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Bio Essays f4 f5
Bio Essays f4 f5
Bio Essays f4 f5
Light Reaction
Photosynthesis
During the light reaction, chlorophyll captures light energy which excites the electrons of
chlorophyll molecules to higher energy levels. In the excited state, the electrons leave the
chlorophyll molecules. Light energy is also used to split the water molecules into hydrogen
ions and hydroxyl ions. This reaction is known as the photolysis of water.
24H2O 24H++ 24OH(light and chlorophyll)
The hydrogen ions then combine with the electrons released by the chlorophyll to form
hydrogen atoms.
24H++24e-24H
The energy from the excited electrons is used to form energy-rich molecules of ATP. At the
same time, each hydroxyl ion loses an electron to form a hydroxyl group. This electron is then
received by the chlorophyll.
24OH-24OH+24eThe hydroxyl groups then combine to form water and gaseous oxygen.
24OH12H2O+6O2
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere and used for cellular respiration. The ATP molecules
provide energy while the hydrogen atoms provide reducing power for the dark reaction which
takes place in the stroma.
Dark Reaction
The dark reaction is also known as the Calvin cycle. It is light independent. During the dark
reaction, the hydrogen atoms are used to fix carbon dioxide in a series of reactions catalysed
by photosynthetic enzymes. The overall reaction results in the reduction of carbon dioxide
into glucose.
6CO2+24H6(CH2O)+6H2O
(CH2O) is a basic unit of glucose. Six units of it combine to form one molecule of glucose.
The glucose monomers then undergo condensation to form starch which is temporarily stored
as starch grains in the chloroplast. The entire process can be represented by the following
equation.
6H2O+6CO2C6H12O6+6O2
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration
Aerobic respiration requires a continuous supply of oxygen from the air or water surrounding
the organism. Oxygen that is taken in is delivered by the blood circulatory system to the body
cells. In the cells, glucose molecules are oxidised by oxygen to release energy. Aerobic
respiration can be summarised by the following chemical equation:
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun
You only can achieve your dream if you are determined and disciplined. Mr Sun