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Design of A Tractor Driven Hole Drilling Machine For Tree-Planting PDF
Design of A Tractor Driven Hole Drilling Machine For Tree-Planting PDF
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DECLARATION
This document contains our original work and to the best of our knowledge has not been produced and
presented elsewhere for academic purposes
Signed..
Limo Kipkoech Eliud
Signed..
Rotich Martin Kibiwott
This project is submitted as part of examiners body requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of science in mechanical and manufacturing engineering from the university of Nairobi
Project supervisor
Mr.S.M Kabugo
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this to my mum Jennifer, siblings and colleagues who gave me all the support and believed in
me throughout my undergraduate program.
I also dedicate to my late father who worked hard to see me fulfill my dream.
Thank you all.
Limo Kipkoech Eliud.
I dedicate this to our family and colleagues who gave me all the support and believed in me
throughout my undergraduate program.
Thank you all.
Rotich kibiwott martin.
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank God almighty for giving us grace and energy throughout the project and the
undergraduate studies.
our sincere gratitude goes out to the project supervisor Mr. Kabugo for his guidance, advise and help he
offered us throughout our entire time in the university especially during this project. You have been a
constant source of inspiration, encouragement and knowledge, thanks for the time and dedication.
Special thanks to the entire staff of University of Nairobi who offered their assistance during the project
period and the department of mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering for the monetary funding.
Finally, we appreciate our classmates, friends, parents ,brothers and sisters for their support and
encouragement.
iii
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NOTATIONS
T = torque.
p = total tool force.
= soil density.
g = acceleration due to gravity.
t = tool working depth below the surface.
c = soil cohesion strength.
q = surcharge pressure vertically acting on the soil surface.
w = tool width.
N, Nc & Nq factors that depend not only on the soil frictional strength, but also on the tool
geometry and tool to soil strength properties.
= friction angle.
= rake angle.
w = width of the cutter.
P = vertical average contact pressure.
k = soil stiffness constant for sinkage.
z = sinkage distance into the soil.
n = a soil constant.
kc and k = soil stiffness constants, which are presumed to be independent of plate width or diameter.
F = force.
A = Area.
M = moment.
E = Modulus of Elasticity.
I = moment of inertia.
K = constant.
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N = Newtons.
Np
Ao = cone distance.
= pitch angle for gear.
= pitch angle for pinion.
Fw = face width.
hk = working depth.
ht = whole depth.
=circular pitch.
aG = addendum of gear.
ap = Addendum of pinion.
bp = Dedendum
C = clearance.
p = dendendum angle.
o = face angle of blank for pinion.
o = Face angle of blank for gear.
R = root angle for gear.
do = pinion outside diameter.
DO = Gear outside diameter.
xo = pinion pitch apex to crown.
Xo = Gear pitch apex to crown.
tp = pinion circular thickness.
Tg = Gear circular thickness.
v
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vi
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ABSTRACT
This project is about the design of a tractor driven hole-drilling machine for planting trees. A machine
has been proposed that is going to address the shortcomings of the existing hole drilling methods and
provide a solution to the problem of hole drilling for planting trees or even for other purposes such as
for electricity, telephone and fencing poles. The proposed machine will use the power of a tractor by
means of the tractor Power Take off (PTO).
It begins with chapter one, which highlights various existing soil drilling methods and tree planting
operations. Literature review together with the project justification, conceptual model of the proposed
machine, operational characteristics and parts required is given in chapter two
Chapter 3 gives a brief description of the various components, their material properties, standard sizes
of the parts and the relevant equations to be used in the design. Determination of forces and machine
component dimensions is done in chapter four. Finally the results are discussed in chapter five and
appropriate conclusions drawn from them.
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iii
NOTATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 BACKGROUND; .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1Hole digging methods ............................................................................................................... 2
Traditional methods ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 Mechanized methods ............................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 Introduction. .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Tree planters................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Mechanical planters ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Auger Drilling. ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.3 AEON Tree Planter .................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.4 Hand auger equipment ......................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Tractor Driven Post Drillers ....................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Project justification. ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Conceptual model of the proposed machine. ............................................................................... 16
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 19
DESIGN OF PROPOSED MACHINE COMPONENTS ................................................................................... 19
3.1 THE CUTTING TOOL ...................................................................................................................... 19
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND;
Drilling is the act of making a hole in a material using cutting equipment and can be done on the earths
surface. Hole drilling on the earths surface is primarily done for several purposes, which include
erection of structures, extraction of oil or planting trees. The structures erected in drilled holes include
electricity poles, flag posts, masts; buildings etc. extraction of oil involves a vigorous drilling exercise of
extracting oil from depths of over 800 feet. Hole drilling for Planting trees is a major activity that
involves digging holes using either a drilling machine mechanism or hand tools. Trees are defined as
woody plants that have secondary branches supported clear of the ground on single main stem or trunk
with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity varies from 3m to 6m ; a
minimum of 10cm trunk diameter (30cm girth). Compared with most other plants, trees are long lived,
some of them getting to be several thousands years old and growing to up to 115m (375 ft) high., scenic
beauty and medicinal value among other reasons. In general, trees are necessary for our existence due
to the following reasons:
They are planted as cash crop e.g. tea, coffee, cottonwood, black locust and white ash
Some are used as medicine.
They act as carbon sinks.
They control soil erosion
They are used as fuel.
They act as windbreakers.
They are used for construction purposes.
Kenya has less than two percent forest cover of the countrys 58 million hectare with an
estimated 186000-hectare forest cover loss since 19909(www.kenyaforests.org). It also faces a
major wood shortage because plantation forests are not regenerating fast enough with an
annual deforestation rate of 0.3 percent. The government is counting on farmers to increase
Kenyas forest cover by up to 10 per cent the level it was at independence. Even though tree
planting is actually a great investment opportunity it has remained under appreciated in many
parts of the country. There is growing scientific evidence that forests, and the carbon they emit,
are undervalued. Recent studies have determined that huge amounts of carbon are stored in
peat and other organic matter soils, now estimated to account for about two thirds of the total
undetected. Indeed, native forests, tree plantations, grassland and other ecosystems in the
world may take up more carbon dioxide than released by industrial activities.
The forest survey carried out by US forest department showed that death rates of trees overall had
more than doubled since 1955. In the pacific north-west and British Columbia, deaths had doubled in 17
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years. In California, the death rate took 25 years to double. These scientists believe that human
induced global deforestations is responsible for 18 -25% of global climate change. The United Nations,
World Bank and other leading non- governmental organizations are encouraging reforestation, avoided
deforestation and other projects that encourage tree planting to mitigate the effects of climate change.
In an effort to reduce the rapid depletion of the countrys miniscule forest cover, green belt movement
started by Nobel peace laureate prof.wangari mathai in 1977, whose vision is always to plant more trees
, has roughly planted over 30milion trees in public lands, schools, recreation sites and other parts of the
country across Kenya. This movement had helped in addressing the challenges of deforestation, soil
erosion and lack of water.
Tree planting involves the following operations: lining, holing for planting, transporting the seedling
from the nursery to the field, transporting the seedling in a tray or sling from roadside to the planting
hole, and finally planting the seedling in the prepared hole.
From the stages of tree life, planting is the most important operation and thus it requires great attention
.the operation could affect the whole life to the trees since it is the starting point of the trees life.
Traditional methods
Mechanized methods
Traditional methods
Traditionally, simple tools like hoes, pangas and craw bars are used in the digging of holes for planting
trees. This process is labor intensive and involves
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7.
It is difficult to control due to the weight of the device and the engagement of the roots of the
harvested tree stump during operation.
It requires considerable muscular effort and difficult to maintain because of the difficult
operative nature of the motorized auger. With the hand held motorized augers, the hole drilling
process is labor intensive. It requires substantial effort getting up and down to chop roots, pickup the hand-held motorized auger, drill the hole, lower the hand held motorized auger, get
down on your knees to plant the seedling, pack dirt around the seedling, and then pick-up all the
equipment to move on to the next site.
Some motorized auger devices tend to scatter dirt away from the holes being drilled by the
auger, resulting in more difficult effort to pack soil around the seedling to finish the planting
process
The movement of machine around the farm is cumbersome.
The cost of machines involved is high
Some of the devices currently used to drill holes for planting trees are held augers, oil palm transplanter,
AEON tree planter etc.
It would, therefore be desirable to provide a device/machine to improve the operation of drilling a hole
for the planting of trees, particularly in the tree farm operations in which the trees are arranged in a grid
pattern and the seedlings are planted between more mature, unharvasted trees. It would also be
desirable to provide a mechanism that would improve the operation of a motorized auger to cut
through trees roots and minimize the displacement of dirt away from the drilled hole
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction.
Many traditional methods have been used which are so tedious and not efficient. Due to their
inefficiency, there has been need for a better way to plant trees. This has lead to mechanized ways of
planting trees and hence the development of tree planting machine.
Tree planting machines are not new , having been in use in both America and Europe for a number of
years.
In the last past years, interest in mechanical planting machines has widened to other soil types.
Agriculture cabbage planter have been adapted to plant trees cuttings (super-prefer) and purpose built
machine (whitfield F-85) has been operating in northeast Scotland, on new planting schemes only.
Planting machines offer a means of planting woodland quickly using small team operators. Whilst the
quality of machine planting may be lower than standard manual planting, it is consistent and can
achieve better results than operational manual planting. Manually controlled machines can achieve a
higher planting quality than semi-automatic planters because the operator can influence the positioning
of the plant in the furrow.
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Most of these planting machines consist of a rolling coulter, a trencher, an operators seat and packing
wheels. These parts are attached to a sturdy frame, usually equipped with a three-point hitch for use on
a tractor with a hydraulic lift unit.
The rolling coulter is a disc like cutting wheel that cuts through the ground surface and severs old roots,
trash and other debris. It also serves to automatically raise the trencher over buried rocks, logs, etc. it
should cut at a depth slightly below the trench point
2.1.2 Auger Drilling.
Auger drilling is a drilling method that uses a large helical shaped screw to extract material from
the ground. When used for drilling, the auger drill bit screws into the soil and material is
automatically moved up the shaft of the rotation device. There are many types of augers
available today. Large, powered augers are typically used in the farming, construction, and
utility industries. These auger-drilling devices are used to drill holes for fence posts, utility
poles, and large drainage pipes under highways. Some of these augers are large and
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cumbersome to operate. Figure 2.1.2a illustrates a giant auger for drilling holes for larger
diameters.
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Fig.2.1.2b Tractor driven auger type drilling units.(www.bush hog tough features.com)
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Fig.2.1.3b Actual Operation-tree spacing indicator to the right .Packing wheel to the right of center.
(www.aeonintl.com/tree planterpricing.html)
Special features of the AEON Tree Planter;
3 point hitch
Adjustable tree spacer with sound effect from 3 to 8
Coulter 35 diameter and 3/8 thickness
It has a heavy packing wheel with an adjustable spring load.
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.
Fig.2.1.4a different bailers and augers.
As with any tool or equipment, hand auger equipment too has to meet certain requirements. The most
important requirements are:
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The equipment should be efficient, i.e. it should be such that, depending on the type of soil
research and the requirements the research should meet, this research can be executed as fast
as accurate as possible.
The equipment should be solid and strong
As general little manpower is available for such soil research in the field , and sometimes long
distances have to be covered carrying equipment, it is an important condition that the
equipment should be light and easy to handle.
The augers have been made of a high grade non-toxic steel and carefully selected hardening
treatment contributes to achieve a wear resistant and solid design
Advantages of hand augers.
i.
It may be difficult to remove the temporary casing. If clay layers are penetrated. It is
very difficult to use a temporary casing as it sticks to the clay.
The hole drilled does not stay open if a collapsing sand layer is encountered below a
clay layer (through which the temporary casing could not penetrate.)
Clay soils are very cohesive. Therefore, the blades of the clay auger can narrow, having the
advantage that they meet with little resistance.
Sandy soil is not cohesive, in order to keep the sample inside the auger, this has broad blades.
Cars sand soils and extremely dirt sands soils have little or no cohesion at all. The blades of this
auger are extended with extra wings, thus forming an almost closed auger
The combination auger type gets a reasonably good hold of sandy material clavey material can
be fairly easily removed from the auger body
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Fig 2.1.4b Edelman augers: clay combination, sand and coarse sand type (www.eijkelkamp.com)
To remove the sample from the Edelman auger, it is placed with its tip down on the surface, after which
it is turned 180 degree
(ii) Riverside auger
This is a very suitable for auguring in hard stiff soils, mixed with fine gravel both above and below the
ground water level. The very sharp extremities of the auger bits point at an angle downwards. This
design makes auger go through the soil easily.
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The spiral auger has a negative end, i.e the centre of the auger end is whetted away. For profile
research (soil mapping) the spiral auger is seldom used. Its use is confined to augering through very
hard layers e.g bore ore, bricklayers, chalk and lime profiles in combination with other auger types. The
single spiral auger is standard equipped with a contact for electrodes. The stone catcher auger type is
used to remove loose stones from the auger hole.
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The piston sampler can only be applied below the water table in moderately cohesive soils like
sand, weak soil layers, etc.
The piston sampler can take almost undisturbed samples.
The piston sampler takes samples of 0.75 or 2.0 meters, while the other types have a maximum
sample length
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Fig 2.2 tractor driven post-hole driller. (www.bush hog tough features.com)
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of the difficult operative nature of the auger. The hole drilling process is labor intensive and requires
substantial efforts getting up and down to chop roots, pick-up the hand held motorized auger, drill the
hole, lower the hand held auger motorized auger, get down your knees to plant the seedling, pack dirt
around the seedling, and then pick up all the equipment to move on to the next site. Some motorized
auger devices tend to scatter dirt away from the hole being drilled by the auger, resulting in a more
difficult effort to pack soil around the seedlings to finish the planting process.
Proposed machine design.
It is proposed to design a machine that can easily be used to drill holes for planting trees, electricity or
telephone poles and other applicable areas.
The machine to be designed can drill a hole of 600mm diameter and a maximum depth of one meter.
The holes to be produced by the machine will be of uniform diameter throughout as opposed to the
ones drilled by augers, which are usually conical. It is also possible to drill holes of different diameters
like 200mm, 300mm and 400mm by just changing the size of the cutter plate.
Important features of the proposed machine are: ease of transportation to drilling site, ease of assembly
at the drilling site, being able to be attached and detached from the driving power easily.
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Parts required:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Operational characteristics
Before engagement of the cutter plate into the soil the cutter plate is closed as shown in the diagram
below.
Shaft
Cutting tool
Cutter plate
12.55 mm
Helical compression
spring
Fig 2.2a Closed assembly
On engagement into the soil, the resistance of the soil to cutting will force the plate carrying the cutting
tool to open to its maximum as the helical compression is compressed as shown below:
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Shaft
Movable
Helical compression
spring
Rigid
Cutter plate
Cutting tool
When the cutter plate is fully open, soil-cutting operation commences. Soil cutting operation in this case
is similar to turning in metal cutting where a layer of metal (chip) is removed. In soil cutting, a layer of
soil is removed or scrapped and it flows through the tool face to the top of the cutter plate. After drilling
to a sufficient depth, rotation of the cutter plate is stopped, hence the helical compression spring
pushes back the plate carrying the cutting tool since there are no soil cutting forces thus closing the
cutter plate.
The column of soil resting on the cutter plate can now be lifted up to the surface and dropped. The
operation is repeated until the required depth of the hole is reached.
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CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN OF PROPOSED MACHINE COMPONENTS
3.1 THE CUTTING TOOL
Soil cutting operations can be likened to the planning process shown in figure 3.1a below where the tool is
wedge-shaped, has a straight cutting edge and is constrained to move relative to the soil surface in such a way
that a layer of soil is removed (or scrapped).
Tool face
Tool
S c ra p p e d
la y e r o f
s o il
Undeformed
soil thickness
cutting
edge
Clearance
Tool
flank
Rake angle.
Rake angles affect the shearing action that the tool has on the material. In general terms rake
angles are of three types ;
(i) Positive rake angle.
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(I)
(ii)
(iii)
Fig3.1b Rake angles (i)positive rake angle (ii)neutral rake angle (iii)negative rake angle
The positive rake angle is chosen for the cutting tool in order to enhance the free
cutting action possible when cutting through the soil and to reduce the cutting forces
thus minimizing tool deflection and wear.
Relief angle.
This is shown below;
Relief Angle
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Radius or nose refers to tip of the cutting tool, which is slightly rounded to strengthen the cutting tool
with a larger radius the pressure on the tool is reduced.
Tool
Nose
Surface in contact
with soil
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3.1.3
+ K) Zn3.1.4
Where;
Kc and k are soil stiffness constants presumed to be independent of plate width or diameter.
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b = tool width
Column of soil
Cutter plate
a
Fig.3.2a
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... 3.2.2
( From mechanics of engineering materials p.p Benham and R.J Crawford pg 456)
Where max = maximum shear stress.
c is a factor involving the ratio
Case 7
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1.25
1.5
0.135
0.41
1.04
2.15
2.99
3.69
Source: mechanics of engineering materials by p.p Benham and R.J Crawford pg456
=
= 13.3
This value is beyond the range tabulated in the table 3.2 and therefore in order to get the corresponding value
of c for this ratio, a graph of
10
15
20
25
C"
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3.3 SPRINGS.
A spring is an elastic member that stores energy and provides a force over a distance by elastic
deflection. The spring structures are characterized by their ability to withstand relatively large
deflections elastically. Design of springs is an analysis of machine elements that undergo relatively large
elastic deflections and are made of materials capable of withstanding high stress levels without yielding.
compression helical springs.
They are made up of round wire wrapped in cylindrical form with a fixed pitch and wound to form a
helix. The spring may be wound in hot or cold depending on the application and the material. Helical
springs take up axial loads and in some cases take up torque also. This type of spring is used due to the
following advantages:
Ease of manufacturing.
They are reliable.
They are available in wide range.
They have constant spring rate.
Their performance can be predicted more accurately and their characteristics can be varied by
changing dimensions.
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Materials commonly used for making springs and their physical properties are given in table 3.3a below
Table 3.3a Physical properties of spring materials
Material
Ultimate
tensile
strength
Yield
strength
(tensile)
Yield
stress
(shear)
Working
stress
(tension)
Working
stress
(shear)
E
104
Kg/mm2
G
104
Kg/mm2
Music wire
ChromiumVanadium
steel
Si-Mn steel
C95 steel
C50 steel
Monel metal
Phosphor
bronze
Brass
Brass(hard
drawn)
Duralumin
200
160
170
130
100
75
90
61
55
37
20
2.0
0.77
0.80
150
135
80
80
67
110
90
51
47
34
64
57
30
28
20
54
47
39
34
31
32
28
23
20
13
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.75
1.0
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.65
0.42
64
61
32
30
19
18
13.5
10
8.1
6.7
1.0
1.0
0.37
0.37
44
23
5.4
0.67
0.27
13.5
9.0
All values are in kg/mm2
5/0
4/0
3/0
2/0
Dia.(mm)
10.973
10.160
9.490
8.837
8.229
7.020
7.010
6.401
SWG
10
11
12
Dia.(mm)
5.893
5.385
4.877
4.470
4.064
3.658
3.251
2.946
2.642
SWG
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Dia.(mm)
2.337
2.032
1.829
1.626
1.422
1.219
1.016
0.914
0.813
SWG
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Dia.(mm)
0.711
0.610
0.559
0.508
0.457
0.4166
0.3759
0.3454
0.3150
Design of helical spring means determining the principal dimensions like the mean coil diameter
Dm, size of the wire Dw, the number of coils n and the free length Lf.
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) . 3.3.1
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3.4 SHAFT
The Shaft size is dictated by torque, but changes in horsepower and speed (RPM) affect torque as shown
in the following equation of determining power;
P= T..3.4.1
Where
T = Toque.
= speed (RPM).
T=
accordingly, an increase in horsepower would require more torque, as would a decrease in RPM.
For example, a 100-hp designed for 900-rpm would require twice as much torque as a 100-hp PTO
designed for 1800-rpm. Each shaft must be sized for the torsional load it is expected to carry.
In determining the shaft size, three approaches can be used:
(i) Determination of shaft diameter based on strength.
(ii) Resistance to twisting method
(iii) Transmission of torque approach.
Determination of shaft diameter based on strength.
When the shaft is subjected to both torsional and bending loads, the maximum torsional shear stress is
given by:
(
3.4.2
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D=
where:
P = horsepower
N = speed (RPM
Transmission of torque approach.
This method involves determination of the shaft diameter by considering the following cases .
(inches.)
(inches.)
3.4.3 (b)
is used where;
P = PTO horsepower.
N = PTO speed in RPM.
Shaft material.
A good material for the shaft must have sufficiently high strength, good machinability, low sensitivity to
stress concentration and to withstand heat treatment operations of high wear resistance. Usually shafts
are made of mild steel and carbon steel, the following grades of carbon steel being used C25, C30, C40,
C45 and C50. (source: Machine design by R.K. JAIN pg646)
Determination of the shaft length.
The analysis of the shaft based on torsion is as follows;
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Consider a thin cylindrical tubes of radius r and thickness r on which shear stress is .
The force per unit length on the tube = r
The torque per unit length of the tube about the shaft axis = rr
The resisting torque on the whole tube = 2rrr
The resisting torque for the whole cross section =
dr.
T=
(1)
Geometry of deformation.
A cylindrical shaft of length L and outer radius ro subjected to torque T may be regarded as being built up of a
large number of thin-walled tubes just fitting inside each other. They are all twisted through the same angle of
rotation , therefore for any arbitrary tubes of radius rp and rq experiencing shear strain p and q
From the equation =
, we may write;
(2).
The shear stress shear strain relation in terms of shear modulus is given by;
=G
(3).
(4).
Therefore,
T=
2r3dr. =
2 r3dr
by J. Therefore,
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T =
= 3.4.4
Straight bevel gears are the simplest and most widely used type of bevel gears for the transmission of
power and/or motion between intersecting shafts.
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Back cone - The complementary cone generated by a line at right angles to the pitch cone generator at
the pitch diameter and intersecting the axis.
Outside diameter - The diameter across the tips of the teeth.
Addendum - The height from the pitch circle to the tip of the tooth measured along the back cone
generator.
Dedendum -The depth of the tooth space below the pitch circle measured along the back cone generator.
Face width - Length of the teeth measured along the pitch cone generator; the British Standards
Institution recommend that the face width should not normally exceed either one third of the cone
distance or three times the pitch.
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CHAPTER FOUR
DETERMINATION OF FORCES AND MACHINE COMPONENTS
DIMENSIONS
4.1 Soil cutting force.
The values to work with are selected as below in order to be able to read out the values of (N)and (Nc)
from the tables in appendix 1, graph 1 and 2
Rake angle = 300
Angle of friction between soil and the tool material, = 200
Angle of internal friction,0 = 300; this is sometimes a directly visible quantity, such as the angle
of response
With the following values,
d = 20mm,
w = 227.5 mm.
Where
d=cutting tool depth
w=tool width
The factors(N) , (Nc)and c are determined from graphs 1 & 2and table 2 in appendix 2 by first
calculating the ratio
= 0.0879
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Fc
Fr
Ft
Fr = Resultant force.
Ft = Thrust force.
Fig 4.1 Forces acting on the cutting tool.
The torque carried by the shaft due to this cutting force is now determined. This force is assumed to act
at the centre of the cutting tool width and is taken about the centre of the plate i.e.
Torque, T = P
T =
If the 1635 4WD PLATFORM/CAB tractor model is chosen, the torque from the PTO shaft can be
calculated. This tractor has PTO power of 20.2 kw and a PTO speed of 540 RPM.
Hence torque, T =
= 357.21 N-M
This torque is high compared to the torque as a result of the tool cutting force hence it can be handled
by a small tractor model e.g 1635 4WD PLATFORM/CAB tractor model.
+ K) Zn
where;
p=vertical average contact pressure
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C = 20.7kpa.
2 kpa/mn-1
Kc =
K = 103 kpa/mn
n = 0.11
Tool width b = 227.5 mm = 0.2275m
Z = 0.02m
P = {
= 72,697.747 Pascals.
Penetration force, F = P A
Where A is the contact area with the soil for the cutting tool. A is determined from the length of the
cutting tool and the nose radius, r, by assuming a quarter of the nose is in contact with the soil as shown
in fig.3.1d. From engineering and technical journal vol.27 No.2009 of studying the effect of nose radius
on work piece run out and surface finish by Dr.saad Kareem Sharther,for metal cutting, experiments
prove that high values of nose radius were obtained as 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5mm. Since soil cutting
operation in this project has been likened to metal cutting and since also the size of the soil cutting tool
is bigger compared to the metal cutting tool, the big value of the nose radius is selected i.e. 2.5mm.
Therefore contact area, A =
2rl
Where
r=nose radius = 2.5mm
And l = length of the cutting tool = 227.5mm
Hence penetration force, F = 72,697.747 2 2.5 10-3 0.2275 = 64.95 N
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This mass of soil can be sufficiently lifted by the tractors three point hitch (from appendix 1, the lift capacity of
1635 4WD PLATFORM/CAB tractor model is 1270kg).
From equation 3.2.2,
max = c
h =
"
= 185 Mpa.
Weight of the soil above the plate = mass gravitational acceleration = 562.3058 9.81 = 5516.22N.
.
( .
= 19620N/M2
Therefore;
h =
h = 0.01255m = 12.55mm
= 279.585 Mpa.
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8
D = (
Dw = (
)
.
) = 3.9 mm.
Selecting the nearest standard size of wire from table 3.4b , Dw = 4.064 mm
Deflection analysis
The deflection of the spring is given by the equation
=
(from machine design by R.K.JAIN pg 573)
From which n =
Where
=deflection
G = shear modulus
Dw= wire diameter
0.6 = 0.2356m
Therefore n =
=
( .
.
n = 58.18559turns
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.
.
= 0.25
= 357.21 N-M
For the gears, the driving forces are computed as though the contact is always at the pitch circle. Hence
the driving force F is given as:
=
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=T
= (
= 380 Mpa
= 76 Mpa.
max =
505.044
4 (inches)
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4 = 0.89608 inches.
D = 22.7 mm.
4.5.3 Transmission of Torque Approach.
From equation 3.4.3 (b),
D=
D=
= 1.735255 inches.
D = 4.41 cm (44.1mm)
The larger value obtained from the third design criteria i.e. (transmission of torque approach) is
selected which is 44.1mm. The nearest standard shaft size of 45mm is chosen. (From Machine design by
R K JAIN pg 650).
J=
From equation 3.4.4,
=
=
L=
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P = 27.1 HP or 20.2KW
N = 540 RPM
J=
= 4.02578
10-7 M4
If the twist of the shaft should not exceed one degree, the length of the shaft can be found.
= 10 = 0.01745329 rad.
T=
= 357.214 N-M
Therefore; L =
= 1.5m
= 50.91mm.
= 16.97 mm.
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= 9mm.
Circular pith, p =
+ 0.05 = 9.90 mm
= 14.139 mm
.
(
= 4.5
.
.
.
= 2.532
Addendum of pinion, ap
ap = hk - aG
= 9.0 - 2.5322
= 6.4678
Dedendum , bp
=
- ap =
.
.
- 6.4678
= 3.388 mm
Clearance, c
C = ht - hk
= 9.9 9.0
= 0.9 mm.
Dedendum angle p
p = tan-1
= tan-1
.
.
= 3.8070
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- aG
.
- 2.5322
= 7.3237
G = tan-1
.
.
= 8.1760
Root angle, p
= 45 - 3.807
= 41.1930
Outside diameter, do
do = d + 2ap cos
= 72 + 2(6.4678cos 45)
= 81.1469 mm.
Pitch apex to crown, X0
X0 =
=
sin
- 6.4678 sin 45
= 31.4266 mm.
Circular thickness;
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t = pT
= 14.139 - 5.637
= 8.50 mm.
T = - (ap - aG) tan
= 7.068 - (6.4678 2.5322) tan 200
= 5.637 mm.
Choral addendum, acp = ap +
= 6.4678 +
= 6.6452 mm.
=72mm
- aG
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- 2.5322
=7.3138
Clearance ,c=same as pinion=0.9mm
Dedendum angle,G=tan-1
=tan-1
.
.
=8.1750
Face angle of blank,o=+P
=45+3.807
=48.808
Root angle,R=-G
=45-8.175
=36.825
Outside diameter,Do=D+2aGcos
=72+22.5322sin45
=75.581mm
Pitch apex of crown , Xo= -aGsin
=
-2.5222sin45
=34.2165
Circular thickness, T= (ap - aG)tan20
=
(6.9678-2.5322)tan20
=5.637
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boom
1.5m
450
1.5 m
Length of boom =
= 2.12 m
weight of the boom=weight of gear box + weight of bevel gears + weight of the vertical shaft +
weight of the cutter plate
4.8.2 weight of bevel gears.
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H= 31.83mm
53.4mm
81.1469 mm
By similarity,
.
.
h = 20.94 mm
base = 33.94 20.95
H = 31.83mm
Volume of the cone v =
( HR2 hr2 )
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V = 1.4432 10-3 m3
Mass=7861 1.4432 10-3=11.345kg
Weight = 7861 1.4432 10-3 9.81 = 111.294 N.
4.8.4 Weight of the cutter plate
Volume = r2h
= 0.320.01255
=3.5510-3m3
Mass =density volume
=78613.5510-3
=27.89kg
Weight =27.899.81
=273.601N
Total weight carried by the boom when the plate is empty = Weight of the gearbox + weight of gears +
weight of shaft + weight of the plate. =34.7274 + 6.0822+ 111.29445+ 273.601=425.705N
Since penetration force is 69.95N(from earlier calculations),the weight carried by the boom is sufficient
to provide this force.
Total mass carried by the boom when lifting a one-mitre column of soil
= mass of one mitre column of soil + mass carried by boom when empty.
= 562.3058 + 43.395
=605.7kg
Weight = 605.79.81 = 5941.92N.
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CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion
The main aim was to design various components for a tractor driven hole-drilling machine for planting
trees and even holes for erection of electricity, telephone and fencing poles.
The engineering design approach used to design the dimensions of various components involved the
following steps:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
A machine that will address the problems posed by the already existing machines as highlighted in
chapter two is proposed and fully designed using the above procedure. The designed machine is small
and hence can be used in an existing plantation. It can also drill holes of uniform diameter and can be
attached to operate on various tractor models other than the model on which the design was based on.
The weight of the components carried by the boom was found to be 425.7N and is therefore sufficient
to provide the required penetration force of 64.95N into the soil. The spring was found to occupy only
25% of the cutter plate circumference.
With an accurate fabrication, the machine should achieve the intended objective.
5.2 Conclusion
The machine component was successfully designed and has the following specifications:
a) Cutter plate
Plate thickness (h)= 12.55mm.
Diameter
= 600mm.
b) Helical compression spring.
Wire diameter Dw = 4.064 mm
Number of turns = 59
Free length Lf = 475.376 mm.
c) Shaft
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Diameter = 45mm.
Length
= 1500mm.
(d)Bevel gears.
Pinion teeth, n = 16.
Gear teeth, N = 16.
Diametral pitch, P = 0.222
Pitch diameter, = 72mm.
Pressure angle, = 200.
Shafts are at an angle of 900 to each other.
(e) Boom.
Length = 2.12 m.
Tube diameter = 88.9 mm (3.5 inch)
5.3 Recommendations
1. Design of various diameters of the cutter plate other than 600mm should be undertaken.
2. A different approach for designing the cutter plate should be explored.
3. Cost analysis of all the components required for the machine should be done.
4. A working model of the system should be fabricated and tested.
5.4 References
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
www. aeonintl.com/treeplanterpricing.com
machinery handbook.
Soil cutting and Tillage by E. Mc Kyes.
www. Answers.com/topic/gear.com
Design of Agricultural Machinery by Gary Krutz (Purdue University), Lester Thompson
(Sundstrand corporation), Paul clear (Lowa state university)
f) www.citroparts.com.
g) Fundamentals of metal machining and machine tools by Geoffrey Boothroyd.
h) Machine design(Mechanical engineering design) by R.K. JAIN.
i) Design of plate and shell structures by Maan H. Jawad.
j) Structural mechanics on behavior of plates and shells by Jack R. Vinson.
k) Tool design for manufacturing by Mark A. Curtis.
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l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
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