejkpi." ogpvqtkpi" ctg" cnuq" fguktgf0"
Vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ecp" dg" fguetkdgf" cu" rtqeguu" qh"
ocpcikpi"ejcpig0"Qticpkucvkqpcn"ejcpig"ujqwnf"dg"xkgygf"vqfc{"cu"c"
eqpvkpwqwu" rtqeguu0" Vjg" oquv" uweeguuhwn" qticpkucvkqpu" vqfc{"
eqpvkpwqwun{"cfcrv"vq"ejcpigu"kp"vjg"eqorgvkvkxg"gpxktqpogpv0"
97
STUDY GUIDE
9032""" Etgcvkpi"c"Uvtcvgi{/Uwrrqtvkxg"Ewnvwtg"
"
Uvtcvgikuvu" ujqwnf" uvtkxg" vq" rtgugtxg." gorjcukug." cpf" dwknf" wrqp"

curgevu" qh"cp" gzkuvkpi"ewnvwtg" vjcv"uwrrqtv" rtqrqugf" pgy"uvtcvgikgu0"
Curgevu" qh" cp" gzkuvkpi" ewnvwtg" vjcv" ctg" cpvciqpkuvke" vq" c" rtqrqugf"
uvtcvgi{" ujqwnf" dg" kfgpvkhkgf" cpf" ejcpigf0" Uwduvcpvkcn" tgugctej"
kpfkecvgu"vjcv"pgy"uvtcvgikgu"ctg"qhvgp"octmgv/ftkxgp"cpf"fkevcvgf"d{"
eqorgvkvkxg" hqtegu0" Jgpeg." ejcpikpi" c" hktou" ewnvwtg" vq" hkv" c" pgy"
uvtcvgi{" ku" wuwcnn{" oqtg" ghhgevkxg" vjcp" ejcpikpi" c" uvtcvgi{" vq" hkv" cp"
gzkuvkpi"ewnvwtg0"""
"
Pwogtqwu" vgejpkswgu" hqt" ejcpikpi" cp" qticpkucvkqpu" ewnvwtg" ctg"

cxckncdng." kpenwfkpi" ugngevkxg" tgetwkvogpv." vtckpkpi." vtcpuhgt."
rtqoqvkqp." tguvtwevwtkpi." tggpikpggtkpi." tqng" oqfgnnkpi." rqukvkxg"
tgkphqtegogpv." ogpvqtkpi." tgxkukpi" xkukqp" cpf" okuukqp." tgfgukipkpi"
rj{ukecn" urcegu" cpf" hcecfgu." cnvgtkpi" tgyctfu" u{uvgou." cnvgtkpi"
qticpkucvkqpcn" rqnkekgu." rtqegfwtgu." cpf" rtcevkegu." vtcpuokuukqp" qh"
uvqtkgu."ngigpfu." o{vju." cpf" rctcdngu" cdqwv"mg{" rgqrng" cpf" gxgpvu."
ocpcigogpv" uv{ngu" qh" ngcfgtu." ngcfgt" tgcevkqpu" vq" etkvkecn" kpekfgpvu"
cpf" qticpkucvkqpcn" etkugu." qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtkpi" cpf" fgukipkpi."
qticpkucvkqpcn" u{uvgou" cpf" rtqegfwtgu." cpf" etkvgtkc" wugf" hqt"
tgetwkvogpv." ugngevkqp." rtqoqvkqp." nc{kpi" qhh." cpf" tgvktgogpv0" Uejgkp"
kpfkecvgu"vjcv"vjg"hqnnqykpi"gngogpvu"ctg"oquv"wughwn"kp"nkpmkpi"ewnvwtg"
vq"uvtcvgi{<"
*c+" Hqtocn" uvcvgogpvu" qh" qticpkucvkqpcn" rjknquqrj{." ejctvgtu."
etggfu." ocvgtkcnu" wugf" hqt" tgetwkvogpv" cpf" ugngevkqp." cpf"
uqekcnkucvkqp0"
*d+" Fgukipkpi"qh"rj{ukecn"urceg."hcecfgu."cpf"dwknfkpiu0"
*e+"
Fgnkdgtcvg"tqng"oqfgnnkpi."vgcejkpi."cpf"eqcejkpi"d{"ngcfgtu0"
*f+" Gzrnkekv"tgyctf"cpf"uvcvwu"u{uvgo."rtqoqvkqp"etkvgtkc0"
9033""" Rtqfwevkqp1Qrgtcvkqpcn"Eqpegtpu"
"
Rtqfwevkqp1qrgtcvkqpu" ecrcdknkvkgu." nkokvcvkqpu." cpf" rqnkekgu" ecp"

ukipkhkecpvn{" gpjcpeg" qt" kpjkdkv" vjg" cvvckpogpv" qh" qdlgevkxgu0"
Rtqfwevkqp" rtqeguugu" v{rkecnn{" eqpuvkvwvg" oqtg" vjcp" 92" rgtegpv" qh" c"
hktou" vqvcn" cuugvu0" C" oclqt" rctv" qh" vjg" uvtcvgi{/korngogpvcvkqp"
rtqeguu" vcmgu" rnceg" cv" vjg" rtqfwevkqp" ukvg0" Rtqfwevkqp/tgncvgf"
fgekukqpu" qp" rncpv" uk|g." rncpv" nqecvkqp." rtqfwev" fgukip." ejqkeg" qh"
gswkrogpv."mkpf"qh"vqqnkpi."uk|g"qh"kpxgpvqt{."kpxgpvqt{"eqpvtqn."swcnkv{"
eqpvtqn." equv" eqpvtqn." wug" qh" uvcpfctfu." lqd" urgekcnkucvkqp." gornq{gg"
vtckpkpi."gswkrogpv"cpf"tguqwteg"wvknkucvkqp."ujkrrkpi"cpf"rcemcikpi."
98
STUDY GUIDE
cpf" vgejpqnqikecn" kppqxcvkqp" ecp" jcxg" c" ftcocvke" korcev" qp" vjg"
uweeguu"qt"hcknwtg"qh"uvtcvgi{/korngogpvcvkqp"ghhqtvu0""
"
Gzcorngu" qh" rtqfwevkqp" u{uvgo" cflwuvogpvu" kpenwfg" rwtejcukpi" qh"

urgekcnkugf""gswkrogpv"cpf"cffkpi"qh"urgekcnkugf""rgqrng."rgthqtokpi"
qh" ukvg" nqecvkqp" cpcn{uku." tgxkukqp" qh" vjg" kpxgpvqt{" eqpvtqn" u{uvgo."
kortqxkpi"qh"vjg"swcnkv{"eqpvtqn"u{uvgo."cpf"cnvgtcvkqp"qh"vjg"ujkrrkpi."
rcemcikpi." cpf" vtcpurqtvcvkqp" u{uvgou0" Lwuv/kp/vkog" *LKV+" rtqfwevkqp"
crrtqcejgu"cnuq"jcxg"ukipkhkecpvn{"tgfwegf"vjg"equvu"qh"korngogpvkpi"
uvtcvgikgu0" C" eqooqp" ocpcigogpv" rtcevkeg." etquu/vtckpkpi" qh"
gornq{ggu." ecp" hceknkvcvg" korngogpvcvkqp" cpf" ecp" {kgnf" dgpghkvu0"
Gornq{ggu" ickp" c" dgvvgt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" vjg" yjqng" dwukpguu" cpf"
ecp"eqpvtkdwvg"dgvvgt"kfgcu"kp"rncppkpi"uguukqpu0"
9034"" Jwocp"Tguqwteg"Eqpegtpu"
"
Vjg" lqd" qh" jwocp" tguqwteg" ocpcigt" ku" ejcpikpi" tcrkfn{" cu"
eqorcpkgu" vqfc{" eqpvkpwg" vq" fqypuk|g" cpf" tgqticpkug0" Uvtcvgike"
tgurqpukdknkvkgu" qh" vjg" jwocp" tguqwteg" ocpcigt" kpenwfg" cuuguukpi"
vjg" uvchhkpi" pggfu" cpf" equvu" hqt" cnvgtpcvkxg" uvtcvgikgu" rtqrqugf"
fwtkpi" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp" cpf" fgxgnqrkpi" c" uvchhkpi" rncp" hqt"
ghhgevkxgn{"korngogpvkpi"uvtcvgikgu0"Vjg"jwocp"tguqwteg"fgrctvogpv"
owuv" fgxgnqr" rgthqtocpeg" kpegpvkxgu" vjcv" engctn{" nkpm" rgthqtocpeg"
cpf" rc{" vq" uvtcvgikgu0" Nkpmkpi" eqorcp{" cpf" rgtuqpcn" dgpghkvu" ku" c"
oclqt" pgy" uvtcvgike" tgurqpukdknkv{" qh" jwocp" tguqwteg" ocpcigtu0"
Qvjgt"pgy"tgurqpukdknkvkgu"hqt"jwocp"tguqwteg"ocpcigtu"oc{"kpenwfg"
guvcdnkujkpi" cpf" cfokpkuvgtkpi" cp" gornq{gg" uvqem" qypgtujkr" rncp"
*GUQR+." kpuvkvwvkpi" cp" ghhgevkxg" ejknf/ectg" rqnke{." cpf" rtqxkfkpi"
ngcfgtujkr" vtckpkpi" cpf" gfwecvkqp" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" " hqt" ocpcigtu." cpf"
gornq{ggu" kp" c" yc{" vjcv" cnnqyu" vjgo" vq" dcncpeg" yqtm" cpf" hcokn{0"
Eqtrqtcvg" ygnnpguu" rtqitcoogu" ctg" korngogpvgf" d{" oqtg"
eqorcpkgu" uq" cu" vq" nqygt" vjg" ceegngtcvkpi" equvu" qh" gornq{ggu"
jgcnvj/ectg"kpuwtcpeg"rtgokwou0"Eqorcpkgu"cnuq"uvtkxg"vq"crrtgekcvg"
vjg" dgpghkvu" qh" c" fkxgtug" yqtmhqteg" yjkej" okttqtu" vjg" fkxgtukv{" qh" kvu"
ewuvqogtu0"
"
C" ygnn/fgukipgf" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" u{uvgo" ecp" hckn" kh" kpuwhhkekgpv"

cvvgpvkqp" ku" ikxgp" vq" vjg" jwocp" tguqwteg" fkogpukqpu0" Jwocp"
tguqwteg"rtqdngou"vjcv"ctkug"yjgp"dwukpguugu"korngogpv" uvtcvgikgu"
ecp"wuwcnn{"dg"vtcegf"vq"qpg"qh"vjtgg"ecwugu<"3+"fkutwrvkqp"qh"uqekcn"
cpf"rqnkvkecn"uvtwevwtgu."4+"hcknwtg"vq"ocvej"kpfkxkfwcnu"crvkvwfgu"ykvj"
korngogpvcvkqp" vcumu." cpf" 5+" kpcfgswcvg" vqr" ocpcigogpv" uwrrqtv"
hqt" korngogpvcvkqp" cevkxkvkgu0" Uvtcvgike" JTO" ogcpu" hqtowncvkpi" cpf"
gzgewvkpi" JT" rqnkekgu" cpf" rtcevkegu" vjcv" rtqfweg" vjg" gornq{gg"
eqorgvgpekgu" cpf" dgjcxkqwtu" vjg" eqorcp{" pggfu" vq" cejkgxg" kvu"
99
STUDY GUIDE
uvtcvgike" ckou0" Vjg" hqnnqykpi" uvgru" fgoqpuvtcvg" nkpmkpi" eqorcp{/

ykfg"cpf"JT"uvtcvgikgu<
*c+" Gxcnwcvg"eqorcp{u"eqorgvkvkxg"gpxktqpogpv"
*d+" Hqtowncvg"dwukpguu"uvtcvgi{"
*e+"
Kfgpvkh{"yqtmhqteg"tgswktgogpvu"
*f+" Hqtowncvg"JT"uvtcvgike"rqnkekgu"cpf"cevkxkvkgu"
*g+" Fgxgnqr"fgvckngf"JT"ueqtgectf"ogcuwtgu"
"
Vjtgg" uvtcvgike" JTO" vqqnu" ctg" eqooqpn{" wugf0" Vjgug" vjtgg"

korqtvcpv"vqqnu"ctg."pcogn{."uvtcvgi{"ocr."JT"Ueqtgectf"cpf"fkikvcn"
fcujdqctf."cu"ujqyp"kp"Hkiwtg"6<"
Hkiwtg"6<"Uvtcvgike"JTO"vqqnu
9035""" Ewttgpv"Octmgvkpi"Kuuwgu"
"
Eqwpvnguu"octmgvkpi"xctkcdngu"chhgev"vjg"uweeguu"qt"hcknwtg"qh"uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp0"Uqog"octmgvkpi"fgekukqpu"vjcv"oc{"tgswktg"rqnkekgu"
kpenwfg" yc{u" vq" ocmg" cfxgtvkugogpvu" oqtg" kpvgtcevkxg" vq" dg" oqtg"
ghhgevkxg." yc{u" vq" dguv" vcmg" cfxcpvcig" qh" Hcegdqqm" cpf" Vykvvgt"
eqpxgtucvkqpu" cdqwv" vjg" eqorcp{" cpf" kpfwuvt{." wug" qh" gzenwukxg"
fgcngtujkru"qt"ownvkrng"ejcppgnu"qh"fkuvtkdwvkqp."wug"qh"jgcx{."nkijv."qt"
pq" VX" cfxgtvkukpi" xgtuwu" qpnkpg" cfxgtvkukpi." nkokvkpi" qh" vjg" ujctg" qh"
dwukpguu" fqpg" ykvj" c" ukping" ewuvqogt." dgkpi" c" rtkeg" qt" c" rtkeg"
100
STUDY GUIDE
hqnnqygt."qhhgtkpi"qh"c"eqorngvg"qt"rctvkcn"ycttcpv{."cpf"tgyctfkpi"qh"
ucngu" rgqrng" dcugf" qp" uvtckijv" ucnct{." uvtckijv" eqookuukqp." qt" c"
eqodkpcvkqp"qh"dqvj0"
*c+
"
Rtkpekrngu"qh"Octmgvkpi
Vjg"pgy"rtkpekrngu"qh"octmgvkpi"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*k+"
Fqpv" lwuv" vcnm" cv" ewuvqogtu0" Yqtm" ykvj" vjgo" vjtqwijqwv"

vjg"octmgvkpi"rtqeguu0"
*kk+"
Ikxg"eqpuwogtu"c"tgcuqp"vq"rctvkekrcvg0"
*kkk+" Nkuvgp" vq." cpf" lqkp" vjg" eqpxgtucvkqp" qwvukfg" {qwt"

eqorcp{u"ygdukvg0"
*kx+" Tgukuv" vjg" vgorvcvkqp" vq" ugnn." ugnn." ugnn0" " Kpuvgcf" cvvtcev."
cvvtcev."cvvtcev0"
*x+"
Fqpv"eqpvtqn"qpnkpg"eqpxgtucvkqpu0"Ngv"kv"hnqy"htggn{0"
*xk+" Hkpf" c" octmgvkpi" vgejpqnqikuv.fi" c" rgtuqp" yjq" jcu" vjtgg"
gzegnngpv" umknn/ugvu" *octmgvkpi." vgejpqnqi{." cpf" uqekcn"
kpvgtcevkqp+0"
*xkk+" Godtceg"kpuvcpv"oguucikpi"cpf"ejcvvkpi0"
*d+
"
Cfxgtvkukpi"Ogfkc
Eqorcpkgu" ctg" tcrkfn{" eqokpi" vq" vjg" tgcnkucvkqp" vjcv" uqekcn"
pgvyqtmkpi" ukvgu" cpf" xkfgq" ukvgu" ctg" dgvvgt" ogcpu" qh" tgcejkpi"
vjgkt" ewuvqogtu" vjcp" urgpfkpi" uq" ocp{" octmgvkpi" fqnnctu" qp"
vtcfkvkqpcn" {gnnqy" rcigu" qt" vgngxkukqp." ocic|kpg." tcfkq." qt"
pgyurcrgt" cfu0" Rgqrng" urgpf" vkog" qp" vjg" Kpvgtpgv0" Cu" uwej."
Kpvgtpgv" cfxgtvkukpi" ku" itqykpi" uq" tcrkfn{" vjcv" octmgvgtu" ctg"
oqtg"cpf"oqtg"cnnqygf"vq"etgcvg"dkiigt."oqtg"kpvtwukxg"cfu"vjcv"
vcmg" wr" oqtg" urceg" qp" vjg" ygd" rcig0" Ygd" ukvgu" ctg" cnnqykpi"
ngpivjkgt"cfu"vq"twp"dghqtg"ujqtv"xkfgq"enkru"rnc{0"Cpf"dnqiu"ctg"
etgcvkpi" oqtg" eqpvgpv" vjcv" fqwdngu" cnuq" cu" cp" cf0" Eqorcpkgu"
ctg" cnuq" yckxkpi" okpkowo" cf" rwtejcugu0" Eqorcpkgu" ctg"
tgfgukipkpi"vjgkt"ygdukvgu"vq"dg"owej"oqtg"kpvgtcevkxg"cpf"ctg"
dwknfkpi" pgy" urqpuqtujkr" rtqitcoogu" cpf" qvjgt" gpvkegogpvu"
qp" vjgkt" ukvgu0" Gfkvqtkcn" eqpvgpv" cpf" cfxgtvkukpi" eqpvgpv" ctg"
kpetgcukpin{"dgkpi"okzgf"qp"dnqiu0"
101
STUDY GUIDE
*e+
"
Rwtrqug/Dcugf"Octmgvkpi
Vqfc{." jwpftgfu" qh" hktou" jcxg" cfqrvgf" rwtrqug/dcugf"
octmgvkpi" vq" ugnn" vjgkt" rtqfwevu" kp" vkogu" qh" c" ygcm" geqpqo{0""
Vjg"rwtrqug/dcugf"octmgvkpi"ku"dcugf"qp"vjg"rtkpekrng"vjcv"vjg"
dguv"yc{"vq"ugnn"kp"c"ygcm"geqpqo{"ku"vq"ujqy"ewuvqogtu"jqy"
vjg{" ecp" kortqxg" vjgkt" nkxgu" ykvj" vjg" rtqfwev" qt" ugtxkeg" dgkpi"
cfxgtvkugf0" Kp" rwtrqug/dcugf" octmgvkpi." vjgtg" ku" c" pggf" kp" cp"
cf"vq"dwknf"vtwuv"cpf"cp"goqvkqpcn"eqppgevkqp"vq"vjg"ewuvqogt"kp"
qtfgt"vq"fkhhgtgpvkcvg"vjg"rtqfwev"qt"ugtxkeg"htqo"qvjgtu0"""
*f+
"
Octmgv"Ugiogpvcvkqp
Octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" cpf" rtqfwev" rqukvkqpkpi" tcpm" cu"
octmgvkpiu" oquv" korqtvcpv" eqpvtkdwvkqpu" vq" uvtcvgike"
korngogpvcvkqp0" Octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" ku" ykfgn{" wugf" kp"
korngogpvkpi" uvtcvgikgu." gurgekcnn{" hqt" uocnn" cpf" urgekcnkugf""
hktou0" Octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" ecp" dg" fghkpgf" cu" vjg" uwd/fkxkfkpi"
qh" c" octmgv" kpvq" fkuvkpev" uwdugvu" qh" ewuvqogtu" ceeqtfkpi" vq"
pggfu"cpf"dw{kpi"jcdkvu0"Octmgv"ugiogpvcvkqp"ku"cp"korqtvcpv"
xctkcdng" kp" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" hqt" vjtgg" oclqt" tgcuqpu0"
Hktuv." uvtcvgikgu" uwej" cu" octmgv" fgxgnqrogpv." rtqfwev"
fgxgnqrogpv." cpf" octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp." fkxgtukhkecvkqp" tgswktg"
kpetgcugf" ucngu" vjtqwij" pgy" octmgvu" cpf" rtqfwevu0" Vq"
korngogpv" vjgug" uvtcvgikgu" uweeguuhwnn{." pgy" qt" kortqxgf"
octmgv"ugiogpvcvkqp"crrtqcejgu"ctg"tgswktgf0"Ugeqpf."octmgv"
ugiogpvcvkqp" cnnqyu" c" hkto" vq" qrgtcvg" ykvj" nkokvgf" tguqwtegu"
dgecwug" ocuu" rtqfwevkqp." ocuu" fkuvtkdwvkqp." cpf" ocuu"
cfxgtvkukpi" ctg" pqv" tgswktgf0" Octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" gpcdngu" c"
uocnn" hkto" vq" eqorgvg" uweeguuhwnn{" ykvj" c" nctig" hkto" d{"
oczkokukpi" rgt" wpkv" rtqhkvu" cpf" rgt" ugiogpv" ucngu0" Hkpcnn{."
octmgv" ugiogpvcvkqp" fgekukqpu" fktgevn{" chhgev" octmgvkpi" okz"
xctkcdngu<" rtqfwev." rnceg." rtqoqvkqp." cpf" rtkeg0" Gxcnwcvkpi"
rqvgpvkcn"octmgv"ugiogpvu"tgswktgu"uvtcvgikuvu"vq"fgvgtokpg"vjg"
ejctcevgtkuvkeu" cpf" pggfu" qh" eqpuwogtu." vq" cpcn{ug" eqpuwogt"
ukoknctkvkgu" cpf" fkhhgtgpegu." cpf" vq" fgxgnqr" eqpuwogt" itqwr"
rtqhkngu0"Ugiogpvcvkqp"ku"c"mg{"vq"ocvejkpi"uwrrn{"cpf"fgocpf0"
*g+
"
Rtqfwev"Rqukvkqpkpi
Rtqfwev" rqukvkqpkpi" ku" ykfgn{" wugf" hqt" kfgpvkh{kpi" vctigv"
ewuvqogtu" vq" hqewu" octmgvkpi" ghhqtvu" qp" cpf" ugvvkpi" vjg" uvcig"
hqt" fgekfkpi" jqy" vq" oggv" vjg" pggfu" cpf" ycpvu" qh" rctvkewnct"
eqpuwogt" itqwr0" Kv" gpvcknu" fgxgnqrkpi" uejgocvke"
tgrtgugpvcvkqpu" vjcv" tghngev" jqy" c" eqorcp{u" rtqfwevu" cpf"
ugtxkegu"eqorctg"vq"eqorgvkvqtu"qp"fkogpukqpu"oquv"korqtvcpv"
vq"uweeguu"kp"vjg"kpfwuvt{0""Kv"kpxqnxgu"vjg"hqnnqykpi"uvgru<"
102
STUDY GUIDE
*k+"
Ugngev"mg{"etkvgtkc"vjcv"ghhgevkxgn{"fkhhgtgpvkcvg"rtqfwevu"qt"
ugtxkegu"kp"vjg"kpfwuvt{0"
*kk+"
Fkcitco" c" vyq/fkogpukqpcn" rtqfwev/rqukvkqpkpi" ocr" ykvj"

urgekhkgf"etkvgtkc"kp"gcej"czku0"
*kkk+" Rnqv" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu" kp" vjg"

tguwnvcpv"hqwt/swcftcpv"ocvtkz0"
*kx+" Kfgpvkh{"ctgcu"kp"vjg"rqukvkqpkpi"ocr"yjgtg"vjg"eqorcp{u"
rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu" eqwnf" dg" oquv" eqorgvkvkxg" kp" vjg"
ikxgp"vctigv"octmgv0"Nqqm"hqt"xcecpv"ctgcu"qt"pkejgu0"
*x+"
Fgxgnqr" c" octmgvkpi" rncp" vq" rqukvkqp" vjg" eqorcp{u"

rtqfwevu"qt"ugtxkegu"crrtqrtkcvgn{0"
9036""" Hkpcpeg1Ceeqwpvkpi"Kuuwgu"
"
Uqog" gzcorngu" qh" fgekukqpu" vjcv" oc{" tgswktg" hkpcpeg1" ceeqwpvkpi"

rqnkekgu"kp"uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Vq" tckug" ecrkvcn" ykvj" ujqtv/vgto" fgdv." nqpi/vgto" fgdv." rtghgttgf"
uvqem."qt"eqooqp"uvqem0"
*d+" Vq"ngcug"qt"dw{"hkzgf"cuugvu0"
*e+"
Vq"fgvgtokpg"cp"crrtqrtkcvg"fkxkfgpf"rc{qwv"tcvkq0"
*f+" Vq" wug" NKHQ" *Ncuv/kp." Hktuv/qwv+." HKHQ" *Hktuv/kp." Hktuv/qwv+." qt" c"
octmgv/xcnwg"ceeqwpvkpi"crrtqcej0"
*g+" Vq"gzvgpf"vjg"vkog"qh"ceeqwpvu"tgegkxcdng0"
*h+"
Vq"guvcdnkuj"c"egtvckp"rgtegpvcig"fkueqwpv"qp"ceeqwpvu"ykvjkp"c"
urgekhkgf"rgtkqf"qh"vkog0"
*i+" Vq"fgvgtokpg"vjg"coqwpv"qh"ecuj"vjcv"ujqwnf"dg"mgrv"qp"jcpf0"
*c+
"
Ceswktkpi"Ecrkvcn"vq"Korngogpv"Uvtcvgikgu
Uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" qhvgp" tgswktgu" cffkvkqpcn"
ecrkvcn0" Dgukfgu" pgv" rtqhkv" htqo" qrgtcvkqpu" cpf" vjg" ucng" qh"
cuugvu."vyq"dcuke"uqwtegu"qh"ecrkvcn"hqt"cp"qticpkucvkqp"ctg"fgdv"
cpf" gswkv{0" Fgvgtokpkpi" cp" crrtqrtkcvg" okz" qh" fgdv" cpf" gswkv{"
kp" c" hktou" ecrkvcn" uvtwevwtg" ecp" dg" xkvcn" vq" uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp0"Cp"Gctpkpiu"Rgt"Ujctg"*GRU+1"Gctpkpiu"Dghqtg"
Kpvgtguv"cpf"Vczgu"*GRU1GDKV+"cpcn{uku"ku"vjg"oquv"ykfgn{"wugf"
103
STUDY GUIDE
vgejpkswg"hqt"fgvgtokpkpi"yjgvjgt"fgdv."uvqem."qt"c"eqodkpcvkqp"
qh" fgdv" cpf" uvqem" ku" vjg" dguv" cnvgtpcvkxg" hqt" tckukpi" ecrkvcn" vq"
korngogpv"uvtcvgikgu0"Vjku"vgejpkswg"kpxqnxgu"cp"gzcokpcvkqp"qh"
vjg"korcev"vjcv"fgdv"xgtuwu"uvqem"hkpcpekpi"jcu"qp"gctpkpiu"rgt"
ujctg" wpfgt" xctkqwu" cuuworvkqpu" cu" vq" GDKV0" Vjg" rwtrqug" qh"
GRU1GDKV"cpcn{uku"ku"vq"fgvgtokpg"yjgvjgt"cnn"fgdv."qt"cnn"uvqem."
qt"uqog"eqodkpcvkqp"qh"fgdv"cpf"uvqem"{kgnfu"vjg"jkijguv"GRU"
xcnwgu" hqt" vjg" hkto0" GRU" ku" rgtjcru" vjg" dguv" ogcuwtg" qh"
uweeguu"qh"c"eqorcp{."uq"kv"ku"ykfgn{"wugf"kp"ocmkpi"vjg"ecrkvcn"
ceswkukvkqp" fgekukqp0" GRU" tghngevu" vjg" eqooqp" oczkokukpi"
ujctgjqnfgtu" ygcnvj$" qxgtctejkpi" eqtrqtcvg" qdlgevkxgu0" Cp{"
pwodgt"qh"eqodkpcvkqp"fgdv1uvqem"uegpctkqu."uwej"cu"92152"F1U"
qt"52192"F1U."oc{"dg"gzcokpgf"kp"cp"GRU1GDKV"cpcn{uku0"
*d+
"
Hcevqtu"hqt"Eqpukfgtcvkqp"yjgp"Wukpi"GRU1GDKV"Cpcn{uku
C"eqpukfgtcvkqp"yjgp"wukpi"GRU1GDKV"cpcn{uku"ku"hngzkdknkv{0"Cu"
cp"qticpkucvkqpu"ecrkvcn"uvtwevwtg"ejcpigu."uq"fqgu"kvu"hngzkdknkv{"
hqt"eqpukfgtkpi"hwvwtg"ecrkvcn"pggfu0"Wukpi"cnn"fgdv"qt"cnn"uvqem"vq"
tckug" ecrkvcn" kp" vjg" rtgugpv" oc{" korqug" hkzgf" qdnkicvkqpu."
tguvtkevkxg" eqxgpcpvu." qt" qvjgt" eqpuvtckpvu" vjcv" eqwnf" ugxgtgn{"
tgfweg"c"hktou"hngzkdknkv{"vq"tckug"cffkvkqpcn"ecrkvcn"kp"vjg"hwvwtg0"
Eqpvtqn" ku" cpqvjgt" eqpegtp0" Yjgp" cffkvkqpcn" uvqem" ku" kuuwgf" vq"
hkpcpeg" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp." qypgtujkr" cpf" eqpvtqn" qh" vjg"
gpvgtrtkug"ctg"fknwvgf0"Vjku"ecp"dg"c"ugtkqwu"eqpegtp"kp"vqfc{u"
dwukpguu" gpxktqpogpv" qh" jquvkng" vcmgqxgtu." ogtigtu." cpf"
ceswkukvkqpu0"Fknwvkqp"qh"qypgtujkr"ecp"dg"cp"qxgttkfkpi"eqpegtp"
kp"enqugn{"jgnf"eqtrqtcvkqpu"kp"yjkej"uvqem"kuuwcpegu"chhgev"vjg"
fgekukqp/ocmkpi"rqygt"qh"oclqtkv{"uvqemjqnfgtu0"
*e+
"
Rtqlgevgf"Hkpcpekcn"Uvcvgogpvu
Kv" ku" c" egpvtcn" uvtcvgi{" " korngogpvcvkqp" vgejpkswg" dgecwug" kv"
cnnqyu" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" gzcokpg" vjg" gzrgevgf" tguwnvu" qh"
xctkqwu" cevkqpu" cpf" crrtqcejgu0" Vjku" v{rg" qh" cpcn{uku" ecp" dg"
wugf" vq" hqtgecuv" vjg" korcev" qh" xctkqwu" korngogpvcvkqp"
fgekukqpu0" Hqt" gzcorng." vq" kpetgcug" rtqoqvkqp" gzrgpfkvwtg" d{"
72" rgtegpv" vq" uwrrqtv" c" octmgv/fgxgnqrogpv" uvtcvgi{" qt" vq"
kpetgcug"ucnctkgu"d{"47"rgtegpv"vq"uwrrqtv"c"octmgv/rgpgvtcvkqp"
uvtcvgi{0" Pgctn{" cnn" hkpcpekcn" kpuvkvwvkqpu" tgswktg" cv" ngcuv" vjtgg"
{gctu" qh" rtqlgev" hkpcpekcn" uvcvgogpvu" yjgpgxgt" c" dwukpguu"
uggmu"ecrkvcn0"C"rtqlgevgf"kpeqog"uvcvgogpv"cpf"dcncpeg"ujggv"
cnnqy" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" eqorwvg" rtqlgevgf" hkpcpekcn" tcvkqu"
wpfgt" xctkqwu" uvtcvgi{/korngogpvcvkqp" uegpctkqu0" Yjgp"
eqorctgf" vq" rtkqt" {gctu" cpf" vq" kpfwuvt{" cxgtcigu." hkpcpekcn"
tcvkqu" rtqxkfg" xcnwcdng" kpukijvu" kpvq" vjg" hgcukdknkv{" qh" xctkqwu"
uvtcvgi{/korngogpvcvkqp"crrtqcejgu0"
104
STUDY GUIDE
*f+ Mg{"Uvgru"kp"Rgthqtokpi"Rtqlgevgf"Hkpcpekcn"Cpcn{uku
"""""""""Vjg"hqnnqykpi"uvgru"ctg"etkvkecn"vq"rgthqtokpi"rtqlgevgf"hkpcpekcn"
cpcn{uku<"
*k+"
Rtgrctg" vjg" rtqlgevgf" kpeqog" uvcvgogpv" dghqtg" vjg"

dcncpeg"ujggv0"
*kk+"
Wug" vjg" rgtegpvcig/qh/ucngu" ogvjqf" vq" rtqlgev" equv" qh"

iqqfu" uqnf" *EIU+" cpf" vjg" gzrgpug" kvgou" kp" vjg" kpeqog"
uvcvgogpv0
*kkk+" Ecnewncvg"vjg"rtqlgevgf"pgv"kpeqog0"
*kx+" Uwdvtcev"htqo"vjg"pgv"kpeqog"cp{"fkxkfgpfu"vq"dg"rckf"hqt"
vjcv"{gct0"Vjku"tgockpkpi"pgv"kpeqog"ku"tgvckpgf"gctpkpiu"
*TG+0"
*x+"
Rtqlgev"vjg"dcncpeg"ujggv"kvgou0"
*xk+" Nkuv"eqoogpvu"qt"tgoctmu"qp"vjg"rtqlgevgf"uvcvgogpv0""
*g+
"
Hkpcpekcn"Dwfigvu
C" hkpcpeg" dwfigv" ku" c" fqewogpv" vjcv" fgvcknu" jqy" hwpfu" yknn" dg"
qdvckpgf" cpf" urgpv" hqt" c" urgekhkgf" rgtkqf" qh" vkog0" Cppwcn"
dwfigvu"ctg"oquv"eqooqp0"Hwpfcogpvcnn{."hkpcpekcn"dwfigvkpi"
ku" c" ogvjqf" hqt" urgekh{kpi" yjcv" owuv" dg" fqpg" vq" eqorngvg"
uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp"uweeguuhwnn{0"Kv"ujqwnf"pqv"dg"tgictfgf"
cu"c"vqqn"hqt"nkokvkpi"gzrgpfkvwtg0"Kv"ujqwnf"dg"wugf"cu"c"ogvjqf"
hqt" qdvckpkpi" vjg" oquv" rtqfwevkxg" cpf" rtqhkvcdng" wug" qh" cp"
qticpkucvkqpu"tguqwtegu"dcugf"qp"hqtgecuvu"qh"vjg"hwvwtg0"Uqog"
eqooqp" v{rgu" qh" dwfigvu" kpenwfg" ecuj" dwfigvu" yjkej" ctg" vjg"
oquv" eqooqp." qrgtcvkpi" dwfigvu." ucngu" dwfigvu." rtqhkv"
dwfigvu." hcevqt{" dwfigvu." ecrkvcn" dwfigvu." gzrgpug" dwfigvu."
cpf" fkxkukqpcn" dwfigvu0" Yjgp" cp" qticpkucvkqp" ku" gzrgtkgpekpi"
hkpcpekcn"fkhhkewnvkgu."dwfigvu"ctg"gurgekcnn{"korqtvcpv"kp"iwkfkpi"
uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp0"
*h+
"
Gxcnwcvkpi"vjg"Yqtvj"qh"c"Dwukpguu
Gxcnwcvkpi" vjg" yqtvj" qh" c" dwukpguu" ku" egpvtcn" vq" uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp" dgecwug" kpvgitcvkxg." kpvgpukxg." cpf"
fkxgtukhkecvkqp" uvtcvgikgu" ctg" qhvgp" korngogpvgf" d{" ceswktkpi"
qvjgt" hktou0" Qvjgt" uvtcvgikgu" uwej" cu" tgvtgpejogpv" cpf"
fkxguvkvwtg."oc{"tguwnv"kp"vjg"ucng"qh"c"fkxkukqp"qh"cp"qticpkucvkqp"
qt"qh"vjg"hkto"kvugnh0""Kp"cnn"vjgug"vtcpucevkqpu."kv"ku"pgeguuct{"vq"
tkijvn{"guvcdnkuj"vjg"hkpcpekcn"yqtvj"qt"ecuj"xcnwg"qh"c"dwukpguu"
vq"uweeguuhwnn{"korngogpv"uvtcvgikgu0"Gxcnwcvkpi"vjg"yqtvj"qh" c"
105
STUDY GUIDE
dwukpguu" ujqwnf" dg" dcugf" qp" dqvj" swcnkvcvkxg" cpf" swcpvkvcvkxg"

rgturgevkxgu0""
*i+
"
Crrtqcejgu"vq"Gxcnwcvkpi"vjg"Yqtvj"qh"c"Dwukpguu
Vjg" hqnnqykpi" ctg" vjg" eqooqp" crrtqcejgu" vq" gxcnwcvkpi" vjg"
yqtvj"qh"c"dwukpguu<"
*k+"
Fgvgtokpkpi" kvu" pgv" yqtvj" qt" uvqemjqnfgtu" gswkv{0" Pgv"

yqtvj" " tgrtgugpvu" vjg" uwo" qh" eqooqp" uvqem." cffkvkqpcn"
rckf/kp"ecrkvcn."cpf"tgvckpgf"gctpkpiu0"
*kk+"
Fgvgtokpkpi"vjg"guvkocvgf"hwvwtg"dgpghkvu"kvu"qypgtu"oc{"
fgtkxg"vjtqwij"pgv"rtqhkvu0"C"eqpugtxcvkqp"twng"qh"vjwod"ku"
vq" guvcdnkuj" c" dwukpguuu" yqtvj" cu" hkxg" vkogu" vjg" hktou"
ewttgpv"cppwcn"rtqhkv0"
*kkk+" Vjg" rtkeg/gctpkpiu" tcvkq" ogvjqf0" Wukpi" vjku" ogvjqf."

fkxkfgf"vjg"octmgv"rtkeg"qh"vjg"hktou"eqooqp"uvqem"d{"vjg"
cppwcn"gctpkpiu"rgt"ujctg"cpf"ownvkrn{"vjku"pwodgt"d{"vjg"
hktou"cxgtcig"pgv"kpeqog"hqt"vjg"rcuv"hkxg"{gctu0"
*kx+" Vjg" Qwvuvcpfkpi" ujctgu" ogvjqf0" Vq" wug" vjku" ogvjqf."
ukorn{" ownvkrn{" vjg" pwodgt" qh" ujctgu" qwvuvcpfkpi" d{" vjg"
octmgv"rtkeg"rgt"ujctg0"Kh"vjg"rwtejcug"rtkeg"ku"oqtg"vjcp"
vjku"coqwpv."vjg"cffkvkqpcn"fqnnctu"ctg"ecnngf"c"rtgokwo0"Kv"
ku"cnuq"ecnngf"vjg"dqqm"xcnwg"qh"vjg"hkto0"""
*j+
"
Fgekfkpi"Yjgvjgt"vq"Iq"Rwdnke
C"hkto"iqkpi"rwdnke"ogcpu"ugnnkpi"qhh"c"rgtegpvcig"qh"kvu"gswkv{"
ujctgu"vq"qvjgtu"kp"qtfgt"vq"tckug"ecrkvcn."tguwnvkpi"kp"vjg"fknwvkpi"
qh"vjg"qypgtu"eqpvtqn"qh"vjg"hkto0"Iqkpi"rwdnke"ku"pqv"fguktcdng"
hqt" eqorcpkgu" ykvj" nguu" vjcp" &32" oknnkqp" kp" vwtpqxgt" dgecwug"
vjg"kpkvkcn"equvu"ecp"dg"vqq"jkij"hqt"vjg"hkto"vq"igpgtcvg"uwhhkekgpv"
ecuj"hnqy"vq"ocmg"iqkpi"rwdnke"yqtvjyjkng0"Kp"cffkvkqp"vq"kpkvkcn"
equvu" kpxqnxgf" ykvj" c" uvqem" qhhgtkpi." vjgtg" ctg" equvu" cpf"
qdnkicvkqpu" cuuqekcvgf" ykvj" tgrqtvkpi" cpf" ocpcigogpv" kp" c"
rwdnken{" jgnf" hkto0" Hqt" hktou" ykvj" oqtg" vjcp" WU&32" oknnkqp" rgt"
{gct"kp"vwtpqxgt."iqkpi"rwdnke"ecp"rtqxkfg"ocp{"cfxcpvcigu0"Kv"
ecp" cnnqy" vjg" hkto" vq" tckug" oqtg" ecrkvcn" vq" fgxgnqr" pgy"
rtqfwevu."dwknf"rncpvu."gzrcpf."itqy."cpf"octmgv"rtqfwevu"cpf"
ugtxkegu"oqtg"ghhgevkxgn{0
106
STUDY GUIDE
9037"" Tgugctej"cpf"Fgxgnqrogpv"*T"("F+"Kuuwgu"
"
Tgugctej" cpf" fgxgnqrogpv" *T" (" F+" rgtuqppgn" ecp" rnc{" cp" kpvgitcn"
rctv" kp" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp" vjtqwij" vjg" fgxgnqrkpi" qh" pgy"
rtqfwevu" cpf" vjg" kortqxkpi" qh" qnf" rtqfwevu" kp" c" yc{" vjcv" yknn" cnnqy"
ghhgevkxg" uvtcvgi{" korngogpvcvkqp0" Uvtcvgikgu" uwej" cu" rtqfwev"
fgxgnqrogpv." octmgv" rgpgvtcvkqp." cpf" tgncvgf" fkxgtukhkecvkqp" tgswktg"
vjcv" pgy" rtqfwevu" dg" uweeguuhwnn{" fgxgnqrgf" cpf" vjcv" qnf" rtqfwevu"
dg"ukipkhkecpvn{"kortqxgf0"Jqygxgt"vjg"ngxgn"qh"ocpcigogpv"uwrrqtv"
hqt" T(F" ku" qhvgp" eqpuvtckpgf" d{" tguqwteg" cxckncdknkv{0" Ykvj" vjg"
ujqtvgpkpi" qh" rtqfwev" nkhg" e{engu." eqorcpkgu" kp" gxgt{" kpfwuvt{" ctg"
tgn{kpi" qp" vjg" fgxgnqrogpv" qh" pgy" rtqfwevu" cpf" ugtxkegu" vq" hwgn"
rtqhkvcdknkv{" cpf" itqyvj0" Kp" T(F." vjgtg" owuv" dg" ghhgevkxg" kpvgtcevkqp"
dgvyggp" T(F" fgrctvogpvu" cpf" qvjgt" hwpevkqpcn" fgrctvogpvu" kp"
korngogpvkpi"fkhhgtgpv"v{rgu"qh"igpgtke"dwukpguu"uvtcvgikgu0"Eqphnkevu"
dgvyggp" octmgvkpi." hkpcpeg1ceeqwpvkpi." T(F." cpf" kphqtocvkqp"
u{uvgou" fgrctvogpvu" ecp" dg" okpkokugf" ykvj" engct" rqnkekgu" cpf"
qdlgevkxgu0" Vqfc{." T(F" uvtcvgikgu" ecp" gpjcpeg" uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp"ghhqtvu"vq<"
*c+" Dg"ngcfgtu"qt"hqnnqygtu"kp"T"("F0"
*d+" Fgxgnqr"tqdqvkeu"qt"ocpwcn/v{rg"rtqeguugu0"
*e+"
Urgpf"c"jkij."cxgtcig."qt"nqy"dwfigv"qp"T(F0"
*f+" Rgthqto"T(F"ykvjkp"vjg"hkto"qt"vq"eqpvtcev"T(F"vq"qwvukfg"hktou0"
*g+" Wug"wpkxgtukv{"tgugctejgtu"qt"rtkxcvg/ugevqt"tgugctejgtu0"
*c+
"
T(F"Crrtqcejgu"hqt"Korngogpvkpi"Uvtcvgikgu
Vjgtg"ctg"vjtgg"oclqt"crrtqcejgu"hqt"korngogpvkpi"uvtcvgikgu<"
*k+"
Dgkpi"vjg"hktuv"hkto"vq"octmgv"pgy"vgejpqnqikecn"rtqfwevu0"
*kk+"
Dgkpi"cp"kppqxcvkxg"kokvcvqt"qh"uweeguuhwn"rtqfwevu0"
*kkk+" Dgkpi" c" nqy/equv" rtqfwegt" d{" ocuu/rtqfwekpi" rtqfwevu"

ukoknct" vq." dwv" nguu" gzrgpukxg" vjcp" rtqfwevu" tgegpvn{"
kpvtqfwegf0"
*d+ Vjg"Ewttgpv"Vtgpf"kp"T(F"Ocpcigogpv
"
Vjg" oquv" ewttgpv" vtgpf" kp" T(F" ocpcigogpv" ku" vjcv" hkto." cpf"
gxgp" oclqt" eqorgvkvqtu" ctg" lqkpkpi" hqtegu" vq" fgxgnqr" pgy"
rtqfwevu0" Eqnncdqtcvkqp" ku" rtghgttgf" vq" eqorgvkvkqp" fwg" vq" pgy"
eqorgvkvkxg" rtguuwtgu." tkukpi" tgugctej" equvu." kpetgcukpi"
tgiwncvqt{" kuuwgu" cpf" ceegngtcvgf" rtqfwev" fgxgnqrogpv"
107
STUDY GUIDE
uejgfwngu0"Dgukfgu."eqorcpkgu"ctg"cnuq"vwtpkpi"vq"rtkxcvg"T(F"
eqpuqtvkc"cpf"wpkxgtukvkgu"hqt"vjgkt"T(F"pggfu0"
9038""" Ocpcigogpv"Kphqtocvkqp"U{uvgou"*OKU+"Kuuwgu"
"
Hktou" vjcv" icvjgt." cuukokncvg." cpf" gxcnwcvg" gzvgtpcn" cpf" kpvgtpcn"

kphqtocvkqp" oquv" ghhgevkxgn{" ctg" ickpkpi" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig" qxgt"
qvjgt" hktou0" Jcxkpi" cp" ghhgevkxg" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgo"
*OKU+" oc{" dg" vjg" oquv" korqtvcpv" hcevqt" kp" fkhhgtgpvkcvkpi" uweeguuhwn"
htqo" wpuweeguuhwn" hktou0" Vjg" rtqeguu" qh" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ku"
hceknkvcvgf" koogpugn{" kp" hktou" vjcv" jcxg" cp" ghhgevkxg" ocpcigogpv"
u{uvgo0"Kphqtocvkqp"eqnngevkqp."tgvtkgxcn."cpf"uvqtcig"ecp"dg"wugf"vq"
etgcvg" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcigu" kp" yc{u" uwej" cu" etquu/ugnnkpi" vq"
ewuvqogtu." oqpkvqtkpi" uwrrnkgtu." mggrkpi" ocpcigtu" cpf" gornq{ggu"
kphqtogf." eqqtfkpcvkpi" cevkxkvkgu" coqpi" fkxkukqpu." cpf" ocpcikpi"
hwpfu0" Nkmg" kpxgpvqt{" cpf" jwocp" tguqwtegu." kphqtocvkqp" ku" pqy"
tgeqipkugf"cu"c"xcnwcdng"qticpkucvkqpcn"cuugv"vjcv"ecp"dg"eqpvtqnngf"
cpf" ocpcigf0" Hktou" vjcv" korngogpv" uvtcvgikgu" wukpi" vjg" dguv"
kphqtocvkqp"yknn"tgcr"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig"kp"vjg"43uv"egpvwt{0"""""""""""
*c+
"
Dgpghkvu"Ickpgf"htqo"Ghhgevkxg"Kphqtocvkqp"U{uvgo
C"iqqf"kphqtocvkqp"u{uvgo"ecp"cnnqy"c"hkto"vq"tgfweg"equv"cnqpi"
vjg"uwrrn{"ejckp0"Kortqxgf"swcnkv{"cpf"ugtxkeg"qhvgp"tguwnv"htqo"
cp" kortqxgf" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgo0" Kp" ocp{" hktou." kphqtocvkqp"
vgejpqnqi{" kf" fqkpi" cyc{" ykvj" vjg" yqtmrnceg" cpf" cnnqykpi"
gornq{ggu" vq" yqtm" cv" jqog" qt" cp{yjgtg." cp{vkog0" Jqygxgt."
hktou" owuv" kpetgcukpin{" dg" eqpegtpgf" cdqwv" eqorwvgt" jcemgtu"
cpf"vcmg"urgekhke"ogcuwtgu"vq"ugewtg"cpf"uchgiwctf"eqtrqtcvg"
eqoowpkecvkqpu."hkngu."qtfgtu."cpf"dwukpguu"eqpfwevgf"qxgt"vjg"
Kpvgtpgv0
*d+
"
Dwukpguu"Cpcn{vkeu
Dwukpguu" cpcn{vkeu" ku" c" ocpcigogpv" kphqtocvkqp" u{uvgou"
vgejpkswg"vjcv"kpxqnxgu"wukpi"uqhvyctg"vq"okpg"jwig"xqnwogu"qh"
fcvc" vq" jgnr" gzgewvkxgu" ocmg" fgekukqpu0" Kv" ku" cnuq" ecnngf"
rtgfkevkxg" cpcn{vkeu." ocejkpg" ngctpkpi." qt" fcvc" okpkpi0" Kv"
gpcdngu" c" tgugctejgt" vq" cuuguu" cpf" wvknkug" vjg" ciitgicvg"
gzrgtkgpeg"qh" cp" qticpkucvkqp." c" rtkegnguu" uvtcvgike" cuugv"hqt" c"
hkto0" Vjg" jkuvqt{" qh" c" hktou" kpvgtcevkqp" ykvj" kvu" ewuvqogtu."
uwrrnkgtu."fkuvtkdwvqtu."gornq{ggu."tkxcn"hktou"cpf"vjg"nkmg"ecp"cnn"
dg" vcrrgf" ykvj" fcvc" okpkpi" vq" igpgtcvg" rtgfkevkxg" oqfgnu0" Kv"
gpcdngu"cnn"dwukpguugu"vq"dgpghkv"htqo"ogcuwtkpi."vtcemkpi."cpf"
eqorwvkpi" vjg" tkum" cuuqekcvgf" ykvj" jwpftgfu" qh" uvtcvgike" cpf"
vcevkecn" fgekukqpu" ocfg" gxgt{fc{" vjtqwij" vjg" ogcuwtkpi" cpf"
ocpcikpi"qh"tkum0"Kv"ku"rtgfkevkxg"tcvjgt"vjcp"tgvtqurgevkxg"kp"vjcv"
108
STUDY GUIDE
kv"gpcdngu"c"hkto"vq"ngctp"htqo"gzrgtkgpeg"cpf"ocmg"ewttgpv"cpf"
hwvwtg" fgekukqpu" dcugf" qp" rtkqt" kphqtocvkqp0" Fgtkxkpi" tqdwuv"
rtgfkevkxg" oqfgnu" htqo" fcvc" okpkpi" vq" uwrrqtv" jwpftgfu" qh"
eqooqpn{" qeewttkpi" dwukpguu" fgekukqpu" ku" vjg" guugpeg" qh"
ngctpkpi"htqo"gzrgtkgpeg0"Vjg"ocvjgocvkecn"oqfgnu"cuuqekcvgf"
ykvj" dwukpguu" cpcn{vkeu" ecp" ftcocvkecnn{" gpjcpeg" fgekukqp/
ocmkpi" cv" cnn" qticpkucvkqpcn" ngxgnu." cpf" cnn" uvcigu" qh" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv0"
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Jqy" ecp" qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" rnc{" c" rqukvkxg" tqng" kp" uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqpA"
40"
Ikxg"gzcorngu"vq"uwrrqtv"{qwt"cpuygt0"
50"
Eqorctg"cpf"eqpvtcuv"tguvtwevwtkpi"xgtuwu"tggpikpggtkpi0"
60"
Yjcv" ku" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtgA" Jqy" ecp" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg"

kphnwgpeg"vjg"ghhgevkxgpguu"qh"uvtcvgi{"korngogpvcvkqp0"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Vq" yjcv" gzvgpv" ku" vjg" qticpkucvkqpcn" uvtwevwtg" qh" Cfkfcu" Itqwr"
uwrrqtvkxg"vq"kvu"uvtcvgi{A"
40"
Fkuewuu" vjg" rqukvkxg" ejctcevgtkuvkeu" qh" vjg" qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" qh"

Cfkfcu" Itqwr." vjcv" jcxg" rnc{gf" cp" korqtvcpv" tqng" kp" cejkgxkpi"
qticpkucvkqpcn"uweeguu0"
109
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke":<"
Uvtcvgi{"Eqpvtqn"cpf"Gxcnwcvkqp"
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Fguetkdg"c"rtcevkecn"eqpegrvwcn"htcogyqtm"hqt"gxcnwcvkpi"uvtcvgikgu=""
40"
Gzrnckp" yj{" uvtcvgi{" gxcnwcvkqp" ku" guugpvkcnn{" korqtvcpv" hqt"

qticpkucvkqpcn"uweeguu="
50"
Fkuewuu"vjg"korqtvcpeg"qh"eqpvkpigpe{"rncppkpi"kp"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp="
60"
Fkuewuu"vjg"tqng"qh"cwfkvkpi"kp"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp="
70"
Fkuewuu"vjg"Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf="cpf"
80"
Fkuewuu" vjg" ockp" ejcnngpigu" kp" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" kp" vjg" 43uv"
egpvwt{0
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku"vqrke"hktuv"kpvtqfwegu"vjg"eqpegrv"qh"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"ykvj"tgictf"vq"kvu"
pcvwtg." rtqeguu." cpf" etkvgtkc0" Vq" jcxg" c" dcuke" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" uvtcvgi{"
gxcnwcvkqp."vjg"eqpegrvwcn"htcogyqtm"qh"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"ku"gzcokpgf0"Vjg"
Dcncpegf" Ueqtgectf" cu" cp" korqtvcpv" gxcnwcvkqp" vqqn" ku" hwtvjgt" fkuewuugf0"
Uwdugswgpvn{." vjg" ejctcevgtkuvkeu" qh" cp" ghhgevkxg" gxcnwcvkqp" u{uvgo" ctg"
kfgpvkhkgf0"Eqpvkpigpe{"rncppkpi"cpf"cwfkvkpi"ctg"kpenwfgf"vq"eqorngogpv"vjg"
rtqeguu"qh"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp0"Hkpcnn{."vjg"vqrke"fgcnu"ykvj"vjg"gxgt/kpetgcukpi"
ejcnngpigu" vjcv" qticpkucvkqpu" korngogpvkpi" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" oc{" jcxg"
vq"hceg"kp"vjg"43uv"egpvwt{0""
110
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
:03"
Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"Uvtcvgi{"Gxcnwcvkqp"" Ejcrvgt";."rr"538"/"5430
:04"
C"Eqpegrvwcn"Htcogyqtm"qh"
Uvtcvgi{"Gxcnwcvkqp"
Ejcrvgt";."rr"543"/"5580
:05"
Ejcrvgt";."rr"548"/"5490
:06"
Ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"cp"Ghhgevkxg"
Gxcnwcvkqp"U{uvgo"
Ejcrvgt";."rr"54:"/"54;0
:07"
Eqpvkpigpe{"Rncppkpi"
Ejcrvgt";."rr"54;"/"5520
:08"
Cwfkvkpi"
Ejcrvgt";."rr"552"/"5530
:09"
43uv"Egpvwt{"Ejcnngpigu"kp"
Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv"
Ejcrvgt";."rr"553"/"5550
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
:03""""" Vjg"Pcvwtg"qh"Uvtcvgi{"Gxcnwcvkqp""
""
Uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"ku"xkvcn"vq"cp"qticpkucvkqp)u"ygnn"dgkpi0"Kv"ecp"cngtv"
ocpcigogpv"rtqdngou."qt"rqvgpvkcn"qpgu"dghqtg"c"ukvwcvkqp"dgeqogu"
etkvkecn0"Vjgtg"ctg"vjtgg"dcuke"cevkxkvkgu<""
*c+" Gzcokpkpi"vjg"wpfgtn{kpi"dcugu"qh"c"hkto)u"uvtcvgi{=""
*d+" Eqorctkpi"gzrgevgf"tguwnvu"ykvj"cevwcn"tguwnvu="cpf"
*e+"
Vcmkpi"eqttgevkxg"cevkqpu"vq"gpuwtg"vjcv"rgthqtocpeg"eqphqtou"
vq"rncpu0""
111
STUDY GUIDE
:04"""
Vjg"Eqpegrvwcn"Htcogyqtm"qh"Uvtcvgi{"Gxcnwcvkqp"
"
Vjg"ockp"eqorqpgpvu"qh"vjg"eqpegrvwcn"htcogyqtm"ctg<"
*c+" Tgxkgykpi"dcugu"qh"uvtcvgi{="
*d+" Ogcuwtkpi"qticpkucvkqpcn"rgthqtocpeg="cpf"
*e+"
:05""
Vcmkpi"eqttgevkxg"cevkqpu0"
"""""""""" Vjg" Dcncpegf" Ueqtgectf" ku" cp" korqtvcpv" uvtcvgi{/gxcnwcvkqp" vqqn0" Kv"
rtqxkfgu"c"rtqeguu"vjcv"cnnqyu"hktou"vq"gxcnwcvg"uvtcvgikgu"htqo"hqwt"
rgturgevkxgu<" hkpcpeg" rgthqtocpeg." ewuvqogt" mpqyngfig." kpvgtpcn"
dwukpguu" rtqeguugu." cpf" ngctpkpi" cpf" itqyvj0" Kvu" crrtqcej" vq"
uvtcvgi{" gxcnwcvkqp" ckou" vq" dcncpeg" nqpi/vgto" ykvj" ujqtv/vgto"
eqpegtpu." vq" dcncpeg" hkpcpekcn" ykvj" pqp/hkpcpekcn" eqpegtpu." cpf" vq"
dcncpeg" kpvgtpcn" ykvj" gzvgtpcn" eqpegtpu0" Kv" ku" cnuq" cp" gzegnngpv"
ocpcigogpv"vqqn."cpf"ku"wugf"ykfgn{"d{"uweeguuhwn"hktou0"Kp"rtcevkeg."
kv" yqwnf" dg" eqpuvtwevgf" fkhhgtgpvn{." cfcrvkpi" vq" rctvkewnct" hktou" kp"
xctkqwu"kpfwuvtkgu"ykvj"vjg"wpfgtn{kpi"vjgog"qt"vjtwuv"dgkpi"vjg"ucog."
yjkej" ku" vq" gxcnwcvg" vjg" hktou" uvtcvgikgu" dcugf" qp" dqvj" mg{"
swcpvkvcvkxg" cpf" swcnkvcvkxg" ogcuwtgu0" Vjg" Dcncpegf" Ueqtgectf"
cpcn{uku"jgnru"c"hkto"vq"uggm"cpuygtu"vq"vjg"hqnnqykpi"swguvkqpu<""
*c+" Jqy" ygnn" ku" vjg" hkto" eqpvkpwcnn{" kortqxkpi" cpf" etgcvkpi" xcnwg"
cnqpi" ogcuwtgu" uwej" cu" kppqxcvkqp." vgejpqnqikecn" ngcfgtujkr."
rtqfwev"swcnkv{."qrgtcvkqp"rtqeguu"ghhkekgpekguA"
*d+" Jqy" ygnn" ku" vjg" hkto" uwuvckpkpi" cpf" gxgp" kortqxkpi" wrqp" kvu"
eqtg"eqorgvgpekgu"cpf"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcigA"
*e+"
Jqy"ucvkuhkgf"ctg"vjg"hktou"ewuvqogtuA"
:06"""
Ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"cp"Ghhgevkxg"Gxcnwcvkqp"U{uvgo"
"
Vjg"ejctcevgtkuvkeu"qh"cp"ghhgevkxg"gxcnwcvkqp"u{uvgo"ctg<"
*c+" Owuv"dg"geqpqokecn0"Tkijv"swcpvkv{"qh"kphqtocvkqp"ku"fguktgf0"
*d+" Uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"cevkxkvkgu"ujqwnf"dg"urgekhkecnn{"tgncvgf"vq"c"
hktou" qdlgevkxgu." rtqxkfkpi" ogcpkpihwn" cpf" wughwn" kphqtocvkqp"
hqt"cpcn{uku0"
112
STUDY GUIDE
*e+"
Crrtqrtkcvg" cpf" tgngxcpv" kphqtocvkqp" vjcv" ku" vkogn{" ku" oqtg"

fguktcdng"cu"c"dcuku"hqt"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp0"
*f+" Ujqwnf" dg" fgukipgf" vq" rtqxkfg" c" vtwg" rkevwtg" qh" yjcv" ku"
jcrrgpkpi0"
*g+" Kphqtocvkqp"fgtkxgf"htqo"vjg"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"rtqeguu"ujqwnf"
hceknkvcvg"cevkqp"cpf"ujqwnf"dg"fktgevgf"vq"kpfkxkfwcnu"kp"vjg"hkto"
yjq"pggf"vq"vcmg"eqttgevkxg"cevkqp"dcugf"qp"kv0""
*h+"
Eqpvtqn" ujqwnf" dg" cevkqp/qtkgpvgf" tcvjgt" vjcp" kphqtocvkqp/

qtkgpvgf0"
*i+" Ujqwnf"hquvgt"owvwcn"wpfgtuvcpfkpi."vtwuv."cpf"eqooqp"ugpug0"
*j+" Hqt" nctig" hktou." c" oqtg" gncdqtcvg" cpf" fgvckngf" uvtcvgi{/
gxcnwcvkqp" u{uvgo" ku" crrtqrtkcvg=" yjgtgcu" hqt" uocnn" hktou." c"
ukorng"cpf"pqv"vqq"tguvtkev"u{uvgo"ku"fguktgf0"
""""""""""""
:07""" Eqpvkpigpe{"Rncppkpi"
"
Wphqtguggp" gxgpvu" uwej" cu" uvtkmgu." pcvwtcn" fkucuvgtu." cpf"

iqxgtpogpv" cevkqp" ecp" ocmg" c" uvtcvgi{" kttgngxcpv0" Vq" okpkokug" vjg"
korcev"qh"rqvgpvkcn"vjtgcvu."qticpkucvkqpu"ujqwnf"fgxgnqr"eqpvkpigpe{"
rncpu" cu" rctv" qh" vjgkt" uvtcvgi{" gxcnwcvkqp" cpf" eqpvtqn" rtqeguu0"
Eqpvkpigpe{"rncpu"ctg"cnvgtpcvkxg"rncpu"vjcv"ecp"dg"rwv"kpvq"ghhgev"kh"
egtvckp"mg{"gxgpvu"fq"pqv"qeewt"cu"gzrgevgf0"Qpn{"jkij/rtkqtkv{"ctgcu"
tgswktg" vjg" kpuwtcpeg" qh" eqpvkpigpe{" rncpu" kp" vjg" ecug" qh" c" oclqt"
eqorgvkvqtu"ykvjftcycn"htqo"vjg"rctvkewnct"octmgvu."ucngu"qdlgevkxgu"
dgkpi"pqv"ogv."pgy"rtqfwevu"gzeggfkpi"rncpu."qeewttgpeg"qh"egtvckp"
fkucuvgtu" uwej" cu" c" pcvwtcn" fkucuvgt." cpf" rtqfwev" qduqnguegpeg"
tguwnvkpi"htqo"vgejpqnqikecn"cfxcpegogpv0"
*c+
Vjg"oclqt"dgpghkvu"qh"eqpvkpigpe{"rncppkpi"ctg<
*k+"
Cnnqykpi"swkem"tgurqpug"vq"ejcpig="
*kk+"
Rtgxgpvkpi"rcpke"kp"etkuku"ukvwcvkqpu="cpf"
*kkk+" Ocmkpi"ocpcigtu"oqtg"cfcrvcdng"d{"gpeqwtcikpi"vjgo"vq"
crrtgekcvg"lwuv"jqy"xctkcdng"vjg"hwvwtg"ecp"dg0"
113
STUDY GUIDE
*d+
"""
Vjg"Rtqeguu"qh"Eqpvkpigpe{"Rncppkpi
Vjg" rtqeguu" qh" eqpvkpigpe{" rncppkpi" eqpukuvu" qh" vjg" hqnnqykpi"
ugxgp"uvgru<
*k+"
Kfgpvkh{"dqvj"rqvgpvkcn"dgpghkekcn"cpf"wphcxqwtcdng"gxgpvu0"
*kk+"
Urgekh{" vtkiigt" rqkpvu" cpf" ecnewncvg" vjg" rtqdcdknkv{" qh"

qeewttgpeg0"
*kkk+" Cuuguu" vjg" korcev" kp" vgtou" qh" rqvgpvkcn" dgpghkv" cpf"
rqvgpvkcn"jcto"qh"gcej"eqpvkpigpv"gxgpv0"
*kx+" Fgxgnqr" eqpvkpigpe{" rncpu" vjcv" ctg" eqorcvkdng" ykvj"
ewttgpv"uvtcvgi{"cpf"ctg"geqpqokecnn{"hgcukdng0"
*x+"
Cuuguu" vjg" eqwpvgt/korcev" qh" gcej" eqpvkpigpe{" rncp."

vjgtgd{"swcpvkh{kpi"vjg"rqvgpvkcn"xcnwg"qh"gcej"eqpvkpigpe{"
rncp0"
*xk+" Fgxgnqr" cpf" oqpkvqt" gctn{" yctpkpi" ukipcnu" hqt" mg{"

eqpvkpigpe{"gxgpvu0"
*xkk+" Hqt" eqpvkpigpv" gxgpvu" ykvj" tgnkcdng" gctn{" yctpkpi" ukipcnu."
fgxgnqr" cfxcpeg" cevkqp" rncpu" vq" vcmg" cfxcpvcig" qh" vjg"
cxckncdng"ngcf"vkog0"
:08"""
Cwfkvkpi"
"
Kv" ku" c" htgswgpvn{" wugf" gxcnwcvkqp" vqqn0" Kv" ku" c" u{uvgocvke" rtqeguu" qh"
qdlgevkxgn{" qdvckpkpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkpi" gxkfgpeg" tgictfkpi" cuugtvkqpu"
cdqwv" geqpqoke" cevkqpu" cpf" gxgpvu" vq" cuegtvckp" vjg" fgitgg" qh"
eqttgurqpfgpeg" dgvyggp" vjgug" cuugtvkqpu" cpf" guvcdnkujgf" etkvgtkc."
cpf" eqoowpkecvkpi" vjg" tguwnvu" vq" kpvgtguvgf" wugtu0" *Cogtkecp"
Ceeqwpvkpi"Cuuqekcvkqp+0"Cwfkvqtu"gzcokpg"vjg"hkpcpekcn"uvcvgogpv"qh"
hktou" vq" fgvgtokpg" yjgvjgt" vjg{" jcxg" dggp" rtgrctgf" ceeqtfkpi" vq"
igpgtcnn{" ceegrvgf" ceeqwpvkpi" rtkpekrngu" *ICCR+" cpf" yjgvjgt" vjg{"
hcktn{" tgrtgugpv" vjg" cevkxkvkgu" qh" vjg" hkto0" Kpfgrgpfgpv" cwfkvqtu" wug" c"
ugv" qh" uvcpfctfu" ecnngf" igpgtcnn{" ceegrvgf" cwfkvkpi" uvcpfctfu"
*ICCU+0" Vjg" pgy" gtc" qh" kpvgtpcvkqpcn" hkpcpekcn" tgrqtvkpi" uvcpfctfu"
*KHTU+" ku" ykfgn{" ceegrvgf0" " KHTU" crrgctu" vq" dg" c" oqtg" ghhgevkxg"
u{uvgo"vjcp"ICCR0"Vjgtg"ku"ewttgpvn{"c"uykvej"htqo"ICCR"vq"KHTU0"
114
STUDY GUIDE
:09""" 43uv"Egpvwt{"Ejcnngpigu"kp"Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv""
""""""""""
"
Vjg" hqnnqykpi" ctg" uqog" ejcnngpigu" kp" Uvtcvgike" Ocpcigogpv" kp" vjg"
43uv"egpvwt{<
*c+" Fgekfkpi"yjgvjgt"vjg"rtqeguu"qh"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv"ujqwnf"
dg"oqtg"cp"ctv"qt"c"uekgpeg0"
*d+" Fgekfkpi" yjgvjgt" uvtcvgikgu" ujqwnf" dg" xkukdng" qt" jkffgp" htqo"
uvcmgjqnfgtu0"
*e+"
Fgekfkpi" yjgvjgt" vjg" rtqeguu" ujqwnf" dg" oqtg" vqr/fqyp" qt"

dqvvqo/wr"kp"vjgkt"hkto0
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Fkuewuu"vjg"mg{"uvcigu"kp"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"cpf"eqpvtqn"rtqeguuA"
40"
Yjcv"ku"vjg"Dcncpegf"UeqtgectfA"Yjcv"ctg"kvu"cfxcpvciguA"
50"
Gzcokpg"etkvkecnn{"vyq"*4+"nkokvcvkqpu"qh"vjg"Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf0"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Etkvkecnn{" gzcokpg" vjg" ogvjqfu" qh" rgthqtocpeg" gxcnwcvkqp" wugf" d{"

Cfkfcu"Itqwr0
40"
Fq"{qw"vjcv"vjkpm"vjcv"vjg"Dcncpegf"Ueqtgectf"ku"c"uwkvcdng"gxcnwcvkqp"
vqqn"hqt"Cfkfcu"ItqwrA"Ikxg"tgcuqpu"vq"uwrrqtv"{qwt"cpuygt0"
115
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke";<"
Eqtrqtcvg" Iqxgtpcpeg" cpf" Eqtrqtcvg" Uqekcn""""""

Tgurqpukdknkv{"*EUT+"
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Gzrnckp" yj{" iqqf" dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ku" iqqf" dwukpguu" kp" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv="
40"
Gzrnckp" jqy" hktou" ecp" dguv" gpuwtg" vjcv" vjgkt" eqfg" qh" dwukpguu" iwkfgu"
fgekukqp"ocmkpi"kpuvgcf"qh"dgkpi"kipqtgf="
50"
Fkuewuu"vjg"pcvwtg"cpf"tqng"qh"eqtrqtcvg"uwuvckpcdknkv{"tgrqtvu="
60"
Fkuewuu"vjg"Ecttqnn"Oqfgn"qh"Eqtrqtcvg"Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{="
70"
Gzcokpg"vjg"ecug"hqt"cpf"cickpuv"eqtrqtcvg"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{="cpf"
80"
Eqorctg" cpf" eqpvtcuv" eqtrqtcvg" iqxgtpcpeg" cpf" eqtrqtcvg" uqekcn"""

tgurqpukdknkv{0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Vjku" vqrke" rtqxkfgu" cp" qxgtxkgy" qh" dwukpguu" gvjkeu." eqtrqtcvg" uqekcn"
tgurqpukdknkv{." cpf" gpxktqpogpvcn" uwuvckpcdknkv{0" Kv" cnuq" jkijnkijvu" vjg"
korqtvcpeg" qh" dwukpguu" gvjkeu." eqtrqtcvg" uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{." cpf"
gpxktqpogpvcn" uwuvckpcdknkv{" kp" ghhgevkxgn{" gzgewvkpi" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv
cevkxkvkgu0"Gxgp"vjqwij"vjg"vjtgg"ctgcu"ctg"fkuvkpev."vjg{"ctg"swkvg"tgncvgf"kp"vjg"
eqpvgzv"qh"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv0"Ocp{"rgqrng"eqpukfgt"kv"wpgvjkecn"hqt"c"hkto"
vq" dg" uqekcnn{" kttgurqpukdng0" Uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{" tghgtu" vq" cevkqpu" cp"
qticpkucvkqp" vcmgu" dg{qpf" yjcv" ku" ngicnn{" tgswktgf" vq" rtqvgev" qt" gpjcpeg" vjg"
ygnn/dgkpi"qh"nkxkpi"vjkpiu0"Gpxktqpogpv"uwuvckpcdknkv{"tghgtu"vq"vjg"gzvgpv"vjcv"
cp" qticpkucvkqpu" qrgtcvkqpu" cpf" cevkqpu" rtqvgev." ogpf." cpf" rtgugtxg" tcvjgt"
vjcp" jcto" qt" fguvtq{" vjg" pcvwtcn" gpxktqpogpv0" Rqnnwvkpi" vjg" gpxktqpogpv" ku"
wpgvjkecn." kttgurqpukdng." cpf" kp" ocp{" ecugu." knngicn0" Dwukpguu" gvjkeu." uqekcn"
tgurqpukdknkv{."cpf"uwuvckpcdknkv{"kuuwgu"ctg"kpvgttgncvgf"cpf"korcev"cnn"ctgcu"qh"
vjg" eqortgjgpukxg/ocpcigogpv" oqfgn0" Vjgtghqtg." vjku" vqrke" cnuq" gzcokpgu"
vjg"tgncvgf"kuuwgu"kp"vjg"eqpvgzv"qh"wpfgtvcmkpi"uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp."uvtcvgi{"
korngogpvcvkqp."cpf"uvtcvgi{"gxcnwcvkqp"oqtg"ghhgevkxgn{0""
116
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
;03"
Eqpegrvu"qh"Eqtrqtcvg"
Iqxgtpcpeg"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"562"/"5740
;04"
Dwukpguu"Gvjkeu"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"563"/"5640
;05"
Eqfg"qh"Gvjkeu"cpf"Gvjkeu"Ewnvwtg"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"564"/"5660
;06"
Gvjkecn"Rtqdngou"cv"Yqtmrnceg"
Ejcrvgt"5."rr"566"/"5680
;07"
Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"568"/"5690
;08"
Ecttqnn"R{tcokf"Oqfgn"qh"EUT"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"562"/"5750
;09"
Vjg"Ecug"Hqt"cpf"Cickpuv"EUT"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"562"/"5750
;0:"
Gpxktqpogpvcn"Uwuvckpcdknkv{"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"569"/"56;0
;0;"
Ocpcikpi"Gpxktqpogpvcn"Chhcktu"kp"
vjg"Hkto"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"572"/"5730
;032" Tgcuqpu"Yj{"Hktou"Ujqwnf"Iq"
Itggpfi"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"572"/"5730
;033" KUQ"36222136223"Egtvkhkecvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"32."rr"573"/"5740
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
;03""
Eqpegrvu"qh"Eqtrqtcvg"Iqxgtpcpeg"
"
Eqtrqtcvg" iqxgtpcpeg" ku" fghkpgf" cu" vjg" kpvgt/tgncvkqpujkru" vjcv" gzkuv"

coqpi" vjg" Dqctf" qh" Fktgevqtu." vqr" ocpcigogpv." cpf" ujctgjqnfgtu0""
Vjgqtkgu" qh"iqxgtpogpv" vgpf" vq" dg"ncdgnngf" cu" vjgqtkgu" qh" eqtrqtcvg"
iqxgtpcpeg0" Vjgqtkgu" qh" iqxgtpogpv" wug" eqpegrvu" uwej" cu"
ceeqwpvcdknkv{."cwvjqtkv{."rqygt."eqpugpv."tgurqpukdknkv{."rqnke{/ocmkpi"
cpf" cfokpkuvtcvkqp0" Vjgqtkgu" qh" iqxgtpogpv" crrnkgf" vq" nctig"
eqtrqtcvkqpu"ecp"dg"gzrgevgf"vq"dg"enqugn{"nkpmgf"vq"c"eqpegtp"cdqwv"
gvjkecn"dgjcxkqwt0"Eqtrqtcvg"iqxgtpcpeg"cpf"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"ctg"
uvtqpin{" eqttgncvgf" kp" vjg" 43uv" egpvwt{" dwukpguu" gpxktqpogpv0"
117
"
STUDY GUIDE
Dwukpguu" fkevkqpctkgu" rqkpv" qwv" vjcv" vjg" vtcfkvkqpcn" ogcpkpi" qh"

eqtrqtcvg" iqxgtpcpeg" ku" vjg" ogvjqfu" wugf" d{" eqorcpkgu" vq" rtqvgev"
kvu" hkpcpekgtu" *g0i0." kpxguvqtu" cpf" etgfkvqtu+0" Jqygxgt." pgy"
gzrgevcvkqpu" htqo" qvjgt" uvcmgjqnfgtu" jcxg" hqtegf" eqorcpkgu" vq"
dtqcfgp"vjg"hqewu"qh"eqtrqtcvg"iqxgtpcpeg"vq"kpenwfg"ceeqwpvcdknkv{"
vq"ewuvqogtu."uwrrnkgtu."gornq{ggu."vjg"iqxgtpogpv"cpf"eqoowpkv{0"
Vjku" gvjkecn" ceeqwpvcdknkv{" vq" uvcmgjqnfgt" itqwru" ku" vjg" guugpeg" qh"
eqtrqtcvg"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"*EUT+0"
";04""" Dwukpguu"Gvjkeu"
"
Dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ecp" dg" fghkpgf" cu" rtkpekrngu" qh" eqpfwev" ykvjkp"
qticpkucvkqpu" vjcv" iwkfg" fgekukqp" ocmkpi" cpf" dgjcxkqwt0" Kv" ku" cnuq"
mpqyp" cu" ocpcigtkcn" gvjkeu0" Iqqf" dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ku" c" rtgtgswkukvg"
hqt"iqqf"uvtcvgike"ocpcigogpv0"Iqqf"gvjkeu"gpuwtgu"iqqf"dwukpguu0"
C" tkukpi" vkfg" qh" eqpuekqwupguu" cdqwv" vjg" korqtvcpeg" gvjkeu" ku"
uyggrkpi" vjg" Wpkvgf" Uvcvgu" cpf" vjg" tguv" qh" vjg" yqtnf0" Uvtcvgikuvu"
uwej" cu" EGQu" cpf" dwukpguu" qypgtu" ctg" rtkoctkn{" tgurqpukdng" hqt"
gpuwtkpi"vjcv"jkij"gvjkecn"rtkpekrngu"ctg"gurqwugf"cpf"rtcevkegf"kp"cp"
qticpkucvkqp0"Cnn"uvtcvgi{"hqtowncvkqp."korngogpvcvkqp."cpf"gxcnwcvkqp"
fgekukqpu"jcxg"gvjkecn"tcokhkecvkqpu0""
*c+
"
Uvcmgjqnfgtu"cpf"Kuuwgu"qh"Dwukpguu"Gvjkeu
Dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ku" dcugf" qp" dtqcf" rtkpekrngu" qh" kpvgitkv{" cpf"
hcktpguu0" Kv" hqewugu" qp" kpvgtpcn" uvcmgjqnfgt" kuuwgu" uwej" cu"
rtqfwev" swcnkv{." ewuvqogt" ucvkuhcevkqp." gornq{gg" ycigu" cpf"
dgpghkvu=" cpf" gzvgtpcn" uvcmgjqnfgtu" nkmg" nqecn" eqoowpkv{" cpf"
gpxktqpogpvcn" tgurqpukdknkvkgu" kuuwgu" vjcv" c" eqorcp{" ecp"
cevwcnn{"kphnwgpeg0"
*d+
"
Dwukpguu"Gvjkeu"cpf"Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv
Vjg" rtkpekrngu" qh" eqpfwev" ykvjkp" qticpkucvkqpu" vjcv" iwkfg"
fgekukqp"ocmkpi"cpf"dgjcxkqwt"ctg<""
*k+"
Iqqf" dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ku" c" rtgtgswkukvg" hqt" iqqf" uvtcvgike"

ocpcigogpv0"
*kk+"
Iqqf"gvjkeu"ku"lwuv"iqqf"dwukpguu0"
*kkk+" Rtcevkug"dwukpguu"gvjkeu"qt"ocpcigtkcn"gvjkeu0""
*kx+" Etgcvkpi"cp"gvjkecn"ewnvwtg0"
118
STUDY GUIDE
*e+
"
Fkogpukqpu"qh"Dwukpguu"Gvjkeu"kp"cp"Qticpkucvkqp
C"urgekcnkugf""uvwf{"qh"oqtcn"tkijv"cpf"ytqpi"vjcv"eqpegpvtcvgu"
qp" oqtcn" uvcpfctfu" cu" vjg{" crrn{" vq" dwukpguu" kpuvkvwvkqpu."
qticpkucvkqpu."cpf"qticpkucvkqpcn"qt"ocpcigtkcn"dgjcxkqwt0"Vjg"
dtqcf" ctgcu" qh" dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ctg" ocpcigtkcn" okuejkgh." cpf"
oqtcn"oc|gu"qt"gvjkecn"fkngooc0"
*f+
"
Ocpcigtkcn"Okuejkgh
Ocpcigtkcn"okuejkgh"kpenwfgu"$knngicn."wpgvjkecn."qt"swguvkqpcdng"
rtcevkegu"qh"kpfkxkfwcn"ocpcigtu"qt"qticpkucvkqpu."cu"ygnn"cu"vjg"
ecwugu"qh"uwej"dgjcxkqwtu"cpf"tgogfkgu"vq"gtcfkecvg"vjgofi0""
*g+
"
Oqtcn"Oc|gu"qt"Gvjkecn"Fkngooc
Vjg" qvjgt" dtqcf" ctgc" qh" dwukpguu" gvjkeu" ku" $oqtcn" oc|gu" qh"
ocpcigogpv0$" Kv" Kpenwfgu" vjg" pwogtqwu" gvjkecn" rtqdngou" qt"
fkngooc"vjcv"ocpcigtu"owuv"fgcn"ykvj"qp"c"fckn{"dcuku."uwej"cu"
rqvgpvkcn" eqphnkevu" qh" kpvgtguv." ytqpihwn" wug" qh" tguqwtegu."
okuocpcigogpv"qh"eqpvtcevu"cpf"citggogpvu."gve0""
;05"""
Eqfg"qh"Gvjkeu"cpf"Gvjkeu"Ewnvwtg"
"
C" Eqfg" qh" Gvjkeu" ku" c" hqtocn" uvcvgogpv" qh" vjg" eqorcp{u" gvjkecn"
xcnwgu0"Kv"eqoowpkecvgu"vq"gornq{ggu"yjcv"vjg"eqorcp{"uvcpfu"hqt0"
Eqfg" qh" Gvjkeu" uvcvgu" vjg" xcnwgu" cpf" dgjcxkqwt" vjcv" ctg" gzrgevgf"
cpf"vjqug"vjcv"yknn"dg"vqngtcvgf0"Yjgp"uvtcvgikuvu"uwrrqtv"cpf"gphqteg"
vjgug"eqfgu."vjg{"ecp"wrnkhv"c"eqorcp{u"gvjkecn"enkocvg0"
"
Gvjkeu" ewnvwtg" ku" dcugf" qp" xcnwg/ocpcigogpv" rtkpekrngu" qt" oqtcn"

xcnwgu0"Yc{u"qh"dwknfkpi"cp"gvjkecn"ewnvwtg"ctg<"
*c+" Uvgyctf" cpf" ugtxcpv" ngcfgtu" yjq" cev" htqo" jkij" oqtcn"
uvcpfctfu."ctg"swcnkhkgf"vq"etgcvg"gvjkecn"ewnvwtg"d{"gpigpfgtkpi"
jkij"uvcpfctfu"kp"qvjgtu0"
*d+" Cfftguu" gvjkecn" fkngoocu" cpf" kuuwgu" ceeqtfkpi" vq" jkij" gvjkecn"
xcnwgu"cpf"uvcpfctfu0"
*e+"
Fgxgnqr" cp" qticpkucvkqpcn" ewnvwtg" yjkej" ku" dcugf" qp" jkij"

gvjkecn" xcnwgu" vq" gzgtv" c" rqygthwn" kphnwgpeg" qp" gornq{gg"
dgjcxkqwt0
*f+" Kp"cp"gvjkecn"qticpkucvkqp."gornq{ggu"dgnkgxg"vjcv"kh"vjg{"xkqncvg"
gvjkecn xcnwgu"vjg{"yknn"pqv"hkv"kp"qt"vjgkt"lqdu"oc{"dg"vjtgcvgpgf0"""
119
STUDY GUIDE
*g+" Vjg" ngcfgtu" dgjcxkqwt" ku" cp" korqtvcpv" vqqn" hqt" ujcrkpi" gvjkecn"
xcnwgu"yjkej"hqto"vjg"dcuku"qh"cp"gvjkecn"ewnvwtg0""
*h+"
Eqookvogpv"qh"vqr"ngcfgtu"vq"gvjkeu"kp"vjgkt"vcnm"cpf"dgjcxkqwt"
vjtqwij"Ngcfgtujkr"d{"Gzcorng0"
*c+
"
Yc{u"vq"Fgxgnqr"Gvjkecn"Ngcfgtujkr
Vjg"hqnnqykpi"ctg"yc{u"vq"fgxgnqr"gvjkecn"ngcfgtujkr<""
*k+"
Guvcdnkuj"c"eqfg"qh"gvjkeu"qt"eqfg"qh"tgurqpukdng"dwukpguu"
eqpfwev0"
*kk+"
Tgswktg" cnn" gornq{ggu" vq" xgtkh{" vjcv" vjg{xg" tgcf" cpf"

wpfgtuvcpf"vjg"eqfg0""
*kkk+" Kpvgitcvg"gvjkeu"kpvq"cnn"rgthqtocpeg"gxcnwcvkqpu0""
*kx+" Tgeqipkug"cpf"tgyctf"gvjkecn"dgjcxkqwt0""
*x+"
Guvcdnkuj"c"eqphkfgpvkcn"gvjkeu"jqvnkpg"qt"cfxkuqt{"ugtxkeg0""
*xk+" Kpeqtrqtcvg" gvjkeu" swguvkqpu" kpvq" gornq{gg" qrkpkqp"

uwtxg{u0""
*xkk+" "Ujqy"cpf"fkuewuu"xkfgqu"vjcv"fgcn"ykvj"gvjkecn"fkngoocu0"
*xkkk+" Ncwpej"cp"gvjkeu"eqnwop"kp"vjg"gornq{gg"pgyungvvgt0"
*kz+" Wug"qp/nkpg"ogpw/ftkxgp"cpuygtu"vq"swgtkgu"cdqwv"gvjkecn"
rtqdngou0
*z+"
*d+
"
Jqnf"qrgp"hqtwou"qp"gvjkeu"ykvj"vqr"ngcfgtu0"
Yc{u"qh"Kortqxkpi"Gvjkecn"Dgjcxkqwt"
Vjgtg" ctg" vjtgg" gngogpvu" kp" c" uweeguuhwn" uvtcvgi{" vq"
kpuvkvwvkqpcnkug"gvjkecn"dgjcxkqwt0""
*k+"
Vjg"cfqrvkqp"qh"c"eqtrqtcvg"gvjkecn"eqfg"
*kk+"
Vjg"guvcdnkujogpv"qh"cp"gvjkeu"eqookvvgg"
*kkk+" C" ocpcigogpv" vtckpkpi" rtqitcoog" yjkej" kpenwfgu"

vtckpkpi"qp"gvjkeu0"
120
STUDY GUIDE
;06"
Gvjkecn"Rtqdngou"cv"vjg"Yqtmrnceg"
"
Gzcorngu" qh" gvjkecn" rtqdngou" cv" yqtmrnceg" ctg<" dtkdgt{."

godg||ngogpv." dtgcmkpi" eqpvtcev." rtkeg" hkzkpi." eqnnwukqp." fgegrvkxg"
cfxgtvkukpi." hcnukhkecvkqp" qh" gzrgpug" ceeqwpvu." htcwf." kpcrrtqrtkcvg"
hkpcpeg." wpfgt/tgrqtvkpi" qh" kpeqog." rcffkpi" qh" gzrgpugu" qp" vcz"
tgrqtvu." tgegkxkpi" mkem/dcemufi." wug" qh" uwd/uvcpfctf" ocvgtkcnu."
rtqfwekpi"("ugnnkpi"rtqfwevu"vjcv"hckn"vq"hwpevkqp"cu"cfxgtvkugf."hcknkpi"
vq" fkxwnig" vq" eqpuwogtu" rquukdng" rtqfwev" fcocig." dtkdgu" cpf" nqxg"
chhcktu" cv" yqtmrnceg." pgrqvkuo." cdwug" qh" cwvjqtkv{" hqt" rgtuqpcn"
kpvgtguv."cpf"ugzwcn"jctcuuogpv.0"
;07"""
Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{"
"
Uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{" tghgtu" vq" vjg" uqekcn" qdnkicvkqp" qh" c" eqorcp{0"
Mgkvj"Fcxku"eqpvgpfu"vjcv"kp"oggvkpi"kvu"tgurqpukdknkvkgu"vq"uqekgv{."c"
hkto" owuv" dg" eqpegtpgf" ykvj" oqtg" vjcp" pcttqy" vgejpkecn" cpf" ngicn"
tgswktgogpvu0"Kv"ujqwnf"tgeqipkug"vjcv"cp"qdnkicvkqp"gzkuvu"vq"rtqvgev"
cpf" gpjcpeg" vjg" kpvgtguvu" cpf" ygnhctg" qh" uqekgv{." cu" ygnn" cu" vjg"
kpvgtguv" cpf" ygnhctg" qh" vjg" eqtrqtcvkqp0" Eqtrqtcvg" Uqekcn"
Tgurqpukdknkv{"ku"fghkpgf"cu"hqnnqyu<""""
*c+" C"dwukpguuu"qdnkicvkqp"vq"rwtuwg"nqpi/vgto"iqcnu"vjcv"jgnr"vjg"
uqekgv{0"
*d+" Iqkpi"dg{qpf"ngicn"cpf"geqpqoke"tgswktgogpvu0"
*e+"
Xkgykpi"dwukpguu"cu"c"oqtcn"cigpv0"
;08"""
Ecttqnn"R{tcokf"Oqfgn"qh"Eqtrqtcvg"Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{"*EUT+"
"
Vjg"Ecttqnn"Oqfgn"qh"Eqtrqtcvg"Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{"ku"eqorqugf"qh"
hqwt"mkpfu"qh"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{<"
*c+" Geqpqoke"tgurqpukdknkv{="
*d+" Ngicn"tgurqpukdknkv{="
*e+"
Gvjkecn"tgurqpukdknkv{="cpf"
*f+" Rjkncpvjtqrke"qt"fkuetgvkqpct{"tgurqpukdknkv{0"
121
STUDY GUIDE
;09"
Vjg"Ecug"Hqt"cpf"Cickpuv"Eqtrqtcvg"Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{"""""""""
"
Hqt<"
*c+" Vjg" tkug" qh" vjg" oqfgtp" eqtrqtcvkqp" etgcvgf" cpf" eqpvkpwgu" vq"
etgcvg" ocp{" uqekcn" rtqdngou0" Vjgtghqtg." vjg" eqtrqtcvg" yqtnf"
ujqwnf"cuuwog"tgurqpukdknkv{"hqt"cfftguukpi"vjgug"rtqdngou0""
*d+" Kp" vjg" nqpi" twp." kv" ku" kp" eqtrqtcvkqpu)" dguv" kpvgtguv" vq" cuuwog"
uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkvkgu0""
*e+"
Kv" yknn" kpetgcug" vjg" ejcpegu" vjcv" vjg{" yknn" jcxg" c" hwvwtg" cpf"
tgfweg"vjg"ejcpegu"qh"kpetgcugf"iqxgtpogpvcn"tgiwncvkqp0""
*f+" Nctig"eqtrqtcvkqpu"jcxg"jwig"tgugtxgu"qh"jwocp"cpf"hkpcpekcn"
ecrkvcn0"Vjg{"ujqwnf"fgxqvg"cv"ngcuv"uqog"qh"vjgkt"tguqwtegu"vq"
cfftguukpi"uqekcn"kuuwgu0"
*g+" Nqpi/twp"ugnh/kpvgtguv""rwdnke"tgncvkqpu"cpf"dtcpf"nq{cnv{0"
*h+"
Rtgxgpvkxg"cxqkfcpeg"qh"tgiwncvkqp0""
*i+" Ujctgjqnfgt"kpvgtguv""jkffgp"cigpfc"qh"oclqt"ujctgjqnfgtu0"
*j+" Iqcn"cnkipogpv""ownvkrng"qdlgevkxgu0""
"
Cickpuv<""
*c+" Vcmkpi"qp"uqekcn"cpf"oqtcn"kuuwgu"ku"pqv"geqpqokecnn{"hgcukdng0""
*d+" Eqtrqtcvkqpu" ujqwnf" hqewu" qp" gctpkpi" c" rtqhkv" hqt" vjgkt"
ujctgjqnfgtu"cpf"ngcxg"uqekcn"kuuwgu"vq"qvjgtu0""
*e+"
Cuuwokpi" uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkvkgu" rncegu" vjqug" eqtrqtcvkqpu"

fqkpi"uq"cv"c"eqorgvkvkxg"fkucfxcpvcig"tgncvkxg"vq"vjqug"yjq"fq"
pqv0
*f+" Vjqug" yjq" ctg" oquv" ecrcdng" ujqwnf" cfftguu" uqekcn" kuuwgu0"
Vjqug" kp" vjg" eqtrqtcvg" yqtnf" ctg" pqv" gswkrrgf" vq" fgcn" ykvj"
uqekcn"rtqdngou0"""
*g+" Fkueqwtcig"rtqhkv"oczkokucvkqp"cpf"tgfweg"htgg"ejqkeg0"
*h+"
Kpewt" eqorgvkvkxg" fkucfxcpvcig" equvu" cpf" ikxg"tkug" vq" vjg" htgg/

tkfgt"kuuwg0"
122
STUDY GUIDE
*i+" Vjg" ncem" qh" tgswkukvg" umknnu" coqpi" dwukpguu" rgqrng" vq" gzgewvg"
EUT"cevkxkvkgu0"
*j+" Vjg"ncem"qh"ceeqwpvcdknkv{"kp"gzgewvkpi"EUT0"
;0:"
Gpxktqpogpvcn"Uwuvckpcdknkv{"
"
Gpxktqpogpvcn"uwuvckpcdknkv{"ecp"dg"fghkpgf"htqo"fkhhgtgpv"rgturgevkxgu<"
*c+" Gpxktqpogpvcn" uwuvckpcdknkv{" gpeqorcuugu" cevkqpu" vq" gpuwtg"
vjg"jgcnvj"cpf"eqpvkpwcvkqp"qh"geqnqikecn"u{uvgou0"
*d+" Ockpvgpcpeg"qh"gequ{uvgo"eqorqpgpvu"cpf"hwpevkqpu"hqt"hwvwtg"
igpgtcvkqpu0"
*e+"
Gpxktqpogpvcn"uwuvckpcdknkv{"ku"vjg"tcvgu"qh"tgpgycdng"tguqwteg"
jctxguv." rqnnwvkqp" etgcvkqp." cpf" pqp/tgpgycdng" tguqwteg"
fgrngvkqp" vjcv" ecp" dg" eqpvkpwgf" kpfghkpkvgn{0" Kh" vjg{" ecppqv" dg"
eqpvkpwgf"kpfghkpkvgn{"vjgp"vjg{"ctg"pqv"uwuvckpcdng0"
*f+" Vjg"ockpvgpcpeg"qh"vjg"hcevqtu"cpf"rtcevkegu"vjcv"eqpvtkdwvg"vq"
vjg"swcnkv{"qh"gpxktqpogpv"qp"c"nqpi/vgto"dcuku0""
*g+" Gpxktqpogpvcn" uwuvckpcdknkv{" tghgtu" vq" gpxktqpogpvcn" rtqvgevkqp"
cpf"gpjcpegogpv"kp"vjg"nqpi/twp0"""
;0;"""
Ocpcikpi"Gpxktqpogpvcn"Chhcktu"kp"vjg"Hkto"
"
Dwukpguugu" owuv" pqv" gzrnqkv" cpf" fgekocvg" vjg" pcvwtcn" gpxktqpogpv0"

Qp"vjg"qvjgt"jcpf."vjg{"ujqwnf"ocmg"eqpegtvgf"ghhqtvu"kp"rtqvgevkpi"
cpf" gpjcpekpi" vjg" gpxktqpogpv" uq" cu" vq" uwuvckp" kv" kp" vjg" eqpvgzv" qh"
uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv0" Gornq{ggu." eqpuwogtu." iqxgtpogpvu." cpf"
uqekgv{"ctg"gurgekcnn{"tgugpvhwn"qh"hktou"vjcv"jcto"tcvjgt"vjcp"rtqvgev"
vjg" pcvwtcn" gpxktqpogpv0" Eqpxgtugn{." rgqrng" vqfc{" ctg" gurgekcnn{"
crrtgekcvkxg" qh" hktou" vjcv" eqpfwev" qrgtcvkqpu" kp" c" yc{" vjcv" ogpfu."
eqpugtxgu." cpf" rtgugtxgu" vjg" pcvwtcn" gpxktqpogpv0" Eqpuwogtu"
kpvgtguv" kp" dwukpguugu" rtgugtxkpi" pcvwtgu" geqnqikecn" dcncpeg" cpf"
hquvgtkpi"c"engcp."jgcnvj{"gpxktqpogpv"ku"jkij0"
123
STUDY GUIDE
;032""" Tgcuqpu"Yj{"Hktou"Ujqwnf"Iq"Itggpfi"
"
Rtgugtxkpi" vjg" gpxktqpogpv" ujqwnf" dg" c" rgtocpgpv" rctv" qh" fqkpi"
dwukpguu"hqt"vjg"hqnnqykpi"tgcuqpu<"
*c+" Eqpuwogt" fgocpf" hqt" gpxktqpogpvcnn{" uchg" rtqfwevu" cpf"
rcemcigu"ku"jkij0"
*d+" Rwdnke" qrkpkqp" fgocpfkpi" vjcv" hktou" eqpfwev" dwukpguu" kp" yc{u"
vjcv"rtgugtxg"vjg"pcvwtcn"gpxktqpogpv"ku"uvtqpi0"
*e+"
Gpxktqpogpvcn"cfxqece{"itqwru"pqy"jcxg"oqtg"uwrrqtvgtu"cpf"
cevkxkuvu"vjcp"gxgt0"
*f+" Gpxktqpogpvcn" tgiwncvkqpu" ctg" ejcpikpi" tcrkfn{" cpf" dgeqokpi"

oqtg"eqorngz0"
*g+" Oqtg" ngcfgtu" ctg" gzcokpkpi" vjg" gpxktqpogpvcn" nkcdknkvkgu" qh"
dwukpguu"uggmkpi"nqcpu0"
*h+"
Ocp{" eqpuwogtu." uwrrnkgtu." fkuvtkdwvqtu." cpf" kpxguvqtu" ujwp"

fqkpi"dwukpguu"ykvj"gpxktqpogpvcnn{"ygcm"hktou0"
*i+" Nkcdknkv{" uwkvu" cpf" hkpgu" cickpuv" hktou" jcxkpi" gpxktqpogpvcn"

rtqdngou"ctg"qp"vjg"tkug0"
;033""" KUQ"36222136223"Egtvkhkecvkqp"
"
KUQ" 36222" tghgtu" vq" c" ugtkgu" qh" xqnwpvct{" uvcpfctfu" kp" vjg"
gpxktqpogpvcn"hkgnf0"Vjg"KUQ"hcokn{"qh"uvcpfctfu"eqpegtpu"vjg"gzvgpv"
vq"yjkej"c"hkto"okpkokug"jctohwn"ghhgevu"qp"vjg"gpxktqpogpv"ecwugf"
d{" kvu" cevkxkvkgu" cpf" eqpvkpwcnn{" oqpkvqtu" cpf" kortqxgu" kvu" qyp"
gpxktqpogpvcn"rgthqtocpeg0"Kpenwfgf"kp"vjg"KUQ36222"ugtkgu"ctg"vjg"
36223" uvcpfctfu" kp" hkgnf" uwej" cu" gpxktqpogpvcn" cwfkvkpi."
gpxktqpogpvcn" rgthqtocpeg" gxcnwcvkqp." gpxktqpogpvcn" ncdgnnkpi." cpf"
nkhg/e{eng" cuuguuogpv0" " KUQ" 36223" ku" c" ugv" qh" uvcpfctfu" cfqrvgf" d{"
vjqwucpfu" qh" hktou" yqtnfykfg" vq" egtvkh{" vq" vjgkt" eqpuvkvwgpekgu" vjcv"
vjg{"ctg"eqpfwevkpi"dwukpguu"kp"cp"gpxktqpogpvcnn{"htkgpfn{"ocppgt0"
KUQ" 36223" uvcpfctfu" qhhgt" c" wpkxgtucn" vgejpkecn" uvcpfctf" hqt"
gpxktqpogpvcn"eqornkcpeg"vjcv"oqtg"cpf"oqtg"hktou"ctg"tgswktkpi"pqv"
qpn{" qh" vjgougnxgu" dwv" cnuq" qh" vjgkt" uwrrnkgtu" cpf" fkuvtkdwvqtu0" Vjg"
KUQ"36223"uvcpfctf"tgswktgu"vjcv"c"eqoowpkv{"qt"qticpkucvkqp"rwv"kp"
rnceg"cpf"korngogpv"c"ugtkgu"qh"rtcevkegu"cpf"rtqegfwtgu"vjcv"."yjgp"
vcmgp" vqigvjgt." tguwnv" kp" cp" gpxktqpogpvcn" ocpcigogpv" u{uvgo"
*GOU+0"
124
STUDY GUIDE
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Fghkpg"eqtrqtcvg"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"*EUT+0"
40"
Yjcv" ku" vjg" fkhhgtgpeg" dgvyggp" eqtrqtcvg" uqekcn" tgurqpukdknkv{" cpf"

eqtrqtcvg"iqxgtpcpegA"
50"
Fkuewuu"vjg"Ecttqnn"Oqfgn"qh"Eqtrqtcvg"Uqekcn"Tgurqpukdknkv{0
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Vq" yjcv" gzvgpv" jcu Cfkfcu" Itqwr" rgthqtogf" eqtrqtcvg" uqekcn"

tgurqpukdknkv{A
40"
Fkuewuu"vjg"mg{"kuuwgu"qh"eqtrqtcvg"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{"vjcv"pggf"vq"dg"
cfftguugf"d{"Cfkfcu"Itqwr0"
125
STUDY GUIDE
Vqrke"32<" Kuuwgu"qh"Inqdcnkucvkqp."Kpvgtpcvkqpcnkucvkqp."
cpf"Pcvkqpcn"Eqorgvkvkxgpguu"
Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"
30"
Gzrnckp" vjg" eqpegrv" qh" inqdcnkucvkqp." cpf" vjg" cfxcpvcigu" cpf"

fkucfxcpvcigu"qh"inqdcnkucvkqp="
40"
Gzrnckp"yjgp"cpf"yj{"c"hkto"oc{"pggf"vq"inqdcnkug"uq"cu"vq"uwuvckp"kvu"
eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig="cpf"
50"
Fkuewuu"vjg"tqng"qh"iqxgtpogpv"kp"kpetgcukpi"pcvkqpcn"eqorgvkvkxgpguu."
cpf"rtqoqvkpi"g/inqdcnkucvkqp"hqt"kvu"fqoguvke"eqorcpkgu0"
Vqrke"Qxgtxkgy"
Inqdcnkucvkqp." vjg" kpvgtpcvkqpcnkucvkqp" qh" octmgvu" cpf" eqtrqtcvkqpu." jcu"
ejcpigf" vjg" yc{" oqfgtp" eqtrqtcvkqpu" fq" dwukpguu" vqfc{0" Vq" tgcej" vjg"
geqpqokgu" qh" uecng" pgeguuct{" vq" cejkgxg" vjg" nqy" equvu." cpf" vjwu" vjg" nqy"
rtkegu" pggfgf" vq" dg" eqorgvkvkxg." eqorcpkgu" ctg" pqy" vjkpmkpi" qh" inqdcn"
octmgv"kpuvgcf"qh"c"pcvkqpcn"octmgv0"Vjku"vqrke"hktuv"gzrnckpu"vjg"eqpegrvu"qh"
kpvgtpcvkqpcn" qrgtcvkqp" d{" ownvkpcvkqpcn" eqtrqtcvkqp0" Uwdugswgpvn{."
inqdcnkucvkqp"ku"vq"dg"fghkpgf."cpf"vjg"ecug"hqt"cpf"cickpuv"inqdcnkucvkqp"yknn"
dg" fkuewuugf." jkijnkijvkpi" vjg" cfxcpvcigu" cpf" fkucfxcpvcigu" qh" gpvgtkpi"
inqdcn" octmgvu" d{" eqorcpkgu0" Hkpcnn{." vjg" etwekcnn{" korqtvcpv" tqng" qh"
iqxgtpogpv"kp"rtqoqvkpi"inqdcnkucvkqp"vjtqwij"ghhqtvu"kp"kpetgcukpi"pcvkqpcn"
eqorgvkvkxgpguu"yknn"dg"gzcokpgf0"
126
STUDY GUIDE
Hqewu"Ctgcu
Cuukipgf"Tgcfkpiu
3203" Ownvkpcvkqpcn"Qticpkucvkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"585"/"5860
3204" Cfxcpvcigu"cpf"Fkucfxcpvcigu"qh"
Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Qrgtcvkqpu"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"585"/"5860
3205" Vjg"Inqdcn"Ejcnngpig"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"586"/"5870
3206" Inqdcnkucvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"5:7"/"5880
3207" Kuuwgu"kp"Inqdcnkucvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"587"/"5:40
3208" Tqng"qh"Iqxgtpogpv"kp"
Inqdcnkucvkqp"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"582"/"5:40
3209" Vjg"Fkcoqpf"Oqfgn"hqt"Etgcvkpi"
Pcvkqpcn"Eqorgvkvkxgpguu"
Ejcrvgt"33."rr"582"/"5:40
Eqpvgpv"Uwooct{"
3203""" Ownvkpcvkqpcn"Qticpkucvkqpu"
"
Qticpkucvkqp" vjcv" eqpfwev" dwukpguu" qrgtcvkqpu" cetquu" dqtfgtu" ctg"

ecnngf" kpvgtpcvkqpcn" hktou" qt" ownvkpcvkqpcn" eqtrqtcvkqpu0" Vjg" uvtcvgike"
ocpcigogpv"rtqeguu"ku"eqpegrvwcnn{"vjg"ucog"hqt"ownvkpcvkqpcn"hktou"
cu" hqt" rwtgn{" fqoguvke" hkto0" Jqygxgt." vjg" rtqeguu" ku" oqtg" eqorngz""
hqt" kpvgtpcvkqpcn" hktou" fwg" vq" oqtg" xctkcdng" cpf" tgncvkqpujkru0" Vjg"
ngicn." vgejpqnqikecn." cpf" eqorgvkvkxg" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" cpf" vjtgcvu" vjcv"
hceg" ownvkpcvkqpcn" eqtrqtcvkqpu" ctg" cnoquv" nkokvnguu." cpf" vjg" pwodgt"
cpf" eqorngzkv{" qh" vjgug" hcevqtu" kpetgcug" ftcocvkecnn{" ykvj" vjg"
pwodgt" qh" rtqfwevu" rtqfwegf" cpf" vjg" pwodgt" qh" igqitcrjke" ctgcu"
ugtxgf0
127
STUDY GUIDE
3204"" Cfxcpvcigu"cpf"Fkucfxcpvcigu"qh"Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"Qrgtcvkqpu"
"
Hktou" jcxg" pwogtqwu" tgcuqpu" hqt" hqtowncvkpi" cpf" korngogpvkpi"

uvtcvgikgu" vjcv" kpkvkcvg." eqpvkpwg." qt" gzrcpf" kpxqnxgogpv" kp" dwukpguu"
qrgtcvkqpu" cetquu" pcvkqpcn" dqtfgtu0" Vjg" itgcvguv" cfxcpvcig" ku" vjcv"
hktou" ecp" ickp" pgy" ewuvqogtu" hqt" vjgkt" rtqfwevu" cpf" ugtxkegu." vjwu"
kpetgcukpi" tgxgpwgu0" Itqyvj" kp" tgxgpwgu" cpf" rtqhkvu" ku" c" eqooqp"
qticpkucvkqpcn" qdlgevkxg" cpf" qhvgp" cp" gzrgevcvkqp" qh" ujctgjqnfgtu"
dgecwug" kv" ku" c" ogcuwtg" qh" qticpkucvkqpcn" uweeguu0" Rqvgpvkcn"
cfxcpvcigu" vq" kpkvkcvkpi." eqpvkpwkpi." cpf" gzrcpfkpi" kpvgtpcvkqpcn"
qrgtcvkqpu"ctg"cu"hqnnqyu<"
*c+" Hkto"ecp"ickp"pgy"ewuvqogtu"hqt"vjgkt"rtqfwevu0"
*d+" Hqtgkip" qrgtcvkqpu" ecp" cduqtd" gzeguu" ecrcekv{." tgfweg" wpkv"
equvu."cpf""urtgcf"tkumu"qxgt"c"ykfgt"pwodgt"qh"octmgvu0"
*e+"
Hqtgkip" qrgtcvkqpu" ecp" cnnqy" hktou" vq" guvcdnkuj" nqy/equv"

rtqfwevkqp" hceknkvkgu" kp" nqecvkqpu" enqug" vq" tcy" ocvgtkcnu" cpf"
ejgcr"ncdqwt0"
*f+" Eqorgvkvkqp"ku"nguu"kpvgpug"kp"hqtgkip"octmgvu0"
*g+" Hqtgkip" qrgtcvkqpu" oc{" tguwnv" kp" tgfwegf" vctkhhu." nqygt" vczgu."
cpf"hcxqwtcdng"rqnkvkecn"vtgcvogpv0"
*h+"
Lqkpv" xgpvwtgu" ecp" gpcdng" hktou" vq" jcxg" ngctpv" vjg" vgejpqnqi{."
ewnvwtg."cpf"dwukpguu"rtcevkegu"qh"qvjgt"rgqrng"cpf"vq"pgvyqtm"
ykvj"rctvkekrcpvu"qh"uwrrn{"ejckp"kp"hqtgkip"eqwpvtkgu0"
*i+" Geqpqokgu" qh" uecng" ecp" dg" cejkgxgf" htqo" kpvgtpcvkqpcn"

qrgtcvkqpu0"
*j+" C" hkto)u" rqygt" cpf" rtguvkig" kp" fqoguvke" octmgvu" oc{" dg"
ukipkhkecpvn{"gpjcpegf0"
"
Vjgtg" ctg" cnuq" pwogtqwu" rqvgpvkcn" fkucfxcpvcigu" qh" kpkvkcvkpi."

eqpvkpwkpi."cpf"gzrcpfkpi"dwukpguu"cetquu"pcvkqpcn"dqtfgtu."uwej"cu"
vjg"hqnnqykpi<"
*c+" Hqtgkip"qrgtcvkqpu"eqwnf"dg"ugk|gf"d{"pcvkqpcnkuvke"hcevkqpu0"
*d+" Hktou" eqphtqpv" fkhhgtgpv" cpf" nkvvng/wpfgtuvqqf" uqekcn." ewnvwtcn."
fgoqitcrjke." gpxktqpogpvcn." rqnkvkecn." iqxgtpogpvcn." ngicn."
geqnqikecn"geqpqoke"cpf"eqorgvkvkxg"hqtegu"yjgp"fqkpi"dwukpguu"
kpvgtpcvkqpcnn{0"Vjgug"hqtegu"ecp"ocmg"eqoowpkecvkqp"fkhhkewnv"kp"
vjg"hkto0"
128
STUDY GUIDE
*e+"
Ygcmpguugu" qh" eqorgvkvqtu" kp" hqtgkip" eqwpvtkgu" ctg" qhvgp"

qxgtguvkocvgf."cpf"uvtgpivju"ctg"qhvgp"wpfgtguvkocvgf0""
*f+" Ncpiwcig." ewnvwtg." cpf" xcnwg" u{uvgo" fkhhgt" coqpi" eqwpvtkgu."

yjkej" ecp" etgcvg" dcttkgtu" q" eqoowpkecvkqp" cpf" rtqdngou"
ocpcikpi"rgqrng0"
*g+" Ickpkpi" cp" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" tgikqpcn" qticpkucvkqpu" ku" fkhhkewnv"
dwv"ku"tgswktgf"kp"fqkpi"dwukpguu"kpvgtpcvkqpcnn{0"
*h+"
Fgcnkpi" ykvj" vyq" qt" oqtg" oqpgvct{" u{uvgou" ecp" eqornkecvg"

kpvgtpcvkqpcn"dwukpguu"qrgtcvkqpu0"
3205"" Vjg"Inqdcn"Ejcnngpig"
"
Hgy" eqorcpkgu" ecp" chhqtf" vq" kipqtg" vjg" rtgugpeg" qh" kpvgtpcvkqpcn"
eqorgvkvkqp0" Hktou" vjcv" uggo" kpuwncvgf" cpf" eqohqtvcdng" vqfc{" oc{"
dg" xwnpgtcdng" vqoqttqy0" Cogtkecp" geqpqo{" ku" dgeqokpi" nguu"
Cogtkecp0" C" yqtnf" geqpqo{" cpf" oqpgvct{" u{uvgo" ctg" gogtikpi0"
Eqtrqtcvkqpu"cnn"qxgt"vjg"yqtnf"inqdcnkug"vq"uggm"ewuvqogtu0"Octmgvu"
ctg"ujkhvkpi"tcrkfn{0"Kppqxcvkxg"vtcpurqtv"u{uvgou"ctg"ceegngtcvkpi"vjg"
vtcpuhgt"qh"vgejpqnqi{."ujkhvu"kp"vjg"pcvwtg"cpf"nqecvkqp"qh"rtqfwevkqp"
u{uvgou." gurgekcnn{" vq" Ejkpc" cpf" Kpfkc." ctg" tgfwekpi" vjg" tgurqpug"
vkog"vq"ejcpikpi"octmgv"eqpfkvkqpu0"Oqtg"cpf"oqtg"eqwpvtkgu"inqdcnn{"
eqorgvg" hqt" hqtgkip" kpxguvogpv." ecrkvcn." ncdqwt." cpf" jwocp" vcngpvu0"
Ocp{"eqwpvtkgu"dgeqog"oqtg"rtqvgevkqpkuvu"fwtkpi"vjg"tgegpv"inqdcn"
geqpqoke" tgeguukqp0" Inqdcn" eqpuwogt" fgocpf" jcu" kpetgcugf"
vtgogpfqwun{0"Ujctgjqnfgtu"qh"hktou"inqdcnn{"gzrgev"dgvvgt"tgvwtpu"qp"
vjgkt"kpxguvogpv0"
3206"" Inqdcnkucvkqp"
"
Inqdcnkucvkqp" ku" c" rtqeguu" qh" fqkpi" dwukpguu" yqtnfykfg." uq" uvtcvgike"
fgekukqpu" ctg" ocfg" dcugf" qp" inqdcn" rtqhkvcdknkv{" qh" vjg" hkto" tcvjgt"
vjcp" lwuv" fqoguvke" eqpukfgtcvkqpu0" C" inqdcn" uvtcvgi{" uggmu" vq" oggv"
vjg"pggfu"qh"ewuvqou"yqtnfykfg."ykvj"vjg"jkijguv"xcnwg"cv"vjg"nqyguv"
equv0"Vjku"oc{"nqecvkpi"rtqfwevkqp"kp"eqwpvtkgu"ykvj"vjg"nqyguv"ncdqwt"
equvu"qt"cdwpfcpv"pcvwtcn"tguqwtegu."nqecvkpi"tgugctej"cpf"eqorngz"
gpikpggtkpi" egpvtgu" yjgtg" umknngf" uekgpvkuvu" cpf" gpikpggtu" ecp" dg"
hqwpf." cpf" nqecvkpi" octmgvkpi" cevkxkvkgu" enqug" vq" vjg" octmgvu" vq" dg"
ugtxgf." c" inqdcn" uvtcvgi{" kpenwfgu" fgukipkpi." rtqfwekpi." cpf"
octmgvkpi" rtqfwevu" ykvj" inqdcn" pggf" kp" okpf." kpuvgcf" qh" eqpukfgtkpi"
kpfkxkfwcn" eqwpvtkgu" cnqpg0" C" inqdcn" uvtcvgi{" kpvgitcvgu" cevkqpu"
cickpuv" eqorgvkvqtu" kpvq" c" yqtnfykfg" rncp0" Vqfc{." vjgtg" ctg" inqdcn"
dw{gtu" cpf" ugnngtu" cpf" vjg" kpuvcpv" vtcpuokuukqp" qh" oqpg{" cpf"
129
STUDY GUIDE
kphqtocvkqp" cetquu" eqwpvtkgu" ykvj" vjg" tcrkf" fgxgnqrogpv" qh"

Kphqtocvkqp"Eqoowpkecvkqp"Vgejpqnqi{0
3207"" Kuuwgu"kp"Inqdcnkucvkqp"
""""""""""""
"
Uqog"qh"vjg"kuuwgu"kp"inqdcnkucvkqp"kpenwfg"vjg"hqnnqykpi<"
*c+" Eqtrqtcvg"uqekcn"tgurqpukdknkv{0"
*d+" Vjg"cigkpi"rqrwncvkqp0"
*e+"
Fkhhgtgpegu"kp"dwukpguu"ewnvwtgu"cetquu"eqwpvtkgu0"
*f+" Etquu/eqoowpkecvkqp"fkhhgtgpegu"cetquu"eqwpvtkgu0"
*g+" Inqdcn"jwocp"tguqwteg"ocpcigogpv"kuuwgu0"
*h+"
Fkhhgtgpv"eqtrqtcvg"vczcvkqp"u{uvgou0"
*i+" Gpxktqpogpvcn"uwuvckpcdknkv{0"
*j+" Fkhhgtgpv" oqpgvct{" u{uvgou" cpf" hnwevwcvkpi" tcvgu" qh" hqtgkip"
gzejcpig0
*k+"
Fkhhgtkpi"dwukpguu"enkocvgu"cetquu"eqwpvtkgu0"
*l+"
Fkhhgtgpv" iqxgtpogpvcn." ngicn." cpf" rqnkvkecn" u{uvgou" cetquu"

eqwpvtkgu0"""
Iqxgtpogpv" ecp" kphnwgpeg" gcej" qh" vjg" cdqxg" hqwt" fgvgtokpcpvu" qh"
eqorgvkvkxgpguu0" Engctn{" iqxgtpogpv" ecp" kphnwgpeg" vjg" uwrrn{"
eqpfkvkqpu"qh"mg{"rtqfwevkqp"hcevqtu."fgocpf"eqpfkvkqpu"kp"vjg"jqog"
octmgv." cpf" eqorgvkvkqp" dgvyggp" hktou0" Iqxgtpogpv" kpvgtxgpvkqpu"
ecp"qeewt"cv"nqecn."tgikqpcn."pcvkqpcn"qt"uwrtcpcvkqpcn"ngxgn0""
Ejcpeg"gxgpvu"ctg"qeewttgpegu"vjcv"ctg"qwvukfg"qh"eqpvtqn"qh"c"hkto0"
Vjg{" ctg" korqtvcpv" dgecwug" vjg{" etgcvg" fkueqpvkpwkvkgu" kp" yjkej"
uqog"ickp"eqorgvkvkxg"rqukvkqpu"cpf"uqog"nqug0""
"
Vjg" Rqtvgt" vjguku" ku" vjcv" vjgug" hcevqtu" kpvgtcev" ykvj" gcej" qvjgt" vq"
etgcvg" eqpfkvkqpu" yjgtg" kppqxcvkqp" cpf" kortqxgf" eqorgvkvkxgpguu"
qeewtu0"Vjg"Fkcoqpf"Oqfgn"ku"knnwuvtcvgf"kp"Hkiwtg"7<
130
STUDY GUIDE
Hkiwtg"7<"Vjg"fkcoqpf"oqfgn"
3208"
Tqng" qh" Iqxgtpogpv" kp" Inqdcnkucvkqp" kp" Tgncvkqp" vq" Uvtcvgike"

Ocpcigogpv"
"
Gzcorngu"qh"geqpqoke"rqnkekgu"yjkej"ctg"inqdcnkucvkqp/uwrrqtvkxg"ctg"
cu"hqnnqyu<""
*c+" Etgcvg"oqtg"eqorgvkvkxg"dwukpguu"gpxktqpogpv"
*d+" Uvkowncvg" fgocpf" hqt" kppqxcvkxg" rtqfwevu" vjtqwij" vcz" ewvu."
etgcvkqp"qh"jkij/kpeqog"lqdu."
*e+"
Rnceg" itgcvgt" gorjcuku" qp" T(F." vgejpqnqi{" writcfkpi." cpf"

kpvgtpcvkqpcn"octmgvkpi0"
*f+" Tghqewu"qp"vtcfg"rqnkekgu"cpf"htgg"vtcfg"citggogpv0"
*g+" C"u{uvgo"crrtqcej"qt"cp"kpvgitcvgf"rqnke{0"
"
Vjg" tqng" qh" iqxgtpogpv" kp" inqdcnkucvkqp" hqt" etgcvkpi" pcvkqpcn"

eqorgvkvkxgpguu"ku"uwooctkugf"kp"Vcdng"50"
131
STUDY GUIDE
Vcdng"5<"Tqng"qh"Iqxgtpogpv"kp"Inqdcnkucvkqp"
Eqorqpgpvu"qh"
Pcvkqpcn"Eqorgvkvkxg"
Uvtcvgikgu
Hcevqt"Eqpfkvkqpu
Fguetkrvkqp
Tqng"qh"Iqxgtpogpv
C"pcvkqpu"cdknkv{"vq"vtcpuhqto" x" Geqpqoke"rqnkekgu0"

dcuke"hcevqtu."tguqwtegu."
x" Gfwecvkqp"rqnkekgu0""
gfwecvkqp"qt"kphtcuvtwevwtg"
kpvq"eqorgvkvkxg"cfxcpvcig0"
x" Rwdnke"vtcpurqtv"
u{uvgou0"
x" Eqoowpkecvkqpu"
u{uvgou0"
x" Pcvwtcn"tguqwtegu0"
Fgocpf"Eqpfkvkqpu
x" Octmgv"uk|g0"
x" Rqrwncvkqp"rqnke{0"
x" Dw{gt"uqrjkuvkecvkqp0"
x" Eqpuwogt"gfwecvkqp0"
x" Ogfkc"gzrquwtg"qh"
cxckncdng0"
x" Ocuu"ogfkc0"
x" Rtqfwev"octmgvkpi0"
Tgncvgf"cpf"
Uwrrqtvkpi
Kpfwuvtkgu
Rctvpgtu"kp"vjg"uwrrn{"ejckp"
eq/rcemgtu."eq/
ocpwhcevwtgtu."octmgvkpi"
cpf"fkuvtkdwvkqp"
kpvgtogfkctkgu0"
Eqnncdqtcvkxg"Uwrrn{"
Ejckp"
Eqorcp{"uvtcvgi{."
uvtwevwtg"cpf"tkxcnt{
x" Uvtcvgike"Ocpcigogpv0"
Eqorgvkvkxg"uvtcvgikgu0"
x" Korngogpvkpi"
dwukpguu/uwrrqtvkxg"
uvtcvgikgu."cpf"
rqnkekgu0"
x" Xcnwg"kppqxcvkqp0"
x" Dtcpfkpi0"
x" Ngctpkpi"Qticpkucvkqp"
Ewnvwtg0
x" Etgcvkpi"c"dwukpguu/
htkgpfn{"gpxktqpogpv0"
3209"" Vjg"Fkcoqpf"Oqfgn"hqt"Etgcvkpi"Pcvkqpcn"Eqorgvkvkxgpguu"
"
Vjg" fkcoqpf" oqfgn" ku" cp" geqpqokecn" oqfgn" fgxgnqrgf" d{" Okejcgn"
Rqtvgt"kp"jku"dqqm"Vjg"Eqorgvkvkxg"Cfxcpvcig"qh"Pcvkqpu."yjgtg"jg"
rwdnkujgf"jku"vjgqt{"qh"yj{"rctvkewnct"kpfwuvtkgu"dgeqog"eqorgvkvkxg"
kp"rctvkewnct"nqecvkqpu0"
132
STUDY GUIDE
"
Vjg" crrtqcej" nqqmu" cv" enwuvgtu" qh" kpfwuvtkgu." yjgtg" vjg"

eqorgvkvkxgpguu" qh" qpg" eqorcp{" ku" tgncvgf" vq" vjg" rgthqtocpeg" qh"
qvjgt" eqorcpkgu" cpf" qvjgt" hcevqtu" vkgf" vqigvjgt" kp" vjg" xcnwg/cffgf"
ejckp." kp" ewuvqogt/enkgpv" tgncvkqp." qt" kp" c" nqecn" qt" tgikqpcn" eqpvgzvu0"
Vjg" Rqtvgt" cpcn{uku" ycu" ocfg" kp" vyq" uvgru0" Hktuv." enwuvgtu" qh"
uweeguuhwn" kpfwuvtkgu" jcxg" dggp" ocrrgf" kp" 32" korqtvcpv" vtcfkpi"
pcvkqpu0" Kp" vjg" ugeqpf." vjg" jkuvqt{" qh" eqorgvkvkqp" kp" rctvkewnct"
kpfwuvtkgu" ku" gzcokpgf" vq" enctkh{" vjg" f{pcoke" rtqeguu" d{" yjkej"
eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcig" ycu" etgcvgf0" Vjg" ugeqpf" uvgr" kp" Rqtvgt)u"
cpcn{uku" fgcnu" ykvj" vjg" f{pcoke" rtqeguu" d{" yjkej" eqorgvkvkxg"
cfxcpvcig"ku"etgcvgf0"Vjg"dcuke"ogvjqf"kp"vjgug"uvwfkgu"ku"jkuvqtkecn"
cpcn{uku0
Uvwf{"Swguvkqpu"
30"
Gzrnckp"vjg"eqpegrvu"qh"inqdcnkucvkqp0""
40"
Fkuewuu"vjg"ecug"hqt."cpf"cickpuv"inqdcnkucvkqp0"
50"
Fkuewuu" vjg" ftkxkpi" hqtegu" vjcv" eqpvtkdwvg" vqyctfu" vjg" kpetgcukpi"

korqtvcpeg"qh"inqdcnkucvkqp0
60"
Jqy" ecp" c" iqxgtpogpv" jgnr" vq" rtqoqvg" inqdcnkucvkqp" vjtqwij"

kpetgcukpi"kvu"pcvkqpcn"eqorgvkvkxgpguuA"
Vjg"Eqjgukqp"Ecug"
Ejcrvgt"3."rr"77"/"8:0"
Swguvkqpu
30"
Fkuewuu"vjg"mg{"uvtcvgike"kuuwgu"vjcv"pggf"vq"dg"cfftguugf"d{"Cfkfcu"
Itqwr"yjgp"eqorgvkpi"ykvj"kpvgtpcvkqpcn"eqorgvkvqtu0"
40"
Vq"yjcv"gzvgpv"vjg"iqxgtpogpv"qh"Igtocp{"jcu"jgnrgf"Cfkfcu"Itqwr"
kp"etgcvkpi"kpvgtpcvkqpcn"eqorgvkvkxgpguuA"
133
STUDY GUIDE
134
STUDY GUIDE
Appendices
Crrgpfkz"C<"Ngctpkpi"Uwrrqtv"
Ugokpctu
Vjgtg"ctg"37"jqwtu"qh"hceg/vq/hceg"hceknkvcvkqp."kp"vjg"hqto"qh"HKXG"ugokpctu"
qh" vjtgg" jqwtu" gcej0" [qw" yknn" dg" pqvkhkgf" qh" vjg" fcvg." vkog" cpf" nqecvkqp" qh"
vjgug" ugokpctu." vqigvjgt" ykvj" vjg" pcog" cpf" g/ockn" cfftguu" qh" {qwt"
hceknkvcvqt."cu"uqqp"cu"{qw"ctg"cnnqecvgf"c"itqwr0"
Fkuewuukqp"cpf"Rctvkekrcvkqp"
Dgukfgu" vjg" hceg/vq/hceg" ugokpctu." {qw" jcxg" vjg" uwrrqtv" qh" qpnkpg"
fkuewuukqpu" kp" o{XNG" ykvj" {qwt" hceknkvcvqt" cpf" eqwtugocvgu0" [qwt"
eqpvtkdwvkqpu" vq" qpnkpg" fkuewuukqpu" yknn" itgcvn{" gpjcpeg" {qwt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi"
qh"vjg"eqwtug"eqpvgpv."cpf"jgnr"{qw"fq"vjg"cuukipogpv*u+"cpf"rtgrctg"hqt"vjg"
gzcokpcvkqp0"
Hggfdcem"cpf"Kprwv"htqo"Hceknkvcvqt"
Cu" {qw" yqtm" qp" vjg" cevkxkvkgu" cpf" vjg" cuukipgf" vgzv*u+." {qwt" hceknkvcvqt" yknn"
rtqxkfg"cuukuvcpeg"vq"{qw"vjtqwijqwv"vjg"fwtcvkqp"qh"vjg"eqwtug0"Ujqwnf"{qw"
pggf" cuukuvcpeg" cv" cp{" vkog." fq" pqv" jgukvcvg" vq" eqpvcev" {qwt" hceknkvcvqt" cpf"
fkuewuu"{qwt"rtqdngou"ykvj"jko1jgt0
Dgct" kp" okpf" vjcv" eqoowpkecvkqp" ku" korqtvcpv" hqt" {qw" vq" dg" cdng" vq" igv" vjg"
oquv"qwv"qh"vjku"eqwtug0"Vjgtghqtg."{qw"ujqwnf."cv"cnn"vkogu."dg"kp"vqwej"ykvj"
{qwt" hceknkvcvqt." g/hceknkvcvqt" cpf" eqwtugocvgu." cpf" dg" cyctg" qh" cnn" vjg"
tgswktgogpvu"hqt"uweeguuhwn"eqorngvkqp"qh"vjg"eqwtug0"
Vcp"Utk"Ft"Cdfwnncj"Ucpwuk"*VUFCU+"Fkikvcn"Nkdtct{"
Vjg"VUFCU"Fkikvcn"Nkdtct{"jcu"c"ykfg"tcpig"qh"rtkpv"cpf"qpnkpg"tguqwtegu"hqt"
vjg"wug"qh"kvu"ngctpgtu0"Vjku"eqortgjgpukxg"fkikvcn"nkdtct{"rtqxkfgu"ceeguu"vq"
oqtg"vjcp"52"qpnkpg"fcvcdcugu"eqortkukpi"g/lqwtpcnu."g/vjgugu."g/dqqmu"cpf"
oqtg0" Gzcorngu" qh" fcvcdcugu" cxckncdng" ctg" GDUEQjquv." RtqSwguv."
UrtkpigtNkpm." Dqqmu46z9." KphqUek" Dqqmu." Gogtcnf" Ocpcigogpv" Rnwu" cpf"
Gdtct{"Gngevtqpke"Dqqmu0"Cu"cp"QWO"ngctpgt."{qw"ctg"gpeqwtcigf"vq"ocmg"
hwnn"wug"qh"vjg"tguqwtegu"cxckncdng"vjtqwij"vjku"nkdtct{0"
135
STUDY GUIDE
Crrgpfkz"D<"Uvwf{"Vkru"
Vkog"Eqookvogpvu"hqt"Uvwf{"
[qw"ujqwnf"rncp"vq"urgpf"cdqwv"34"jqwtu"qh"uvwf{"vkog"qp"gcej"vqrke."yjkej"
kpenwfgu"fqkpi"cnn"cuukipgf"tgcfkpiu"cpf"cevkxkvkgu0"[qw"owuv"cnuq"ugv"cukfg"
vkog"vq"fkuewuu"yqtm"qpnkpg0"Kv"ku"qhvgp"oqtg"ghhgevkxg"vq"fkuvtkdwvg"vjg"uvwf{"
jqwtu" qxgt" c" pwodgt" qh" fc{u" tcvjgt" vjcp" urgpf" c" yjqng" fc{" uvwf{kpi" qpg"
vqrke0
Uvwf{"Uvtcvgi{"
Vjg" hqnnqykpi" ku" c" rtqrqugf" uvtcvgi{" hqt" yqtmkpi" vjtqwij" vjg" eqwtug0" Kh" {qw"
jcxg" fkhhkewnv{" hqnnqykpi" vjku" uvtcvgi{." fkuewuu" {qwt" rtqdngou" ykvj" {qwt"
hceknkvcvqt"gkvjgt"vjtqwij"vjg"qpnkpg"hqtwo"qt"fwtkpi"vjg"ugokpctu0"
*k+"
Vjg" oquv" korqtvcpv" uvgr" ku" vq" tgcf" vjg" eqpvgpvu" qh" vjku" Uvwf{" Iwkfg"
vjqtqwijn{0
*kk+"
Qticpkug"c"uvwf{"uejgfwng"*cu"tgeqoogpfgf"kp"Vcdng"4+0"Vcmg"pqvg"qh"
vjg" coqwpv" qh" vkog" {qw" urgpf" qp" gcej" vqrke" cu" ygnn" cu" vjg" fcvgu" hqt"
uwdokuukqp"qh"cuukipogpv*u+."ugokpctu"cpf"gzcokpcvkqp0"
*kkk+" Qpeg"{qw"jcxg"etgcvgf"c"uvwf{"uejgfwng."ocmg"gxgt{"ghhqtv"vq"uvkem"vq"
kv0"Qpg"tgcuqp"ngctpgtu"ctg"wpcdng"vq"eqrg"ykvj"rquvitcfwcvg"eqwtugu"
ku"vjcv"vjg{"rtqetcuvkpcvg"cpf"fgnc{"eqorngvkpi"vjgkt"eqwtug"yqtm0"
*kx+" [qw"ctg"gpeqwtcigf"vq"fq"vjg"hqnnqykpi<"
x" Tgcf" vjg" Uvwf{" Iwkfg" ectghwnn{" cpf" nqqm" vjtqwij" vjg" nkuv" qh" vqrkeu"
eqxgtgf0"Vt{"vq"gzcokpg"gcej"vqrke"kp"tgncvkqp"vq"qvjgt"vqrkeu0"
x" Eqorngvg" cnn" cuukipgf" tgcfkpiu" cpf" iq" vjtqwij" cu" ocp{"
uwrrngogpvct{"vgzvu"cu"rquukdng"vq"igv"c"dtqcfgt"wpfgtuvcpfkpi"qh"
vjg"eqwtug"eqpvgpv0"
x" Iq" vjtqwij" cnn" vjg" cevkxkvkgu" cpf" uvwf{" swguvkqpu" vq" dgvvgt"
wpfgtuvcpf"vjg"xctkqwu"eqpegrvu"cpf"hcevu"rtgugpvgf"kp"c"vqrke0"
x" Ftcy" kfgcu" htqo" c" nctig" pwodgt" qh" tgcfkpiu" cu" {qw" yqtm" qp" vjg"
cuukipogpvu0" Yqtm" tgiwnctn{" qp" vjg" cuukipogpvu" cu" vjg" ugoguvgt"
rtqitguugu" uq" vjcv" {qw" ctg" cdng" vq" u{uvgocvkecnn{" rtqfweg" c"
eqoogpfcdng"rcrgt0"
136
STUDY GUIDE
*x+"
Yjgp" {qw" jcxg" eqorngvgf" c" vqrke." tgxkgy" vjg" Ngctpkpi" Qwveqogu" hqt"
vjg" vqrke" vq" eqphkto" vjcv" {qw" jcxg" cejkgxgf" vjgo" cpf" ctg" cdng" vq" fq"
yjcv"ku"tgswktgf0"
*xk+" Chvgt"eqorngvkpi"cnn"vqrkeu."tgxkgy"vjg"Ngctpkpi"Qwveqogu"qh"vjg"eqwtug"
vq"ugg"kh"{qw"jcxg"cejkgxgf"vjgo0"
137

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STUDY GUIDE

BMST5103 Strategic Management

CENTRE FOR GRADUATE STUDIES

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Vq" ikxg" cp" qxgtcnn." eqortgjgpukxg" wpfgtuvcpfkpi" qh" jqy" uvtcvgike"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Rgthqto" vjg" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" htqo" vjg" kpkvkcn" rtgrctcvqt{"

Gxcnwcvg" cpf" ocmg" c" tcvkqpcn" uvtcvgike" fgekukqp" htqo" ugxgtcn"

Fkuewuu" etkvkecn" kuuwgu" enqugn{" tgncvgf" vq" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv." uwej"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Fkuewuu" vjg" pcvwtg" qh" uvtcvgi{" hqtowncvkqp." korngogpvcvkqp" cpf"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ecp" dg" fguetkdgf" cu" cp"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

iqqf" uvtcvgike" fgekukqp0" Kpvwkvkqp" ku" rctvkewnctn{" wughwn" hqt" ocmkpi"

Vjg" uvtcvgike/ocpcigogpv" rtqeguu" ku" dcugf" qp" vjg" dgnkgh" vjcv"

Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" ku" cnn" cdqwv" ickpkpi" cpf" ockpvckpkpi"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

qrgtcvkqpcn" vgejpkswgu" qt" vcevkeu" wugf" hqt" korngogpvkpi" rtqfwevkxg"

30:"" " Xkukqp"cpf"Okuukqp"Uvcvgogpvu""

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Kpvgtpcn" uvtgpivju" cpf" kpvgtpcn" ygcmpguugu" ctg" cp" qticpkucvkqpu"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Cppwcn" qdlgevkxgu" ctg" ujqtv/vgto" oknguvqpgu" vjcv" qticpkucvkqpu" owuv"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Vjg" oqfgn" ujqyu" vjcv" kfgpvkh{kpi" cp" gzkuvkpi" xkukqp." okuukqp."

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" cnnqyu" cp" qticpkucvkqp" vq" dg" oqtg" rtqcevkxg"

Jkij/rgthqtokpi" hktou" uggo" vq" ocmg" oqtg" kphqtogf"

*kkk+" Hktou" korngogpvkpi" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" jcxg" nqygt"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

C" engctgt" wpfgtuvcpfkpi"

Vqq" jcuvkn{" oqxg" htqo" okuukqp" fgxgnqrogpv" vq" uvtcvgi{"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

uwtrtkug" rtqxkfgu" itgcv" eqorgvkvkxg" cfxcpvcigu" kp" dqvj" oknkvct{" cpf"

C" hwpfcogpvcn" fkhhgtgpeg" dgvyggp" oknkvct{" cpf" dwukpguu" uvtcvgi{" ku"

Yj{" jcu" uvtcvgike" ocpcigogpv" dgeqog" kpetgcukpin{" korqtvcpv" cpf"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Vjg" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" cpuygtu" vjg" swguvkqp" Yjcv" ku" qwt"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

*c+" Ugngev" ugxgtcn" ctvkengu" cdqwv" vjgug" uvcvgogpvu" cpf" cum"

Rtqoqvg" c" ugpug" qh" ujctgf" gzrgevcvkqpu" coqpi" cnn" ocpcigtu"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

*i+" Kpenwfg" pkpg" eqorqpgpvu<" ewuvqogtu." rtqfwevu" qt" ugtxkegu."

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Rjknquqrj{" " Yjcv" ctg" vjg" dcuke" dgnkghu." xcnwgu." curktcvkqpu."

Fkhhgtgpvkcvg" c" eqtrqtcvg" okuukqp" uvcvgogpv" htqo" c" eqtrqtcvg" xkukqp"

BMST5103 Strategic Management

Fkuewuu" vjg" oclqt" gzvgtpcn" hqtegu" vjcv" chhgev" qticpkucvkqpu<" geqpqoke."