4-Nov-15

X L S TN HIU
1

Chng 4:
B lc FIR v tch chp

PHNG PHP TNH TCH CHP CHO B LC FIR

Phng php x l khi: d liu vo c thu thp v
x l theo tng khi.

4-Nov-15

Dng trc tip.

Dng bng tch chp.
Dng tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian.
Dng ma trn.
Dng lt v trt.
Dng khi cng chng lp.
Trng thi tc thi & trng thi tnh.
Tch chp i vi chui khng xc nh chiu di.

Phng php x l mu: d liu c x l tng mu

tng thi im qua gii thut DSP cho cc mu ng
ra.

1. TCH CHP
Cho tn hiu x(n) c chiu di L qua h thng nhn qu
c p ng xung h(n) di M+1

Ng ra y(n):

y(n)

x(n) * h(n)

x(k )h(n k )

4-Nov-15

h(m) x(n m)

1. TCH CHP (TT)

4-Nov-15

L mu lu li trong x(n), vi n=0,1,,L-1:

x = [x0 x1 x2 x3 xL-1]
p ng xung c chiu di M+1: (b lc FIR bc M)
h = [h0 h1 h2 h3 hM]

Nhn xt:

Chiu di ng ra:
Ng vo c chiu di L: 0n-mL-1 mnm+L-1.
p ng xung c chiu di M+1: 0mM.
Suy ra: 0 mnm+L-1 M+L-1.
Vy ng ra c chiu di: Ly=L+M

1. TCH CHP (TT)

4-Nov-15

Nhn xt: (tt)

Tng cc ch s ca h v x: m+(n-m)=n
VD: y(0)=h0x0
y(1)=h0x1+h1x0

T ta c th vit li cng thc tch chp di dng:

y(n)

i, j
i j n

h(i) x( j )

S phn t to thnh mt mu ng ra: y(n)

0 m M
0 m M
0 n m L 1
n L 1 m n

h(m) x(n m)

T nhng nhn xt ny nhiu phng php tnh tch chp

c a ra.

2. PHNG PHP X L KHI

4-Nov-15

a.

Dng trc tip: do m phi ng thi tho c 2 bt

ng thc:

0 m M
n L 1 m n

max( 0, n L 1) m min( n, M )
Suy ra:
Cng thc tnh tch chp trc tip:

y ( n)
n

min(n , M )
m max(0, n L 1)

h(m) x(n m)

0,1,..., L M 1
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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI

4-Nov-15

V d: cho b lc FIR c p ng xung

h(n)=[h0,h1,h2,h3]=[1,-1,-2,2]
Tm tn hiu ng ra nu chiu di ng vo l 5:
x(n)=[x0,x1,x2,x3,x4]=[1,0,-2,3,-1]
min( n ,3 )

yn

hm xn

m max( 0 , n 4 )

2. PHNG PHP X L KHI

yn

hm xn

4-Nov-15

min( n ,3 )
m

m max( 0 , n 4 )

max(0, 0
max(0,1
max(0, 2
max(0, 3
max(0, 4
max(0, 5
max(0, 6
max(0, 7

4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

min( 0, 3)
min(1, 3)
min( 2, 3)
min(3, 3)
min( 4, 3)
min(5, 3)
min( 6, 3)
min( 7, 3)

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

0
0,1
0,1, 2
0,1, 2, 3
0,1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
2, 3
3

y0

h0 x0

y1

h0 x1 h1 x0

y2

h0 x2

y3

h0 x3 h1 x2

y4

h0 x4

h1 x3 h2 x2

y5

h1 x4

h2 x3 h3 x2

y6

h2 x4

h3 x3

y7

h3 x4

y=[y0,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,y6,y7]

h1 x1 h2 x0
h2 x1 h3 x0
h3 x1

2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

b.

Dng bng tch chp: t nhn xt ng ra y(n) l tng cc

tch h(i)x(j) vi i+j=n

y(n)

i, j
i j n

h(i) x( j )

T , tch chp c th c tnh theo dng bng:

y0

x0

x1

h0

h0x0

h1

x2

x3

x4

h0x1

h0x2

h0x3

h0x4

h1x0

h1x1

h1x2

h1x3

h1x4

h2x0

h2x1

h2x2

h2x3

h2x4
h3x4

y1

i h2

y2

h3

h3x0

h3x1

h3x2

h3x3

y3

y4

y5

y6

y7

Cch tnh: Tng mi ng cho ph s cho 1 gi tr ng ra.

2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

V d: Tnh tch chp ca

h = [1, 2, -1, 1] v x = [1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1]
h

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-2

-2

-1

-1

y = [1

0 1]
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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI. (TT)

4-Nov-15

V d: Tnh tch chp theo dng bng tch chp ca

h(n)=[1,-1,-2,2] v x (n)= [1,0,-2,3,-1]

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

Dng tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian:
x(n)=[x0,x1,,xL-1] c th c biu din di dng:
x(n)=x0(n)+ x1(n-1)++ xL-1(n-L+1)
( n) H h( n)
Ta bit:
Nu mt h thng l tuyn tnh v bt bin:

4-Nov-15

c.

Nh vy:

x ( n)

x0 (n)
x1 (n 1)

y ( n)

H
H

x0 h(n)
x1h(n 1)

xL

(n L 1)

12

xL 1h(n L 1)

2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

M t khi d liu ng vo, ng ra:

y [h0 x0 , h0 x1 h1x0 , h0 x2 h1x1 h2 x0 ,..., h2 x4 h3 x3 , h3 x4 ]

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

h0`

h1

h2

h3

h4

x0.h0

x0.h1

x0.h2

x0.h3

x0.h4

x1.h0

x1.h1

x1.h2

x1.h3

x1.h4

x2.h0

x2.h1

x2.h2

x2.h3

x2.h4

x3.h0

x3.h1

x3.h2

x3.h3

x3.h4

x4.h0

x4.h1

x4.h2

x4.h3

x4.h4
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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

Bng tch chp di dng LTI: (L=5, M=3)

h0

h1

h2

h3

x0

x0h0

x0h1

x0h2

x0h3

x0h(n)

x1

x1h0

x1h1

x1h2

x1h3

x1h(n-1)

x2

x2h0

x2h1

x2h2

x2h3

x2h(n-2)

x3

x3h0

x3h1

x3h2

x3h3

x3h(n-3)

x4

x4h0

x4h1

x4h2

X4h3

x4h(n-4)

y0

y1

y2

y3

y4

y5

y6

y7

Cch tnh: tng mi ct s cho ra 1 gi tr ng ra.

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

V d: Tnh tch chp theo dng LTI ca
h(n)=[1,-1,-2,2] v x (n)= [1,0,-2,3,-1]

4-Nov-15

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

d.

Dng ma trn: y=Hx

Ma trn H c xy dng t p ng xung h(n).
Kch thc ma trn: (L+M)L
h0

h1

h0

h2

h1

h2

h0

hM-1

h1

h0

hM

hM-1

h1

hM

hM-2

hM-1

hM-2

hM

hM-1

hM

Ma trn Toeplitz

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI. (TT)

Ngoi ra ta cng c th vit: y=Xh.
Trong ma trn X c kch thc (L+M) (M+1).
Ma trn X cng c dng tng t nh ma trn H, ch
cn thay h bng x cc gi tr tng ng.

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI. (TT)

4-Nov-15

V d: Tnh y(n) bng phng php ma trn y=Hx v

y=Xh
Bit: x(n)=[1,0,-2,3,-1] v h(n)=[1,-1,-2,2].

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

Dng lt v trt (flip and slide):
T cng thc tch chp:
y(n)=h(0)x(n)+h(1)x(n-1)++h(M)x(n-M)
Ta c th v li s tnh tch chp di dng lt v trt
nh sau:

Gi s L>M+1: s phn t ti a to thnh ng ra: M+1

0 n<M: trng thi qu bt.

M n L-1: trng thi xc lp (trng thi tnh).
L-1<n L+M-1: trng thi qu tt.

4-Nov-15

e.

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

Tnh chp khi cng chng lp:

Nu ng vo rt di hoc c chiu di khng xc nh
nhng phng php trn i hi b nh rt ln
khng thc t. tnh tch chp, ta chia tn hiu vo
thnh nhiu khi ngn c chiu di L.

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f.

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

S tnh tch chp khi cng chng lp

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

V d: Tnh tch chp x = [1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1] vi h = [1, 2, -1, 1]

bng pp cng chng ln, chn L = 3.
Chia ng vo thnh cc khi nh:
x=[1,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,0] (thm 0 vo cho chiu di L)
Chp tng khi nh vi h, y ta s dng bng tch chp.
Block 0
h

Block 1

Block 2

-1

-1

-1

-2

-1

-2

-2

-1

-1

Ng ra:

y0=[1,3,3,4,-1,2] y1=[1,4,5,3,0,2] y2=[1,3,1,0,1]

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2. PHNG PHP X L KHI (TT)

4-Nov-15

Cng chng lp:

n

y0

-1

y1
y2
y

10

Ng ra: y0=[1,3,3,4,-1,2]
y1=[1, 4,5,3,0,2]

y2=[1,3,1,0,1]
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3. PHNG PHP X L MU
Cc khi c bn ca h thng x l mu:

Khi cng:

Khi nhn:

Khi lm tr:

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

4-Nov-15

Khi lm tr

a.

Thc hin bng mt thanh ghi ni gi li gi tr ng

vo trc . Ti mi thi im ca n:
a mu lu trong thanh ghi ra ng ra (x(n-1)).

Nhn mu vo x(n) v lu li vo thanh ghi. Mu ny s

c a ra ng ra ti thi im n+1.
Xem ni dung thanh ghi w(n) l trng thi ni ca b lc th
2 bc x l trn c trnh by nh sau:

y(n)=w(n)

w(n+1)=x(n)

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

Khi lm tr D n v:

4-Nov-15

Phng trnh I/O ca b tr D n v:

Ng ra: y(n)=wD(n)
Ng vo: w0(n)=x(n)
Cp nht ni dung cc thanh ghi:
wi(n+1)=wi-1(n), i=D, D-1,,1
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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

B lc FIR dng trc tip:
y(n)=h0x(n)+h1x(n-1)++hMx(n-M)
S khi x l mu:

4-Nov-15

b.

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

4-Nov-15

t cc trng thi ni:

wi(n)=x(n-i)
Gii thut x l mu: vi mi
mu vo x(n):
w0(n)=x(n)
y=h0w0(n)+ h1w1(n)
h2w2(n)++ hMwM(n)
wi(n+1)=wi-1(n)

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

Phng trnh I/O ca b lc:

y(n) = x(n) + 2x(n 1) x(n 2) + x(n 3)
Vi trng thi ni
wi(n) = x(n i), i = 1, 2, 3
v t w0(n) = x(n).

4-Nov-15

V d: Xc nh thut ton x l mu trc tip, vi

h = [1, 2, -1, 1]
x = [1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1]
S dng thut ton tnh p ng ng ra.

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

S v thut ton x l mu:

Thut ton x l mu: cho mi thi im n:

w0(n)=x(n)
y(n)=w0(n)+2w1(n)-w2(n)+w3(n)
w3(n+1)=w2(n)
w2(n+1)=w1(n)
w1(n+1)=w0(n)

4-Nov-15

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

x

w0

w1

w2

w3

y = w0 + 2w1 w2 + w3

10

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3. PHNG PHP X L MU (TT)

4-Nov-15

V d: Xc nh thut ton x l mu trc tip, vi

y(n)=x(n)-x(n-4)
x(n)=[1,1,2,1,2,2,1,1]
S dng thut ton tnh p ng ng ra.

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BI TP
Bi tp: 4.1-4.4

4-Nov-15

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