There ara a couple of faccts about languages that of the other species.

There are generally estimated necessary involve a considerable degree of

everyone should know.The first is they are
to be about 4000 to 8000 languages of the
abstractness.In Greenberg's approachesextradinarily diverse,sound different,contains its world.This number alone gives us the idea of the universals are stated primarly in terms of more
own metaphysics-tacit commitments as to what
immense diversity of languages of the world,but concrete levels of analysis.Greengerg describes
parts of reality and how these parts should be
despire their differences,tgere also has to be an really existing structures that can be recorded and
packaged.
underlying unity to human language with a view to manipulated.That is to say,Chomsky ,since he
Linguistic typology studies and generativist
estabilishing limits on this variation and seeking deals with the deep structure rules and patterns of
theories of language highlight the fact that the
explanation for the limits.
the language,his approaches depends more on
attested languages of the owrld appear to fall in a Language Universals are defined as recurrent abstract structures,whereas Greenberg's
narrowly defined region of the space of logically petterns of structure,from and substance that approaches depends on the date collested from a
possible languages.Typology categorizes the
can be attested in various languages and
number of worldwide languages.
ettested languages in the world along a subset of which from part of the underlying unity of
In order to aid theoretical discussions and fieeld
the dimensions along which languages can
human languahe as a unique,speciesstudies of language universals,linguists have
vary.Language universals are logical statements restricted faculty mechanism and tool for
classified them into a number of categoriez:
that relateorhogonal dimensions on typological
communication.
a)Formal Universals b)Substantive universals
classifying systems.The controversies over
c)Implication and d)Non-implication
Chomsky-an linguistic universals thus express
explaining language universals can be lumped
Some universals are stated without the need of
claims about biologucally necessary of human
into two broad categories-explaining the nature of language.
any references to any other propreties of the
universals and their classification and explaining Another important point to mention here is that
different languages.They do not require another
the origin of language universals,the conditions for Chomsky differentiates from Greenberg in
property of the language in order to be existent as
their existence.Greenbergian school of crossa universal.For Example,the fact that all
methodological approaches to languages
linguistic comparison and the Chomsyan school of universals.For him studying a single language is languages have nouns,verbs and objects and
Universal Grammar.Despite the common goal,
sufficient to abstract from the date the underlying these would be used to form a sentence in some
they differ both in method and nature of
universal linguistic principles.One ethnic language order is a non-implicational universal and it stands
explanation.The functional-typology approach of for him is an example indicative of the Properies as a statement which has its truth value without
dross-linguistic copmarison uses an empirciris
any need of some other state to be realized.On
of Language.
method a possible human language by determing Greenberg approach- Different from Chomsky's the other hand,in the case of implicational
what is an attested human language.By
universals there is another universal,mostly a nonUniversal Grammar,for J. Greenberg the term
determining the limits of cross-linguistic variation "language universal" refers to the general
implicational one,to be realized in a particular
this approach defines the properties of a possible principles that govern all the spoken languages
language,on which the implicational universal is
language on the principle of system-internal
around the world.These ge claims can be attested depended.
observation and analyses.The deductive school of only after detailed analysis of a large
Absolute and Tendencies Universals
universal grammar relies on reasoning and
represantative sample of the languages spoken An absolute universal is one for which there are
implicational abduction.They rely in systemaround the world.We can draw consclusion about no counter arguments in any if the world's
external evidence for defining language
iniversal phenomena and tendencies only on the languages.Such as " if a language has the VSO
universals.They distinguish between subsatntive basic of statistical date.Greenberg in his study
as the basic word order then it has
and formal iniversals.Substantive universals
examined the grammar of thirty languages from prepositions".On the other hand some times we
delimit the class of possible human languages
different languages families and different parts of may talk about some universals that are revelated
relative to the class of logically possible
the world and has found out that there are some in most languages but,ussualy there is a handful
languages.This type of universals are present in rules which govern the way languages
of languages that do not obey this
generalization.Nearly all languages have nasal
all languages and every language is specified for work.These can be classified in different terms
consonants.
a subset of them.Formal universals define what is such as morphologic universals,syntactic
Semantic,Phonological and Syntactic
necessary in a language in order for that language universals,semantic universals etc.
Universals
to be human language.Subsatntive universals
How do the two approaches differ from each
Finegan (1994) also makes another distinction
distinguish what is possible from what is
other?
among iniversals which belong to different parts of
impossible in language.
1.The date base for researches on language
linguistic namely,semantic universals,pholologic
When asked the question "What may Universals universals;2.the degree of abstractness of
of language refer to?" the answer will most
analysis that is required in order to state language and syntactic universals.Semantic universals are
that govern the composition of the vocabulary of
probably be "the features that are common to all universals;3.and the kinds of explanation
world's languages.An the other hand as
human languages in the world" whisch is the
advanced for the existence of language
understood,phonological universals deal with the
true.All human beings speak and communicate by universals.
the use of a language that cannot be found in any Whitin Chomsky approach languages universals phonology of languages
.