-

-



:
:
:

ISBN: 978-960-603-239-4
Copyright , 2015

Creative Commons -
- 3.0.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr/

9, 15780
www.kallipos.gr


..............................................................IX
MONA.............................................................................................................XI
............................................................................................................. 1
1.......................................................................................................... 2

1.1 (Bennett & Myers, 1962) ....................................................................................2
1.2 (Spalding, 1963 Kays & Crawford, 1993 Ramachandran,
1994)......................................................................................................................................................11
1.3 (Bennett & Myers, 1962 Spalding, 1963
Geankoplis, 2003)..................................................................................................................................20
....................................................................................................................................27

2....................................................................................................... 28

2.1 (Bennett &
Myers, 1962 , 1982 Cengel, 1997 Perry & Green, 1984 ASHRAE, 2001)..................28
2.1.1 ..................................................................................................................28
2.1.2 ..........................................................................................................30
2.2 - (Bennett & Myers, 1962 Perry & Green,
1984 ASHRAE, 2001 McCabe, Smith, Harriott, 2015 Baker, 1984) ...............................................37
2.2.1 ............................................................................................................37
2.2.2
(ASHRAE, 2001 Baker, 1984 Mills, 1995 Stamper & Coral, 1979 Fraas, 1989 Johrson, 1990
Singham, 1990)...................................................................................................................................48
2.......................................................................................................................62
....................................................................................................................................65

3........................................................................................................ 66


3.1 (Perry & Green, 1997 Seader & Henley, 1998 Coulson & Richardson,
1993)......................................................................................................................................................66
3.1.1 ..............................................................................................................66
3.1.2 ..................................................................................................69
3.2 (Perry & Green, 1997 Seader & Henley, 1998 Coulson &
Richardson, 1993)................................................................................................................................81
3.2.1 - .......................................84
3.2.2 ..........................................................................................................85
3.2.3 ......................................................................86
3.2.4 ..............................................89
3.2.5 ()...................................................93
.................................................................................................................................96

4........................................................................................................ 97
-

 .................................................................................................................97
4.1 - ...................................................100
4.1.1 ......................................................................................104
4.1.2 ...........................................................................................106
4.1.3 ..........................................................................109
4.1.4 ......................................................................110
4.1.5 . ....................................................119
4.2 , .............................................124
..................................................................................................................................154

5...................................................................................................... 155

5.1 . .........................................................................................................155
5.2 .......................................................................................................................156
5.2.1 .................................................................................................................................156
5.2.2 ................................................................................................................157
5.3 (Geankoplis, 2003)......179
..................................................................................................................................187

6...................................................................................................... 189

(Coulson & Richardson, 1991).......................................................................191
6.1 ....................................................................................................195
6.2 ..............................................................................................203
6.3 . ...............................................................................................................204
6.4 ...........................................................................................................204
6.5 .....................................................................................................................208
6.6 ...............................................................................................................213
..................................................................................................................................222

7...................................................................................................... 223

7.1 .......................................................................................................................................223
7.2 ...............................225
7.3 DSs (Ozone Depletion Substances)..............................................233
7.3.1 - (ASHRAE, 2001 International Institute
of Refrigeration, 1993) ....................................................................................................................233
7.3.2 ....................................................................237
7.3.3 ( S 11650R)..............................................239
7.3.4 ( SO 11650R)..............................................240
7.4 CFCs.................................................................................................................240
7.5 ....................................................................................240
7.5.1 HFCs.....................................................................................................240
7.5.2 ...............................................243
..................................................................................................................................252


Adiabatic saturation (as)

Adsorbed phase

Aerosol

Ammonia

Approach

Concentration

Driving force

Enthalpy

Film

Gel

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

HCFCs

HFCs

Multilateral Fund

Normal boiling point (n.b.p.)

(...)

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

Profiles

Propane

Range

/ ()

Refrigerant

( -)

Saturated liquid

Systme International (dUnits) (SI)

Toxicity

Wet-bulb temperature

IX

MONA

Atmosphere
Barrel
British thermal unit
Calorie
Centimeter
Centimeters of mercury
Centimeters per second
Cubic centimeter
Cubic foot
Cubic feet per minute
Cubic feet per second
Cubic inch
Cubic meter
Cubic millimeter
Cubic yard
Degrees centigrade
Degrees Fahrenheit
Degrees Rankine
Degrees Kelvin
Feet per minute
Feet per second
Foot
Foot pound
Gallon
Gallons per hour
Gallons per minute
Gallons per second
Gram
Gram calorie
Horsepower
Horsepower hour
Hour
Inch
Inches of mercury
Joule
Kilogram-calorie
Kilogram
Kilogram-meter
Kilojoule
Kilowatt
Kilowatt-hour
Liter

atm
bbl
Btu
cal
cm
cm Hg
cm/s
cm3
ft3
cfm
cfs
in.3
m3
mm3
yd3
C
F
R
K
fpm
fps
ft
ft lb
gal
gph
gpm
gps
g
g cal
hp
hp hr
hr, h
in.
in.Hg
J
kg cal
kg
kg m
kJ
kW
kWh
L

Megawatt
Meter
Meters per second
Microinch
Micron (micro meter)
Millimeters of mercury
Millimeter
Minute
Ounce
Pascal
Pound
Pounds per cubic foot
Pounds per square foot
Pounds per square inch
Pounds per square inch, absolute
Pounds per square inch, gage
Pound-foot
Quart
Revolutions per minute
Second
Square centimeter
Square foot
Square inch
Square meter
Watt
Watt-hour
Yard

MW
m
m/s
in.
m
mmHg
mm
min
oz
Pa
lb
lb/ft3
psf
psi
psia
psig
lb ft
qt
rpm
s
cm2
ft2
in.2
m2
W
Wh
yd

Absolute
Average
Centimeter-gram-second (system)
Diameter
Exponential
Inside diameter
Logarithm (common)
Logarithm (natural)
Outside diameter
Specific gravity
Standard International System
Square

abs
av
cgs
dia
exp
ID
log
In
OD
sp gr
SI
sq

XI

MONA

e = 2.71828
= 3.14159
ln x = 2.30 log x
g = 980.665 cm/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2
= 4.17 x 108 ft/hr2
J = 4.1840 x 107 erg/cal
= 778.16 ft lb/Btu

R = 1544 ft lb/lb mole R

= 4.968 x 104 lb ft2/s lb mole R
= 8.314 x 107 g cm2/s g mole K
= 8.314 x 103 kg m2/s2 kg mole K
= 1.355 x lO-12 cal/s cm2 K4
= 0.1713 x 10-8 Btu/hr ft2 R 4

in.
in.
m

m
ft

circular mil

cm2
ft2
m2
acre

hectare

in3
m3
m3
m3
yd3
cm3
ft3
ft3
ft3
ft3
fluid oz (U.S.)
gal (U.S.)
gal (U.K.)
gal (U.S.)
gal (U.S.)

XII

4.4482
9.80665

N
N

lb/in.3
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
lb/gal (U.S.)
g/cm3
g/cm3
specific gravity
specific gravity

27.68
16.018
0.016018
0.11983
62.43
1.0
62.4
8.338

g/cm3
kg/m3
kg/L
kg/L
lb/ft3
sp gr (4 C)
lb/ft3 (60 F)
lb H20/gal (60 F)

atm
bar
atm
bar
kg/m2
kg/cm2
psi
psf
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
g/cm2
in. H2O
in. Hg
torr (mm Hg)

101,325
100,000
14.696
14.5045
9.8067
14.223
6,894.8
47.88
2.309
2.0360
27.81
51.713
0.0703
0.01422
249.09
3,386.6
133.32

Pa
Pa
psi
psi
Pa
psi
Pa
Pa
ft of water at 60C
in. Hg at 32C
in. H20 at 60C
mm Hg at 32C
kg/cm2
lb/in.2
Pa
Pa

2.54
0.0254
39.37
3.28084
0.3048

cm

6.452
5.0671x104
0.155
0.0929
10.76
4,046.9
10,000

cm2
mm2
in.2
m2
ft2
m2
m2

16.387
6.2898
35.314
1.308
4.8089
0.06102
0.028317
0.1781
7.4805
28.317
0.02957
3.7853
4.546
231.0
0.13368

cm3
bbl
ft3
yd3
bbl
in.3
m3
bbl
gal
L
L
L
L
in.3
ft3

lfg
kgf

in.
ft

in.2

Pa

ft2/ft3
3.28

m2/m3

g
g
grain
lb
kg
lb
ton (long)
ton (metric)
ton (short or net)
ton (metric)

15.432
0.03527
0.0648
453.59
2.2046
0.4536
2,240.0
2,205.0
2,000.0
1,000.0

grains
oz
g
g
lb
kg
lb
lb
lb
kg

1.0
4.1868
0.23885

g cal/g C
kJ/kg C
Btu /lb F

Btu /lb F
Btu /lb F
J /g C

W
Btu/s
Btu/s
kW
kgf m/s
hp
hp
hp
hp
hp (British)
hp (metric)
kg cal/s
ton refrigeration

Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu
J
J
J
J
J

778.2
107.6
1,055
0.252
3.39 x 10-4
2.93 x 10-4
1 x 107
1.0
2.39 x 10-4
2.778 x 10-4
0.7376

ft lb
kg m
J
kg cal
hp hr
kWh
erg
Ws
kg cal
Wh
ft lb

lb/h
1.256 x 10-4 kg/s
gpm
0.063088
L/s
gpm
2.228 x 10-3 ft3/s

Btu/hr ft2 F
5.6784 x l0-4 W/cm2 C
Btu/hr ft2 F
5.6784
W/m2 C
Btu/hr ft2 F
4.882
kg cal/hr m2 C
2
-4
Btu/hr ft F
1.356 x 10 g cal/cm2 s C
2
Btu/s ft F
20.442
kW/m2 C

1.0
1.055
1.4147
3,413
9.8067
2,545
3.3 x 104
550
0.7457
0.7457
0.73548
4.1868
3.5169

J/s
kW
hp
Btu/hr
W
Btu/hr
ft lb/min
ft lb/s
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW

Btu/h ft2
W/m2
kg cal/s m2

3.1546
0.31709
4.1868

W/m2
Btu/hr ft2
kW/m2

cal/s cm2

4.1868

W/cm2

Btu/hr ft2 F/in.

12.4

Btu/hr ft F
Btu/hr ft2 F/in.
kg cal/cm s C
kg cal/hr m C

1.7308
0.14423
0.242
1.163

kg cal/hr m2
C/cm
W/m C
W/m C
Btu/hr ft F
W/m C

0.001
10-2
3.6
2.419
2.0 x 10-5
4.134 x 10-4
1.4882

Pa s
poises (g/s cm)
kg/hr m
lb/hr ft
lb s/ft2
Pa s
Pa s

centipoises
centipoises
centipoises
centipoises
centipoises
lb/hr ft
lb/s ft

XIII

MONA

lb/h ft2
Ib/s ft2
kg/s m2

1.356 x l0-3
4.881
737.61

kg/s m2
kg/s m2
lb/hr ft2

Btu/lb
Btu/lb
kg cal/kg

0.556
2.326
4.186

g cal/g
kJ/kg
kJ/kg

XIV



.

30 o
- .

.
.
-
. .

.
, ,
. . -
.

.
.
.
. .

.
.
- ,
.
.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1. [1]

. DAB JA
z.
1.1 (Bennett
& Myers, 1962)

:



. DAB JA
z. :

J A D AB

c A
z

(1.1)

(1.1)
1.1 Fick

z.

1.1
Fick

z.

.
.

x
G

(x+x,
y+y,
z+z)

z
E

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x, y,
z)

. x
y
2

.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1. ()

,()
.
1.1

()

, ()
.

( ) 1.1.

)
c .
c


.
(1.2)
NA
N A N B A D AB A

1.1.

.
z

cB
c
D BA B
cc
cz
NA
N A N B A DAB A
c
z
NB
NA NB

(1.3)
(1.2)

(1.2)

:
c B (1.2)c

N
D BA B
(1.3)
NB
N A
B

c
z
z, ,

(1.3)
( )

(


1

(1.2)

cA)

cA
z, ,
).

)
z1
= z DAB
= DBA
z2

1 (

 (1.2)
z, ,

1 (

cA) 2 (

(1.2) ).

z,
, c A
( ).
1

z2 z1 = z D
AB = DBA( cA) 2
( cA).
z2 z1 = z DAB = DBA

NA

N A D ABc N A / N A N B c A2 / c
ln
NA NB z
N A / N A N B cA1 / c

(1.4)
3

(1.4)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c A p A ,



y A
(1.5)

3
c
p

(1.4)
,

.
t

(1.4)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
:p

3
:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cA pA
(1.5)
c A
p A y A
(1.5)

c
pt yA
c
pt
c A p A
yA
p
y
(1.5)
A ,

c
p
t
(1.5)

,
:
pt ,

p
t
n ,
p t
p

, ,
(1.6)
c=

yA V

pt , pt ,
RT
yA

yA .

:
:

(1.4) :
yA
:
n
pt
:
(1.6)
p t n NpAt / N A N B p t p A2
N A D ABc=
(1.6)
c= ln
NA
(1.7)
V RT
V N
RT
N A nN B pRTz
A / NA N B
t
p t p A1
(1.6) (1.6)
c=

(1.4) :
V
RT

(1.4)
:

(1.4) :
D AB
p t N A / N A N B p t p A2
N A (1.4)


:
NyA N B p t p A2

N
lnNNA /
(1.7)
D
p
N
A
NRTz
AB
A
N
A / t N
A N B / N
A2
A D
AB p
tN
N
ln
(1.7)

N
p t p A1(1.8)

A
A
B
NA
ln
A
A N B

p t pN
N B NRTz
NN B /N
DNRTz
N
A / NA
A2 p p A1
Ap
t
N A N AA N B AB
ln N A / N A NA B yA A1 B t
(1.7)
N A N B RTz
N A / N A N B p t p A1
(1.7)

N /N N y
N
D p

N A N AA D ABABp t t lnN AA/ N AA N BB y A2A2

(1.8)

N A N A N B RTz ln N A / N A N B y A1
(1.8)
N N RTz
y A1
/ N A N
NAB /NyAA2 N B
NA
DNAB
Ap
N

tB
(1.8)
ln A
A
N A N B RTz
N A / N A N B y A1

pt ,

(1.8)

(
)

- .

,
( )

(
)

,
- .
(
)
-

.
- . ,
:

.
, 3
-=
0
=
.
-
/(
+

)=1.
,

-
.

,
,

D AB
pt

p
(1.9)
p A1
A
A2
N

.
RTzp

,
BM

.
: = 0 = . /(+)=1.
:

.
= 0

= . /(+)=1.

( )

- .

- .

,

(
)
-

- .

,
-. , ,

.
,

.
: = 0 = . /(+)=1.
: = 0 = . /(+)=1.

NA

D AB p t
p A1 p A2
RTzp BM

(1.9)
(1.9)

(1.9) 1.2.

, . :
= - = const.

P
PB2

PB
PB1
PA1
PA

Z1

, z

Z2

PA2

1.2 .
4

1.3.
5

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P
P

PB2
PB

PA1

PA2

PB1
Z1

Z2

,
z
1.3.

.
1.3 .

NA

D AB
p A1 pA2
RTz

(1.10)
(1.10)

(1.7), (+n)

(1.7), (+)

i = A
DAB Dm. Ni ,

DAB Dm. Ni ,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

, , . DAm
, ,
:
n
1
.
y
DAm :

i N A yA Ni
1
i = A D Ai

n
D Am
N A yA Ni

(1.11)

i=A

(1.11)

:
D AB

0.00107 0.000246

1/ M A 1/ M B T

p r 2 f kT/

1/ M A 1/ M B

(1.12)

i=A

D Ai

(1.11)

n

D Am .

N A yA Ni

:
i = A

3
2 :

0.00107 0.000246 1/ M A 1/ M B T 1/ M A 1/ M B
D AB .
32

2 f kT/
M B
0.00107 0.000246 1/ M A 1/ M B pTt rAB
1/
1/ M A

(1.12)
D AB

(1.12)

f kT/
p r

:
:
2
2

t AB

: DAB .
DAB:[cm /s]
3
0.00107 0.000246 1/ M A 1/ M B T 2 1/ M A 1/ M B
T . :[]
2

(1.12)
2
: D
DAB
AB .
AB:[cm /s]
fD kT/
p t rAB

, .

T . :[]

(1.12)
pt . pt: [atm]
, DAB

.
:

.
DAB:[cm2/s]

:
2rAB .
DAB
DAB:[cmpt/s]
pt .

.
: [atm]
T .
:[]
T . :[]
rAB=(rA+rB)/2.

.
,

,

.
r

.
AB
. : [ergs]
pt . pt: [atm]
pt . pt: [atm]
rAB

rAB=(rA
+rB)/2.

rAB=(rA+rB)/2.
r

.
AB

. : [ergs]

.
: [ergs]
k

Boltzmann.
rAB=(rA+rB)/2.

f(kT/
1.4.
)
. : [ergs]

k Boltzmann.

k Boltzmann.

1.1
r .
f(kT/)

1.4.
f(kT/) 1.4.

k
Boltzmann.
r
1.1 r .
f(kT/
) 1.4.
:
r :

1.1
r .
1
r = 1.18

r = 1.18

r = 1.18

:
cm3/g mole
Tb .
1.2.
O (C7H8) .. :
7(14.8)+8(3.7)-15=118.2 cm3/g mole.
1.3.

(1.13)

(1.13)

3
1

(1.13)

1.1

(1.13)

(1.14)

0.5

1.4
1.2

0.4

1.0
0.8

0.3

0.6
0.4
0.2

0.1

0.2

0.4 0.6 1.0

2 3 4

10

20

40 60 100

200 400

0.2
1000

1.4 f(kT/).

1.1
r /k

/k,

r,

Air

97.0

3.617

H2

33.3

2.968

N2

91.46

3.681

CO2

190

3.996

N2O

220

3.879

NO

119

3.470

CH4

136.5

3.882

O2

113.2

3.433

CO

110.3

3.590

Ne

35.7

2.80

He

6.03

2.70

1.2

Carbon 14.8

2 14.3

Hydrogen 3.7

2 25.6

Chlorine 24.6

2 31.2

Bromine 27

ir 29.9

Iodine 37.0

CO 30.7

Nitrogen 15.6

SO2 44.8

Nitrogen in primary amines 10.5

NO 23.6

Nitrogen in secondary amines 12.0

N2O 36.4

Oxygen 7.4

NH3 25.8

Oxygen in methyl esters 9.1

H2O 18.9

Oxygen in higher esters 11.0

H2S 32.9

Oxygen in acids 12.0

COS 51.5

Oxygen in methyl ethers 9.9

Cl2 48.4

Oxygen in higher ethers 11.0

Br2 53.2

Benzene ring: 15

I2 71.5

Naphthalene ring: 30

1.3

. C

. cm2/s

H2-CH4

0.625

O2-N2

0.181

C-2

0.185

CO2-O

0.139

Air-NH3

0.198

Air-H2O

25.9

0.258

59.0

0.305

Air-ethanol

0.102

Air / n-butanol

25.9

0.087

59.0

0.104

25.9

0.087

59.0

0.106

25.9

0.074

59.0

0.090

25.9

0.074

Air-ethyl acetate
Air-aniline
Air-chlorobenzene

11

59.0
0.090
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Air-toluene
25.9

0.086

11

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

59.0

0.092

(1.4)
:

N A / N A N B x A2
:
D AB
(1.4)
(1.15)
(1.4) :
ln
z av N A / N A N B x A1
N / N A N B x A2

D AB
(1.15)

ln A

z av
N A
/ N A N B
x
A1
/(
+) ,
.
,

(1.15)

.
.
/(+
)

, . /(+)

.
, : =

:
= const =0. :

,

const =0. :

D,
= const =0. :
AB :

NA
(1.16)
x A1 x A2
zx BM av
D AB
NA

(1.16) (1.16)
x A1 x A2
zx BM av
x x B1
x BM B2
ln x B2 /x B1
x B2 x B1
x BM
ln x B2 /x B1

= -
= const


D AB
NA

(1.16)
x A1 x A2

zx BM av, : = const =0. :

D
zx av
x B2 xBMB1

ln x B2 /x B1

1
AB
N
x A1 x A2
A

x BM

(1.16)

x B2 x B1
ln x B2 /x B1


x BM

.
- = const
=

, . = - = const. :
:

. = - = const
D AB
D AB
(1.17)
N

c A1 c

A
A2
x A1 x A2
: z
z av
(1.17)

D AB
D AB
(1.17)
N

cA1 c
A
A2
x A1 x A2
z
z av

Wilke Chang (Kays &
Wilke

Chang [2].
Crawford, 1993).

0.5
7.40 10-8

D ABWilke
(1.18)

Chang
[2].
0.6

0.5
7.40 10-8
(1.18)
D AB
(1.18)
0.6

DA:

. DA:[cm2/s).

MB:

. :[].

. :[cP].

. :[cm3/g mole].

. :
, =2.6
, =1.9
, =1.5
, , =1.0.

10

1.4

g moles/liter

. cm2/s (105)

Cl2

Water

16

0.12

1.26

HCl

Water

2.7

1.8

3.3

2.5

2.5

16

0.5

2.44

3.5

1.24

15

1.0

1.77

10

1.46

20

1.77

18

0.05

1.26

0.2

1.21

1.0

1.24

3.0

1.36

5.4

1.54

10

NH3
CO2
NaCl

Water
Water
Water

Methanol

Water

15

1.28

Acetic acid

Water

12.5

1.0

0.82

0.01

0.91

18.0

1.0

0.96

10

3.75

0.50

0.05

0.83

16

2.0

0.90

Ethanol

Water

n-Butanol

Water

15

0.77

CO2

Ethanol

17

3.2

Chloroform

Ethanol

20

2.0

1.25

1.2.
1.4.

1.2 (Spalding, 1963 Kays & Crawford, 1993

Ramachandran, 1994)
.
11

.

1

, ,
(1.4)

.
,
,

, (DABc/z)

. ,

(1.4)
F.

, (DABc/z) F.
( /) :
( /) :

/ N A N B c A2 / c

Fln A

A / N A N B c A1 / c

(1.19)

cA/c (1.19)

cA/c

xA

xA

, yA.

. F
yA.
,
F.
F
(1.19)

,
:
(+)
: F,
n

.
,
, .

F.

(1.19)

= x ( )

.
,




:
. [ =0, /( + )=1].
: = kG (pA1 pA2) = ky (yA1 yA2) = kc ( cA1 cA2)
(1.20)
: = kx (xA1 xA2) = kL (cA1 cA2)
.
[NA = -NB, NA/(NA + NB) ].
: = kG (pA1 pA2) = ky (yA1 yA2) = kc ( cA1 cA2)
: = kx (xA1 xA2) = kL (cA1 cA2)

(1.21)

(1.22)
(1.23)

.
.
.
q = h(t1-t2).
, o k, k .
1.5

12

1.5

(1.22), (1.23)

(1.20), (1.21)

A = kGpA

A = kGpA

A = kyyA

A = kyyA

A = kccA

A = kccA

WA = kYYA

A = kLcA

A = kLcA

A = kxxA

A = kxxA

, . ,
, .
,
.

,
Navier-Stokes x 1.5 :

13

(1.24)
,
:

(1.25)
, :

(1.26)
:

u0 cA0

u0 ,cA0

u0 cA0
D

z
A

c
x

cAi

G
J cAi

1.5 .

(1.27)
(1.24), (1.25), (1.26) . ux, cA, t ,
DAB, .

:

14

. , 1.5 z = 0

z . , .
(profiles) , .

(1.28)

(1.29)

(1.30)
f fu0/2 .
1.5, .
, :

(1.31)
, , . 1.6

15

1.6

16

Reynolds

Reynolds

Schmidt

Prandtl

Sherwood

Nusselt

Grashof

Grashof

Peclet

Peclet

Stanton

Stanton

, , (profiles) - ( ) - (
) .

1.7
,
Reynolds
.

(1.6).

17

cA1
cB1

cAi
cBi

ti
zF

z=0

1.6 .

18

t1

1.7

1.

Re = 4,00060,000

Sc = 0.6-3,000
2. ( )

Re=40025,000
Sc = 0.6-2.6

3.

Transfer begins
at leading edge
Rex < 80,000
Rex > 500,000

4.

Sc = 0.6-3,200
ReSc0.5 =
GrSc<108
1.8-600,000

Sh0=2.0+0.569(GrSc)0.250
GrSc>108
Sh0=2.0+0.0254(GrSc)0.333Sc0.244

5.

( )

6.

( )

Sc = 0.6
Re=90-4,000
Re=5,00010,300
Sc = 15913,260
Re/=0.08-125

19

Sc = 159- F
6.

F
Sc = 1596.

Re
Re2.40
Sc0.58
Re"/=0.08-125 Sc0.58 2.40

G
G

13,260

13,260

( )
Re"/=0.08-125

Re"/=0.08-125

1

0.31
Re"/=125F
Re
0.58
Sc 0.442
( )

( )
G

5,000
0.31
0.31
Re"/=125F
Re"/=1250.58 Re Re
F
0.58
Sc 0.442

Sc

G 0.442
5,000
G

5,000

Re/=125 (t1 ti).
5,000

(t1 ti). (t1 ti). N / N N c / c

A
A
B
Ai

Fln

(t1 ti). (1.32)

:
N
/
N
N
c
/c

A
A
B
A1
(Geankoplis, 2003):
/ N A c N/Bc c Ai / c
/
N ANA N
A Fln
B
Ai

N
(1.32)



Fln
(1.32)
N
/
N
N
c
/
c

N A / N A A N B A c A1 /Bc A1
:

25

(1.32)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N A M A CpA N B M BCpB

q:

(1.33)
t1 t i

s :

N A M A CpA N B M B CpB / h

:
1-e
1.3. [1, 3, 9]
N AMNA CM

pA
BM B C pB
NA MAC
CN

pA
B
B
pB

ti
(1.33)
q
t

1.7

s
qs

(1.33)
h t i 1
N M C N M C t /
N A M A CpA N BAM BACpBpA / h B B pB1
1-e
1-e

.
(1.33)

.

.

.
:

,
:

= q s

(1.34)

/ q t

: :
(1.34)
. .
q
=
q

(1.34)

q t = q s t s
(1.34)
,
yA
xA.
1.3
(Bennett & Myers,

/
1962 Spalding, 1963 Geankoplis,
2003)



.

1.7

.

/
.
,

/ . .

,.



yA
xA.
yAG xAL.
/ .

yAi,
xAi

.
yAG xAL.

yAi, xAi

.
1.8 1.9
(
( ) :
) :
k y y AG y Ai
k x x Ai x AL

(1.35)
(1.35)

20

26

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26

, yA

26
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.7. .

(1.9)

:
P x AL , y AG
.

, xA
1.7.

.

1.7.

y Ai 1.7
f x

Ai

.
(1.9)

(1.9)
.
:
P x
y AG .
AL

(1.9)
,

:
: P x AL , y AG .

, ..
y Ai f x Ai

y Ai
f x Ai .

(Geankoplis,2003),

..:

,

(
1.10):
, ..
,

N A K y y AG y A (1.36)
.
(1.36)



:
:

N A K y y AG y A
(1.36)

N A K y y AG y A

21

yAG

xAi
yAi

xAL

1.8 - .

yAi=f(xAi)
yAG

yAi

k
ky

= - x

xAL

xAi

1.9 .
22

28

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
1 m

Ky ky kx

(1.37)
(1.37)

= - kx/ky

yAG

= m

yAi
= m

yA*

C 1.10. .

xAL (1.36) xAi
x * (
A

)
(. / ).

1.10 .

(1.36) ( ) ( /

(.
/).
29
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

):

29
( /)
(
1.10):

N A K x x A x AL

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(1.38)

(1.38)

(1.38)
1N A K1x x A 1 x AL
(1.39)

K x mk y k x
1
1
1
(1.39)

K x
mk y k


x

(1.39)

F.

O
F. :

23

N A
N / -y
N A
N / -x

:
Ai
AL
NOA
FG ln A
FL ln A

(1.40)

N A / -y AG
N A / -x Ai
NA
N / -y Ai N A
N / -x AL
NA
FG ln A
FL ln A

(1.40)
N A / -y

N A / -x

Ai
FG, FL
AG

1
1
1

(1.39)

K x mk y k x

F.

F.
1

NOA
N
/ -y Ai
N A N
/ -x AL :
NA
FG ln A
FL ln A

(1.40)

F.

N
/
-y

N
/
-x
A
AG
A
Ai
NA
N A / -y Ai N A
N / -x AL
FL ln A

(1.40)

N
F. FG ln
A
O

N A / -y AG
N:

Ai
FG, FL
A / -x
O

:
N A .
NA
N A / -x
A / -y Ai
AL

N

(1.40)

FN
G, FL
FG ln
FL ln

N A / -y AG
N A / -x Ai
.
=

(1.40)
FG, FL
+ +N
+

.
FG, FL

.
=
+
+ N
C+
= +
+ NC
+ (1.40) :

= +
+ NC + FL / FG

(1.40)
:

N
/

y
N
/
- x AL
A
Ai
(1.40) :
A
(1.41)

FL / FG
N A / N
- y AG
N A /
- x/Ai

y
N
x
A
Ai
AL
A
(1.41)
(1.40) :

N A / - y AG N A / - x Ai
FL / FG
N A / - x AL
N
/

y
A
Ai
1.9.
yAi, yAG , xAi, xAL
(1.41) (1.41)

N A / - y AG N A / - x Ai

, xAi, x

1.9.

y
Ai, yAG
AL
y , y , x
, x

1.9.
Ai

AG

Ai

AL

. FOG,

F
.

F,
OG, F
OL:
FOL:

xAi, xAL
1.9.

yAi, yAG,
, F

OL
N30
/ -y*AF .
N AFOG
N:A /

x AL
A
(1.42)

N A
FOG ln
FOL ln

*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* N
N A
/ N
xA
30
A /
NN
yAG/
-y
A
A
A
A / x AL
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

N
F
ln
F
ln
(1.42)
A
OG F . FOG, FOL:
OL
*

N A /
x
(1.42)

30
A / y
AG(
A
)
N
=
,
= 1.0).
/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
)
=N, /
1.0). x
N A
/ -y(
N =/
A
)
(FOG
= ln
, 1/ = 11.0).

NA
(1.42)
1 - y AA FiMOL lnm ' A1 - x A iM AL

'
N A /

N1.0).
/ x *A
yAG= m
(1.43)

A
1
y
1
x

(
,

/
=

1
1F
FAG iM1- y A M AFLiM1 - y A M
OG
(1.43)

' F 1 -y
F
F 1-y
1 OG 1 G1 - y A iMA Mm 1L - x A iMA M

1 - y A
1 - x A iM (1.43)
1
1
1
(1.44)

FOG 1 FG 11 - y A1M- y A F L 1 - 1y A iM
(1.43)
1
x
F A FiM 1 x
iM1 - x M

F
m
F
OL
G
L
L
A M
(1.44)

A M
FOL mFG1 -1y - x A M FL 1F-L x1 x A M
1
1 A)iM = A
1
A
iM
1-yAG and 1-yAi(1.44)

(1-y

iM

FOL A)iMm=F
1
x
F
F
1
x

1-y
and
(1-y
AG
G
A M
L
L
A 1-y
M Ai
(1-yA)*M = 1-yAG and 1 y*A
=

1-yand
1 y*A
(1.44)
AG and

1-yAG
1-yAi
(1-y(1-y
A)iMA)=*M
(1-xA)iM = 1-xAL and 1-xAi
=

(1-y(1-x

1-y1-x
andand
1 1-x
y*A Ai
A)=
iM
A)*M
AG AL

(1-xA)*M = 1-xAL and 1 x *A

(1-yA)iM = 1-yAG and 1-y
Ai
=
1-xand
1 x *A
AL and
(1-x(1-x

1-xAL
1-xAi
A)iMA)=*M
*
(1-yA)*M = 1-yAG and 1y A
(1-xA)iM =
1-x=AL
and 1-x
Ai
(1-xA)*M

1-xAL and 1 x *A


(1-xA)*M = 1-xAL ()
and
1x*A

24

()
(=0, FG=ky, FL = kx)
)

(=0, FG=ky, FL = kx)

(=0,
=k
kx)
y, FL =
()
FG

1
1 m

(1.45)
1 FG=k
1 Fy,mFL =F kx)F
(=0,
G
L

OG
(1.45)
F
F
F
1 OG 1 Gm1 L 1
1

(1.45) (1.45)(1.46)

FOG 1 FG 1FFL
1
FL
OL m FG

(1.46)
FOL mFG FL
1
1
1

(1.46)
FOL mFG FL

c
, mole/L3.
c
, mole/L3.

()
(=0, FG=ky, FL = kx)
-

1
1
m

FOG FG FL

(1.45)

1
1
1

FOL mFG FL

(1.46)
(1.46)

, mole/L3.

c.

, mole/L3

Cp

, F L/mole T.

, L2/.

( 1.4), .

Cp

, F L/mole T.

, L2/.

( 1.4), .
, mole/ L2.

2

, mole/ L
.

FOG

FOG

, mole/
L2.

, mole/ L2.

FOL

, mole/
L2.
FOL

, mole/ L2.

L/2.
g ,

, mole/ L2.

, / L2.

Gr

Grashof, Gr = (gL3)/v2. = , -1.

(.1.1), , mole/ L2.

jD

( 1.7).

jH

( 1.7).

, F L/L T .

Boltzmann.

kc, kG, kx, ky

( 1.5).

Kx

, mole/ L2 ( ).

Ky

, mole / L2 ( ).

, L.

ln

Le

Lewis. k/DCp.

, /mole.

m, m

CM, MD 1.13.

, .

, mole / L2.

Nu

Nusselt, Nu = hL/k.

, F/L2.

, L/2.

25

26

pt

, F/L2.

Pe

Peclet.

Pr

Prandtl, Cp/k, v/(k/Cp).

, F L/L2 .

, L [ (1.12)].

, 82.06 cm3 atm /(g mole K).

Re

Reynolds, uL/.

Re

Reynolds , dcG/, dc .

Re

Reynolds , dpG/, dp
.

Rex

Reynolds x.

, L2.

Sc

Schmidt, /D.

Sh

Sherwood.

St

Stanton, Sh/ReSc.

t,T

, 0C, K.

Tb

[ (1.14)], .

, , L/.

[ (1.13), (1.18)].

, L3.

, L/.

x (
)

x, L.

xi

() i , .

( ) y, L.

yi

() i , .

z.

, L2/.

, L.

[ (1.12)], ergs.

, .

, F L/mole.

, / L .

, / [/L ) / (/L3)].

, /L3.

av

( ).

() i. .

, .

x,y,z

x,y,z.

.
F

Bennett, C.. & Myers, J.E. (1962). Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.
Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles. Prentice Hall, Professional
Technical Reference. 4th Edition.
Kays, W.M. & Crawford, M..( 1993). Convective Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill
International Editions, Mechanical Engineering Series. 3rd Edition.
Ramachandran, P.A. (1994). Boundary Element Methods in Transport Phenomena. Computational
Mechanics Publications.
Spalding, D.B (1963). (1963). Convective Mass Transfer. London: Edward Arnold LTD.
27

37

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1.

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

2.1
2.1.1.
1982 Cengel, 1997 Perry &
(Bennett & Myers,
1962 ,
Green, 1984 ASHRAE, 2001)

2.1.1

.
. 2.1

,
.

(K, 1982). 2.1 .

-,

-,


Clausius-Clapeyron (Cengel, 1997):
Clausius-Clapeyron:

dp

dT (G L )

(2.1)

(2.1)
G, L

. .
G, L


.

.

28

Pcrit

1 atm

T
S

tnbp

tcrit

2.1 .

2.2 (Perry & Green,

1984).
-
. C ED
t2 t4.
1-4. D ( ).
1-4 : ) (1-2) t2 , )
(2-3) t2, ) (3-4) D
, t2.
.

29

H1

Pc

rit

H2

40
2

H3 40
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H4

2.1.2. .
2.1.2.
.
t4
t2
t1
tcrit

2.2

( ).
( ).
( ).
( ).
2.1.2

.

(
).

: .
(
).

:
yA
pA
yA
pA

yB
pB
yB
pB

pA
pA
pt pA
pt pA

moles A
moles A
moles B
moles B

(2.2)
(2.2)

pA, pB: , , : .
pA, pB: , , : .
:

.
:
p A, pB: ,
,
:

(2.2)

MA
MA

Y
Y

Y
Y

MB
MB

pA
pA
pt pA
pt pA

MA
MA
MB
MB

mass A
mass A
mass B
mass B

(2.3)
(2.3)
(2.3)

(2.2)
(2.3)

.

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.2) (2.3)
-
.

.


.
tG
,
pt
,

30

.
.
tG, pt ,
tG, pt ,
:
:

1
1

t 273 1.013 1055
Y t 273
1 22.41 tG 273 1.013 10 8315 1 Y tG 273

41

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H

Cs

Cs

tG,
t ,

. :
(2.5)
Cs = CB + YCA
5

C = C + tYC
273
1.013
10
1
Y
t
273

G
G (2.5)
s 22.41
B
A

8315

273
p
M
M
pt

t
A
B

,

(2.4)
(2.4)

W
3

W 2

t
:

/kg, tG

t

m3/kg,
m

p
/m2. pt /m .
G
t

t :
H
Cs

(2.6)
Q = WBCSt
. :
(2.6)
Q = WBCSt Cs = CB + YCA
H
- (2.5)

t :

tG,

Q = WBCSt
(2.6)

tG,
,
(
:

2.2):

H ,

(
:


2.2):
. tG, ,
H C
Y C A t G t DP DP C A,L t DP - t 0
(2.7)
B t
G t 0 2.2):
( :

H C B t G t 0 Y C A t G t DP DP C A,L t DP - t 0
(2.7)
t0 ( D,

t0

(
D, DP(2.7)
.2.2),
tDP

(t2, .2.2)
.2.2),
tDP

2t , .2.2)

(t
tDP.DP

t0

(
D, .2.2),

DP
(t2, .2.2) DP tDP.

tDP.


(2.7)
:
(2.7) :

(2.7) :

H
C B t G
t 0 YC
A t G t 0 0 C S t G - t 0 Y 0

(2.7a)
0
t G t 0
0
t G - t
H
C B t G
t 0
YCA
CS
(2.7a)
0 Y

(2.7a)

t0.

t0
.






t0.
. 2.3 .

31

42

42

2
2

2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

()

()
(
1(
std atm).
1 std atm).

() ( 1 std atm)

SI unitsSI
(kg,
units
m, (kg,
N, 0C)
m, N, 0C)

SI units (kg, m, N, 0C)

English English
engineering
engineering
units units

English
(Btu,
ft3(Btu,
, lbfengineering
/inft23), lbf/in2) units

MA = 18.02
MA =kg/kmol,
18.02 kg/kmol,
H2O H2O

MA = 18.02
MA =lb/lb
18.02
mole,
lb/lb
2O
(Btu,
ft3, Hlbmole,
/in2)H2O
f

M
MB =kg/kmol,
kg/kmol,
28.97 kg/kmol,
air
MBA == 28.97
18.02
Hair
O
2

MB = 28.97
MMB A=lb/lb
mole,
lb/lb
mole,Hair
=28.97
18.02
lb/lbair
mole,
O
2

MB = 28.97
kg/kmol,
air
-

M- B = 28.97
lb/lb mole, air
-

0.622 p H0.622
p H 2O
0.622 p 0.622 p
2O
Y H- 2O lb HH- 22OO/lb
Y
kg H
O/kg
kg H
air2O/kgY
air
lb air
H 2O/lb air
- 2
5
5
1.0133 110
.0133
- pH210
- p H 2O
14.696 -1p4.696
- p H 2O
O
H 2O

Ys

0.622 p H0.622
p H 2O
0.622 p H0.622
pH O
O
2O

air
Ys
kg H 2O/kg
kg H
air2O/kgY
Ys 2 lb H22O/lb
lb air
H 2O/lb air
s
5
5
1.0133 110
.0133
- pH210
- p H 2O
14.696 -1p4.696
- p H 2O
O
H 2O

(0.00283
0.00456Y)
+ 0.00456Y)
+ (tG +H= (0.0252
(0.0252
+ 0.0405Y)(t
0.0405Y)(t
+
HH== (0.0252
H= (0.00283
G+
HH==(0.00283
++
0.00456Y)
(tG (t
+ G273)
++0.0405Y)(t
+G460)
G
273) / kg273)
m3 mixture
air
C3S =
1005
m
m3+mixture
mixture
/1884Y
kg air / kg air
J for
mixt./(kg
air) ( +C)1884Y
C
CS +
= 1884Y
1005
S = 1005
0

=0C
J for mixt./(kg
Jt0for
mixt./(kg
air) (0C)air) (0C)
0

0 = 2502300 J/kg
0

0C
t0 = 0 Ct0+=2502300Y
= (1005 + 1884)t
G

0 = 2502300
J/kg
J/kg air
0 = 2502300
J for mixture/kg
air,referred
to gaseous

460)
460) / lb air
ft3 mixture
ft3 mixture
ftC3 Smixture
/=lb0.24
air +/ 0.45
lb air
Btu
mixt./(lb
air) ( F)
=0.45
0.24
+ 0.45
CS = 0.24
CS+for
0

t0 = 32
Btu for Btu
mixt./(lb
for mixt./(lb
air)
(0F)Fair) (0F)
0

0 = 1075.8 Btu/lb
0

= 32+ 0.45)(t
Ft0 = 32 F-32) +1075.8Y
=t0(0.24
G

0 = 1075.8
Btu
Btu/lb
1075.8
Btu/lbair,
0 =for
mixture/lb

= and
(1005
=
+ (1005
1884)t
+ 1884)t
+ 2502300Y
= (0.24=
+ 0.45)(t
(0.24referred
+ 0.45)(t
+1075.8Y
G+
G-32)to
G-32) +1075.8Y
saturated
liquid
H2502300Y
O, 0G0C.
gaseous
air
2
0
Btu
mixture/lb
air,
air,
J for mixture/kg
J for mixture/kg
air, referred
air, referred
to gaseous
to gaseous Btu for mixture/lb
andfor
liquid
H2O, 32
F.

air

air

O, 00C.
and saturated
and saturated
liquid H2liquid
H2O, 00C.

32

referred referred
to gaseous
to gaseous
air
air
O, 320H
F.2O, 320F.
and liquid
and
H2liquid

() ( 1 std atm) ()
Hs

t, C

Hs, J/
kg

t, oF

9479

32

4.074

10

29360

40

7.545

20

57570

60

18.780

30

100030

80

36.020

40

166790

100

64.090

50

275580

120

112.00

60

461500

140

198.40

hG/ kY 950 J/ kg K

Hs,
Btu/lb

0.227 Btu/lb oF

33

30

50

60

70

80

90

0.01

Temperature oF

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

air

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.02

40

dry
py of

n cur
ve

satur
atio

Entha

batic

Adia

10

H = entholpy, Btu per lb dry air

12

60%

20

ry ai
ume d

40%

13

Sp vo

Sa

mi

u
dH

lum

o
dv

30%

30

40

50

60

70

20%

14

15

16

17

18

80

90

20

19

100

21

110

22

90%

120

of
alpy
Ent
h

ity
per c
ent h
100

air
ted
satu
ra

umid
80%

70%

S
H,

23

5%

air
atd
10%

130

2%

34

24

100

150

200

300

400

600

800

1000

1500

2000

2500

2.3 1 std atm .

H = entholpy, Btu per lb dry air

Y = absolute humidity, lb water vapor per lb dry air

VH = humid volume, cu ft per lb dry air

 -.

(.2.4).

-. , (.2.4).

GS
Y2
H2
tG2

GS
Y1
H1
tG1

2.4. - .

L
t
L -
HL
tas, Yas, Has
tas. ,

2.4 - .

, , .

-
tas, Yas, Has tas. ,
, , .

CS1tG1- tas Yas - Y1 as

t G1- tas Yas - Y1

as
CS1

(2.8)

(2.8)
(2.8)

(as
, tas
)
(,
(2.8)

(tasG1
,) .
tas) (, tG1) .
tas

tas

tas , .
, as, tas.
,
(2, tG2). 2 .
2.3 -.
100% .

- (ASHRAE, 2001).
. 2.5
- (: ,
: ).
35

47

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

47

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Film

tw

tW
PA,W

tG

PA,G
2.5.
.
2.5.

.

2.5 .

.
w M A k G p A,w pA,G
w M B p B.M k G Yw Y
,

.
(2.9)

t G
t w
w M A k G p A,w pA,G h G w M B p B.M k G Yw YhG
tG tw
(2.9)

hG
h G(2.9)

(2.9)

.
(2.9)

(2.9)
.

:
pB,MkG, :
k
:
Y = MB
kY = MBpB,MkG, :

kY = MBpB,MkG,
Y
- Y:
tG - tw w w
Y - Y h G / k Y
tG - tw w w
hG / kY

(2.10)
(2.10)

(2.10)

pB,M ( )
1. - hG/kY :
hG/kY = 1223 Sc0.567
(2.11)
- Lewis, hG/kCS=1. O
Lewis, .
Lewis ,
(Kouremenos & Stegou-Sagia, 1988).
36

10]
2.2.1.

2.2 - (Bennett & Myers,

McCabe,
Smith,
Harriott,


1962 Perry & Green,
19842.6
ASHRAE,
2001
2015
Baker, 1984)

. .

2.2.1

2.6 (
).
(Bennett & Myers, 1962). 2.6

.
2.6 ( ).

1,

. 1,
2.
2.

L - L1 GS Y - Y1

(2.12)

(2.12)

49

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

49

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dL GSdY

(2.13)

L
GSdY
(2.13)
(2.13)
d
:

:
LH L
GSH1 L
1H L1 G S H
LH L GSH1 L1 H L1 GSH

(2.14)
(2.14)
(2.14)

2.6. - .
2.6. - .
37
2.7

2.7

dZ.

dS.
dZ.

dS.

L2
tL2
HL2

L
tL
HL

L1
tL1
HL1

Gs
tG2
H2
Y2

Gs
tG
H
Y

Gs
tG1
H1
Y1

2.6 - .

2.7 , . dZ. dS.

dZ. , : dS = dZ.
. ,
, , . , < . , ,
.

38

50

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-


.
, < . ,
, ,

<
.

G
s

.
,


+d
tG
t
G
L+dL

.
Y+dY
tL+dtL
dS
H+dH

II

NA

III

qsL

dZ
qsG

Gs
tG
Y
2.7. dZ.
H
L
tL

2.7. dZ.
2.7 dZ .

2.7

, ,
:

2.7

:
,

. 2.7 :
.

- GSCSdt G hG H t G - t i dZ
- GSCSdt G hG H t G - t i dZ
.
.
LC A, L dt L GSC A, L dY - h L dZ t i - t L
LC A, L dt L
GSC A, L dY - h L dZ t i - t L

(2.15)

(2.15) (2.15)
(2.16)

(2.16)
51

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2.16)

LC A, L dt L GS CSdt G C A t G - t 0 - C A, L t L - t 0 0 dY

(2.17)

(2.15) (2.17) (2.17)

.
(2.15)
(2.17)


.



(McCabe, Smith,

. ,

,
.

(2.15),(2.16), (2.17) :

39

(2.15),(2.16),
(2.17)

) Lewis,

Harriot, 2005). ,
.
.
,

(2.15),(2.16),
(2.17)
)

:

.

) Lewis,

.

) .

.
:
, :

LC A, L t L2 - t L1 GS H2 - H1

(2.18)

(2.18)
2.8 (2.18).

.(2.18).

2.8

.

LCA,L/GS. LCA,L/GS.
.

(-)

.
().

H2*

(-)
().

Hivs.ti
H*vs.tL

H2

(tL,H*)
(ti,Hi)

H1

S
LC
AL
=
Gs

T
R

H1*

(tL,H)

= -

hLa
kYa

N
tL1

tL2

2.8 .

= = ,
:

40

() tL ( / ) .
2.8.

()

tL

(
/ .
) .


(2.19).

,
-

(2.19).

U UT hL/kY

:
= UT
U

hL/kY
.

G dH k.
h L t L
- t i
dZ
(2.19)
Y H i - H dZ

ti
(tL, H) S

)
ti
(tL, H)
(2.19)


).

(,

TR .

(2.19)

i (
).
TR .

i (

()

(2.19)

(,
)

()
H

(driving
force)

i
,

(driving
force)

.

.

( 2.8, ON, U).

2.8,

()(
tL

ON,

( /) .

U).

(2.19).

UT
hL/

kY

.
,

(tL,
. (
H)

(
).
i
. i (

)
TR .
)

.

i H,

(driving force)

() tL2 tL1 (

() tL2 tL1 (
2.8).
, . ( )
2.8). () tL2

tL1 ( 2.8). kY :

kY :
kY
H 2 :
Z

k
k Y Z
d
H
H 2

(2.20)
dZ k Y
H HdiH- H kGYS 0dZ
YG

(2.20)
S
1 Hi - H GS 0
GS
H 1
H 2
dH
(2.20)
H2 dH (

H
H
H1 i
(
H
Hi - H
H 1
dH
Hi - H )

.
, .

.
H2
H - H
dH
H2
(2.21)
H HdiH- H HHi22-- HH11av NN tG
(2.21)
1 Hi - H Hi - Hav tG
H1
2
(2.21)
54 :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ :
2

, :

GS
tG
k Y

(2.22)

(2.22)
GS/kY
GS/kY

.

-

HtG.
HtG.
(2.22) :
= HtGNtG
(2.23)
(2.22)
:

= HtGN
tG

(2.23)
( 2.8)

hL
.

hL

hL

(




.
2.8)

kY ( 1).
hL .

hL
41

.
hL .


hL hL
.




.

kY
2
(
1).
1).

kY
(

.
HtOG = H
GtOG
.GS/K

S/K

,
=

,
.

.
HtOG = GS/K. :

:
H 2

dHH 2 dH
N tOG N tOG
H - H
H - H
H 1
H 1

: :

G 2 GSdH2
L H L1 LdHHLL1
dH
dH L (2.24)

Z N tOGZ
HtOGNtOG HStOG

(2.24)

H
K Y 1 KHY
-H HK -Y HH L2 KHY
H H
H
1

L2

(2.24)

(
S
2.8)

2.8)

*

(

2.8)

tL.tL.
tL. /

( 2.8) ,
, ,
. ( 2.8) 1
1* tL1C.
( ),
tL1.
. tL1 .

tL1.
(tL1- tW1)
.
2.5 5C.

(ASHRAE, 2001).
2.9
.

42

L2
tas

Gs
Y2
tG2

Yas
Y2
Y1

L1
tas

Gs
Y1
tG1

tas

tG2

tG1

2.9

o 57
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.
57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.
(.

2.8). ,

(.

) .

.
.
Yas :
Yas :
Yas :
Yas - Y1 k Y

(2.25)
ln
Yas - Y1 Ykas Y-

G
Y
2
S

(2.25)
ln
GS
Yas - Y2
(2.25)

k - Y - - Y
(2.26)
GS Y2 - Y1 Y as 1 as 2 k Y av
k asln- Y

1 -as

- Yas1- /Y2as-kY2

(2.26)
GS Y2 - Y1 Y
Y
av
ln as - Y1 / as - Y2
()av
()av (2.26)
( )
(
)



()

(
)
av
.
.
.

:

:
:
Yas - Y1
Y2 - Y1
(2.27)

ln
N
43
tG
- Y1 Y - Y
Y2 - Y1 Y

as
as
2
av
(2.27)
ln
N tG
av
Yas - Y2

 ( )
( )
.
.

:
:
Y - Y
Y - Y
(2.27)
N tG Y2 - Y1 ln Yas - Y1
N tG 2av1 ln Yasas - Y12
(2.27)
av
Yas - Y2

(2.27)

:
,

:
:

Z G S /k Y tG H tG N tG
(2.28)
Z GS /k Y tG H tG N tG
(2.28)
(2.28)
,
,

58

2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lewis.

,
Lewis.
Lewis.
h t G1 - t as - t G2 - t as
(2.29)
GSCS1 t G1 t G2 G
h G t av
lnt G1 - t as / t G2 - t as
hG (2.29)

hG

.
.

2.1

:
: 2m
: 0.3m
: 38oC,
27C
: 40oC,
35C
: 45C
:

35C

1000 kg/hr.

[m3/hr], [kg/m2 s].
kY

44


:
: 2m
-

: 0.3m

: 38oC,

2.1

27C




: : 40oC,

2m 35 C

: 450.3m
C

: :

38C
35
C

1000 kg/hr.

27C
40C

35 C

[m3/hr], [kg/m2 s].

45 C

:kY 35

:
1000
kg/hr.
.


3
[m /hr], [kg/m2 s]. kY,

.

59

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

kJ/ kg ..
1000 = 84.5
2
L

3.923
kg/m
s.
2 = 129.129 kJ/ kg ..

0.3

3600
4
2.10
-
.

= 84.5 kJ/ kg ..

..
:


=
129.129 kJ/ kg
o
2.10(35

-

C, 84.5
kJ/ kg ..)
: (45oC,
129.129 kJ/kg
..).
. :

[kg/m2 s] :
(35C, 84.5 kJ/ kg ..)
:
(45C, 129.129
kJ/ kg
..).
[kg/m2 s] :

L C A,L H B - H A 3.923 4.187 129.129 - 84.5

G S
t L
G S
10

G S 3.681 kg/m 2 s.

45

H' ( ), kJ/kg ..

260

220

180

140

100

A
60

60

30

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
30
30
30

, C

60
2
[m3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/hr] :

3.681 x ( x 032/4) x 0.88 x 3600 = 823.878 m3 /hr

2.10

:
2.1.

[m3 /hr]

kY
3.681 x ( x 0323/4) x 0.88 x 3600 = 823.878 m3 /hr

[m /hr] :
H2
H2
3.681 x ( x 0.32/4) x 0.88
x 3600
= 823.878
m3 /hr kY


dH
k Y
:
dH

kY :

H2

H1

H - H
GS
Hi - H
H1
dH
k
dH
Y
H - H
GS
Hi - H
H1

H2

H1

/



.

/
.
H2

H2

H1

dH
H - H

H1

dH
H - H

: tL, C
46

35
37.5
40

: tL, C


35
*, J/kg
37.5
129800
40
147000
42.5
166800
45

(
*,
J/kg
)
, J/kg
129800
147000
84500
166800
95657.25
191000
106814.5
216000

(
105
)
, J/kg
H* - H
2.207

84500

95657.25

106814.5
1.947
117971.75
1.667
129129


/ .

H2

H1

dH
H - H

: tL, C

: tL, C
)
, J/kg
)
*, J/kg
,
J/kg
35
129800*, J/
84500
37.5

105
H* - H
2.207

147000 kg

95657.25

1.947

40

35

166800 129800

84500
106814.5

2.207
1.667

42.5

37.5

191000 147000

95657.25
117971.75

1.947
1.369

129129

1.151

45

40
42.5

216000

45

166800

106814.5

191000

117971.75

216000

129129

1.667
1.369
1.151

2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8

105/ (*-H)

1.6
1.4
1.2

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

,J/kg
2.11 , . .

47

 2.11.
H 2
2.11.
dH
.
2

HdH
* - H
2 HH
1
.

H *-H
H
.
1

10
.

2.11


/ (*-)

H 2

5 / (*-)
dH10
2.11

H
*-H

2.11
H1

0.753,
. 2.11

. 2.11
5
0.753,
.
10 / (*-)


.
H2
H2
0.753, .
dH
dH

2.11

H2
H1
H1

0.753 H2
H - H
H 'd' *H-H
H1 di H
0.753

Hi - H
H '' * - H
H1

:

:

kg
0.753 3.681
1.385 3
mkg s
0.753 2 3.681
1.385 3
k Y
2
m s
k Y

2.2.2 (ASHRAE, 2001 Baker, 1984 Mills, 1995 Stamper & Coral, 1979
Fraas, 1989 Johrson, 1990 Singham, 1990)


. (,
) .
..
, .., . 2.12
(Baker, 1984 Perry & Green, 1984).
,
( ), . , . ,
( 2.12). (.. 60m, 100m)
.
1.5-2 m/s.
2.12 () ( )
, , (). .

48

2.12 .

, ,
. .
. .
pH .

( 3).
, . . -
. , , .

(Fraas, 1989 Singham, 1990).
2.13 2.15.

49

2.13 ( ).

50

2.14 .

51

100m

90m

10m

2.15 . 1000 kg/s. 1.5m.

O L/G,
. (, ) .
( 2.1). ,
(Mills, 1995).

52

2.1
. (Mills, 1995)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

60, Munters M12060, 1.17in

60, Munters M19060, 1.8in
, American Tower Plastics Coolfilm, 1.63in
, American Tower Plastics Cooldrop, 8in, 2

, Ecodyne 10, 12in.

, Marley, MC67, 1.88in.
, Toschi, 0.72in.
, Brentwood Industries Accu-Pack, 1.75in.

()
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

V Doron, 4in x 8in.

V Doron, 8in x 8in.
Ecodyne, 4in x 8in.
Ecodyne, 8in x 8in.
, , 4in x 4in.
, , 4in x 4in.
Marley, , 16 in x 4in.
Marley, , 8in x 2in.

2.16. .

. (range)
(wet-bulb
temperature) (approach).
. 2.17 (Mills,
1995 Sagia,Rakopoulos, Kakaras,2012).
53

Approach. C
3
5

10
15

0,5

0,1
0,1

20

25

33o wet-bulb temperature

11o C range
0,5

L/G

2.17 33 C.
L/G.

,
. - .
.
, , , .

54

2.18 .

. .
, .
,
, -.
2.2.3 (Bennett & Myers, 1962 McCabe, Smith, Hariott, 2005 Spalding,
1963)
(McCabe, Smith, Hariott, 2005) "film".
.

, .
2.19() .

2.19() 2.19().
.

(. 2.8 {tL, H1*}
). U0
:

55

 {tL, H1*}
).

U20

:
1
d
d z
1
0 0 m
U 0 d i h T d av k m hL

(2.30)

(2.30)

* , :
1
1 *
m , :

KY

kY

hL
(2.31)

56

H - H i'
m=
t L -t i

tG2,H2

tL2
t2
WT(/)

tT1
tG1,H1
WS(/)

tL1

WA,L(/)
()
2.19 .

57

wr

wr

()

()

2.19 (). .

58

ZM

tT

H'*
H'i

hT
H'

tL
h'L

ti
h"L

kY

tG
77

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

77

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tL
2.20

tL

tL

,
m

mdH

(2.32)

m
.
dt L
dH
(2.32)

m


dt L

0 . 0x
(2.32)

tL.

0 .
0x

0 . 0x H

tL.
tL.
:
H H

w T CT dt T U 0 A 0dx t T - t L
(2.33)
:

(2.33)

w T CT dt T U 0 A 0dx t T - t L
(2.33)
dt T U 0 A 0

t T - t L

dx w T CT
dt T U 0 A 0
t T - t L

dx
w T CT
59
:

w A, L C A, L dt L K Y A 0dx H - H - U 0 A 0dx t T - t L
(2.34)
:

dt L
K A
wYA, L0C A, LHdt L
dx w C

U A

-HK -A dx H -H
t --tU A dx t
w C
Y

- tL

(2.34)

tL.
H

tL.
: H
: :
U 0 A 0dx t T -
t L
(2.33)
Hw

T C T dt T
:

w
C
dt

U
A
dx
t
t
(2.33)
Tdt Tdx
Tt A
L

w T CT dt Tw2TU
t0L0dx
(2.33) (2.33)
0t T - tTL
C
0A
0T U
T0 -
T
:
(2.33)
T dt T U 0 A 0 dx t T - t L
wUCAdt wT C

U
A
dx
t
t
(2.33)

dt
T
T
T
0
0
T
L
T
0 0 t T - t L

CTdt
dx
A dt TU0 AU00 A 0 t - t
dt T w TU

0 T0 dx
t T - tTL L
t T - t w
L C
U
A
dt
T0 T
w
C
dx
T
0
w
C
dx
T T

t T
- t L
U 0 A 0 T T
dt T

t LT
dx tw
T -T C

w
C
dx

T
T
:

:
:
w

-U
t T
- tL
(2.34)
:

A,
L C A, L dt L K
Y A 0 dx H - H
0 A 0 dx
: w C dt K A dx H - H - U A dx t - t
(2.34)
L dt
A, Ldx
LH A- Y
0t T -(2.34)
w C w
dtA,L LCA,K
H 0H
-U
t T0 A
- t0L0dx
(2.34)
0-AH0dx
- U
:
tTL L (2.34)
Y AL
0 K
A, L
Y U0 dx
dt L A, L KA,YLA

0
0A0

t - t L - U 0A 0dx t T - t L (2.34)

HL - K Y A
w A, LHC A, L-dt
0 dx H T H
dt
K
A
U0A
dxdt ww
C
w
C

t0T - tLt - t (2.34)

C
dt

K
A
dx
H
H
-U

L
Y
0
A,
L
A,
L
A,
L
A,
L
U0 A-0H
A,YLA 0L
0 AA
0 dx
dt
K YYA
U
00

L A, L K
H
L
0 - t0

H
H
t

A,t LT - tTL L

H
H
T
L
dx
wCYA,A
w
dt
UC0A,AL C
LC
A, L w C
dx
w
C
L Lw A,K
0
0
dx
w
A,
L
A,
A,
L
A,
L
A, L t:

- A, L
H U
-H
-t
dt L
K Y A0 L A,L
0A0

dx
HLC A,- LH t TL C
- tA,LL T L
w
w
A,
A,

:
dx
w A, Ldx
C A,HL
w A, L C

:
A,

-
H
(2.35)
SdH K Y A 0
w

:

H
w Sdx
dHK
K
A0dx HH- H
(2.35)
A
w SdH w
K
A
-YH
(2.35) (2.35)
:
SYdH0
Y 0 dx H -

w SdH K Y A 0dx H - H
(2.35)

w
d
H
dx H - H
(2.35) (2.35)

dH K
S YA0 K YA
0
H - H

K YA0
w
dx

S
K
A
d
H

dHK
d
H
A0

H - H

Y 0 dx

H
H
HY - H
K Yw
A S0
dH w
wdx
dx

S
(2.33)

(2.34)
:
S

H - H
dH K Y A 0
w S- H
H

dx

(2.33)

(2.34)
:
w(2.33)
dx

d
t T -(2.33)
t L

:
(2.34)
:
S (2.34)
1 t T - t L 1 - 0
(2.36)
dx
d(2.33)

(2.34) :

t
t
T
L

d
t
t
- t (2.34)

:
10--
T (2.33)
L d t
(2.36)
L - t

(2.33)
(2.34)
:
T 1 tdx
tT11 -ttTL-t-L
0 0 (2.36) (2.36)
T L1
1

d
t
t
dx
1 - 0
(2.36)
d t T - t L dxT L 1 t T - t L
0
dx
1 t T - t L 1 -
(2.36)
78

2
dx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

78

78
2

(2.34) m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2.34) m (2.35) :

60

(2.36)

(2.35) :
(2.34) m
(2.34) m
d H -H
(2.35) :
2 t T - t L 2 - 0
(2.37)
(2.35) :
dx
d H - H
(2.37) (2.37)
d H - H 2 t T - t L 2 - 0
:
(2.37)
dx 2 t T - t L 2 - 0
dx
:
U0A0
U 0 A 0
mU0 A 0
:

2
(2.38)
1
:
w C

w
C
w
C
A, L A, L
T T
T T
U0A0
U 0 A 0
mU0 A 0

U A
(2.38)
-U A

mU A

1 1 - 0w T0CT w0A, L0C A,L 2 2 w0 T C0 T

(2.38)
w T CT
w T CT w A, L C A, L
(2.38)

mK Y A 0 - K Y A 0

(2.39)

1
2

w C
w A, L C A, L
w S
A, L A, L

mK Y A 0 K Y A 0
0
Y A 0 K- Y A 0
(2.39)
1
2 - mK

(2.36)
(2.39)
1 w A, L C A, L 2 -
- :
w A,(2.37)
w S
L C A, L
w A, L C A, L
wS
w A, L C A, L
t T - t L M1e r1 x M 2e r2 x
(2.40)
(2.36) (2.37) :
(2.39)

(2.36)
r x(2.37) :
rx

r1 xe 1 N r2ex 2

H
H

N
(2.41)
t T - t L M(2.37)
e 1 Mr22ex2
(2.40)

t T (2.36)
- t L M1e r11 x M:
(2.40)
2e

:
H - H Nr11ex r1 x Nr22ex r2 x
(2.41)
H - H N1e N 2e
(2.41)

Q w T CT t T2 - t T1 w S H 2 - H1

:
:
(2.42)
Q w T CT t T2 - t T1 w S H2 - H 1
Qw
t T- -t T1t Lav w SKYHA2 0- HH1 -H av
TUC0TA0t T2
:

- H
U A t - t K Y A 0 H
U A0 0t -Tt L av
K A H - H av

(2.42)
(2.42)

w C L
w C
0 w0T C T

2
(2.38)
1 - dx0 0 T T 0 0A, L A,
:

U
A
mU
A
U
A
w
C
w
C
w
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
T
A,
L
A,
L
T
T
2

1 -
(2.38)
:

CT 0 wUA, LAC A, L mK
AT0C
K Y A 0

w
Yw
mU
A
U
A
T
T

0 0
0 0 2 0 -0
(2.39)
(2.38)
1 -1 w

2 C
C0A,w
w
w
mK
U
A
mU
A
U
A,0LA
L
A, Lw
A,C
L 0K
S
C
w
C
0
0
0

A
A
L A, L
0 T
1 - T T 0 A,
(2.38)
-
(2.39)
C2 - 2 Y Tw
-C Y 0
1
w
C
w

T
T
A,
L
A,
L
T
T

mK
A
K
A
w
C
w
C
w

0
Y
0
Y
0
A,
L
A,
L
A,
L
A,
L
S
:

(2.39)
1
2 (2.36)
- (2.37)

0
K
A
mK
A
w A,L C
w
C
w

0
Y
0
Y
A,
L
A,
L
A,
L
S
- r2

x
M
(2.39)
- :
1

(2.37)
-C
t L M1e r1x 2(2.36)
(2.40)
2emK

w
w
C
wtA,TL
A
K
A
A,
L
A,
L
A,
L
S

0
Y 0
Y 0

(2.39)
-
1
(2.36)
:
xr x
2Newr2e(2.37)
(2.40)
KS Y A 0
mK
L-LH
2
tA,
0M
e r1 xe2r1 x M
(2.40)
w
YLA 0 w
T L-CtA,
1N
H

(2.41)
A, L C A,

1
2

(2.39)

(2.36)
(2.37) :
1
r1 x
r22 x

wS
t T - t LwA, M
(2.40)
LC
A, L Mr12xe
A, L C A, L
1e
rw
2x

H
- H r
N1(2.36)
e
rN
(2.41)
x 2 e

(2.37)
:
1x
2
t T - t L M1e r x M 2e r x
(2.40)
1
2
H
- H
N1er1 x N(2.36)
(2.41)(2.41)

2er2 x
:
H(2.37)

CT1e
t T2r1 x-M
t T1
w

t TQ-
TM
e
(2.40)
2 - H1 :
r2 xS
t Lw
2
H - H N1e r1 x N 2e r2 x
(2.41)
t
t LC
M
M
(2.40)

:
(2.42)
T 1e
2e

r
x
r
x

Q
w
t
t
w
H
H

:
T TN e
T21 T1N e 2 S
2
1

H
H
(2.41)
1
2

r x H
xH H
tA -tt -t
:
2Yr-2A
- H av
Q wH
(2.42)
0H
01
U
TC
T T20 T
T1 e L1 w
av
N
S NK
(2.41)
1
2e

Qw
C
t
t
w
H
H

T
T2
T1 SK A
2
1
(2.42)
av
TU
0 A 0 t
T - t L
0 H -H
:
av Y

:

(2.42)
QUwA
T C T t T2 - t T1 w S H 2 - H1
0 0 t T - t L av K Y A 0 H - H av
M
M
:
r
r

- 1wASHH22 - e-HH
Q
21
(2.42)
- 1av
U
A
t T0w
- tT0LCtTavT-t T2t L -1avt T1e1K
(2.43)
Y 0
(2.42)
r
r
:
1
2
(2.42)
M
M
r2
1 r1K A
2 - H

U
A
t
t
H
t T0 - t0L avT L av e -Y1 0
e - 1av
(2.43)
:
M
M
r
r
:

r
r

U
A
t
t

K
A
H
H
1
2
N
N
1
2
1
2
t T - t LHav0- H0 MavT e L- 11aver1 -M1Y e0 -21 er2 - 1av
(2.43)
(2.44)
:
r
r
r2
r1r
1
2
1
2
r

t
t

e
1

e
1
(2.43)
1
2
N
N
T
L av
:
avr11 r1 1 e r1 -M
H - HM
1r22 r2 2 e r2 - 1
(2.44)
Ht Tr1-
t L avr2
e rr11- 1
N
(2.43)
N1

:
2 e rr22 - 1
e -r 1 r M e -r 1
(2.44) (2.43)
t T-2H- tLavavr1r1M
(2.43)
N11 er11 - 1 r22N 22 er2 2 - 1

e
1

e
1
(2.44)
r
r
rH1
r2

r -H

0
(2.45)
av
1
2
1
Nr211 r1 1 2 Nr222 1 r2

r1

:e - 1
Hrr22-
(2.44)
av1
H
r2 N
r e1 -r1112 - r 2N
12 r02
(2.45)

79
1
2
- H av
e :
-1
e -1
(2.44)
r1 2Hr2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------r 1 2 r r11 2 - 21 r02
(2.45)

(2.44)
2 r2 :

r1
r 1 2 r 1 2 - 21 0
(2.45)
1 :
M j r2rj
r12
1,2
(2.46)
r1 r2 N
1 2 r 1j
(2.45)
jr :
2 - 21 0

1
2
r 1 2 r 1 2 - 21 0
(2.45)

(2.45)
79

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .

.
r
M
1
j 1,2
(2.46)
Nj j j
1

.

(2.46)

h T .
(

. .

(Perry
& Green, 1984
Spalding, 1963). . 2.22),

hT (
.

.
,
.
2.20),

hL.

kY
h:

hL,

T (
hL, hL kY :
1

3

2 ,

h L 982 15.58t L
W/m K
(2.47)
d 0
. 2.22),
(2.47)
2 .
h L 11360 W/m K
(2.48)
kY :
hL, hL
0.905
k Y 0.0493 GS min 1 Yav
kg/
m 2 s Y
(2.49)
1 3

hL 982 15.58t L W/m 2 K

(2.47)
61
d0
(2.47), (2.48) (2.49)
hL 11360 W/m 2 K
(2.48)
:

k Y OD
0.0493
Gin),
1 Yav
kg/
m 2 s
(2.49)
) 19.05 mm
(3/4
S min
0.905

. 2.22),

.
, hL

kY
:
hL
1 3 :
hL, hL kY
2
2 h

L 982 15.58t
W/m K
1 3
L

d0
hL 982 15.58t L W/m 2 K
d 0 W/m 2 K
hL 11360

(2.47)
(2.47)

1 Yav 0.905 kg/ m 2 s (2.48)

Y
0.905
k Y 0.0493 GS min 1 Yav
kg/ m 2 s Y
(2.49)
2
hL 11360 W/m
K
k 0.0493
G
Y

(2.48)
(2.48)

(2.49)

S min

(2.47), (2.48) (2.49) (2.49)

(2.47),
(2.48)

(2.49)

:
(2.47),(2.48)
(2.49)
,

:
) 19.05 mm OD (3/4 in), 2.19() 2.19()
80 :

19.05 mm OD (3/4 in),

2
38mm.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------) /d

(3/4
3.0
H2
O/m2 s. 38mm.
)0
19.05
mm
OD
in),

2.21()
1.36
2.21()
kg

2
) GSmin:

0.68

5kg/m
s.

2.21()

2.21()

38mm.

1.36
3.0kg
H2O/m2 s.
)
/d
)

15C
070C.
n n-1

d0 5kg/m
d02-0.095

kY:
2
)
(SI),

: [C].

1.36tL
3.0 kg
H2O/m
s. 0.68G
)
/d0)

s. .
G
Smin
kY

:
-0.095

0.68
5kg/m2 s.
) G
)

15C
70C.

GnSmin
d0n-1: d
.

:
0
n
n
const
Re70C.
Sh 15C
Sc
)

(SI), tL: [C].

) (SI), tL: [C].

(2.50)

(2.50)

, ,
2

L /L .
http://repfiles.kallipos.gr:8080/f/9dcc4befbb/?raw=1

62

, L2 / L3.

, L2 / L3.
2

, LL2 /.L3.
0,

,

,
L2 /mole/
L3.

,
L2 / L3.
C

L2.

CS ,

, mole/ L3.

, F L/M T.

CS

(2.5). - .

CT

, F L/M T.

dav

, L.

L3.

, F L/M T.

(2.5). -

CT

, F L/M T.

dav

, L.

di

, L.

di

d0 ,

L.

, L.

d0

DAB,

L.

DAB

L2/ . / , L2/ .

,
mole/ L2 . ,
F

, mole/ L2 .

GS

, , / L2 .

, F L/L2 T.

/ ,
mole/ L2 .

, mole/ L2 .

GS

, , / L2 .

, F L/L2 T.

, , F L/L2 T .

hLhL

, , (.2.22), F L/L2 T .

hR

, F L/L2 T .

, F L/M.

- , F L/M.

HtG

, L.

HtOG

, L.

, F L/L T .

kG

, mole/ L2 (F/L2).

kY

, /L2 (/).

, /L2 (/).

, M/L2 .

Le

Lewis, Sc/Pr.

dH*/dtL *-tL.

, M/mole.

M1,M2

(2.46).

, mole/L2 .

tG

NtOG

1,2

(2.46).

, F/L2.

, F/L2.

pBM

, /, F/L2.

Pr

Prandtl. C/k.

qS

, F L/L2 .

qT

, F L/L2 .

2.2.3., F L/ , F L/M.

hG/CSkY.

r1, r2

(2.45).

, F L/ mole K.

, L2.

Sc

Schmidt, /DAB.

tas

, .

tDP

, .

63

tw

, .

t0

, .

U0

, F L/L2 T .

, L3/mole.

(2.4). - , L3/M.

, M/.

wS

, /.

WB

, .

, / , /.

zM

, L.

, L.

, L2/.

1,2

(2.38).

1,2

(2.39).

, M/L.

, F L/M.

, F L/mole.

, / L .

..

, /L3.

64

1,2

1,2.

as

av

, .

bp

, .

min

nbp

, .

ASHRAE. (2001). Fundamentals Handbook. New York: ASHRAE.

Baker, D. (1984). Cooling Tower Performance. New York: ChemicalPublishing Co.
Bennett, C.. & Myers, J.E. (1962). Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cengel, Y.A.(1997). Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fraas, A.P.( 1989). Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2nd Edition.
ouremenos, D.A., Stegou-Sagia, A.(1988). The psychrometric problem for the evaporation of NH3 in
NH3/H2 atmosphere in neutral gas absorption refrigeration units for pressures 17.5 bar to 27.5 bar.
Waerme-und Stoffuebertragung, Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 22, pp. 373-378.
Perry, R.H. & Green, D.W. (1984). Perrys Chemical Engineers Hand book. New York: McGraw-Hill
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McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C. Harriott, P. (2005). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. New York:
McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering series. 7th Edition.
Mills, A.F.(1995). Basic Hent and Mass Transfer. Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Singham, J.R. (1990). Natural Draft Towers. Handbook of Heat Exchanger Design by Hewitt, G.E.
Hemisphere, New York.
Sagia, Z, Rakopoulos, C & Kakaras, E. (2012). Cooling dominated Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump
System Application. AppliedEnergy. Vol.94,pp.41-47.
Spalding D.B. (1963). Convective Mass Transfer. London: Edward Arnold LTD.
, .. (1982). 1.

65

 3

-
,
(Kays & Crawford, 1980 Perry & Green, 1997 Hoffman, 1992).
:
, .
.
, (Perry & Green,
1997).
(Hoffman, 1992) , , , , .

3.1 (Perry & Green, 1997 Seader & Henley, 1998 Coulson
& Richardson, 1993)
, . (
), ,
(Seader & Henley, 1998).
, , .
, ( ).
. ,
100%, ,
.
.
, , , ,
.

3.1.1

.
, , , ..
.
, , , ..
. : ,
(Coulson & Richardson, 1993).
66

:

. , ,
.
(. 3.1)
.
. , ,
.

3.1 . : , : , : .

. ,
. , .
3.2.
.
,
. , ,
. .
.
3.1 .

67

94

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2

VF. VF
Q n

: VF

VF.

Q n :
12

VF CF L G
G

(3.1)
(3.1)

At



At

n
. CF

.
.



: 0.75
VF.
3
C

0.015m
/s

F
3
. q/T=0.015 m /m s.

68

: 0.75 VF.
0.015m3/s
. q/T=0.015 m3/m s.

3.1.2
.
(Coulson & Richardson, 1993) ,
.
.
.
. , .

.

(. 3.3).

69

3.1

1.

ft

in

0.15

1-3

4-10

0.50

20

3-4

10-12

0.75

30

4-8

12-24

0.90

36

2.
) < 0.015 m3/ (m ) (s) (0.165 ft3/ft s)

) < 0.032 m3/ (m ) (s) (0.35 ft3/ft s)

3.
) , : 5 mm, : 10 mm
) . , : 25 mm, : 40 mm
4. , ,
, 0.6 0.8
: 0.7
W

, %

0.55

0.4181

3.877

0.60

0.3993

5.257

0.65

0.2516

6.899

0.70

0.3562

8.808

0.75

0.3296

11.255

0.80

0.1991

14.145

5.

70

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

33 mmHg abs

3 mmHg

1 std atm

500-800 N/m2 (0.07-0.12 lbf/in2)

2x106N/m2

1000 N/m2

300 lbf/in2

0.15 lbf/in2

3.3. () .
() .

3.3 ()

.

() .

(3.1),
C :

(3.1), CF :

C F alog

0.5

0
.
020
(
L
/
G
)(
/
)

G
L

0.2

(3.2)
(3.2)

, 3.2.
3
98 .

, 3.2.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 12 mm.


.

d0
A0

0.907


3 (3.3)
12 mm.

A
p


(3.3)

. :

71

-
3.4 .

( 3.4) 25 50 mm
15% .
5%.

3.1.

(0).

0 99

3.2. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50mm 150mm

h1
(.
3.5).

hW

h1 (. 3.5).

Francis:
Francis:

q
1.839 h13 2
Weff

(3.4)
(3.4)

3.5. .
72

(3.4) :
q , m3/s.
Weff (. 3.6)
h1 .

 Francis:

q
1.839 h13 2
Weff
-

(3.4)

h3

h1
hW

3.5. .

(3.4) :

3.5 .

q , m3/s.

(3.4) :Weff (. 3.6)

q , m3/s.

.
1 (.
Weff h
3.6)
h1
.
(3.4) :
(3.4) :
2

q 3 W 3
h1 0.666

W Weff

(3.5)
(3.5)

3.2

3.2.

3
.

100

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. CF [. (3.1), (3.2)] d0<6 mm (1/4 in)

1.

CF
[. (3.1),
d0<6
(1/4
in) :

(3.2)]

mm

A0
A

L G

G L

>>0.1
0.1

:
: t

: t

VF

: VF

0.5

0.01-0.1
0.01-0.1

0.1 0.1

0.1-1.0
0.1-1.0

m N/m

N/m m/s

m/s

= 0.0744t+0.01173
=0.0744t+0.01173
=0.0304t+0.015

=0.0304t+0.015

in

dyn/cmx10-3

<0.1 5 0/+0.5
2.

ft/s

=0.0062t+0.0385
=0.00253t+0.050

73

 3

in

dyn/
cmx10-3

ft/s

=0.0062t+0.0385
=0.00253t+0.050

<0.1 5 0/+0.5
2.

mm

in

3.0

1/8

0.65

4.5

3/16

0.43

6.0

1/4

0.32

9.0
3/8
0.22

0.5

101

12.0
1/2
0.16
0.38
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15.0
0.17
50 mm (2 in)
, 100 mm5/8
(4 in)
18.0

4.

m
1

3/4

0.11

3.

/t

ft4.
3

0.65
/t

1.25

ft

0.70

0.65
0.74

1.25

0.70
0.76

0.25

50 mm (2 in) , 100 mm (4 in)

2.5

0.3

10

2.5
3

6
8
10

0.74

0.78

0.76
0.78

3.6 :

3.6 :

0.5
2

2h1 T
Weff T T

1
T W
W W W

W/T W/T=0.7.
W/T W/T=0.7.

74

3.6. .

(3.6)
(3.6)

h1

Weff W

102102

3 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

102

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.6

:
(3.7)
h=D h+Dh+L h+Lh+R hR
(3.7)
hG h=G
.
hR
(3.7)
h
G =h
D + hL

h: D :


+

hD

:
hG
= h
+ hL +
hR
(3.7)

h
D:
D

.
hL h: L :
:

.
hL

.
hR h: R :

hD :

.
hR :
.

hL :

hR :

hD hD

.

hD

hD

:
:

2 2

A
A
2h
g
4lf

A
A
2h
g
4lf
0
D
L
0
0 0
D
L

(3.8)
C
0.40
1.25
1

(3.8)
C
0.40
1.25
1

0
2

0
V02V
G0 G 2h DgL A nA n d 0 dA00 4lf
A nA n A 0
(3.8)
C0 0.40 1.25

V02 G
An d0 An

(3.8)

0.25
0 d0.25
d
0

1.09
(3.9)
C0 C01.09
(3.9)
1 d 0.25
C1 1.09 0
(3.9)
0

1

(3.9)
O

2.0.

0.20.2

2.0.

0.2

:
O

2.0.

0.2 2.0.
L

hL h:
hL :
hL :

q q
3 3 0.725h
0.5 0.5 1.225
6.10
10
0.238h
(3.10)
V
10
0.725h W W0.238h

(3.10)
h L hL 6.10
V

1.225
W

G
W G
q
z z
3
0.5
(3.10)
h L 6.10 10 0.725h W 0.238h W V G 1.225
z

(T+W)/2.

(T+W)/2.
(3.10)

(T+W)/2.

R :

hR h:

z (T+W)/2.

hR :
6g
pp
g cR g
c 6g
R
c c

hR R
L g L g p
dR0Lggdc0 g 6g c

h R L
Lg
L d 0g

(3.11)
(3.11)

75
(3.11)

 hL :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------q
6
R6.10
h Lp
103 0.725h W 0.238h W V 0.5
G 1.225
z
dp

3

z

(T+W)/2.

(3.10)
(3.12)

hR :

.
hR :
p g

6g

R
c
c

h R

(3.11)
103
L g
L d

0g

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103

(3.11)

2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

3 q
(3.12)
R
hp
(3.13)

2
dp A
6
2g
d
(3.12)
p R
d
p

Ad

(3.12)

.
.

3.5

h3

:
: 2
.
3 q
(3.13)
h2

2
d q

2gh33A
h2
(3.13)

(3.13)
2g A d .

Ad

Ahd

Ad

=
hG
+ h
3
2

(3.14)
.
. 3.5 h3

h
.

3
:
3.5

.
h3

,
:

3.5

h
3

h3= hG + h2
(3.14)

.
:
h3
:

h3
t .

h W h1 h 3
(3.15)
2

.
(3.14)
h3= hG + h2
(3.15)

hG
+ h2
(3.14)
h3=

3
104

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - .

.


:

2.8 / Z/d 0
0.379
0.293
0.724

:
2A

G2
Vow G
d
L
1
0
(3.16)
0.0229

3
:
g c

3p
g c Ghd 0 hG h d t0

(3.15)
W
1
3
2 t
(3.16)
(3.15)
h W h1 h 3
2

H H

. :
.

moles
/()
()
E=

3.7.:

L+moles
/ ()
()

76

3.7.

0.2
0.10

0.04

0.004

50 5
0. 0.4

0.010

60
0.

0.02

0 0
90 0.8 0.7
0.

0.4

V F 95
0.

moles / (.)()
L+ moles / (.)()

1.0

0.4

0.3

0.30

0.002
0.001
L'
G'

G
L

3.7 .

, , . ,
.
, .
() .
.
,
( ).

77

yn

yn, local
xn-1

xlocal

yn+1, local

107

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

xn xn.

yn+1, local yn, local.

107

xlocal

n+1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. :

xn. .

3.8
y n, local y n+1, local
yn, local.
y

(3.17)
n+1,
Glocal
*
y
3.8 n y
localn-1
n+1,
local xn-1.

xlocal

x .

yn+1, lCal

yn, lCal.

xlCal
.

:
y*
.

:
local

y n, local y n+1, local

(3.17)
G
xlocal. (3.17)
y*local y n+1, local
(3.17)

. G

xlCal

y*local
y*lCal

.
(3.17)

.



OG

xlocal. (3.17)
. G .
.
OG

.

-K h / G

E OG
1.
e y L
e-N tOG G
(3.18)

(3.18)

OG

e,
NtOG,


.


O e, NtOG

.
.
, tOG
-K h / G

tOG
E OG

1
e yL

1 e-N tOG
(3.18)


78

.
O e, NtOG,
1
1
mG 1

y
(3.19)

.
N tOG N tG
L N tL
tOG
(3.19)
.
.

 . y
O e, NtOG,
tOG
. y
.

-


tOG

1
1
mG 1

(3.19)
N
NL N
.
tOG
tG
tL
1
1
mG 1

(3.19)

(3.19)
N tOG N tG
L N tL
.
3
108
(3.19) (3.19)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.9, m (3.19)

.
(3.19)

:
y n y n+1
3.9, m

(3.19)

: (3.19) (3.21)

E MG
y* y
3.9,
m


yn+1 myn
m
n
n+1
(3.20)
: m=
2
myn+1 myn
(3.20)

Murphree

:
, yn

.
: y108
n+1
m=
(3.20)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
*
y

Murphree
n :

Murphree
:
y y n+1
(3.21)
E MG *n
xn (. 3.8).
y y
n

n+1

(3.21)

MG EOG

.
yn+1, y
n
: yn+1, yn :

OG
y*n

xn (.
3.8).
y*n


MG E
OG

: .
OG

EMG = EOG

E
= EOG:
MG
xn (. 3.8).
y

yn+1, local

y*local MG EOG

.
OG
kx
NtLL

EMG = EOG:
=m'
=
= -
NtGG

ky

yn, local

= -

yn, local
=m'

NtLL
kx
=
ky
NtGG

yn+1, local

y*local
x

x local

x local

()
()
3.9. m () , () , .
3.9 m () , () , .

E MG

E OG

1 e-(+Pe)
e 1

+Pe 1 +Pe / 1+/ +Pe

(3.22)
(3.22)

3.9. m () , () , .

E MG

E OG

1 e-(+Pe)
e 1

+Pe 1 +Pe / 1+/ +Pe

(3.22)
79


109

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109

0.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

109
4mGE
Pe

OG

(3.23) 109

10.5
=
1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
LPe

OG

4mGE
Pe

109
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

=
1
1

(3.23) 109 109

0.5
LPe

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pe 2
0.5



OG

4mGE

(3.23)
= Pe
1 4mGEOG 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
(3.23)
1
=

2 2 LPe 0.5
4mGE

Z2 = PeLPe
0.5 0.5 1
(3.23)
4mGEOG
14mGE
Pe=
(3.24)
Pe

Pe

OG
2
211 LPe OG 1 1
D E L=Z=

(3.23)

(3.23) (3.23)

2 2 LPeLPe
Pe=
(3.24)
2 D
E
L
Z

MG

Z2
Pe=
(3.24)

Pe=
(3.24)
D

2 MG :
E L

L
Z2
E
ED
MG Pe= 2
(3.24)
ZD Z
MGE
E

MG : (3.25) (3.24)
Pe=
(3.24)
Pe=
E
L

1
E
E/
1
E
MG


MG :
E MG
DLE
L
DE
E MGE
(3.24)
(3.25)

MG

1 -E

E/
1E E
:

MG MG
E MG

E MGE

MG

MG
(3.25)

NtL
DE.

:1 -N
E MGE
tG
-, E
E/
1
E MG
E
(3.25)

1 EMG
E/
1
E
MG
MG
:
E MGE

E
,
N

D
.

tG
tL
E
E
MG1 - E
MG
EMG
E/
E
(3.25)
E 1
MGE MGE
(3.25)
(3.25)

1
E
E/
1
E
1 -
D
1
EtG
E
MG
, E/
NtL

:
N
E.

MG

NtL
DE.

: NtG,

(3.25)

.
.
DE.

:
tG, NtL

tL
E.
, tG
N,tL N

: :
NtGN
E.D

:
N
,
NtL

tG

DE.

, NtL
D

NtG
E

.


.

,
N

.
tG
tL
E

.


NtG, NtL DE

.
, N
DE

N
tG
tL

:

NtG, N
tL DE

0.5 :
.

0.776
4.57h
0.238V

NtG, NtL DE
W
G 104.6q/Z

.
(3.26)
N
tG
,N

0.5
tGtL
tL
,N

DE D
E

NtGN
0.5
Sc

:
G
0.776

4.57h

0.238V

104.6q/Z

.
W
G
N

:
.
(3.26)
tG

0.5
(3.26)
Sc0.5
0.54.57h
0.5
G
0.776

0.238V

104.6q/Z

:
W G 0.15
G L0.5

NN
40000D
(3.27)
tL
L 0.213V
0.776

4.57h
0.238V
104.6q/Z
(3.26)
W
G
tG
0.5

:
N tG
(3.26)
Sc
0.5
0.5

N tL 40000D0.5
0.213V
0.15
L G0.5 2 104.6q/Z
(3.27)
Sc
G4.57h
0.238V

L0.776
GG W
0.5 0.5
N3tG 0.776
0.776
(3.26)
3.67q

4.57h

0.238V

104.6q/Z
0.5

4.57h

0.238V

104.6q/Z
0.5 0.0171V
0.5 W W Sc
G G
DtLE 40000D
3.93 N10
0.1800h
(3.28)
N

N
0.213V

0.15

(3.27)

(3.26)

0.5
0.5
tG
(3.27) (3.26)
2
L
G
L
tG
0.5
Z Sc

N tL 40000D
0.5
(3.27)

Sc

3.67q
L 0.213V
G 0.15

GL
3
G
D E 3.93 10 0.0171V
(3.28)
0.5
0.5 0.1800h W

2

N tL on40000D
0.213V

0.15

(3.27)

Z
L

G
L

vol
liquid
tray
h
zZ
0.5
0.5
3.67q
0.5 L
0.5
N N340000D
2

40000D
0.213V

0.15
(3.27)

0.213V

0.15

(3.27)

EL
(3.29)

3.67q

D
3.93
10
0.0171V
0.1800h
(3.28)
tL tL 3 L L
G G
WL L
liquid
0.1800h
DE vol
10rateon
0.0171V
liquid
q hZzZ
2 (3.28)
W
3.93

vol
tray
L
Z
3.67q

L
(3.29) (3.28)

3.67q 0.1800hW2 2 (3.28)

Dvol
3.93
10
0.0171V
E liquid
3.67q

rate
q
3

vol liquid

tray
h10
Z 0.1800h
0.1800h
D
3.93
0.0171V
(3.28)
L
Eon
10
zZ
D E liquid
3.93
0.0171V
(3.28)

W W(3.29)
vol
on
tray
hL zZ

L
Z
Z

(3.29)
rate
q
L vol liquid
O

:
vol
liquid
qtray h
volrate
liquid on
L zZ

L vol
(3.29)
vol
liquid
on tray
h zZ
liquid
on
tray
O

vol liquid
rate h L zZqL :

(3.29)

L L
(3.29)
liquid
vol vol
liquid
raterate q q
O :
O :
(3.29)
O :
3
110
O

:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O

:
O

E0

(3.30)
(3.30)

,
80

. 0
OConnel.
0
.

,
. 0 OConnel (Evans, 1980). , 0
.

3.2 (Perry & Green, 1997 Seader & Henley,

1998 Coulson & Richardson, 1993)
(.
) (Perry & Green, 1997).
3.10
. .

. . ,
, .
. .
, , .
3.11 ,
3.12 .
, , , ,
.
. .
3.13 .
,
3.14 .
.

.
.

81

3.10 .

82

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

3.11 : ) Raschig, ) Lessing, ) )

Berl Intalox, ) Pal.

()

()

90
mm

: ,

()

()

3.12 ( ):
) Raschig, ) spiral, ) .

83

3.13 .

3.14 .

3.2.1 -
-, (Coulson & Richardson, 1993).
,
. 3.15 ,
.

84

00

L'=
0

00

L'=

50

100
00
L'=

L'=

15
00
0

L'
=2
0

log p/Z, /

3.15
- .

,
.
. , , :
1. ,
2. ,
,
3. ,
4. .
.
. .

3.2.2
3.16
(Coulson & Richardson, 1993).

85

3.2.2.
3.2.2.
3.18
3.18

.
0.4
0.2

1200

0.10
0.08
0.06

400

800

200

0.04

100

0.02
50

0.01
0.008
0.006

:
/m2
m

0.004
0.002
0.001

0.01 0.02

0.04

0.1

0.2
L'
G'

0.4
G
L-G

1.0

10

1/2

3.18.

3.18.

3.16

.
.
.

3.16 :
G: , M/L2 .
L: , M/L2 .
G, L: , M/L3 .
L: , M/L .
gc: , M/L 2.
, . SI, : gc=1, J=1
Cf 3.3.
G [lb/ft2 h], [lb/ft3], L [cP], : gc=4.18x108, J=1.502. H Cf 3.3.
,
. ,
.
200
400 /m2 . .

3.2.3
, .. Ergum:

86


...

Ergum:

119

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------p g c d p g 150 1

(3.31)

1.75
G 2
Re
3.2.3.

1
-

...

.Ergum:

3
.
150 1

p g c dp
g
(3.31)

1.75
Z 1 Re=d
Re dp
G 2pG/
Re

(3.31)

.
.
[
]

p,
.

p/(1-)

.
.

Re Re=dpG/,
dp

[/] . p,
Re :
Re=dpG/ dp
p/(1-) :

. 6
1 [ / ]
dp
.
p p,

(3.32)

p/(1-)
3.3. (3.32)
:

dp

6 1
p

6 (1/4)

9.5 (3/8)

0.8
1600

1.6
1000

2.4

2.4

2.4

4.8

0.73
787 (240)

0.68
508 (155)

0.63

0.68

0.73

0.73
190 (58)

0.74
148 (45)

p,m2/m3 (ft2/ ft3)

0.8-mm

6C(1/4)
9.5 (3/8) 70013 (1/2)
f

0.69
2 3 2 3
p,m /m (ft / ft )
774 (236)
1.6-mm
0.8
1.6
2.4

1000
580
C1600
f
909
CD
0.68
0.63
0.73
2 3 2 508
787
364 (111)
p,m(240)
/m (ft / ft3) (155)

p,m2/m3 (ft2/ ft3)

700
0.69
774 (236)

/
mm

Cf
CD

0.8-mm

Cf

1.6-mm

Cf
CD

p,m2/m3 (ft2/ ft3)

38 (11/2)

50 (2)

4.8
95
181.8
0.71
125 (38)

6
65
135.6
0.74
92(28)

580
380
255
155
125

909
749
457
301

p,m2/m3 (ft2/ ft3)

16 (5/8)

76 (3)

3.3.

/
mm

Cf
CD

13 (1/2)

(3.32)

mm (in)
19 (3/4)
25 (1)
32 (11/4)
Raschig

390

364 (111) 328 (100)

262 (80)

16 (5/8)
390

mm (in)
19 (3/4) 170 25 (1) 155 32 (11/4) 115 38 (11/2)
300

Raschig 0.88
0.84
0.92
420 (128)
274(83.5)
206(62.7)

50 (2)

76 (3)

170

155
0.88
274(83.5)

115
0.92
206(62.7)

410
688
0.73
387 (118)

290
431

220
485
0.78
236 (71.8)

137
304
0.85
186 (56.7)

110
0.87
162 (49.3)

83
172.9
0.90
135 (41.2)

57
133.5
0.92
103(31.4)

0.78
62(19)

89 (3 1/2)

2.4
2.4
3
4.8
4.8
6
9.5
380
125 137
95 110 65
410 255
290 155 220
83 37
57
749
457
301
181.8
135.6
688
431
485
304
172.9
133.5
0.68
0.73 0.78 0.74 0.85 0.71 0.87 0.74 0.90 0.78
0.73 0.73
0.92
328 (100) 387 (118)
262 (80)
190 (58)
62(19) 103(31.4)
236 (71.8)148 (45)
186 (56.7)125 (38)
162 (49.3)92(28)135 (41.2)

300
0.84
420 (128)

9.5
37

32
0.95
68 (20.6)

32
0.95
68 (20.6)

87

89 (3 1/2)

3.3

/
mm

6 (1/4)

0.8

9.5 (3/8)

1.6

16 (5/8)

2.4

2.4

580
380
909
749

0.73
0.68
0.63
0.68
p,m2/m3 (ft2/ 787 (240) 508 (155) 364 (111) 328 (100)
ft3)
0.8-mm
Cf

1600

13 (1/2)

1000

CD

Cf
700

0.69
p,m2/m3
774 (236)
(ft2/ ft3)
1.6-mm
Cf
CD

p,m2/m3
(ft2/ ft3)

390

300
0.84
420
(128)

170

410
688
0.73
387 (118)

290
431

mm (in)
19 (3/4)
25 (1)
32
(11/4)
Raschig
2.4
255
457
0.73
262 (80)

155
0.88
274
(83.5)

4.8

155
125
301
0.73
0.74
190 (58) 148 (45)

38 (11/2)

50 (2)

76 (3)

4.8

9.5

95
181.8
0.71
125 (38)

65
135.6
0.74
92 (28)

37

89 (3
1/2)

0.78
62 (19)

115
0.92
206
(62.7)

220
137
485
304
0.78
0.85
236
186
(71.8)
(56.7)
Pall

110
0.87
162
(49.3)

83
57
32
172.9
133.5
0.90
0.92
0.95
135 (41.2) 103 (31.4) 68 (20.6)

Cf
CD

p,m2/m3
(ft2/ ft3)

Cf
CD

p,m2/m3
(ft2/ ft3)
.
Cf

p,m2/m3
(ft2/ ft3)
Hypak:
Cf
CD

Cf
900
CD

0.60
p,m2/m3 (ft2/ 899 (274)
ft3)

97
207
0.87
341 (104)

52
105.2
0.90
206 (63)

40
61.8
0.91
128 (39)

25
47.5
0.92
102 (31)

16
23.9
0.92
85 (26)

70
133.4
0.93
341 (104)

48
95.5
0.94
206 (63)

28
56.6
0.95
128 (39)

20
36.5
0.96
102 (31)

16

78
0.92
345 (105)

45
0.94
213 (65)

28
0.96
131 (40)

22
0.96
115 (35)

18
0.97
92 (28)

45
88.1
0.96
Berl
240
508
0.63
466
(142)

170
295
0.66
269 (82)

110
184
0.69
249 (76)

Intalox

88

18
28.7
0.97

65

45

0.75
144 (44)

0.72
105 (32)

15
26.6
0.97

Cf
725
CD

0.75
p,m2/m3 (ft2/ 984 (300)
ft3)

Cf
CD

p,m2/m3 (ft2/
ft3)

Cf
CD

p,m2/m3 (ft2/
ft3)

330

200
145
98
52
40
22
399
241.5 96.2
71.3
40.6
256

121
0.78
0.77
0.775
0.81
0.79

623
335 (102) 256 (78)
195 (59.5) 118 (36)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(190)

3.3 ()

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.91
0.93
0.94
mm
(in) (33)

207 (63)
108
89 (27)

3.3 ()
16 (5/8)
19 (3/4)
25 (1)
32 (11/4)
38 (11/2)
50 (2) 76 (3)
Super Intalox

Super Intalox

60
30

Cf

p,m2/m3 (ft2/ ft3)

CCff

13 (1/2)

6 (1/4)

9.5 (3/8)

123
13 (1/2)

123
30
mm (in)
19 (3/4)
250.79
(1)
3263.3
(11/4)
Super Intalox
253(77)
0.81

16 (5/8)

0.79
253 (77)

60
33

Cf

Cd
Cf

2 3 2 3

33
79.5
0.90
207 (63)

p,m /m (ft / ft )
2 3 2 3
p,m /m (ft / ft )

Cf

0.79
0.90

21
53.5
.3.13 ()
0.93
33
108 (33)
79.5

40
0.90
0.87
.3.13 ()
207(63)
180(55)
.3.13 ()

40

40

30
21

16

63.3
53.5

30.1

0.81
0.93

16
105(32)
108(33)
30.1
0.94 21
89 (27) 53.5

67-mm

76 (3)

20
0.93
0.93
108(33)
112(34)

0.94
89(27)
16
67-mm
30.1

95-mm(R)

0.94
0.93
89(27)
112(34)

0.92

95-mm
(R)67-mm

20

89 (3 1/2)

95-mm(R)

20

G > 0.7kg/m s

(3.31)

0.87
0.93
0.93
0.92
180(55)

. (3.31)
0.87 :
0.93
p,m2/m3 (ft2/ ft3)

p,m2/m3 (ft2/
ft3)

0.81
50 (2)
105(32)

105 (32)

253(77)
207(63)

89 (3 1/2)

63.3
38 (11/2)

123
79.5

Cf

9.5 (3/8)

CCdd
p,p,m
m22/m
/m33(ft
(ft22//ftft33))

6 (1/4)

60

Cd

Cf
CD

p,m2/m3 (ft2/
ft3)

121

33
21
16

96.7
56.5
30.1

180 (55)

112 (34)

112(34)

0.93
112 (34)

112(34)

0.92

p
G 2
2
(3.33)
GC>

D 0.7kg/m s (3.31)
Z

2
G
G > 0.7kg/m s (3.31) . (3.31) . (3.31) :
:
3.3.
CD
p
G 2
CD
(3.33)

..
Z
G
- 3.18
(3.33)
CD 3.3.
Cf 3.3.
..
C 3.3.
D

,
..

-
,

3.18
3.16. 3.2.4.

C

3.3.

.
f

Cf 3.3.

3.2.4

films

3.2.4.

films


-.

:
. :

Lt L0 Ls
(3.34)
films
. :

(3.34)

Ls L0 . /
Lt L0 Ls
(3.34)
.
89


, - .

.
,


.

.
.

,
K
tOG

Handbooks
[2]

, - .

:
tG kL.
HtL. G
,

,
Berl



Raschig

kG
.

:

KG
tOG

(Perry & Green, 1997)

. ,

kG tG kL H123
.
tL

Raschig

Berl

:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G
0.36

23
23
d s G .

k G p
FGSc

B,M Sc G
L0G
1.195

G
G 1 L0
L0 G
= -Lt

(3.35)
(3.36)
(3.35)

s
L0
.
L0 =
-Lt
(3.36)
.

.
ds

.

kL

:
.
kL :
d L
k Lds
25.1 s
DL
L

0.45

Sc0.5
L

(3.37)
(3.37)

FL

kL

kL

FL :
FL = kL c
(3.38)
:
FL = kL c
(3.38)
c .
AW c .
3.4.

AW
3.4.

90

L
-

2
mm
in
kg/m s
Ib/ft2 hr

3.4
0.5
0.68-2.0

13

0.2323L-0.30

-1.04

Raschig
500-1500

28.01

AW

2.0-6.1
1500-4500
14.69
0.0.1114L+0.148
25

1
0.68-2.0
500-1500
34.42
0

mm
13
25
38
50

13
25
38

38

0.552

2.0-6.1

1500-4500

68.2

0.0389L-0.0793

-0.47

0.68-2.0

500-1500

36.5

0.0498L-0.1013

0.274

L
1.5

-0.111

1500-4500
40.11 p 0.01091L-0.022
lb/ft2 hr2.0-6.1 m
m
Raschig
50
2
0.68-2.0
500-1500
31.52
0
0.5
0.68-2.0
500-1500
28.01
0.2323L- 0.30
-1.04
2.0-6.1
1500-4500
0.1114L+ 0.148 34.03-0.111
2.0-6.114.69 1500-4500
0
1
0.68-2.0
500-1500
34.42
0
0.552
Berl -0.47
2.0-6.1
1500-4500
68.2
0.0389L- 0.0793
1.5
0.0498L- 0.101316.280.274
130.68-2.0 0.5500-1500
0.68-2.036.5 500-1500
0.0529
2.0-6.1
1500-4500
40.11
0.01091L- 0.022
0.140
25.610.481
0.0529
2
0.68-2.0
500-15002.0-6.131.52 1500-4500
0
2.0-6.1
1500-450
34.03
0
0.362
25
1
0.68-2.0
500-1500
52.14
0.0506L - 0.1029
Berl
73.0 0.761 0.0310L - 0.0630
0.5
0.68-2.0
500-15002.0-6.116.28 1500-4500
0.0529
0.0529
382.0-6.1 1.51500-4500
0.68-2.025.61 500-1500
40.6 0.170
-0.0508
1
0.68-2.0
500-1500
52.14
0.0506L - 0.1029
0
2.0-6.1 73.0 1500-4500
2.0-6.1
1500-4500
0.0310L - 0.0630 62.4 -0.359 0.0240L - 0.0996
1.5
0.68-2.0
500-1500
40.6
0.455
-0.0508

125
2.0-6.1
1500-4500
62.4
0.0240L
0.0996
-0.1355

:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in

0.140

kg/m2 s

808
G

0.481
0.362
0.761
0.170
0
-0.359
0.455
-0.1355

125

3.4

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- L' P
m

AW
2
0.5


G L 6.1 kg/m s.

3.4
Shulman [8]

(3.39)
2
2
L

6.1
kg/m
s.

2
L,G: [kg/ms]
[(lb/h

ftL)(0.001356)]
10.2 kg/m2 s.
3
Shulman [8]
: [kg/m
[(lb/ft3)(16.019)]
Gs]
[kg/m
2
]ft2)(0.001356)]

AW
L,G:
[(lb/h

2
L 10.2 kg/m2 s.
23 3
3
3
G :
[kg/mW
]3.4
:[(lb/ft
)(16.019)]
[m
/m
]
[(ft /ft ) /3.281]

AW
2
3
2
3
W:
[m /m ] [(ft /ft ) /3.281]
.
3.4

3.4

6.1 kg/m2 s. .
(Coulson & Richardson,

L,
: 10.2 kg/m2 s.
1993)

3.4

AW

L0
.

(3.40)

: W

L0W
:

W L0
(3.40)
L0W
, ,

(3.40)

,
,
,

: ,
Lt
V 0.85
(3.41)
:
L0

(3.41) (3.41)
V 0.85 Lt LtW
VW 0.85 W L0
(3.42)
L0W

VW 0.85 W LtW
(3.42)
L0W
91
W .

3.5.
W .
, ,
3.5.

(3.39)

 , ,
:
Lt
3


V 0.85

L0

VW 0.85 W

LtW
L0W

(3.41)

(3.42)
(3.42)

.
W
W.
3.5. 3.5.
, ,
.
, ,
Lt

Ls .
3.5

.
.
(SI ),
Lt
:
2
2
L: [kg/m s] = [(lb/ft hr)
(0.001356)] Ls .
L: [kg/m3] = [(lb/ft3) (16.019)]
L: [kg/m s] = [(cP) (0.001)]
: [/m] = [(dyn/cm) (0.001)]
:
Lt= L0 + Ls, LtW = L0W + LsW, L0 = L0W

92

127
127

127

127

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127

127

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.5.

3.5.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127

3.5.

127

127

3.5.
127

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.5.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.5.

127 127

127
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d, d,

3.5.

3.5.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
d,

,
, .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.5
3.5.
.

3.5.
3.5.

3.5.

3.5.

3.5.

.
.




.

.
.
s

Raschig

Raschig

0.84
0.315

0.84
0.315

d
LtW
L
d
0.37
log Llog
0.262
1 10.073
1.393L
d s 1.21
LtW
s2 2
0.073
0.1737
0.262
0.57

0.57
0.31
L L1.393L
0.1737
0.31


6
901L

d
d s s L L L

6
901L
d
0.1737
0.262
L L
0.1737
0.262log
logLL
7.347.34
x 10x 10
.5 L.5L >0.012
s s737
737
0.57 0.31
0.31
0.1737
log L
0.262
>0.012
0.57

>0.012
0.570.315
0.31
=1.508d - 6
=1.508d

901L

0.84

0.01622
13 13 0.5 0.5 0.01622
LtW

0.84
L 0.315
=1.508d
x 10- -662737.5 L

901L
7.34
0.073
L 901L
LtW 7.34
LL 1
0.01622
0.5
13

0.073
1.393L
1.393L
7377372.5.5LL >0.012
7.34xx1010
>0.012
0.1737log
0.262
0.262
L log L
0.57
0.31 1 0.1737
0.1737
>0.012
0.84 L0.57 0.31
0.315

d s2- d6
0.0320
25 25 1 1 0.0320

=1.508d
LtW
0.84 1.393L
901L

LtW
- 6x10
901L
L0.315
0.073
0.262log
logLL
0.315
0.1737
0.262
0.01622
13
25
0.84
1
s5L737
0.57
0.57
0.31
0.31
L1

1 0.5 0.0320

7.34
.5L
LtW

0.073

7.34 x 10
737
.

1.393L

L
2

0.073

1.393L
1

6
6
>0.012 >0.012 LL 901L
901L
LL 0.315

d
=1.508d
0.0472
1.5
38
Berl
0.0472
1.5
38
Berl
=1.508d

0.01622
0.5
13

0.84

d
L
0.262
0.2817
7.34
7.34 xx10
10 dsss 737
737..55L
L
0.262
0.2817
log Llog
0.84
0.315
0.01622
0.5
1325

LtW LtW
0.0320
1

0.57
0.13
0.57
0.13
>0.012
>0.012
0.0472
1.5
38
Berl
2

0.073
L 1404L
2
1.393L
L 0.84
1.393L
1 0.073
1 0.2817
0.315

1404L

0.84
0.315
0.57
0.13
LtW

0.262 log L
-5
-5
L L 11 0.073
0.0320
2538 25 1 1.51 0.0320
0.376
LtW
d
d
2
2

0.073

1.393L
1.393L
1404L

0.0472
Berl

13
0.5
0.01622
=1.508d
<0.020
s
<0.020
<0.020
-3 -30.040.04
0.550.55
LL 0.84 0.57
L 0.13
5ss.014
5.014
0.262 log L
0.413 0.2817
0.84
0.413
ddx 10x-510
=1.508d
0.55

<0.020
4.234.23
x 10x-310
0.04
=1.508d
0.01622
0.51.5
13 38

0.0472
Berl
0.2817
1
L
10.073
0.01622
0.5 0.0472
13 1.5
38
0.841404L
3.24L
Berl
0.413
0.073
0.2817
0.262
3.24L
-5
L
LsW
LsW
5.014 xss101.56
0.262
log Llog
L3.24L
4.23 x 10 L L
0.57
0.130.13
0.57
LL
1 0.073
<0.020
1
.
56
-3L 0.04 0.55
=1.508d

1404L

5
.
014
x
10
25
1
0.0320

0.01622
0.5
13

1404L

0.84
0.413
=1.508d
0.0320
1
25

=1.508d
-5
0.0320 4.23 x 1.56
LsW
1313 25 0.5

-5
10 1.56
-3 0.37

L L 1 0.073
1
.
56
0.01622
0.5 1 0.01622

0.37

3.24L
d
<0.020
3.24L
x 10
LsW
5.014
<0.020
0.550.55
L 0.84
38
1.5
x1.s10
0.413
d-3 L0.04
0.04
d 1.56
0.37
0.84
0.0320
1 1.50.0472
25

d5.s014
0.0472
38 13
Berl
=1.508d
56
=1.508d
0.0472 4.234.23
38
Berl 13 25
L
0.0320

0.262
log Llog
0.01622
0.13
0.0320
25

10.073
0.01622
0.51 11.5 0.5

dx s10x s10LL LL
0.0730.2817
0.2817
0.262
0.570.413
0.13
L L 3.24L
1

0.57
LsW
ds 1.56
=1.508d
=1.508d
LsW
s 1.56 L 0.37
1404L
0.01622
0.01622
0.5
0.5
13
13

L
0.2817
1404L
0.0472
1.5
38
Berl
1
.
56
-5
0.262
s
0.2817
0.262log
logLL
d

-5
0.0472
Berl
0.0320
0.0472
1.5 10.0320
Berl
1 1.5
25 3838 25

0.57 0.13
0.13 L

0.2817
0.262
log
L
1.56
0.37
<0.020
0.57
-3
0.04
0.55
d
s
L
0.57
0.13
1.56
0.37
5.014
xs 10x-5
<0.020
d5s.014
1404L
0.413
10
0.84
0.0320
0.0320
11
25
25

0.84 0.413
dx 10-3
0.04
0.55
1404L

dx 10
0.073
4.23
LLL 1
1.5
38
Berl 38
-5-5
L1404L
0.0472 0.0472 4.23
1.5
Berl
0.073
3.24L
3.24L
s-3 L0.04
L 0.55
0.262
LsW
55.014
<0.020
0.2817
0.262 log
L log L
0.55
s -3
10
0.57 0.131 0.2817
LsW
L
0.2817
0.13
<0.020
0.84 L0.57 0.413
0.413
<0.020
-3 0.04
0.04
56
0.073
5..014
014x1xx.10
10
0.0472
0.0472 4.23
1.5
1.5
38
38
Berl
Berl
4.23
10
0.55
0.84
1
.
56
0.13
1404L
L
0.84 3.24L
0.413
log L
1404L

0.262
0.262
log
LLL
00.2817
0.28177

4.23xxx10
10

0.57
0.57
0.13
-5

-5
0log
.log
262
.28177
0.262

L 0.57
L
0.31
L
3.24L
1110.073
>0.020
L 1404L
0.073
1.56
0.37

3.24L
0.57
0.31

1.56
0.37

LsW
d
L
1404L

<0.020
6
L 0.84
-3 0.55
0.04 0.55
161.56
..56
-3 d 0.04
0.28177
014
x-5
10
0.262 log L
s10
5.2.32
014
LsW
0.073
LL0.413
LsW2.32
L0.31
s737

2830

L0.57
0.84 2830
0.413
xx-.6110
737

56
x 10-5
.5 L.5L <0.020

10 L0.04

4.23 x 4.23
10d s1.56
x-3
L 0.55
L 1 L 0.073
0.37
<0.020
<0.020
-3
0.04
0.55

3.24L
1

3.24L
5
.
014
x
10

2830
L

2.32
x
10
737
.
5
L

2830
dds
28177 0.262 log L
L
0.84
0.413
0.413
1.56
0.37
L
L 0.37
LtW
LtW
L 0.
0.57
>0.020 L 0.84
4.23
4.23ddxdx1.56
10
10
>0.020
LsW
.256.5 L >0.020
-s 6 21737
0.84
0.413
L
1s.56
0.413
0.31
0.073
0.84
11
3.24L
0.073
3.24L
LtW
LsW
LsW
x 10
L 3.24
0.28177
2.32
LL
0.log
262L
log L
sss 1.56
LLLL 0.37
0.262
0.57
LL 0.31

1 0.073
3.24
L0.413
1
0.84
2

0.073
0.28177

0.376 0.376
s
s
0.376
s
0.376
s
0.376 s0.376
s

Berl

m m

L,
Ls Ls
H H
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mds,

Ls
H

kg/mkg/m
s s

kg/mL,s
mm
in
mm
in

d
, ds,
sm
in
mm
Ls
H

,
L

L, s

kg/m

m m

Ls Ls
H H

mm
in
0.376 0.376

kg/mkg/m
s s
=1.508d
=1.508d
s
s

ds,0.01774
13
mm

13

mm

ds,

in 0.5in 0.50.01774
=1.508ds0.376

L,
13
0.5 0.01774

H H
25

=1.508d
25
1 1 0.0356

ddsdm
,m
s0.376
L,, L,
H
Ls Ls

d0.01774
,s,ss,0.0356
L
0.262
0.1737

0.262
0.1737
log Llog

Ls
0.570.57
0.130.13

kg/m
2513
1 0.5 0.0356

L,LLkg/m

, s s
0.376 s0.376
0.13 L H
975.7L
=1.508d
975.7L
0.1737 0.262 log L
0.57
-4

-4

=1.508d
Ls

s
0.0530
38
1.5
Raschig
mm
38
1.5
Raschig
L
13

ds,
mm in
in0.5
0.02
H

m0.01774

kg/m

s
ds0.01774
,0.0530
Ls

H
0.99
13
0.5

0.99

Ls 0.02
975.7L

0.0356
25
1

-410

kg/m
ss ,
2
.
47
x
2
.
47
x
10
0.1737 0.262 log L
38
1.5 0.0530
Raschig
L
<0.012
0.57
0.13
<0.012

kg/m

kg/m

s
L

,
0.02
0.99
0.0486

0.84
0.430
0.0486

L
0.84
0.430

ddss,0.0356
,

mm
L Ls
0.430

<0.012

m 0.0486 L

H 0.073
mm
inin

-4

L 0.13
2.024L
25

mm
in1 1.51m0.0356
0.84 975.7L
2.024L
H1 1 0.073
LsW
0.262
0.1737
LsW
2.47 x 101.21
Ls
0.0530
38 25
Raschig

LL,,
L
0.262
0.1737
log Llog
0.02
0.99
0.376
L
0.57
0.13 1

.21
0.57

kg/m <0.012
s kg/m s LL L2.024L
=1.508d
2.4711.x21
10-4 -4
s s0.376

m
m0.0530

1.21
LsLs 0.37
H
H 0.073
1.21
=1.508d
975.7L
L
0.0725
50
20.5
0.430
0.0725
50
20.5in1.5
975.7L

0.37
0.01774
13in

LsW
0.84
38
Raschig
mm
0.01774 0.0486
13

mm

0.0530
38
1.5
Raschig
in
L
0.02
0.99
mm

1.21
0.37

kg/m
kg/m

s
s
d
d

L
d
d

0.02
0.99
0.376
0.0725
50
2
0.073
L
2.024L
1
2
.
47
x
10

s
s
L
s
=1.508d
x
10
s
L
0.376
<0.012
s 0.376 2.47

0.0486

d
d

0.84
0.430
<0.012
LsW
mm
mm
in
in
=1.508d
1.21
s s
=1.508d

0.01774
13
0.5

0.84
0.430
0.0356
25
12 10.01774

s 1.21
0.0356 0.0486
13
L

0.262
log Llog
0.01774
13
0.5

0.13
L L 0.37
0.0725
50 25 0.5
0.0730.1737
2.024L
LsW
0.262
0.1737
0.57
0.13
0.57
L L 2.024L
1 1 0.073
LsW
0.376 ds 10.376
d s 1.21
0.376

975.7L

1s .21.21
=1.508d
0.37
-4 -4
L0.37
975.7L
s
0.0356
25

=1.508d
s
0.0530
38 50
Raschig
1.21
0.0725
20.01774
L L
13
0.5
=1.508d
<0.012
0.17370.262
0.262 log L
0.0530
380.512111.50.01774
1.5
Raschig13 25
0.0356

0.0725
50
0.01774
13
0.5

0.0356
25

0.02
0.99

0.57 0.13
0.13
0.1737
s
0.376
0.376
0.02
0.99

0.1737
0.262
log
L
d
d

0.1737
0.262
log
L

0.1737
log
L

2
.
47
x
10
0.57
-6
dx 2s10.x47
d0.0486
-6s10x-4
=1.508d
=1.508dss 2.092.09
0.570.57
0.130.31
0.31
10 737.5L
<0.012
0.57
975.7L
0.0486
<0.012
0.84

s s L0.02
737.5L
LL L0.99
0.01774
0.01774
13
13
0.5
0.5 0.0530

0.842168L
38
1.5
0.57
Raschig
0.1737 0.262 log L

L 0.430
0.430
975.7L
LL
2168L
0.31
-4
Raschig
0.0356
10.0530

0.073
0.0530
1.50.0356
Raschig
L 975.7L
2.024L
1 1
25 3838 251 1.5

LsW
22.47
L L0.13

-4
2.09
10x-6
737.5L
0.073 0.1737
0.262
L
2168L
.x.47
x1x10
10
LsW
0.02
0.99
0.1737
0.262 log
L log
0.02
0.99
2.024L
0.57
<0.012

0.57
0.13

L
.
21
0.0486

2
47
10
0.84
0.430
0.1737
0.262
log
L

L
1
.
21
<0.012
25
125 501.5 112 0.0530
0.0356
LtWLtW
1.21
<0.012
0.0356
25

0.57
0.31
2
2 737.5L
0.37
0.430
0.430
0.13
L 1 0.073 0.1737
0.0486
LL 0.37
0.840.84
0.430
975.7L
0.0725
975.7L

0.17370.262
0.262log
logLL
2.09 xd 10d-6
LtW
0.430
-4
0.0725 0.0486
2 0.0356
0.84
2.024L
0.0530
1.5
0.57
0.57
L1.21
Raschig Raschig38 50 38
L
d s -4
2168L
0.13
0.073 0.1737 0.262 log L

d s d 0.02
0.073

2.024L

1
2

2.024L
1
0.073
2.024L

1
0.02
0.99
L
>0.012

0.073
0.84
0.430
>0.012

2.024L

1
0.99

LsW
d

s
L
1
.
21

-6

L
10 737.5L
975.7L
0.31
0.1737 0.262 log L
<0.012
.472.09
x210
-6
1.21
0.37
LsW 22.09
s 0.02
0.57
s x-4
<0.0120.84
L0.99
1s.147
.d21
0.57
0.0530
0.0530
38
38
1.5
1.5 0.0725
Raschig
Raschig
0.073
LsW
.s21
LLL 975.7L
2.024L
0.31
1
LL0.430
>0.012
50
0.0486

0.84
L0.37
1.21
1.21
0.37
2168L

LtW
0.0725
50
222
0.430
0.0725 0.0486
50
L
2168L
0.430
0.073
0.84
d10xx10
2.x47
102737.5L
L
2.024L
2.024L
1 0.073
LsW

<0.012
<0.012
dddsss L LLL
38
1.5
0.0530
0.0486
0.84
0.430
0.430
L 1 10.073
L 2.024L
d1ds.s21
LtW
>0.012 L 0.84
LsW

LtW
s d2s1.21
L 0.37
L 0.84
2
0.430
0.073
0.073
1.21 1.21
0.37
0.84
2.024L
2.024L

1
1
0.0725
502
2
0.430
0.0725
50
LL 2.024L
ds
LsW d
L
1 1 0.073
0.0730.1737
log Llog
0.262
2.024L

1
.
21
>0.012
d

d
-6

0.1737
0.262
d

0.57
0.31
>0.012
1.21
0.37
-6
L
0.31

0.0725
0.0725
50
50
22
s 737.5L
L 2168L 0.57
2.09s2.09
x 10x s10
s d s L L
737.5L
0.376 0.376

2168L L L
=1.104d
=1.104d
s ds
0.17370.262
0.262log
logLL
s
L
0.376 s -6
0.57 0.31
0.31
0.1737
0.01301
25 25 1 1 0.01301
2.09
LtW

0.1737 0.262
log L
-6
=1.104d

LtW
0.57

737.5L
s x 10
-6
0.57
0.31
2

2168L

0.84
2.09
2
2.09x x1010 d 737.5L
737.5L
0.84 0.430
0.430
0.01301
1
25

2168L

2168L

2.024L
LLL 1 1 0.073
>0.012
ds
=1.104ds0.376
0.073
2.024L
s -6
>0.012 L L 0.57
0.0543
Raschig 38 38 1.5 1.5 0.0543
0.1737
0.262

Raschig
0.1737
0.262
log
L Llog
0.1737
logLL
0.262
LtW
0.57
0.31
LtW
-6 x10
0.1737
0.262
log
0.31
0.84
0.430
0.01301
1
38
0.57
0.57
0.130.13
>0.012
2.09
-4-4
LtW
222 737.5L
2.09
x 10
0.0543
Raschig
0.430
0.13
0.84
0.430
2168L
0.1737
50
225 50 1.5
0.0725
2.024L
dds737.5L
0.376 s0.376
0.262
loglog
LLL
2168L
L
0.262
0.1737
0.262
log

=1.104d
0.073
0.84
L11 0.073
0.57
407.9L
L
>0.012
407.9L
0.1737
-6
-6
0.57
0.57
0.31
0.31
=1.104d
d
s

2.024L
L
0.0716
2

>0.012
0.073
0.0716
2
50

2.024L

1
L

>0.012

0.01301
2.09 xx 10
105s.s94
737.5L
2.09
737.5L
-4
2538 25 1 1.51 0.01301
5
.
94
x
10

x
10
L

<0.012

407.9L

<0.012
L
2168L
2168L

0.0543
Raschig
LtW
0.1737 0.262 log L
LtW
0.0716
2
50

LL
L0.315
0.84 0.430
0.430
2.94 x210
0.840.840.84
0.57
0.13
0.315
<0.012

LtW
-4
1 1 0.073
0.073
407.9L
d s5

1.393L

L 0.84
2.024L

0.073
>0.012 >0.012
0.0543
0.57
2.024L
110.073
2d s1x.21
294
1.393L
0.315
0.84
0.430
0.430
Raschig
0.1737
0.262
LsW
0.02
0.23 LtW
LsW
0.0716
2 1.5 0.0543
Raschig 3850 38 1.5
0.02
0.23
L 0.13
1
.
21
L
0.1737
log Llog
0.262
LL
L0.84

5
.
10
0.376

0.57
0.13
<0.012
d
d
0.376

0.073
0.073
0.073

2.024L
2.024L

1
1

1.393L

1
=1.104d
-4
>0.012
>0.012
s
LsW
0.02
ssd 1.d21 -4
=1.104d
0.0237

0.0237
s
407.9L

LL407.9L
L 0.84
0.315

0.01301
25 50

0.0716

L 0.23
0.01301
25 21 21 0.0716
50

L L 1
5
.
94
x
10

0.0237 LL 0.02
<0.012
s
0.376 5.94
x
10
s

0.073

1.393L
<0.012
d s 1.21
LsW
=1.104d
0.23
0.376
s 0.376
L 0.84
0.315
=1.104d
s s
=1.104d
0.84
0.315
1.21 0.02
0.37
0.01301
25

1.21
0.37
LsW
0.0543
38 38 1111.5 1.5
Raschig

0.0543 0.0237
L
Raschig 25

s0.376
25
125
0.01301
=1.104d
<0.012
0.01301

0.262
log Llog
1 1 0.073

0.0730.1737
1.393L
0.01301

0.1737
0.262
0.57
d 1s .21
0.57
0.13
0.23
L L 1.393L
1.21
d s L0.02
L0.23
LsW
0.13
d s1.21
L0.37
0.376
-4 -4
0.376

407.9L

s
=1.104d=1.104d
0.0237

407.9L
s
0.0543
1.5
38
Raschig
d

0.0237

0.0716
2
50

L
0.17370.262
0.262log
logLL
d
0.0716
2
50

5
.
94
x
10
0.0543
1.5
38
Raschig
0.01301
1
25

L 0.37
0.0543
Raschig 25 38 1 1.5 0.01301

s 1.21
0.57 0.13
0.13 L
d 5s .94
<0.012
0.376
0.376
x-4
10
0.1737
L
0.1737 0.262
log L
<0.012
s
=1.104d
=1.104d
0.57
ss
0.57
0.13
407.9L
L 0.315
0.84
d1.21
L0.37
-4-4
0.84 0.315
0.01301
0.01301
25
25

0.0716
211
50

LsW
55.94
407.9L

0.370.23
s 1.21
10
LsW

0.0716

L 407.9L
<0.012
0.0543
Raschig
LL 1 1 0.073
0.0716

0.0543
1.52 2 1.5
38 5050 38
Raschig
0.073 0.262
1.393L
1.393L
0.02
0.1737log
log L
0.262
log
.10
21
5..94
94xx1x10
0.1737
Llog
<0.012
<0.012
0.57
0.13
d
0.020.23
0.13
0.1737
0.262
0.84 L 0.57
0.315
0.1737
L L
0.262
d0.0237
38
1.5
0.57
0.57
0.0237
0.0543
0.0543
1.5
1.5 0.0543
38
38
Raschig
Raschig
0.84
LsW - 6d - 6d-41.21-4
0.31

0.84 1.393L
0.315
0.31
0.1737

407.9L
s s L0.02
407.9L
0.315
0.073
0.1737
0.262
log
logLL
0.262
LL L0.23

1
L

log
0.262
20.0716 0.0716
0.57
0.57
0.13
0.13
50
50
L

901L

L
901L

0.1737
1
.
21

0.57 0.31
1.393L
L1 1 0.073
510
.194
x737
10
0.073
LL 407.9L
1.393L
s
5
.
94
x
<0.012 L
LsW
-4
0.02
0.23
<0.012
LsW

s
L
0.02
0.23
1
.
21

7.34
x
10
.
5
L
7.34
x
10
737
.
5
L
.
21

407.9L

- 6d 737
0.0237
L LL0.315

0.0716
0.0716 0.0237
22
50
50

>0.012 0.84 901L

>0.012
0.84 0.315
0.1737 0.262 log L
0.37
1.21
0.37
0.0237
.5 L <0.012
LL 0.02
0.31
<0.012
LsW

0.315
x 105.d94
0.84
0.315

LtW
7.34
dss2x 10
1
L1.21
0.84 0.57
1.393L
0.073
1 0.073
>0.012

1.393L
0.23 LtW
50
2
0.0716
d s1.21
LsW

0.84
0.84
0.315
21..21
0.073 0.1737
0.315
d s0.02
0.23
LL901L
1.393L
1.393L
1 1 0.073
0.315
0.262
L 0.31
L

L
7.34x 10-1s6.221
737
5 L >0.012 L0.84
log Llog
0.262
0.37
0.31
L
0.0237

0.073
0.073 0.1737
L
1.393L
1.393L
111 0.073
LtW LsW
0.57 0.57
0.0237

1.393L

1.21
0.37
0.02
0.23
1.21
0.37
d
1
.
21
d
d
L
L

6
901L

L
L
6s 737
901L
0.315L

s .5 L.5 L
0.84
LtW 7.347.34
dddsss L LLLL
0.0237
x 10x-sd10
ds s2 s 737
0.073
L
1.393L L
1
>0.012
>0.012
1.21 1.21
0.37 0.37

0.376 0.376
s
s

0.376
0.376
s 0.376
s s

0.376
s

0.376
0.376
ss

0.376
s

()
3.2.5

1.56
0.37
d

1.56
0.37
s L 0.37
L
s dd 1.56
ss
L
L

d6s
d61sd-.56
0.57 0.31

d s x-10
L3.24
LtW 2.322.32
0.073
LL2830
2830LL L1
>0.020

x 10
.5 L.5 L
0.84 L
0.413
ddss s2737737
L
LtW
3.24L
1
0.073
L
>0.020
LtW

d s2 2
>0.020
0.413
0.840.84 0.57
0.413
0.28177
0.262
0.28177
0.log
262L
log L

0.31 1 0.073
3.24
L0.31
0.073
0.57
6d
L 2830
L 3.24
0.28177 0.262 log L
L LL L 1
2.322.32
x 10xd-10
.5 L.5 L
2830
s - 6s737737
0.57 0.31
0.31 L

0
.
28177

0
.
262
log
L
0
.
28177

0
.
262
log
L
6
0.57

LtW
2.32
>0.020
LtW
xx10
- 6 737.5.5LL
2830LL 0.57
L0.31
>0.020
0.84

2830
0.84
2.32
2 .5 L
2830
L 0.413
LL0.413
2.32 x10
10- 6 2737
737
0.028177
0L
.262 log L
0.57
0.28177
.262 log
3.243.24
L
1 1 0.073
L 0.57

L 0.31
0.073
d s2- d6
>0.020
0.31
>0.020

LtW
LtW
- 6x 10
0.84LL
0.413
>0.020
s5 L737

2817700..262
262log
log L
L
00..28177
2830
L

2.32
.5L
LtW
0.84
0.413

2830

2
2.32 x 10
737
.
0.84
0.413
2
0.57
0.57
0.31
0.31

3.24LLL
L
1
0.073
L
6
6
d
3.24

1
0.073

3.24
L

1
0.073

2830LL

2.32
2.32 xx10
10ddsss 737
737..55L
L
LtW LtW
LL 2830
>0.020 >0.020 0.84
0.840.413 LL0.413
2
2
LtW

>0.020
>0.020
L1
1
0.073
L L 3.24
3.24
0.073
LtW
0.84
0.413
0.413
d s 22d s
L 0.84
3.24
3.24LL
11
0.073
0.073
LL
ddss

. /,
.

, . , . ,
.

, / , L2 / L3.

, , / , L2 / L3.

, / , L2 / L3.

93

94

, / , L2 / L3.

, L2.

Ad

, L2.

Ad

Ad
.

An = At Ad , L2.

A0

, L2.

At

, L2.

, mole/L3, , mole/L3.

CD

, (3.31), 3.3.

Cf

, , 3.3.

CF

. (3.1) (3.2).

C0

d0

dp

, L.

ds

, L.

, L2 / .

DE

, L2/ .

, / ( + ), mole /
mole / .

EMG

Murphree .

EMG

Murphree .

E0

EG

, mole / L2 .

, L / 2.

gc

, M L / F 2.

, mole / L2 .

, / L2 .

, F L /L2 T .

hD, hG, hL, hR

( 3.7), L.

hW

, L.

h1, h3

3.5.

h2

(3.13).

, 3.5.

HtG

, L.

HtL

, L.

HtOG

, L.

kG

, mole / L2 (F/L2).

kL

, mole / L2 (mole/L3).

kx

,mole / L2 ( ).

ky

, mole / L2 ( )

KG

, mole / L2 (F/L2)

Ky

, mole / L2 ( ).

, L.

, mole / L2 .

, M / L2 .

(3.19)-(3.23).

(3.20)

. , 3.4.

NtG

NtL

NtG

Nu

Nusselt.

, 3.4.

, L.

Pe

Peclet.

Pr

Prandtl.

, L3/.

, L3/.

Re

Reynolds =dpG/.

Sc

Schmidt.

, L.

, L.

, L3.

An,
L/.

,L/.

VF

An, L/.

V0

, L/.

95

 3

V0W

, L/.

, L.

, L.

, L. 3.5.

(), /L .

, M/L3.

, F/L.

av

-.

, .

Coulson & Richardsons Chemical Engineering. (1993). Pergamon Press. 4thEdition, Vol. 2. 2nd Edition,
Vol. 6.
Evans, F. L.(1980). Equipment Design: Handbook for Refineries & Chemical Plants. Gulf. 2nd Edition.
Vol. 2.
Hoffman, J.D. (1992). Numerical Methods for Engineers & Scientists. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kays, W. M. & Crawford, M.E. (1980). Convective Heat & Mass Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Perry, R.H. & Green, D. W. (1997). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. 7th
Edition.
Seader, J. D. & Henley, E.J. (1998). Separation Process Principles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

96

 4
-

(Bennet & Myers, 1962). . - .
(. )
( ) . , .
(McCabe, Smith,
Harriot, 2005).
.
. ,
.

. ,
(Perry & Green, 1984). 4.1
C . , ( NH3 10C 30C).
H2, O2, N2, .. , .
, , . ,
,
(Evans, 1980).

97

135
4 -
300
SO2, 10OC
B
250

NH3, 30OC

200

p *= , mm Hg

A
150

100
D
50

1.

NH3, 10OC
E
HCl, 10OC
4.1.
C

0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
x=

Rault,

4.1

, (p*)
Rault,

Rault,

, (p*)

(p)

(p)

(x).

(x). Rault :

Rault :

Rault :

p* = px

p* = px

(4.1)
(4.1)

(4.1)

10C, (4.1) D .
:
y* = mx
(4.2)
m . (4.2)
Henry . y* p*/pt
p* pt .
4.2 .
. ,
.
4.2 90F, 36

98

 4.2
90F, 36 mmHg
10% 130
mmHg.

mmHg 10% 130 mmHg.

J : . J :

H J = C J ( t - t 0 ) + J0 m Jr r,t

(4.3)

CJ ,

(4.3)

CJ ,

xJ
m Jr
, mJr


HJ ,

J
. J0 , J t0.
:
xJ H J J

(4.4)
(Nonhebel,
1972). , ,
, ..
. , , ,
.
, oF
4000

32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 150 180 200 220

70
60

2000

, mm Hg

50
1000
800
600

40

400

30
25

200

20

100
80
60

15
10

40

5% NH3

20
10

6 8 10

20

40 60 100

200

400 600 1000

, mm Hg

4.2 .
- .
99

 4 -

4.1 -

139
139

139
139

G
[moles
/
(.

)
()].
4.3


/

G[moles
(.

)
()].

(Geankoplis,
2003).

y , p
y

,
p

// (.

)
()].

G [moles
(.

)
()].
y

G
G/ [moles
[moles
(.

)
()].
[moles/
()
()]

G
S
, p
GS [moles/ () ()]
yy

,
pp

()

,
()]

GS [moles/

.

:
. :

:
[moles/
()
()]

[moles/
()
()]

G
GSS
y
p
(4.5)
Y =
y=
p

.
.

:
:
(4.5)
Y 1=- y p=t p

1
y
p
p
t
yy
pp
(4.5)
==
Y
(4.5) (4.5)
Y ==
G
(4.6)

-- yyG(1p-pty)
p
G S11=
=

p
G
(4.6)
G S = G(1t - y) 1=+ Y
1+ Y
G
G

(4.6)
G
G(1
(4.6)
GSS ==
G(1-- y)
y) == L [moles/()()].

11++ Y
Y L [moles/()()].
x (4.6)

LL [moles/()()].

[moles/()()].
L
LS [moles/()()].

[moles/()()].

LS [moles/()()].

xx


x

LS [moles/()()].
:
:
:

[moles/()()].

LLSS [moles/()()].
x
(4.7)
X=
x
:
:
(4.7)
X 1=- x
xx 1 - x
(4.7)
(4.7)
X
(4.7)
XL == = L(1 - x) = L
(4.8)
L
-x
S 1
(4.8)
L1S -=xL(1 - x) 1=+ X
+
1
X
LL
(4.8)
LLSS == L(1
(4.8)
L(1-- x)
x) ==
11++ X
X
(4.8)

100

140

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

L2 moles/()
Ls ()
X2
x2

L
Ls
X
xA

G2
G5
Y2
y2
2

G
Gs
Y
yA
P

G1 moles/()()
L1
Gs
Ls
Y1
y1
X1
1
x1
4.3. .
4.3 .

(. 4.3)
:
(4.9)
G S (Y1 Y) = L S (X 1 X)

(. 4.3) :

141
(4.9)

(4.9)

(4.9)

.

LS/GS

X,Y..

.
LS/GS

:
X, Y.

:
p1
x1
y1
y
p
x
= L S

= G S
(4.10)

G S

1 - x1 1 - x
1 - y1 1 - y
p t p1 p t p
(4.10)

101

moles /
mole

4 -

Y1

()

:
(Ls/Gs)

*=f(X)

Y2

*=f(X)

Y2

: (Ls/Gs)

X2

Y1

X1

X1

X2

Moles /mole

()

y1

()

y*=f(x)

y2
x2

x1

()

4.4 (4.9) (4.10). (4.9) 4.4() 4.4(),
(4.10) 4.4().

(Coulson & Richardson, 1993) (G), (y1, y2) (x2). (L) x1

.
D(X2, Y2) 1. , 1.
, 1 [. 4.5 (), F] .
, . .

102

1. 1
{. 4.5 (), F}
.
-

.
. /
LS

G S min

Y1

:
(Ls/Gs)

Y2

Y1

Y
=

D
X2

X1

Ls
Gs

min

*=f(X)

Y2

X1 max

X2

X1 max

() 4.5. /
() .
4.5 / .

LS

G S max

[. 4.4 ()] /

(1, 1)

(1, 1)

(X2.1, Y1)
(X1, Y1)
X=X

X=X2.

, (-LS/GS). ,
(e, Ye) (. 4.6).

,
(e, Ye) (. 4.6).

103

 4 -
L1
Ls
X1

G1
Gs
Y1

= -Ls/Gs

*=f(X)

2
e

L2
Ls
X2

G2
Gs
Y2

X1

X2 Xe

4.6 .

4.1.1
, , (Coulson & Richardson,
1993). ,
, ( ).
McCabe-Thiele (x,y) ,.
LS/GS, .
/. .
(0, 1). 1, 0 1 2 1 ( 4.7).

104

G1
Gs
Y1
y1

1
X1 Y2

L0
Ls
X0
x0

X2 Y3

X3 Y4
YNp-2
XNp-3

Np-2

YNp-1
XNp-2

Np-1

YNp
XNp-1

Np

GNp+1
Gs
YNp+1
yNp+1

XNp

LNp
Ls
XNp
xNp

Y = moles / mole

YNp+1

YNp
YNp-1
YNp-2

= (Ls/Gs)

*=f(X)

2
1
XNp
XNp-2 XNp-1
X2
X0 X1
X3
X = moles /mole

146

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.7 .

.

,

.
Henry,
(x,y),

.


.

. p

(x,y),
.
,
,

, . ,

p
Kremser

Kremser

:
:

y Np +1 y1

A Np +1 A
=
y Np +1 mx 0 A Np +1 1
mx 0 1 1
y
log Np +1
1 +
y1 mx 0 A A

Np =
logA
(4.11)

x 0 x Np

S Np +1 S
=
x 0 y Np +1 /m S Np +1 1

Np =

x 0 y Np +1 / m 1 1
log
1 +
x Np y Np +1 / m S S

105

(4.12)

y Np +1 y1

A Np +1 A

y Np +14mx
A Np +1 1
0
=

mx 0 1 1
y
log Np +1
1 +
y1 mx 0 A A

Np =
logA

x 0 x Np
x 0 y Np +1 /m

S Np +1 S
S Np +1 1

x 0 y Np +1 / m 1 1
log
1 +
x Np y Np +1 / m S S
Np =
log S

(4.12)

= L/mG S= mG/L.

(4.12)

=L/mG
S=mG/L.


,
.

m (ye=mxe:ye : ye

(ye=mx


xe). m
S e

.
(4.11), (4.12) Kremser (. 4.8)
xe). S
Np
(Geankoplis,
2003). .
, .

4.1.2
, . , , ,
, .

106

4

148

-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.0
0.8
0.6

A or 1/A
0.3
0.5
0.6

0.4

0.7

0.3

0.8

0.2

0.9

0.1
0.08
0.06

0.95

0.04
0.03

1.0

0.02

1.05

0.01
0.008

1.1

0.006

1.2
1.3

0.004
0.003
0.002

A:()
3.0
1/A:
2.5
5.0
()
4.0

2.0

1.6 1.5 1.4

1.8

0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
p=
4.8
. 
.


107

 4 -
G1
y1
HGI

L0
2
n-1
n

x0
HL0

Ln-1
Ln

Gn

Gn+1

Np-1
Np

150

GNp+1
yNp+1
HG, Np+1

4
L

4.9.xNp

HL, Np

Np
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4
150 .

.
4.9

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tL
4.9
:

4.9
:

(4.4)
:
(4.13)
L 0 H L0 + G Np +1H G, Np +1 L Np H L, Np + G1H G1 + Q T
. - (4.13)
(4.14)
H L = C L ( t L t 0 ) + S

t
L
Q

. tL
(4.4) :
(4.4)
:
(4.14)

(4.14)

H L = C L ( t L t 0 ) + S

.

(4.14)

(4.13)

QT
(4.14)

(4.14)

.
. n,
QT (4.13) . n,

.

(
4.9):

( 4.9):

108

QT (4.13)
(4.15)
L n + G Np +1 = L Np + G n +1
. n,
(4.16)
L n x n + G Np+1y Np+1 = L Np x Np + G n +1y n +1
(
4.9):
(4.17) (4.15)
L n H L,n + G Np +1 H G, Np +1 L= L+NpGH L, Np =+LG n +1+HGG,n +1
n

Np +1

Np

n +1

(4.16)
L n x n + G Np+1y Np+1 = L Np x Np + G n +1y n +1
(4.15), (4.16), (4.17)
(4.17)
L n H L,n + G Np +1 H G, Np +1 = L Np H L, Np + G n +1 H G,n +1
-

(4.15)

Q
T (4.13)

(4.13)

QT
.


n,
.

n,

(
4.9):

-
( 4.9):L + G
(4.15)
n
Np +1 = L Np + G n +1
(4.15)
L n + G Np +1 = L Np + G n +1
(4.16)
L n x n + G Np+1y Np+1 = L Np x Np + G n +1y n +1
(4.16)
L n x n + G Np+1y Np+1 = L Np x Np + G n +1y n +1
(4.17)
L n H L,n + G Np +1 H G, Np +1 = L Np H L, Np + G n +1 H G,n +1
(4.17)
L n H L,n + G Np +1 H G, Np +1 = L Np H L, Np + G n +1 H G,n +1

(4.16)
(4.17)

(4.16),

(4.15),
(4.16),(4.17)

(4.15),
(4.17)

(4.15),
(4.16),
(4.17)

. (4.15), (4.16) Ln, xn. H

Ln

(4.17).

Gn
Ln

.

(4.15),
(4.16),
(4.17)

n-1,

.

(4.15),
(4.16)
n-2, .. , L0 GNp+1,

L.

(4.15),Ln (4.16)

(4.13)

nt1,x
n. H
1

Ln

Ln,x
n. H

Ln ,

Gn
.

(4.17).

,

Ln

(4.17).
n

.
G
(4.15),
(4.16), (4.17)

.
(4.17)

n-1,
n-2, . (4.15),
(4.16),
,
4.1.3

n-1, n-2, .

L0

Murphree L

G
Np+1
1
(Geankoplis, 2003). ,

GNp+1

(4.13)
t1

G1
. Murphree .
G1 (4.13)
(x.y)
.
Murphree .
/C 4.10, . [MGE] = AB/AC. AC .
AC Murphree
. ,
4.10. ,
, 4.10, .
Murphree

109


4 -

C
y

153
4.10. .
x

( Henry, ,
4.10 .

),

4.1.4.

( Henry, , ),

log[1 + E MGE (1/A 1)]
(4.18)
=
E 0

= .

log(1/A)
(4.18)
( 4.11).

4.1.4

.

(Geankoplis,
2003).
( 4.11).
,
,

dZ
1
x dZ.

,
dZ
1 x :
dZ. :

dS = adZ

(4.19)

(4.19)

2
m
m2/m3 .
/m3 .

110

:
Gy [moles/() (] . :
d(Gy) moles A/ ( ) ().
:

:
4
154 () . :
Gy [moles/()
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d(Gy) moles A/ ( ) ().
4

154

:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ls

Gs
G2
y2
Y2

L2
x2
X2

L
x

G
y
dZ
Z

Ls
L1
x1
X1

Gs
G1
y1
Y1

4.11 .
4.11. .
4.11. .

1 - yi
moles A
d(Gy)
=
= FG 1n
NA =
dZ
(

)()
1 -1 y- iy
moles A

d(Gy)
=
= FG 1n
NA =
F(

)()
dZ
1- y
G

FG

FG

:
:

G y G dy
Gdy
d(Gy) = d S = S 2 =
1- y
(1 -dy
y) Gdy
G1 -yy G
d(Gy) = d S = S 2 =
1- y
1 - y (1 - y)

(4.20)
(4.20)

(4.20)

(4.21)
(4.21)
(4.21)

111

Gdy

:
Z = dZ
= (4.22)
F (1 -y1y)ln[(1 - y i ) /(1 y)]
0
y2 Z G
Gdy
155
(4.22)
Z = dZ =
[
]

F
(1
y)ln
(1
y
)
/(
1
y)
155
i
0
y2 G

4 -

(4.21) (4.20)
)

(y
i

(4.21)
(4.20)

(4.21)
(4.20)

FL /FG

FL / FG

1 - y i
-
xZ
1
x: :

(yi) 1
y1
Gdy

(4.23)
=
=
(4.22)
1 - y 1Z-=Zx i dZ =y1 1FL / FGx i
FL /FG
Gdy

[
]

F
(1
y)ln
(1
y
)
/(
1
y)
1
y
1
x
1
x

G
i
i
0
(4.22)
Z = dZ

(4.23)
=
= = y2
[
]

y)ln
(1
y
)
/(
1
y)
1 - y0 1y2- xFGi (1
1
x

i
i

(4.22)
(x,y)


xi

yi

(y
)

(x,y)

(yi)
(4.23).

(yi)

yi
FL /
FG :
FiL /F
G

1 - x
- y i(.
1 x

1x,y
FL / FG
FL /FG

=
=
(4.23).

(4.23)

11xxi
1 -1y-i y 11- -xxi

(4.23)
=
=
=f(x
)

).

y
i
i
1 -
1
y 1x,y
- x i (.
x i (4.23)

y
(4.22).
).
y,yi



i=f(xi)
(x,y)

yi

(x,y)

(4.22)

(4.22).

y,y
i
xi
(4.23).
(x,y)

y
i xi

x,y (.

).

yi=f(xi)
(4.22)

yi
i

y,yi

x

(4.22).

(4.23).

(4.22)
.

(4.23).

x,y

(.

.
.

x,y
(.

yi=f(x
i)
).

:
:

).

yi=f(x

i)
(4.22).


y,yi
(4.24)
y - y i = (1
yi )
(1 y):

(4.22).

(4.22)
y,y

(4.24)
(4.22) :
(4.24)
y -
y i = (1 y
i ) (1 y)
(4.22)

y
y1
(4.22) :
G(1
- y)
dy
(4.22) :

y iM
(4.25)
Z=
.
F
(1
y)(1
y
)
y
i
y2 G
1
.
G(1 - y)
iM dy

(4.25)
Z =

F
(1
y)(1
y
)

y 2 G

4
156
i :
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4.25)
:
(4.24)
y - y i = (1 y i ) (1 y)
4
156
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4.24)

(1-y)iM
y

1-yi
1-y.
- y i1-y
= i(
1 1-y.
y i )

y)

(1-y)

(1

iM
(4.22) :
:

:
(4.22)
:
y1
(1-y)iM
G(1

1-yi 1-y.
- y) iM dy
(4.25)
Z =y1
G
G(1
y)
dy
F
(1
y)(1
y
)
(4.26)
H
=

:
iM
G
i
y
(4.25)
Z = 2 tG F
G
F (1 - y)(1
- yi )
y2 G
G
(4.26)(4.26)
H tG =
(4.25) :
FG
y1
(4.25) :
(1 - y):
iM dy
(4.25)

y1

(1 y) iM dy
(4.27)
= H tG N tG
(1
y)(y
y
)
(1
y)(y
y
)
i
i
y
y2
y1
y1
2
(1 - y) iM dy
(1 y) iM dy
(4.27)
= H tG
H tG
= H tG N tG
(1 - y)(y - y i )
y2 (1 - y)(y - y i )
y2
(4.27)

= H tG

H tG

G F .

G F
.

G
y

112

1
(1
y) iM dy

G FG.

y (1 - y)(y
y
)
i
y1
2
(1 y) iM dy

NtG
y2 (1 - y)(y - y i )
.
NtG
(1-y)iM

- y)(y - y i )
(1
- y i )
y2 (1
- y)(y

G FG.
G FG.
y1

-

(1 y) dy
y1

.
(1 y) iM dy iM


.
G
- y)(y
- y i )

FG.
y (1 - y)(y
y2 (1
y
)
i
y1 2
(1
y) iM dy

NtG

NtG
(1
y)(y
y
)
i
y

.
2
.
.

tG

NtG

(1-y)
iM
.
(1-y)iM

(1-y)

iM

. , :

(1-y)iM
.
,
:
. , :

(1
y ) + (1
y)
(1 y
) - (1 - y)
(4.28)
(1 - y)iM
(1 = y i ) - (1 -i y)
(1
y i ) + (1 i y)
(4.28)
=

(1 - y)iM,
ln[(1 - y:
2
i ) /(1 y)]
.

ln[(1 - y i ) /(1 y)]

2
(1
(4.28)

y i ) - (1 -
y)
(1 y
) + (1 y)
=
(1 - y)iM

i (4.28)
157

ln[(1
- y i )
/(1 y)]
2 :
:

:
y1

157

dy
1 1 -
y
y1
2

(4.29) (4.29)
= 1
N tGdy
1+- yln
(4.29)
+y - ylni 2 2 1 - y1
N tG =
:
y2
157

y - y i
2 1 - y1
y2
y
1

1
,

(4.29)
1
- y 2

(4.29) dy

.
(4.29)
(4.29)
= .
+
N tG
ln
(4.29)
,

y - y i
2
1 - y1

y 2
(4.29)

(4.29)

dy

(4.29)

(4.23),
(4.29),
(4.26),
(4.27)
,

ydlny
:

(4.29)

(4.23),
(4.29),
(4.26),
(4.27)

(4.29),
(4.26),
(4.27)(4.29)

(4.23),

(4.22).

dy

logy

(4.22).
1
y 2 y

(4.29)

(4.30)
=:
N tG
2.303 (4.22).dlogy + 1.1521 log

ydlny
y -(4.29)
y i
1 -
y1
(4.23),

(4.27)

dy

(4.29),
(4.26),

logy
logy
(4.29)

dy

ydlny
:
1 y
y

ydlny
:

(4.22). dlogy+

(4.30)
= 2.303
N tG
1.1521 log 2

y - yi
1 - y1
logylogy
1
(4.29) (4.30)

y FG = ky.
y 1
(4.30)
=
+ 1.1521
N
2
.
303
dlogy
log 2
tG

y - yi
1 - y(

yi)
1
logy 2

(4.29)


G = ky.
(4.30)


(4.30)

kFx/k
y

(
yi
)

(x,y)

(4.29)

(4.29)

(4.30)

FG
(4.30)
= ky.
/k

k
x
y

=
k
.

(
yi)
.

G
y

(
y
i)

kx
/ky

(x,y)

(x,y)

1.

kx/k
y
.

1.

(x,y)

1.

.
.
x x
Ldx1.
L(1 - x)
iM dx

(4.31)

Z =
=

.
F
(1
x)ln[(1
x)/(1
x
)]
F
(1
x)(x
x)

L
i
L
i
x
x

x
x
(4.31)
Ldx
L(1 - x) dx
x
x

(4.31)
Z = .
=(1 - x) iM dx iM
(1 x) iM dx
(4.32)
Z =x FH
-HxtLi )] x FL (1 - x)(x
= iHtLx)
N tL
tL - x)ln[(1 - x)/(1
L (1
(1 - x)(x i x)
(1 - x)(x
x1 i x)
x x1
x
Ldx
L(1 - x) iM dx
x
(4.31)
Z x=
=
(
1

x)
dx
(1
x)
dx
F (1 - x)ln[(1
FL (1
x)
LiM - x)/(1
L - x i )] x 2 iM
L -=x)(x
iN
x2 L
(4.32)
Z = H

H
H
tLH
tL
tL
tL
(4.33)
=
tL -=
(1 - =x)(x
x)- x)
(1
x)(x
i x)
ic(1
x
x iM
F

k
(1
x)
k
L
x
L
iM
x1
x1
(1 x) iM dx
(1 - x) iM dx
(4.32) (4.32)
Z = H tL

H
= H tL N tL
x
L
L
L
tL
dx
1
1
x
(1
x)(x

x)
(1
x)(x

x)
(4.33)
=i
1i
x 2H tL =
x =
(4.34)
FLN
tL =k x (1
- xx)+iM22 lnk1L-c(1
- x) iM

x
x
i
2
x
L x
L
L
113
(4.33)
H =
= dx
1
1=- x

: HtL = tL
1
(4.34)
NFtLL = k x (1 -+x) iM
ln k L c(1 - x) iM
xi x 2 1- x 2
x
tL = x1
dx
1 1 - x1
(4.34)
=
+
N tL
ln
: HtL =
x x 2 1- x 2
x2 i
tL =
tG

tG

tG

y2

tG


x1 x1
Ldx
L(1 - x) dx
(4.31)
Z =.
x FL(1 - x)ln[(1- x)/(1 - x i )] = x FL(1 - x)(xiM i x)

2
2
x

1
1

4 Ldx

L(1 - x)
dx
x
x1
Z = 1
=
(1 x) iM dx
(1- x) iM dx iM
Z = x HFLtL(1 - x)ln[(1 - x)/(1
H- tLx i)] x FL (1 - x)(x
= Hi tL N
x)tL
2
2
(1 - x)(x i x)
(1 - x)(x
i x)
x2
x2

(4.31)
(4.32)

1
(1 x)
(1 - x) dx
iM dx
L
L
Z = HH
H tL = iM L = H tL N tL
tL
=
=
tL
(1 - x)(x
i x)
x2
F i kx) (1 - x)x 2 (1 - x)(x
k c(1
- x)

(4.32)
(4.33)

x1

158

iM

iM

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x1
L
L
L

dx
1 = 1 - x1
(4.33)
=
(4.34)
+ ln k c(1
FNL tL = k x (1 - x)
- x) iM
iM
L
x x
2 (1-x)
1 - x
2
x2 i
(1-x) iM =
(1-xi)
x1
4
158
dx
1
1 - x
1 .
=

:
HtL

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(4.34)
+
N tL =
ln
x x i x 2 1 - x 2
=

tL (1-x)

iM = (1-x) (1-xi)
4
158

:
HtL =
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

(y-y
i) (xi-x)
H tL =

(4.33)

(4.34)

.
: HtL =

tL =

(1-x

2>x1
iM

x
(1-x)
=

(1-x)
i)
4
tL =

158

4
158
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1-x) iM =

(1-x)

(1-x
)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------y
>y
,

.
2.

(y-y
i)
i-x)

(x.
i
.

x
2>x1

(1-x
(1-x)
(1-x
iM =
i)

(y-yi)
(1-x)
=

(1-x)

iM(1-x)
i)
(xi-x) (m=

x
>x

dy

(x

(y-y
2>y
1,const)
i)
i-x)
i/dx
i =

. 2 1

.
y2>y1, , .

x2>x
1
,

(.

(m= dyi/dx
=
const)

y
>y
,

.
(m=
dy
/dx
=
const)

2
1
i
i
i
(xi-x)i)
.

(y-yi) (y-y
1).

(xi-x)
.

(. 1).

>x1 (.

:
.

x2
x2>x1
=
const)

(m=
i

1).

y2dy
>yi/dx
,

.
1

Z=N
y2>y1,

, (4.35)
.
tOG H
tOG

(.

(4.35)

y1

(1 - y)*M
dy

(m=
dyi/dx1).
i = const)
(4.35)
N tOG H tOG
(4.36)
= Z =
N tOG

(m=
dy
(1
y)(y
y*
)
i/dxi = const)
y2

:

,
(.
y1
(1 - y)*M dy
,

(.
(4.36)
N tOGy1Z==N H

1).
(4.35)
tOG
dy
1tOG-(1
-)y 2 )
(1
y)(y
y*
y
2
(4.37)
N tOG =
+ ln

1).

:
y1y - y *
2
(
1
y
)

(4.36)
1
y2
(1
y)
dy
y1
*M
(4.36)
=
dy
1
(1
y
)
tOG
2
N
:
(4.35) (4.37)
H tOG
N tOGZYy1==(1N- tOG
y)(y
-+y*)ln
2
y - y * 12 (1
(1+ Y
y12))
ydY
2
(4.38) (4.35)
N tOG = y1y1 (1 - y) Z+dy
In H tOG
=N
-1 Y **M 1 2 (1tOG
-(1y 2+) Y1 )
(4.36)
NNtOG ==Y2 YYdy
(4.37)
+ ln) 1 (1 + Y2 )
dY
tOG
(4.38)
N tOGyy22(1
=y -- y)(y
+(-1y)
y * y-12y*(1
Iny*M
1 )dy
Y - Y * G2 (1 + Y1 )
G
G y N tOG
(4.36)
Y2 =
1
(4.39)
H tOG =
=
= 1 (1(1
(4.37)
y)(y
y*
)
Y1 dy
y
)
FOG K yN(1
-=y) *M dYK+ Gy 2p
2+y)Y*M2 )
1t (1(1
(4.37)
ln
tOG
G N tOG =Gy - y * 2+ (1In yG)
(4.38)
y 2 Y - Y=
(4.39)
H tOG =
=
*y1 2 (11+ Y1 )
Y2
dy
- y
FOGy*
(
K y (1
- y)
K G
p t (1 1 y) *(1

*)

2)
*M
M
(4.37)
Y1N tOG =
+ ln
dY
y1 In
-G
y(1*+ Y22 ) (1 y1 )
G
G
(4.38)
y
N
=
+
2
H

tOG (

y*

*)
(4.39)
=
tOG =
Y - =Y K
* p
2 (1(1+yY
Y2
FOG K y (1 - y)
) *1M
*M
G
t
Y1

x (
).

(1
+ Y2
)
dYy-y* (
1 Y-Y*)
(4.38)
G
G
G
(4.38)
N
=
+
In

y*
(
*)

tOG
(4.39)
H
=
=
=
tOG

x
(
).

y-y*
(
Y-Y*)

Y(1- Yy*) 2 (
1 + Y

1 )
Y2
F
K y (1
- y)*M
K G p
t
*M
OG

(1-y)
.

(1-y)
G(
G
G

y*
*)*

x
(
).

y-y*
(
Y-Y*)

H
=
=
=
tOG
.

(1-y)

(1-y) (4.39)
*- y)

K
(1
p
(
1
y
)

(1-y*).

(4.35),,
(4.39)

OG
y
*M
G
t
*M

(1-y*). (4.35),, (4.39)

(4.39)

x
(
).

y-y* (
Y-Y*)

y* *(
*)

(1-y)
.
(1-y)

(1-y*).

(4.35),,
(4.39)


. (1-y)* (1-y)

114

x ( ). y-y* ( Y-Y*)

(1-y*). (4.35),, (4.39)

. (1-y)* (1-y)
(1-y*). (4.35),, (4.39)

159
159

y* ( *)

.

x ( ).

( Y-Y*)


y-y*

NtOG
159

(1-y)

(4.35)

tOG
(1-y)
(1-y*).
(4.39)

N
tOG
159

tOG
HtOL

.

tOL

HtOG

tOL

HtOG


:
HtOL
.
:
NtOG

159 159
. tOL HtOL

(4.40)
Z = N

tOL H tOL HtOG
:
(4.40)
.
NtOG
x1

H
.

tOL
tOL
(1
x)
dx

*M H

(4.40)
Z
= N
(4.41)
tOL
tOL HtOG
N

tOL

:
(1 - x)(x
* -x)
.

NtOG

.

Nx 2tOG1

Hdx
. xtOL
tOL
(1Z- x)
*
M
(4.40)
=
N
H tOL
x1 N
=
tOL

(4.41)

tOL
tOG
dx1

(1- -x)(x
xH1tOG
) * -x)
(1
:
(4.42)
N tOL =
+ xln2 x
x *tOL
-x 2H
(tOL
1 1
x(1

.
x 2
tOL
tOL

x)
dx
2 )-H
(4.41)
*M
x1
(4.41)
=
N
(4.40)
Z
=
N
H
tOL 1 (1 - x
tOL) tOL
dx
1
(1 - x)(x
* -x)
: N tOLx1=
:
(4.42)
x2

dX
1+ 2ln
(1
X
x1 (+
1x) )
x
*
-x
1

(4.43)
N tOL = x 2 x + ln (1 - x)2 *M dx
(4.40)
(4.40) (4.41)
ZN1=tOLdx
H+1=
X * -X
2N=tOL(1Z
XN2 (1
)tOL-Hx1tOL
tOL
)
x2
x1 =
(1
x)(x
*
-x)
(4.42)
N tOL
ln
+
+ xln2 (1 +(1X1 )x 2 )
dX
x x * -x1 x1 2
(4.43)
(1 -Lx) *M dx
2 (1 - x)
dx
L N tOL = Lxx1N
(4.41)
(4.44) (4.41)
H tOL =
=N tOLx 2=X *1 -X
==2*M1(1 +(1X-2x) )
tOL
dx
(4.42)
(1c(1
- x)(x
*1*M
-x)
FOL N
KtOL
- x)
1(1 - x)(x
x 2*
(4.42)
= -xx2x)
x (1
*M
Lln
dX +K
1-x) (1
+X
)
1
x * -x +2 ln(1 L
x2)
(4.43)
L x N tOL =x x2 L
1 X * -X =
2
(
1
+
X
)
1 =
(4.44)
H tOL =

2
x
dx
1
(1
x
)
21
dx
- x1 ) c(1 -1 x)
K x=(1
x)(1
OL N tOL
*M + K
L
(4.42) (4.42)
N tOLF=
+x1 -ln

dX
1ln
(1
+xX1)) *M
x
*
-x
2
(
1

x
*
-x
2
(
1
x
)

2
(4.43)
L + 2 ln
L
x NL = x 2
X *
(4.44)
H tOL = 2 tOL =

-X 2 =
(1 + X 2 )
x2
(4.37) x1F
K
(1 - x)*M K L c(1 - x)*M
x1 x:
OL ,
dX(1 +.
+ X1 )
dX
1
X11 ) (1
(4.43)

(4.43)

(4.43)
ln
N tOL
= N
lnL y+
tOL = +
L
L)
1

dy

X
*
-X
2
(
1
+
X
X
*
-X
2
(
1
+
X
)
H tOL = x 2
= xN2
2
(4.45) (4.44)
= 2= K c(1
(4.37)
tOG :
FOL K,
- x)*M
x (1 - x)
*M
L
y
y
*
y

.
L
L 2 y1L dy
L L
L
(4.44)
=
=
=
H tOL

(4.44)
H(4.37)
=
=
=
tOL
=
N

,
:
F

-
(4.45)

c(1
x)*M
- x)
- x)K*Mx (1tOG
KFxOL
(1
K
x)
*M y--K
L**
OL
L c(1
M
y
y 2.

y1
(4.44)
,x2 :
x1
dy
N

(4.45)

tOG =
(4.37)

,
:

y -y *
y* = mx+r
(4.46)
y2

.
.

y1

x
1,x2 :

(4.37)

,
,
:
dy

(4.45)
=
N tOG
(4.37)

,
:
(4.37)

,
:
y y -
y* = mx+r
(4.46)
y
*

x


y2 1

1,x2 : y1
dy ,
dy

(4.45)
=
(4.45)
= N
N

tOG
tOG

(x,y).
y*
=
mx+r
(4.46)
y
y
*
y
y
*
y2
y 2


x1,x2 :
:
(4.45)

(x,y).
y* = mx+r
(4.46)

,x
,
:
,x
:
x
1
2
,x
:

x
1 2
1 2
:

,
= mx+r
(4.46)
y*
(4.46)
(x,y).
y*
= mx+r
y* = mx+r
(4.46)

:

(x,y).

(x,y). :
:

(x,y). (x,y).
: :

115

160

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4
4 -
160 160

4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
L
160 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------160
y = ( x - x 2 ) + y 2 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
160
G

(4.47)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L

y=y=
( xL- (xx2
(4.47)
-) x+ 2y)2+ y 2 (4.47)
(4.46),

(y-y*)
LGL(4.47)
(4.47)
y =y = ( x (-G
x
)
+
y
2
2
(4.47)
L x - x 2 ) + y2
(4.46),
:
G ( x -
(4.47)
y =G
x 2 )
+
y2

(4.47)

(y-y*)
(4.47)
(4.46),
(4.47)

(y-y*)
G

(4.46),
(4.47)

(y-y*)

=
qx+s
(4.48)

(4.46),
(4.47)

y-y*

(y-y*)

:
(4.46),
(4.47)

(y-y*)

:
:

(4.46),
(4.47)

(y-y*)

:
y-y*
q,r,s .
(4.48)
:
y-y*=
=qx+s
qx+s
(4.48)
y-y*
= qx+s
(4.48)
:
y-y*
= qx+s
(4.48)
:
y-y*
= qx+s
(4.48)
q,r,sq,r,s

.
q,r,s

.
y-y* x= qx+s
(4.48)

q,r,s

.
:

q,r,s .
L 1 dx
L
(y - y*)1
:
:
(4.49)
=
=
N tOG =
ln

q,r,s

.
:
G x 2 qx + s Gq ( y y*) 2
x1
:
x
L L dx1 dx L L(y - y*
)
:
(4.49)
= =ln ln (y -1 y*=)1 =
N tOGN= x=
1
(4.49)

x
LGL 1qx
dxdx
LGq
(y( y(y
- y*
)y*
tOG
+
s
y*
1 )
L
)
y
y
2
x
+

G
qx
s
Gq
(
y*
)
(4.49)
=
=
=
N tOG
ln
x21 x
1 22
1
2
(4.49)
= L ln
N tOG = L qx
- y*
) =
qx
+dx
-yy*)
s+ s =Gq
((y
y ((y
y*
2 )1 (=
x2
y - y*) 2
)y*
Gqln
(4.49)
N tOG =G G
1
(4.49)
2
x2

G x 2 qx + sy1 Gq
( y2 y*) 2
2 y
yy1 In[(y
y*)
/(
y
y*)
]
1
2
y1-y1y*)
(y - y*)
y(2y - (y*)
(y
1 1y
2 y -2y*) 2
y1 (y/(y-y2y*)
(y
- y*)
In[(y
y*)
] y] 1 y 2
1
(y
--y*)
y*)
( y1 --/(y*)
In[(y
y2 -2y*)
1-1y*)
2
(4.50)
N
=2
tOG
(y
y*)
(
y
y*)

In[(y
- y*)
11 /( y/(-yy*)
2 ]2 ] (y - y*)
In[(y
- y*)
y*)
M
1y y
2
1y y
2 y]
In[(y
- 1y*)
22
(4.50)
N tOG-Ny*)
= 1 /(
(4.50)
=- y*)
y(y
y2 yM
tOG
(y-y*)M N

(4.50)

1y
(y
y*)
=
1
2
M
tOG
(4.50)
N tOG (y
= -yy*)
y

1
M2
- y*)
(4.50)
N tOG = (y

.
M
(y-y*)

(y-y*)
M
(y - y*)
M
(y-y*)

(y-y*)
M

.
(4.50)
(y-y*)

.
(4.50)
:

.

.
(y-y*)M

(4.51)
G(y
y 2
) = K
- y*)

(4.50)
:
1
G p
t ( y (4.50)
M:

(4.50)

(4.50)
:

(4.50)
:
G(y

(4.51)
) y= K
1 y 2
G p t ( y - y*) M
(4.51)
1
2 ) = K G p t ( y - y*) M
(4.50) : G(y
(4.51)
(4.51)
G(y
1 y
2) = K
t ( y (-yy*)
M
(4.51)
G(y
= G
Kp
- y*)

= mx,
1 y 2 )
G p
t
M

Henry

y*

(4.51)
G(y

y
)
=
K
p
(
y
y*)
1
2
G
t
M

Henry

y*
=y*
mx,

Henry

mx,

Henry,

y* =
mx,

Henry

y*
=
mx,

Henry

y*
= mx,

Henry

y*
=
mx,
:

:
:

:
y mx 2 1 1
:
:
:
ln 1
1 +
:
:

y
mx
2
2

: mx= 1 1 A A
161
(4.52)
2
ytOG
: ln yln1 N
1 mx
1 211 +111+1 /1A
y1yy2 mx

(4.52)
A A1A
2 2
ymx
mx
21 2 1+A
2 mx
(4.52)
1
N tOGN=ln ln=yy1mx

+
1

(4.52)
1

mx

A
A
tOG 2 1
12212 1/1A1 /A
ln y 2 mx
A+ A
(4.52)
=
= L/mG N tOG
(4.52)
=
N tOG
A
y 2=1L/mG
mx

112/ 1A/ A A
(4.52)
N tOG =
1 1 / Ax y / m

1
(1 A) + A
ln 2
x y /m

(4.53)
N tOL = 1 1
1- A
(4.53)

(4.52) (4.53)

(4.52) (4.53) 4.12.

4.12.

116

N tOL

(1  A)  A
ln
x1  y1 / m

1- A

(4.53)

        
-

2.
1.0
0.8
0.6

A or 1/A
0.3
0.5
0.6

0.4
0.3

0.7

0.2

0.8

0.1
0.08

0.9

0.95

0.06
0.04

1.0

0.03
0.02

1.05
1.1

0.01
0.008
0.006

1.2
1.3

0.004
0.003

A:()
1/A:
()

0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005

4 5 6

1.4
1.5
1.8
1.6
5.0 2.5 2.0
3.0

8 10

20

30 40 50

, NtOG () NtOL ()
4.12 .

. 4.13 . (4.50)
,
.

117

y =

4 -

D
G
E

163
x
x =

163

CEF CE=EF F

4.13 .

D. yG-y

CEF

CE=EF

CEF

yD. CFD

D.
yG-y

D.

yG-y

GE=EH

:
F.
CEF, y

CE=EF,

F

D.

yG-y

yD

F.

DF=
2(GE)=GH.

yD-y

GE=EH

,
DF=

. GE=EH

yF
. GE=EH

:

yF2(GE)=GH.

(JK=KL
).

(JK=KL
..).
DF=
2(GE)=GH.
:

DF= 2(GE)=GH.

:
(JK=KL ).
(JK=KL ).
G(1 - y) iM
G
mG L (1 x) iM
(4.54)
=
+

:
FOG
FG
(1
- y)*M
L FL (1 - y)*M
G(1 - y) iM
G
mG L (1 x) iM G
G(1 - y) iM
mG L (1 x) iM
(4.54)
(1 - y) iM + mG
(1 - x) iM
(4.54)
=
=
+
H
FOG
FGtG(1 - y)*M + L H
F tL (1 - y) F FG (1 - y)*M (4.55)
L FL (1 - y)*M
tOG = H
(1 - y)*M
L L (1 - y)**MM OG
(1 - y) iM
(1 - x)
mG
(1 - y)
(1 - x) iM
mG
iM
iM

(4.55)
H tOG=
H tG
+
H tL
H tOG
= H tG
+
H tL
L
(1 - y)*M
(1 - y)*M
(1 - y)*M
L
(1 - y)*M
yi y* :
(4.55)

(1 - x) iM
mG
(4.56)
H
= H tG + ,
H tL
y* :
yi
y* :
:

tOG
L
(1
- y)*yMii y*
(1 - x) iM
mG
(1 - x) iM
mG
H tOG = H tG +
H tL
H tOG = H tG + (4.56)H tL
L
(1 - y)*M
L
(1 - y)*M

118

(4.56) .

:

.
(4.56)

(
(1 - x) iM
(1 - y) iM
L
(4.57)
H tOL = H tL
+
H tG
:
:
(1 - x) *M mG
(1 - x)
*M
(1 - x)
- y) iM
L (1:
(1 - x) iM
(1
L
iM

H tOL
= H tL
+
H tG
H tOL = H tL (4.57)
+
H tG
(1 - x) *M mG
(1 - x) *M
(1 - x) *M mG
(1

FFOG(1
(1
FG-(1
Fy)
(1 - y)*M
y) - y)L*M
mG
L-x)
FL HL(1 -(1
G H - y)*M iM +
*M iM
(4.55)
=
tOG
tG
tL
(1 - y)(1*M- y) L mG (1 - y)(1*M- x)
iM
iM
(1 - y)
x)tLiM
mG
(4.55)
H
+ (1 -H
tOG = H tGiM +
(4.55)
H tOG
=
H
H
- y)L*M tL L
- y)*M
tG

(1 - y) (1
(1
- y) (1
FOGH

*M
*M
-

yi y* :

(1 - x) iM
mG
yi y* :
y* :
yi
(4.56)
H tOG = H tG +
H tL
L mG (1 - y)(1*M- x)
iM
x)tLiM
=mG
H tGH+ (1 -H
(4.56) (4.56)
H tOG = H
HtOG
tG +
tL L
(1
y)
*
M
L
(1 - y)*M
(4.56)

(4.56)
.

(4.56) . :

(4.56) .

(4.56) .

(1 - y) iM
L

: (1 - x) iM

:
(4.57)
H tOL = H tL
+
H tG
(1 - x)(1*M- x) mG L (1 - x)(1*M- y)
iM
(1 - x)
LiM + (1 -Hy)tGiM
H
tOL = H tLiM +
(4.57) (4.57)(4.57)
H
=
H
H
tOL
tL
tGmG
- mG
x) *M
(1 - x) *M

(1 - x) *M(1
(1
- x):
*M

:
(1
-
y) iM :
L

:
(4.58)
H tOL =
H tL + H
tG
mG L (1 - x)(1*M- y)
iM
L tL + (1 -Hy)tGiM
=H
(4.58) (4.58)
H tOL = H
H tOL
H tGmG
tL +
(1
x)
*
M
(1 - x) *M
mG
(4.58)
,
, (4.58) .

4.1.5
. ,
. ,
.
.
.
, .
,
.
165

(Geankoplis, 2003).
: , 165

.

.
C

,
( ).
, ( ).
mole

mole

4.14):

(
:
).
(

H L = C L ( t L t 0 ) + S
mole :

(4.59)

HLL == C
CLLdt
( t LL + d
t 0 ) +S S
dH
d
dH

mole
B:
L = C L dt L +
S
t 0 ) +
HG = C
YA [C A ( t G t
0 ] + B:

B ( t G
0 ) + mole
H
tG
) +t )C0+ ]Y [C ( t t ) + ] +
C [C
C (C
=
(t t 0
G

CG[C
t ) + A dt
] G + [C A ( t G t 0 ) + 0 ]d +
dH
= CC(Bt dt
G
G +0 YA CC0
+dHCC=
+ [C+C Y
( t GC tdt
C dt
0 ) ++[C0
CGBdt
C]AdY
( t GC t 0 ) + 0 ]d +
G
G
A A
G

(4.59)
(4.60)
(4.60)

(4.60)

(4.61)
(4.61)
(4.62)

(4.62)
C C C dt G
+ [C C ( t G t 0
) + C0
]dYC t0,
+
.

(4.59)

119

165 165
( ).

mole :

( (

(4.59)

).

H L=
C L( t

4 ).
L t 0 ) +
S

mole
:
mole
:
dH L = C L dt L + d S
H
=
C
(=t LCL t(B:
HLL

t 0 ) S+ S
Lmole
0t )L +
mole B:
dH =dH
C dt= C+ dt
d+ d
HG = C B ( t G L t 0 ) +LLYAL[CLA ( tLG S t 0 ) +S 0 ] +

mole

mole
B: B:

C [C C ( t G t 0 ) + C0 ]

(4.60)
(4.59)(4.59)
(4.60)(4.60)
(4.61)

+ YAt G[CAt(0t)G+t0
HG = CHBG( t=G CBt(0t)G+YtA0 [)C
(4.61)
0 )]++ 0 ] +
dH G = C Bdt G + YA CAA(dt
(4.61)(4.61)
G + [C A ( t G t 0 ) + 0 ]d +
(4.62)
C [CC
( t [C t(0t)G+tC00 )]+ C0 ]
+ CCGC CCdt
G + [C C ( t G t 0 ) + C0 ]dYC
HBGdt=G C+BY
dtAGC+A dt
YAGC+A[dt
(0t)G+t0
0
]d +
dC
C
(+t [GCAt
d
0 ) ]+
+
dH
G=

GA

t0,(4.62)

(4.62)
GC C+C[dt
CC0 ]dYC
C CG (+t G[CCt(0t)G+tC0
dY
+ C C+C dt
0 )]+
.
(4.62)

0,

t0, t

t0,

:
.

R A y A,i
:

: (4.63)
dZ
ln
N A
dZ
R
=
-GBdY
=

:
A FG, A
A
R A yA
yR A y A,i
A,i
RA FG,RAA ln
dZ =dZ
B dYA
N A dZN=A dZ
R A F=
-G B=
dY-G
(4.63)(4.63)
G, A ln
A
R
y
A

R A yA A
(4.63)

4
166

= d
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L + dL
tL + dtL
xA + dxA
xC + dxC
HL + dHL

G + dG
GB
YA + dYA
YC + dYC
tG + dtG
HG + dHG

xA1
xC1

NA
NC
qG

t
y1A1
yC1

Z+dZ

NA
NC
qG
Z

L = moles/
xA,xC = .
tL=
HL=
[/mole ]

G = [moles/()()],
GB=[moles/()()],
yA,yC= ()
Y, YC=moles/mole
HG= , [/mole ]

4.14 .
4.14.
.

R y C,i
dZ = -G BdYC
N C dZ = R C FG,C ln C
R C yC

(4.64)

R=A/(NA+NC), RC= NC/(NA+NC). C (4.64)

, R
120

, . : RA+RC= 1.0.
:
q G dZ = h G (t G t i )dZ

(4.65)

hG

 R y
==RRC FFG,C lnln RCC yC,C,i idZ
NNC dZ
(4.64)
dZ
dZ==-G
-GBBdY
dYCC
(4.64)
C
C G,C
RRCCyyCC
C

=A/(N
A+NC), RC= N
C/(NA+NC).

-
RR
=A/(N
A+NC), RC= N
C/(NA+NC). C

,
,
RR

+R
,

:
RRA
R=A/(N
+NC), RC=
N
/(N
+NC).

,
C= 1.0.
A
C
A
C
,

.
.
:
A+RC= 1.0.
R , . RA+RC= 1.0.

: :
qqG dZ
= h G(t G t i )dZ
G dZ = h G (t G t i )dZ

(4.65)
(4.65)

(4.65)

hhGG

.
.

. :

:
:
R A x A
ln R A x A dZ
=
NNA dZ
R
F
A
L,
A
dZ
A dZ = R A FL,A lnR x
RAA xA,A,i i

(4.66)
(4.66)

167 (4.66)
167
167

R xC
dZ
(4.67)
N C dZ = R C FL,C ln C
167

R
x
RC xC,i
C
(4.67) (4.67)
N C dZ = R C FL,C ln C
dZ

R
x
C
C

R
x
(4.68)
=

dZ
h
(t
t
)
dZ

C
C,
i

(4.67)
N C dZq =
R
F
ln
dZ
L
i
L
167
C L,C L

RRC CxxC,Ci
I

C F(
:
(4.67)
N C dZ
R
dZ
(4.68)
=L,ChLln
q L=dZ
(t4.14)
i t L )dZ
)dZ
R
x C,i
C

(4.68)
=

q L dZ
h
(t
t
167 (4.69) (4.68)
i L+
L G + dG
L +
dL +L G =
I
4.14)
:
(

R
x
C
(4.68)
(
= hdL
C tLdZ
dZ
)dZ:
I

167
=
N
RqC4.14)
ln
LF
L (t
idG
C dZ
L,
C
=4.14)
I

(
167 (4.67) (4.70)
(4.69)
L
+ dL:
+
G
=
Li + G + dG

R
x
C
C,

(4.69)
L
+
dL
+
G
=
L
+
G
+
dG
I

(
4.14)

:
R
(4.71)
:
GdL
=G
(1+ YA + YC )
(4.70)
=xBdG
C
(4.69)
(4.67)
N C dZ
R C=
FL,hC L(t
ln i C t L )dZ
dZ
(4.68)
q L=dZ

(4.70)
(4.69)
L + dLdL
+ CG==dG
L
+ G + dG
R
x
C,
i

R
x
(4.71)
:
G
== G
+Y
Y )
(4.72)
:
GBCB((1dY
CAA++dY
ln
(4.67)
=CRCxFL,C CdL
N CdZ
dZCC ) (4.67)
I

R
(
4.14)

:
=dZ
N

(4.70)
=
dG
(4.71)
:
GdL
G
(
1
+
Y
+
Y
)
C dZ = R C FL,C ln
C
t )BRdZ
C xA
C,i
(4.68) (4.72)
=

q L dZ
(t
R ChL(.
x C,ii 4.14):

:
dL
(dYA+ dYC )
+
+L=GG+ BdG
(4.69)(4.71) (4.70)
L
dL
+
G
=
L
:
G
=
G
(
1
+
Y
+
Y
)
BB (dYA A+ dYC
(4.72)
:
dL
G
)
=
C
(4.68)
=dZ
t:
q L(
dZ
h4.14)
(t
I

L4.14):
i
L )dZ= G H (4.68)
(4.73)

q
dZ
h
(t
t
)

(.
B
G
L
L
i
L
(4.70)
dL
=
dG
:
:
dL
(dY
+ dYC )

+
(.
A :
(4.69) (4.72)
L+
dL4.14)
G (
=4.14):
L +=GG
+BdG
I

4.14)
G
I:

=
G
H
(4.71) (4.73)
G
=
G B:
(1 + Y
+
Y
)
B
A
C

(.
4.14):
(4.73)

G B H G
L
++
dL
G=
L + G
+=dG

= (4.69) (4.70)(4.69) (4.71)

L + dL + G =
L dL
G=++dG
dG
(4.72)
:
dL = G B (dYA + dYC )
G
(4.73)

dG
:G (H + dH )
G
= GdL
+
YA + YC )=] GGB H
Bt(1=
:
dG
[CC ( t G (4.71)
G=BdY
t 0 ) +(4.70)
C0 ]

=
B
G
G dL
A [C A (
G t 0 ) +
0
B dYC (4.70)
(. 4.14):

(4.71)
G+=Y
G )B (1++
YA +)=
YC )
(4.74)
G
dY
: ::
(dL
1A+[=
Y
B (dY
C] G
[C ( t (4.72)
G B (H G + dH GG) =GGBBdY
C
dY (4.71)
t 0 ) + C0 ]
A
C tA0 ) + 0
A (t G

= G B H G B C C G (4.73)
(4.72)

=
[C A ([CC (
]
G B (
H G + dH
)G
dY
t
tG t0 ) =
+ (4.72)
G
B(.
G
0 ) B+(
0A]
B dY
C0(4.74)
:
dY
dY
=t G
+G
C ) C (4.72)
:
dL =
G AB4.14):
(dYAdL
)
+ dY
C
=

(.
4.14):
[
] G
G
(
H
+
dH
)

G
dY
C
(
t

t
0
t G (4.73)
t 0 ) =+ (4.74)

B
G
G
B
A
A
G
B dYC [C C (
C0 ]

(.
4.14):0 )=+

G
BHG

(.
4.14):

=

= (4.74)
.
=

(4.73)

=
G B H G (4.73)

=
G
H G]
B
=

=
[
[
]
G B (H G.
+
dH
)

G
dY
C
(
t

t
)
+

G
dY
C
(
t

t
)
+

G- G B (C
B B +A YAAC AG+ Y0C C C )dt
0 G = hBG (t
CG
C t iG
C0
(4.75)
)dZ 0
(4.73)
=
(4.74)
.
=

(4.75)
- G B
(C B +
YA C A +(YC.
C C4.14)
)dt = h G (t G t i )dZ
dH

G BdY
( t G
t
+
0 ] G
G BdY=
( t G t 0 )=+ C0 ]
G

= A [C
B ( H G +
G )
A0 ) =
C [C C

. -
(4.75)
G B (C B + YA C A + YC C C )dt G = h G (t G t i )dZ
+ d
=
4.14)
L(C
dt
G B { [C(
t 0 ) + S ](dYA + dYC ) + H(4.74)

L
L dH
s)
Lt( t.
L
A,)i dY
A +] H C,i dYC }
[
]
[
G
(
H
+
)

G
dY
C
(

t
)
+

G
dY
C
(
t

t
+

=
B GG dY [C
B t )A
A ]
G G dY
0
B )C
C ] G
0
C0
[C0C G( t(t
G B (H G + dH G
Y
+
(
C0
(4.75)
+
- GA B
(GC
Y.
)dt
)
B
A (Bt G
0
B
G Gt
0 t+

A0C A +
C C C4.14)
GC = h
i )dZ
L(C

h L (t
t
)
dZ
(4.74)

=
i
L
(4.74)
{
+
=

+
+
+
+ H C,i dY
dt
d
)
G
[
C
(
t
t
)

](
dY
dY
)
H
dY
L
L
s
B
L
L
0
S
A
C
A,
i
A
C }
(4.74)
.
(4.76)
L

(
.
4.14)
{
}
+
=

+
+
+
+
L(C
dt
d
)
G
[
C
(
t
t
)

](
dY
dY
)
H
dY
H
dY
L
s
B
L L
0
S
A
C
A,i = A
C,i
C

t h (t
)=dZ
-

(4.75)
+
=

GLB (CiB + LY
C
Y
C
)
dt
h
(t
t
)
dZ
121
C C
G
G
i
h L (t
)dZA A

J(=A,C)

H t
}
+
+
+

G
tGL t 0
) +
](
dY
dY
)
H
dY
H
dY
(4.76)
L dti L J,+i Ld s ) = =
B { [C L (
S
A
C
A,
i
A
C,
i
C
. L(C

(4.76)

( .
4.14)

h
(t
t
)
dZ
L
i
L Y C

J(=A,C)

H
,

x
O

t
i
J,i.

.
(4.75)
+
+
=

G
(
C
Y
C
)
dt
h
(t
t
)
dZ
J,
i
B
B
A A
C C
G
G
G
i
.
(4.76)
B
S ](
H J,i
{
[C L ( t
+ H A,i dYA
+ H
L(CL
dt L + d
dYA + dYC ) J(=A,C)
s) = G
L t 0 ) +
C,i dYC }

,
4.14
:

(4.75)
+
+
=

G
(
C
Y
C
Y
C
)
dt
h
(t
t
)
dZ
Y
t(
i,
C

4.14)
B
B
A
A.
GxJ,i. G O
i
C C G
(4.75)
-
B +
A)C
A + YC C C )dt G = h G (t G t i )dZ
GhBL((t
dZ

i t LH
J,i J(=A,C)

=
G B (H G + dH
dYA [C A ( t G
t 0 )=
+ 0 ] G BdYC [C C ( t G t 0 ) + C0 ]
G ) G B
(4.74)
4 -
G B (H G + dH G ) G BdYA [C A ( t G t 0 ) + 0 ] G BdYC [C C ( t G t 0 ) + C0 ]
-
=
(4.74)
-

=
=

=
=
.
.
=

- G B (C B + YA C A + YC C C )dt G = h G (t G t i )dZ

( . 4.14)
+ YA
-
G B (
C B
CA + Y
C C C )dt G = h G (t G t i )dZ

(4.75)
(4.75)

(4.75)

L(C
d s ) =(G.
[C L ( t L t 0 ) + S ](dYA + dYC ) + H A,i dYA + H C,i dYC }

L dt L +
B {4.14)
L (t i)=t G
L )dZ
L(CL dt L + hd
s
B { [C L ( t L t 0 ) + S ](dYA + dYC ) + H A,i dYA + H C,i dYC }
(4.76)
h L (t i t L )dZ
(4.76)
H J,i J(=A,C)
(4.76)

( . 4.14)

168

4
168
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,

x
O

J(=A,C)

i
J,i.
H
HJ,

J(=A,C)

t , i

J,i
i
4
xJ,i. O 168

4.14
:
4
168

,
t 0 ) +
YA C
dt G:
A0 ]dYA +

x4.14
O+C[C

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ti,
C
]dY +
J,i.
B dt G +
A+
A (t +
G [C
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
C
dt
Y
dt
(t
t
)

B
G
A
A
G
A
G
0
A0
A

L(CL dt L
+ dS,
) = G B + Y4.14
[CC (t G t 0 ) + C0 ]dYC

C C C dt
G +

L(C
=C G
+
Y
C
dt
+
[C
(t

t
)
+

]dY

L dt L + d S )
B
C
C
G
C
G
0
C0
C
(dY
B dt G + YA C A dt G + [C A (t G t 0 ) + A0 ]dYA +
+CdY
)[C
(tALCA dt
t 0G) ++
] G t 0 ) + A0]dYA +
+
dt
Y
[C
(t
A
C
L
S

B
G
A
A + dYC )[C L (t L t 0 ) + S ]

L(CL dt L + dS ) = G B + YC CCdt(dY

G + [C C (t G t 0 ) + C0 ]dYC
L(CL dt L + dS) = G B + Y
C

C C dt G + [C C (t G t 0 ) + C0 ]dYC
(4.77)
dYC )[CL (t L t 0 ) + S ]
(4.77)

(dYA +(dY

A + dYC )[C L (t L t 0 ) + S ]

(4.77)

(4.77)

(4.77)

(4.76)

(4.76)
(4.77):

(4.76)
(4.77):

(4.77):

GB
dYA dY
G

[
(4.76)
t 0
t i =
t L t+ =
)t (4.77):
0
]) (4.77):
,
i B[C
A (t
G C

(4.76)

(
t
0 ] A
i h
L
,i
A
G
0
dZ
L
h L
G
dYA dZ
dY

t i = t L + B [ G
C
(
t
t
)

]
dY
B
G

0
C AC0( tGdY
tC0 ) dZ
0 ] A
(4.78) (4.78)
+ [ H C,i +t i[CH
,ti0()t [A,C0
h=CLt(Lt G+C
i ]

t
)

]
hCL G
dZ
C,i
0 dZ C0
dZ
C
dtC0G] dYdt
dY
(4.78)
+

[
H
C
(
t
t
)

C,
i
C
G
0
(C B ++Y
YCC C
(4.78)
HCC,A+i +YC
( t CG ) t 0C) dZ
C0G] C
A
([C
B
ACA + Y
C C)
dZ
dZ
dZ
(4.78)
dt
(C B + YA C A + YC C C ) G dt G
(C B + YA C A + YdZ
CCC )
, (4.63), (4.64), (4.75):
dZ

(4.63),
(4.64), (4.64),
(4.75): (4.75):

(4.63),

122

R A FG,A
R A yR
dYA dY
A,i y
R ln
(4.63),
(4.64),
(4.75):
(4.79) (4.79)
= (4.63),

A FG, A
A
A,i
A

(4.64),
(4.75):
=

ln
G
dZ
R

y
B
A
A
A yA
dYA dZR A FG,A G BR A yR
A,i
R
F

R
dY
(4.79)
=

ln
(4.79)
A
G,
A
A y A,i
A FG=RC y C,RR
dYC dYR
(4.79)
ln
C FG,CR
i
dZ
y
y
B
A
A
(4.80) (4.80)
= C = dZCln G,C lnG B C
C,R
i
A yA
dZ
G
R

y
B
C
C
C yC
dYC dZR C FG,C G BR C yR
R ClnFG,C C,Ri C y C,i
dYC
(4.80)
=
dt
tln
(4.80)
= Bh G (t GRhC (t
dZG = dt G G

yGC t i )
i)
(4.81)
G
dZ = G B
R C yC
(4.81)
+YYCC C C+) Y C )
dZ
G B (C BG+ Y
ACA
(C
B +
A
A
C C

dt G dZ
h GB(t
t
)
(4.80)
G
i
ti )
h G (t
(4.81)
= dt
G
G :

(4.63)

(4.66)

(4.81)
= + Y
dZ G
(4.63)
(4.66)

B (C B
AC
A + YC C C ) :
dZ
G B (C
C
)
B + YA C A + Y
C
C
FL, A / FG, A
FL, A / FG, A
RA

x:
(4.63) (4.66)
A

R
x

(4.82) (4.82)
(4.63)

(4.66)

y A,i = R
(
R
y
)
A
A
A y )

y AA,i = RAA (R

A R A x
RA xRA,iAFL,xA A,/ FiG,A FL,A / FG, A
(4.82)
y A,i = R A (R A y A ) A RA A x A
(4.82)
y A,C:i = R AC: (R A R yA A)x A,i

R AFL,C /xFG,A,Ci
FL, C / FG, C
R C x C
C:
R C x C

(4.83) (4.83)

C:

y C,
RyC =(R
y
)
i =
C
C

R C (R C
y C)x FL,C / FG,C
C,i
R
C,i x
RC xR
C
C,i FL, C / FG, C
C

(4.83)
y C,i = R C (R C y C ) C R
C xC
(4.83)
y C,i = R C (R C
yC C)x C,i
R

x
R
C
C,
i

 (4.63), dt
(4.64), (4.75):
(C B + YA C A + YC C C ) G
dZR F R y
dY(4.64),
A G, A
A,i
A
(4.63),
(4.79)
= (4.75):
ln A
dZ
GB
R A yA
-

R F
R A
y A,i
dYA
A
(4.63),
(4.79)
=R(4.64),
F A G,(4.75):
ln
RC R
y C,i y
dYC dZ C G,CG
B ln
A
A
(4.80)
=
RAyC y A,i
dZ dYA = GRBA FG,A R
C
(4.79)
R C FG,C GR C lny C,Ri y
dYC
dZ
B
A
A
(4.80)
=

ln
h GR(tG y t i )
dZ dt G = G B
C
C
(4.81)

y
dYC dZ R C FG
+
(
C
Y
C
G,C
C
C,
B
B
A A i + YC C C )
(4.80)
=

ln
dt
t iy)
G
dZG = G B h G (tR
(4.81)
C
C
(4.81)
(4.63)

(4.66)

:
dZ
G B (C B + YA C A + YC C
)
C
G (t G t i )
dt G h:
FL, A / FG, A
(4.63) (4.66)
(4.81)
= R:
xA
(4.63)
(4.66)
A

dZ y A,i =GRB (ACB (+RY

C AA+)YC C C )
(4.82)
A A y
R x F / F
L,
A
G,
A
A
A,i
R A :
xA
(4.63)

(4.82)
=

y A,(4.66)
R
(
R
y
)
i
A
A
F /F

C:A

R
x
A,i L, A G, A
A
R A x A FL,C / FG,C

(4.82)
y A,i = R AC: (R A y A ) R x
169 (4.82)

(4.83) 169
y C,i = R C (R C y CR)A Cx A,i C
R C xFC,L,iC / FG,C
C:
R C x C

C:

(4.83)
y C,i = R C (R C y C )

(4,78)(4.83)

R
x
C,i FL, C / FG,
(4,78)(4.83)

C
C
169
RC xC

(4.83)
=

y
R
(
R
y
)
= A1-R
.

x
+x
=1.0.

RA. RCR
A
Ai
Ci
i
C R
C
. RC=C,1-R
xAi+xCi=1.0.
A. C
R C x C,i

(4.78) (4.78)

(4,78)(4.83) (4.83)

(4.3)

(4.2).
(4.3) (4.2).
(4,78)

RA. RCx=Ai1-R
. R
. RC=
1-RA.
R
+xCi
RA(4.83)
A =1.0.

xAi+xCi=1.0.

(4.78)

(4.78)

(4.3)

(4.2).
..

(4.3)

(4.2). .

- . :

-.

:
:
. ,
- G B (C-AGdY(AC/ dZ
C dY
+CC/ CdZ)
dY+A C/ dZ
dYC / dZ)
B
A,
(4.84)
h G =

(4.84)
=
h

+
1 -G exp[G
(
C
dY
/
dZ
C
dY
/
dZ)/h
A]
A
AC dY / dZ
C +CC dY /GdZ)/h
1 - Bexp[G
(
A]
B
A
A
C
C
G
- . :
(4.84)

- G (C A dYA / dZ + C C dYC / dZ)

G
(4.84)
= B
: :

h
:
1 - exp[G B (C A dYA / dZ + C C dYC / dZ)/h G A]

R A yRA y
A
A
(4.85) (4.85)
D A,m =D
:
=
A,m y
+ yy A y
A + yC
B y
y
y
R A R + B + A C A
D AC D D AC D
D ABA D AB
AC
AC

R A yA
(4.85)
(4.85)
D A,m = R C yR
C

y
Cy +Cy
(4.86) (4.86)
D C,m =D =
y
y
C, m y R y B+ y
+Cy A + yy CC y A
B A yA
R C R + DBAB + AD AC C DCAC
D AC D D AC D
D CB C D CB
AC
AC

R C yC

, (4.86)
D C,m =

,
yB
yA + yC yC

+
R C

D AC
D AC
D CB

((
).

(4.86)

).

,

..

,
,

,,

123

,
,

( ).

(
)

(
)

. :

, , ,

 4 -

,
( ).
. : , , , ( ) . ,
( )
(, )
. .

4.2 ,
.
171
(Ludwig, 1997).
171
(, )
(Perry & Green, 1997).
)

. (4.13) (4.17).

) .
:
) .
) , )

.
)

(
),

) ,
.
) .
.

: [10, 11]
Horton
Franklin
Horton

Franklin
[10,
11]
) (
/),

.
)
,
.
)
.

,
. Horton Franklin (King, 1980)
,
.

n
.

n :
n
. ,

:
:

moles L / X L
X n = moles L nn / = X nn L nn
X n =
= L0
L
L 00
L0

G
Gn :
n

(4.87)
(4.87)
(4.87)

Gn :
moles G / y G
(4.88)
Yn = moles G nn / = y nnG nn
(4.88)
Yn =
= G Np +1
G Np +1
G Np +1
G Np +1
x, y .
(4.88)
x, y .

x, y
.

.

.

4.15 .
4.15
.
4.15 .

124

172
172

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-
G1
Y1

L0

X0

2
Ln-1

Gn
Yn

Xn-1

Ln
Xn

Gn+1
Yn+1

Np
GNp+1
YNp+1

LNp
4.15. X
.
Np

4.15. .
4.15 .

: n
L:

0 ( X n X n -1 ) = G Np +1 ( Yn +1 Yn )
n -1 ) = G Np+1:
L0 (
Xn X
(Yn+1 Yn )
:
:
yn = mnxn
yn = mnxn

yn = mnxn

Yn

Yn

G Np +1

G Np +1
Gn

L
= m n Xn 0
Gn
Ln
L
= m n Xn 0
Ln

(4.89)

(4.89)
(4.89)

(4.90)

(4.90)

(4.90)

(4.91)
(4.91)

173

(4.91)
n-1:

n-1:
Yn-1

G Np+1
G n -1

= m n -1Xn -1

L0
L n -1

(4.89), (4.91), (4.92) :

Yn =

Yn+1 + A n -1 Yn-1
1+ An

(4.92)
(4.92)

(4.93)
125

An = Ln/mnGn An-1 = Ln-1/mn-1Gn-1

.

173

n-1:

G Np+1 n-1:

L
173
(4.92)
Yn-1n-1: = m n -1Xn -1 0

GGn -1
L n -L
4
1
Np +1

n -1 0
(4.92)
=m
X
n -1
n
1
G Np+Y
L 0:
1
173
G
L

(4.89),
(4.91),
(4.92)
n -1
n -1
(4.92)
Yn-1
= m nn-1:
-1X n -1

G n -1
L n -1
(4.89), (4.91), (4.92) :
Yn+(4.91),
Yn-1 :
(4.89),
173 (4.93)
1 + A n -1(4.92)
L0
Yn = G
Np +1
(4.89), (4.91),
:
n -1 (4.92)

(4.92)
Y
=
m
X
1 + A n n -1 n -1
G
Yn-1:
n -+11 + A n -1 Yn -1 L n -1
n
173
(4.93)
+n =
Yn+Y
A n -1 Yn1-1+ A
1G
n

L0
(4.93)
Y
=(4.89), n-1:
Np +1

n

:
(4.92)
Yn-1 1 +(4.91),
A n = m(4.92)
n -1X n -1
(4.93)
L
L
/m
G

A
=
L
/m
G

AG
n n=
n
n
n
n-1
n-1
n-1
n-1
n -1
G Np+1Yn-+11 + A n -1 YnL

n-1:
Y
n -1 -10
=
m n
(4.93)
=
n -1G
-1X
n (4.91),
An = Ln/mnGn A
=
Ln-1/m

(4.92)

=
L
/m
Gnn-1
An-1
= L.
/mn-1
Gn-1

(4.89),
(4.92)
n
n
nL
n-1
n-1
n-1 n-1
G
1 + A n :
n -1
.
G nNpG+n1 (n=1),
= L

A:

An
n/m
n-1 =LLn-1/mn-1Gn-1

(n=1)

(4.92)
Y
=
m
X :0 .

+
Y
A
Y
nn+-11 (4.92)
n -1 :
n -1 n -1 n -1
(4.89),
(4.91),
(4.93)
Yn =
G n -1
L
n -1 .

1 +
AYn 2 + A(n=1)

0 Y0 :
=n1-1=
LYnn/m

Yn+1A+n(4.91),
AY
nGn An-1 = Ln-1/mn-1Gn-1
(4.94)
-1(4.92)

(4.89),
:

Y

(n=1)
:

(4.93)
1 + +AA
n =
1 Y
Y
1+ A
2
0 0 .

nY =
1 AY Y
(4.94) (4.94)
A
+
Yn2++
0
0
1
n -1 1L+
n -1A G

m
X
G
1 ==
L /mnGn(n=1)
A1 n-10 = Ln-10 /m0n-1G
A
(4.94)
(4.93)
Y
0 n-1
nn

Y

(4.95)
=
Y01n=+1m
X 0 :
+A0A
1 n0 L G
G
0
Np
1
Np
1
+
+

L 0
m
X G 0

= GL0n-1
/m

An = L
0 XAA
Y
n/mY
nG
nYm
=
00 n-1
(4.95)
= n-10Gn-10
2 +
0

m
X
G
G
(4.94)
Y1 =0 L
0
0 L G0
0
0 G

(n=1)
:
0
Np
1
Np
1
+
+

L
m
X
G
L
X
(4.95)
Y
m
X
=
=
0
0 .
0
0
0
0
0 0 1+ A
A

(4.96)
1 0
Yn0 =
GGNp
= mLnLG
/m
AG=
0A
0 n
1
Np =
+ 1 Ln-1/mn-1Gn-1
n +
n-1
G
G
0 Ym
+X
1
Np + 10 G 0 Np
Y2 0+LA
L 0X
0 L0 0 X
0 :

0 0G 0
G 0 =m
(4.95)
Y=
(4.94)
(n=1)
0
0
(4.96)
AYL01Y

.
0 ==

(4.95)
=
m
X
m
X
G
L
X
0 G
00
0+
0 01 0 G 0 0
1
A
m
G
+
L
X
0 Y20L
Np
+01 / G NpG
Np + 1
(4.96)
=
A 0 Y0 = Y + A Y
G
+
0
1
Np + 1
2 YG
0 0+ 1 0 :
GNpNp+1+ 1
Y
m G
1 =Np (n=1)
(4.94) (4.97)
0
1 =0
1
+
A

L
G
m
X
G
1

1
+
A
Y
+
L
X
/
G
0
0
0Np +01
2 0G 0= 0L
01 +=m
(4.95) (4.97)
Y = m 0LXY
0 G0 X 0
A00X
(4.96)
/Np0G
= Y=2 +0Y
A 0 Y0 0 Y
21L
0Y
0 Np +=
L
00XG
1
(4.94)
1
Np
1
+
+
1
+
A

(n=2)
(4.97)
G
Y1 = 1mL
1 Np0 + 1
GG
0G
0 01 +
0 1Np + 1m 0 X 0 G
A
1 + A1 =
(4.95)
Y0 = m 0 X 0
0 G
011 Y1
0+NpX
(4.96)
L 0 Lm
L
Y
A
G
G

(n=2)
0X
0
3
0 Y
Np
1
+
+
+
L
X
0G
(4.96)(4.98)
= 0 / G(n=2)
A 0 Y0 =
Y0
+1X G
2L
Np
m
2 =

0
0
0
0

(4.97)
= G Np + 1
m0 0=GYm
G
1Y+
A
(4.95)
=
Y
01 0 X
Np
+ 1A
2 Y

0
+
1G
A

3
1
1
L 0 m 0 X 0 G 0L 0 Y
L+
X
G
0=+110
Np
(4.98)
2A
A 0 Y0 =
=+
A Np + 1 (4.97) :(4.96)
Y
3 1
1 Y
1 1 +

+
Y
L
X
/
G
2
m
G
G
G
(4.98)
22 =
0 Np
0
+
1 0
+Np
1 +1

(4.97)
Y01 =L 0 Np
1 +
A L 0 X 0 (n=2)
m0X
0G 0 2
1 3+Y
AA
0 / G
(4.96)
=
A 0 Y0 = (A
+
1)
Y
+
L
X

(4.97)
:

1
1
+
1
1
0
Np
1
Ym2 0+GL0 0 XG0 Np
/ G+ 1Np
Y3+1+ G
ANp
Y+11

(4.99)
Y
=
1
2
(4.97) :

(4.97)
(4.97)
Y1 = Y1
(4.98)
=2 +
Y12A
A
A 2L+ X
1(n=2)

(A
+
1)
Y
+
A
/
G
1
+
A
1 +1 A0 0
Np + 1
1 3
= Y 1+
(4.99)
+1 LL
Y2A
X00 //GGNpNp+2+11
21)
(A1Y+(n=2):
0X
3
0

A
A
+
A
+
1

(4.97)
Y
=
+
Y
A
Y
1
2
2

(4.99)
Y
=
1
3
1 (n=2)
1
2

(4.98)
=
Y2 2+Y
++ A
A 1 A
A112
1 1 (4.97) :
1+ A
2

N
(A1 + 1)Y
Y33 ++A
AY
L10 X 0 / G Np + 1 p

11
(n=2) :

Np
(4.98) (4.99)
Y
=

Y
=
2
2

(4.97) :

YA
1
1
+
A
A
+
A
+
1
1 2 2 2
Y3 + A 1 Y1
(4.98)
=1 L
YA

(4.98)
(A
1)1Y
2
+ 1 N
1 +Y
3 +
0 X 0 / G Np

(4.97)

:
Y

p :

1 + A 2
(4.99)
2 =
A A2 + A2 +1
Y1 (A

+ 1A:
0 / G Np + 1
+ 1) Y(4.97)
1
3
1L 0 X

Y
1 (4.97) : (4.99)
Y2 =
A
Np :
1A 2 + A 2 + 1
(A1 + 1) Y3 + A 1 L 0 X 0 / G Np + 1
(4.99)
Y2 = Np :

A A + A +1
1

Np :
Np :

126

(4.99)

174

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

174

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(A A + A + 1) Y + A A L X / G
1

Np + 1

(4.100)
174
Y
-

3 =
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A1 A 2 A 3 + A 2 A 3 + A 3 + 1
4
174
4 4
(A1A 2 + A 2 + 1) Y4 + A1A 2 L 0 X0 / G Np +
174 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------174
1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4.100)
Y3 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A 3 1+AA
(A1A 2 + A 2 + 1A
)Y
G3Np++11
1A
2A
3 0+/ A
4 2+ A
2L
0X
Y3 =(A A + A + 1) Y + A A L X / G
p +1 + A1(4.100)
++4 A
+NpXA
A
A 2 ..A N p 1L 0 X0 / G Np +1
+1N p 1 + 1) YN
2 (A+
2A
13 ..X
2 A
0+
A
A+1A
A
AL
12...
1 ..
N2 +
N0A
1+
(A
A 2 1+ A
111A
)AY
A212A
/p3G
p
+
(A
)
Y
A
L
/
G
3A
304++

+
1
2
4
1
2
0
Np
1
(4.100)
=
Y
+
2
2
1
0
0
Np
1
=
Y
3
(4.100)
Y3 =
Np
Y3 = A1A 2 A 3 + A 2 AA
..1AA
A 2 A 3 ...A Np + ... + A Np + 1(4.100)
3 +
+..3A
+A212A
A1 A
A3+13+A
Np +
A
AA32 A
A
A3...
2 A 3 ++A
21A
3 +
3 + 1 + 1) Y

+
+
+
(A
..
A
A
A
A
1
N p 1
2 3
N p 1
N p 1
N p +1
1A 2 ..A N p 1L 0 X 0 / G Np +1
(4.101)
=
YNp
(4.100)
1+
(A1..A N p 1 + A 2 A 3 ..A N p A
AA
X0 / G Np +1
+ ...
A...2 A+3A
..A
A)Y
AA
1 1+
1 + 1
1L+0 1
N pNp
N p3+...
2 ..+
N p Np
2A
Np1A
= ..A

+
A:
YNp
+..A
+A
A AA
...
YN+p +A+
A
1 +
1L
3 ..A
N
1+
2 ..A
Np +1
(4.101)
p
1...p)N+A
0/XGN0Np/1G
+11+A
AN+pA
1N1pA
+p...
(A=1..(A
A1N p 1 N+(A
A112+
...
ANNp
121)A+Y
A
..1A
..A
A3N..2pA
)Y+
A
3A
Np
+L
Np p
N
1p Np
1...
2N
N++
1L
0 X2 0..A
1 0 X0 / G Np +1

1 N+p11 2 3
1 +1
Y
p +1 p
p
Np
=
YNp
=
YNp

L
(
X
X
)
G
(
Y
Y
)
+1 1
A...
AA
A++Np
0 3 ...A Np
Np+
+ 1... + Np
1A
2 A 3 ..0A
2
(4.101) (4.102)

:
+Np
+
A1AA2 A
ANp+A
A Np
+NpA+2...
+11... + A
A
3 ..AA
Np1A
3 Np
2 A23 ..A
3 ...ANp
Np + 1
(4.101) (4.101)

(4.91)
p ):
(4.101)

Npn

:
(4.101)

(4.102)
= X
=

L 0 (
X
G
(
Y
Y
)
0
Np + 1
Np + 1
1

: (4.102)

= G
X
0 ( X Np
0 )
Np + 1 (YNp + 1 Y1 )
L
(4.91)

n =
p :
1G Y1) L X
(4.102)
L 0 (XNpX )X=0G) = G Np(Y+ 1 (YNp
L 0 (X
)NpNp
NpNp+X
0 ) Np
+ 1 Y01) Np(4.102)
(4.102)
= GL 0++Y
Np n =L
00 (pX
1 1(Y
(4.91)

Np + 1 Np
Np:
(4.102)
(4.103)
=
= m Np1 X
Y
L Np G Np +1 A Np G Np +1

(4.91)

n
=

p :

(4.91)
n(4.91)
= p :

n = p : G Np
L 0 X Np
(4.91) n = p : Y = m X L 0
(4.103)
=
Np
Np
Np
L 0 GLNpNp G NpL+10 X NpA Np G Np +1
(4.103)
= L X
Y = m Np X Np
G
LLG0
Np(4.101),
(4.102)
Np(4.100)
0:
Np
G
A
G

L
X

G
L
X
L
Np
Np
1
Np
Np
1
+
+
L 0 Np
Np
= m Np
(4.103) (4.103)
X 0
0
Np
Y=Np
(4.103)
= 0 = ANp G=
YNp
m X
(4.103)
Y =NpmLNpNpX Np
G
Np
1
Np
Np
1
+
+
+1 YNp1 NpAL1A
+
+
+
YNp
A
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
G
L NpA Np
G2:
3Np +1 Np
Np Np G Np +1 Np
Np2 G
NpNp
+31 +1 A
(4.101),
(4.102)

(4.100)
=

(4.101), (4.102) Y(4.100)

:

A1A 2 A 3 ...A Np + A 2 A 3 ...A Np + ... + A Np + 1

Np +1
Y(4.101),

(4.100) :
Np+1 Y1(4.102)

A1A
(4.104)
2 A 3 ...A Np + A 2 A 3 ...A Np + ... + A Np

=
+
+
+
+
A
A
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
1

L
X
(4.101),
(4.102)A
:
2(4.100)
3
Np
3 4
Np
(4.102)

(4.100)
:
+
+ A Np Np
+1
A 2 ANp
(4.101),
(4.102)
(4.100)
:
Y1Y
+A
+A...Np+ +A...
YNp
A10A 20
A 31...
A
A
+1(4.101),
Np
2 ANp
3 ...
Np
3 ...
+1
2A
3 ...A
Np

+
+
+
G
Y
A
A
A
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
=

(4.104)
+
+
Np
1
Np
1
1
2
3
Np
2
3
Np
Np + 1
Y

+A
+
+A
AXA
A
AA3...
...
A+ANp
A...
AA
...
A+ANp
...
A...
+1 Y1 A L
Np
1A
2A
2A
3...
Np+
+
+
+
+
A
A
A
A
...
1
+
+
+
A
...
A
A
...
A
A
1
+Y

+
YNp
A
...
A
...
A

+
+
+
Y
Y
A
A
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
2 Np3 Np 3 Np
Np
NpNp
1
1Np +1 Np=
Np

+11 0211032 3 Np
1 2 Np
2 3 23 3Np
24 3
Np Np
(4.104)
= 3 ...A Np + A 2 A 3 ...A Np + ... + A Np + 1

= G A1A
Np +1 A
22A
+
+
+
+
A1A
A2Np
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
1
+Y
+
+
A3 ...
A
...
A
A
...
...
A
1
+
+
+
YNp
A
A
A2 A2+
A
...
A
...
A
1
Np+2+1A
01Np
+
+
+
+
Y
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
1
+1A
1Y
Np
1+
3
Np
2
3
Np
Np
3Np
3
4
Np
Np
3
Np
Np
1 L0X
3
Np
2 3
Np
Np
(4.104) (4.104)

(4.104)
(4.104)
+
+
+
+
A
A
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
1

(4.104)

L
X
2
3
Np
3
4
Np
Np

+
+
+
+
G
Y
A
A
A
...
A
A
A
...
A
...
A
1
0
0
+3...
+
AL
A2 Np3A+2 ANp
A Np +1...Np+ A Np + 1
...4A...NpA2 +
ANp
L 0 X0Np+1 Np
+21A
X31...
33A
Np3A

4 ...ANp
0
0

(4.104)

.

+A
+
...
A+Np
A...
...A+
...
1
Np+1YNp
1AAA
1A
2A
2A
:
+
G NpG
A+.
A3ANp
A
A3+
...
A +NpA+
1...+
3 ...
+Np
+ A Np
+ 1
A 2Np
A
+1YNp +
1 G
1Np
3A Np
Np
+21YNp
+1 (4.104)
1A 2 23 ...
3 ...ANp

S
S
...
S
S
S
...
S
...
S
X
X
+
+
+
0
Np
1 2
Np
1 2
Np -
1

(4.104)
1

:
=
175
X0
S1S2
...SNp
S
1
+ S1S2 ...SNp
+
+

(4.104)

-1

:
(4.104)
(4.104)

X0
S1S2
...SNp
XNp
+ S1S
(4.105)
2 ...S Np -1 + ... + S1
=YNp
:
+1 S1
S ...SNp-1 +
S S
...SNp-2 + ...
+ S1 + 1
.

.

:
S
.
:
X
S
S
...S 22...+S Np
S
S
...S1Np2S-11+
S1
1
+
Np
G
X0 X
S2+...
0 1Np
1
1 S
Np1 +2 S1 Np
-1 2+ ... +

L
X
S
S
...
S
S
S
...
S
...
S
1
+
+
+
+
=

(4.105)
0
0
1
2
Np
1
2
Np
1
1
XX Np S1SS:
SS...2SS
.

......
S
S
...
S Np
SS11
+ +...
+...L/G
2Y
Np
-1 S
(4.105)
SS11Np
...
S...1S
+
X0 XX0 Np
S01=
S2 X
...S
S+221+
+S
+
Np
...
SS
S
S1S
...
S1 + S1 + 1
0X
1S
1Np
Np
1 -+
+
2S
Np
-11...
1S
2Np
Np
- 2 + ...
Np2Np
1S
Np2-+
1+

2-1...
1+
G

(4.105)
=S

Np +S
1 ...
S2S
...
S+Np
1
+S SS
+S...

(4.104)

Horton

-1SS.

1S
2LS X
Np
1+
-1S+
1...
S
S-+1Np
SS
...
1
+1(4.105)
+ S1 +
0S
0 X0
...
...+1S
+11
SY1X
S
S
S
S2S...
S
...
S
++
0S
1+
Np
+...
Np2(4.105)
1S
1 02+
Np
-...
1
2S
-1
22 +
1+
Np
Np1S
12Np
11S
221...
Np
Np -1Horton
(4.105)
X
(4.104)

Franklin.

G Np +1Y S S ...S + S S ...S

(4.105)
(4.105)
...
S1S1
1
++
+
Franklin.

Horton

Franklin

+
1
1.
2S
-1 S
2
Np...
-2 +
X
SSNp
...+Np
SSNp
S1
S(4.104)
...2SS
+2 ...
+

S

.

+1LNp
Y
S0
S...1Np
+
+L/G
Y
...1+
S1
+ 1
1Np
1S
Np
1+
Np
1S20 ...
12 ...
Np
G

+2-1 S1S
Np
-21 -+
1S-12 ...
-2 +

(4.105)

Horton
+
Np
1
G

. Horton
Np +1
0+1 S
S2
...SNp
S...
++S1
1S
2 ...S
Np...
-1 +
1 +1
0 0 X
L 0 XL
SNp
S(4.104)
S+22...
S.
+S
+ ...
L1S
SS
... +
S1
+
+1
1S2 ...
Np0 +S
1S
Np
-+
1
1Np
0X
1
Np
1S
2 ...S(Ludwig,
-1
(4.105)

Horton
Franklin

1980).

Franklin.

(4.104)

(4.105)

Horton

Gn
n
,

(4.104)

(4.105)

Horton
Franklin.

nHorton

(4.104)
(4.105)
G

:
Franklin.

:

Franklin.

Franklin.

,


G1
Gn

G n +1 G Np + 1

1 / Np

(4.106)

G1

G n G Np + 1

G
Np + 1

( N p +1 n)/ N p

(4.106)

(4.107)

Ln
127
. :
L Np
L n L 0
L0

n/Np

(4.108)

Gn n

.

Gn

Gn

Gn

,
:

,

:
1
/ Np

4 ,

1
/ Np :
G
G
n
1

(4.106)
G
G 1 G 1 / Np
1n/
Np
(4.106)
G n +1 GnNpG
1
+ 1

(4.106)

G Np
G
Gn
G

1
+
+
n
1
1

Gn +1 G Np + 1
(4.106)

( N p +1 n)/ N p
G n +1 G Np +1

( N p +1 n)/ N p
G
1

G1 ( N p +1 n)/ N p
(4.107)
G n G Np + 1
p +1 n)/ NG
G

( N
(4.107)
G n G
G
p 1
Np
1
+
+
Np
1

(4.107)
G+ 1
Gn1 G Np
+
Np
1
+1
G Np
(4.107)
G n G Np + 1
(4.107)
G
Ln
Np + 1
n
L

Ln
.

Ln .

Ln

:
.

n/Np :
L Np
. :
n/Np
n/Np
L Np
(4.108)
L n L 0
(4.108)
L n LL0n/Np
L0 L L Np
(4.108)
L Np n L0 0
L

(4.108)
L n L 0
0
Gn
L 0
.
G
(4.108)
n .

Gn .

.
Gn

,

Gn
.

,
.:

,
:


,


:

,
:
t Np - t n , :
G Np + 1 - Gn +
1

G Np + 1 - G n + 1 t Np -t t n - t
(4.109)
n +1
Np
n
(4.109)
- t
G Np + 1 - G 1G Np +t1Np- G
0
(4.109)
-t
G Np + 1 - G n +G1 Np +t1 Np- G- 1t n t Np
0 -t
G
G
t
(4.109) (4.109)
Np + 1
1
Np
0
:
G Np + 1 - G 1
t Np - t 0

:
:
:
L0 - Ln
t -t
:
(4.110) 4
0 - L0 n n t 0 - t n
L

176
L0 0- -t Np
Ln
t0 - tn

4 (4.110)
176
L
L
t
0
Np
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4.110)
4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------176
L 0 - L n L 0t 0-LL
- tNpn- L t 0- tt Np- t
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4.110)
0
Np
0
Np
L 0 - L Np t 0 - t Np

Edminster
Edminster

Edminster
(4.110)
Horton-Franklin
Horton-Franklin

.
.

Horton-Franklin

:
Edminster (King, 1980) Horton-Franklin

:

.
,
:
:
+ 1+ 1 - A
NpNp
- 1Y
L
+ 1+-1 Y
1
YY
0 0 AA
L
X
0X
E+ 1 - A
NpNp
0
E
E E
Np
(4.111)
1
=
+ 1 - Y1 = 1 A E NpNp
YNp
(4.111)
0
L
X
+A
1 E
0
+
1
+ 1 = 1- AA
G Np +Y

Y
A
1
(4.111)
NpNp

YY
G
A
1
1 NpNp
+1
E
A G Np + 1 Y
(4.111)
++ 11
+ 1 ENp + 1 - 1
YNp
Np + 1
Np + 1 A E

:
:

: :

AA
(A(A+1 +
1)1)
NpNp
(4.112)
(A 11 + 1)
= =A Np
(4.112)
AA
1
+
(4.112)
A = AA
1
+
Np
Np
(4.112)
A Np
+1

0.5
(4.113)
0.2500..55 - 0.5
- 0.5
(4.113)
AA
= =AA
(A(A
1)1+) +0.25
1 +
E E
NpNp
1 +
(4.113)
A E = A Np (A 1 + 1) + 0.25 - 0.5
(4.113)
(4.111)
(4.111)

Kremser.
Kremser.
XX
0 =

0 0
0 =

X 0 = 0 (4.111) Kremser.
X'0=0,
(4.111)

Kremser.

:
:
:
+ 1+ 1 - S
Np
-X
S ENp
0 -0 X
NpNp GG
+ 1+1 S ENp
XX
1Y
NpNp
+ 1+Y
NpNp
+
1 - SE E

(4.114)
1 G Np + 1 YNp
+ 1 S E NpNp
X 0 - X Np = =1
(4.114)
-S
S E++ 11+-11-E1
(4.114)
0 0 = 1 SSL L
0 0 S ENp
XX
0X
0X
X 0
S L 0 X 0 S E - 1

128
SNp+ +
S1S(1S(Np
1)1)
(4.115)
(4.115)
SS= =S1 (SNp + 1)
(4.115)
S = S1S+1 +
11
S1 + 1
0.5
(4.116)
S Np+ +
0.2500..55 - 0.5
- 0.5
(4.116)
S ES E= =S1S(1S(Np
1)1+) +0.25
(4.116)
S E = S1 (S Np + 1) + 0.25 - 0.5

[
[[

]
]]

[
[[

]
]]

A (A + 1)

A:

= Np 1
(4.112)
A Np + 1
0.5
A Np (A 1 + 1)
(4.112) (4.113)
A =A E = A Np (A 1 + 1) + 0.25 - 0.5

A Np + 1
-
Kremser.
X 0 = 0 (4.111)
0.5
(4.113)
A E = A Np (A 1 + 1) + 0.25 - 0.5

:
0.5
(4.113)
A E = A(4.111)
1) + 0.25
- 0.5Kremser.

X 0 = 0
Np ( A 1 +
+ 1 S ENp + 1 - S E
X 0 - X Np G Np + 1 YNp
Np + 1
(4.114)
= 1

: X (4.111)

X 0 = 0
0
L 0 X 0 Kremser.
SE - 1
S
Np G Np + 1 YNp
+ 1 S ENp + 1 - S E
X 0 - X:
(4.114)

Np + 1S1 (SNp + 1)
(4.114)
= 1
(4.115)
X
S L 0 X 0 SNpSE+ 1= - 1

X 0 - X0 Np G Np + 1 Y
- S ES1 + 1
Np + 1 S E

(4.114)
= 1
1
X 0
S L 0 X 0 S1(SSNpENp++ 1)
-1
0.5

=E = S1 (S Np + 1) + 0.25 - 0.5 (4.115) (4.116)

S S
S +1
S1 (S1Np + 1)
(4.115)
(4.115)
S =
0.5
(4.116)
S E = S1 (S Np +S11) + 10.25 - 0.5
+ 1 = 0.
(4.114) Kremser YNp
0.5
(4.116)
S E = S1 (S Np + 1) + 0.25 - 0.5

(4.111) (4.114)

(4.116)
+ 1 = 0.
(4.114) Kremser YNp

177
(4.114) Kremser, Y'Np+1=0.

(4.111)
(4.114)

1 = 0.

(4.114)

Kremser
Y
Np +

[
[

]
]

[
[

]
]

(4.111) (4.114)
177

177

(4.111)

(4.114)

Horton

Franklin.
.

Horton

Franklin.

L/G.

.

L/G.

:
.
Franklin.
L/G.

Horton

L/G.

.
.
L

n L
n

:
(4.117)
A
=
=
n

Horton

Franklin.
mnG
(y n
/ x n )
G n :
n
Ln
Ln
L
L
(4.117)
A
=
=
(4.117)
n
n
n

(4.117)
A n = m n G=n (y n / x n ) G n
m n G n (y n / x n ) G n
L x

(4.118)
G n yn = n n

An
L x
(4.118)
G n y n L=n x nn n
(4.118)
G n yn =
An
An
Gs moles/ :
(4.118)

L x
:
Gs moles/
An
L x
L x nn n
(4.119)
G
n = G S + nL x
(4.15)
nAn Ln.
(4.119)
G n = GS +
n
An
Ln /Gn
(4.15) Lnxn Ln.
(4.15) Lnxn Ln. (4.119)
.
Ln /Gn

xn
L
.
Ln /G

Ln

Ln /G(4.15)
n
n
n

(4.104)

L/G

..

(4.104)

L/G

.

(4.104)

L/G

.

.

(4.104)

L/G

tNp.

.
.
tNp.

129
,
tNp.
tNp.
.
,
,
t1
.
.
. m (4.104)
n n:

:
G
Gs moles/

s moles/
(4.119)
G n
= GS +

 4 -

. t1
. m (4.104)
L/G . .

130

4.1
,
. . :
: 0.250 m3/s, 26C, pt = 1.07 x 105 N/m2. 2%
. . 95%. 26C 0.005 ( ) 260.
1.5 x LSmin. - .
26C.
: 122C
1 std atm . 1std atm, 122C.
, 0.005 , 26C
. 1.5x GSmin . 122C.
.

131

179179
4 -

x2=0.005

Y2=0.00102 kmol B/kmol A

4.16. .
4.16. .
4.16. .

y1= 0.02, Y1= 0.00204 kmol B/kmol A
x1, X1

:
/

4.16

.

:

/. :
.

/./.
: .
:

:
.

:
:

/.
:
.
:
:
kmol B/kmol
(A+B).
y1 =0.02

:
=0.02
kmol
B/kmol
(A+B).
y
1
y1 =0.02 kmol B/kmol
(A+B).
kmol B/kmol
y1 =0.02
0.02 (A+B). kmol B
= 0.0204
Y1 =
0.020.02
kmol
B B
kmol
Akmol
=
Y11=-Y0.02
0.0204
= 0.0204
11-=0.02
kmol A
1 - 0.02
95%
: kmol A

95%95%

:
95%

:
= 0.05
x
0.0204 = 0.00102
kmol B/kmol A
2 :

=
0.05
x
0.0204
=
0.00102
kmol
B/kmol A
2 2 = 0.05 x 0.0204 = 0.00102 kmol B/kmol A
x22 = 0.05 x 0.0204 = 0.00102 kmol B/kmol A
= 0.00503 kmol B / kmol
X2 =
- x x2 2 x=2 0.00503 kmol B / kmol
X 21=X
12 -=x 2 - x = 0.00503 kmol B / kmol 2
2 13330 /m
26 oC 1
o
2

26 C
oC

13330
/m/m
2

26

13330
2

Rault
:
26C 13330 /m . Rault :

Rault
:

Rault
:
p * = px
4
180
p * =ppx
*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= px

4
4
180
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
p = 13330 x
p * = 13330 x
y* =

13330
x
1.07 x 105

y * = 0.125x

p * = 13330
x
13330
y* =
x
5
1.07
x
10
13330
y** =
x
1.07 x 105
y = 0.125x
*

= 0.125x
* = y* / (1-y*)y
= x / (1-x):

*
* = y* / (1-y*)
*= =x y*
/ (1-x):

/ (1-y*) Y

= x / (1-x):
X

/ (1-y*)
*
==x y*
/ (1-x):
= 0.125
*
1 +YY
1 +XX
*
Y*
X
= 0.125
= 0.125
1 + Y*
1+ X
1 + Y*
1+ X

132

y* =

13330
x
1.07 x 105

-

*

y = 0.125x

* = y* / (1-y*) = x / (1-x):
Y*
X
= 0.125
*
1+ Y
1+ X
.

0.024

Y= kmol B/kmol A

0.020

0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
2

X2

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.20

X = kmol B/kmol

4.17 .

181

4.17.

.
(1) 1= 0.176 kmol B/kmol ( ).

(Y
G
-Y )
minL S =

181

181
X1 - X 2
.
-5 ).
(
(1) 1= 0.176 kmol
1.07B/kmol

x 105 x0.98692x10

=
G
S

(1-y )
G
=
1
1

0.25
(1 - 0.02) =
26)
1 -(Y
Y
)-3
82.05(273
10
G
= G S+(Y
minL
S
12 - Y2)
S
minL
S =
X 2 kmol
1 -X
0.25 x 0.043 x 0.98 = X
0.0105
1 - X 2 A/s

-5
5
1.071.07
-5
x 10x5 x100.98692x10
x 0.98692x10
G
(1-y
1(1-y
=
G
) )0.250.25
= =
S G S=
1 G
=
=
(1 - 0.02)

-3 (1 - 0.02)
-3
1
1
82.05(273
+ 26)
10
82.05(273

+
26)
10
0.0105(0.0204
0.00102)

L Smin =
= 1.19= x0.0105
10-3 kmol
/A/s
s
x 0.043
x 0.98
kmol
0.25
x 0.043
x 0.98 = 0.0105
kmol A/s
0.176 0.25
- 0.00503

-3
0.0105(0.0204
x L Smin -=0.00102)
1.787
x =10
kmol/s
0.0105(0.0204
- 0.00102)
-3
L SminL= =1.5
1.19
x 10x-3 10
kmol
/ s / s
= 1.19
kmol
Smin
0.176
0.00503
0.176
0.00503
(. 4.17) :

:

G
(Y
Y
)
S
1
2
-3
-3 kmol/s
10
L Smin
=
X1 1.51.5
+1.787
X 2 xx10
0.1190
-3kmol B / kmol
x1.5LxLxSmin
= ==
1.787
kmol/s
= 1.787
x 10
kmol/s
L Smin
S

4.17)4.17)
:

(.
4.17)
:

(.
(.
:
:

(Y - Y )
G
S G
1 S (Y12 - Y2 )
=
X=
=
+ X=
kmolkmol
B / kmol

1 X1
+2 X 20.1190
0.1190
B / kmol
L
S L
S

133

0.0105(0.0204 - 0.00102)
L Smin =
= 1.19 x 10-3 kmol / s
0.176 - 0.00503

4 -

1.5 x L Smin = 1.787 x 10-3 kmol/s

(. 4.17) :
=
X1

(Y - Y )
G
S
1
2
=
+ X2
L

0.1190 kmol B / kmol

:
2=0.119

X1 = 0.00503

kmol B
kmol

Y2

1 = 0

kmol B
kmol
4

182

4.18
.

4.18.

.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

122C


:
319.9
kN/m2. :

:
122
C

: 319.9 kN/m2.

*
319.9
3.16
=
=
*
1 + 101.33 1 + 1 +

0.6

Y= kmol B/kmol A

0.5
N

0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1
M
0 x
0 1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 x2
X = kmol B/kmol

0.14

4.19. .

4.19 .

/ Gs
Ls
G Smin . 2max = 0.45 kmol B/ kmol
134

(. 4.28). :
L S (X 2 X1 )

G
=
smin =
Y2 - Y1
1.787 x 10-3 (0.119 - 0.00503)

= 4.526x10-4 kmol / s

 4.19. .

4.19.

4.19.

/ Gs
Ls
G Smin . 2max = 0.45 kmol B/ kmol
G
/ Gs
. .

Ls

Smin
2max
2ma
Ls / Gs
G

.
Smin
(. 4.28). :
2max = 0.45 kmol B/ kmol (. 4.28). :

(.
(.4.28).
4.28).:
:

L (X X )
Y2 - Y1

S
2
1 .

4.19.

=
G
smin =

X1X) )
2
(X
= LSL(X
1 =
G
smin
G smin = S 2
=
Y2Y- Y-1Y
-3
2
1
1.787 x 10 (0.119 - 0.00503)
-4
= 4.526x10 kmol

/ s-3

1.787
x 10
- 0.00503)
1.787
x 10-3(0.119
(0.119
- 0.00503)= 4.526x10-4 -4km
0.45 - 0
= 4.526x10
0.45
- 0- 0
-4

0.45
/ :

1.5 G

6.7910
kmol

/
s

.

=
0.45
kmol
B/
kmol

Ls
Gs
2max
Smin

~
-4
(. 4.28).
: : 1.5 x G

Smin 6.79 x 10 kmol / s.
~~

6.79

:
:1.5
1.5x x GG
Smin

Smin 6.7
LS (X 2 X1 )

G
=
smin =
Y2 - Y1

1.787 x 10-3 (0.119 - 0.00503)

= 4.526x10-4 kmol / s
0.45 - 0

~
: 1.5 x G Smin 6.79 x 10-4 kmol / s.

135

 4 -

4.2
.
1% ( ).
0.01% . . 500 lb moles
. (40C), 1 atm
.
Y= 1.0682.
) 98% lb moles/hr.
(x,y,X,Y);
) (i) ( ) 98%
, 1.5 x .
(ii) ;
Murphree 25% . , ((i)) 6,7
( );
) ((i)) . . (4.50)
; ,
(,);

136


- 4

184

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.20. 4.2

) :

/ /
.

4.20. 4.2
4.20 4.2

)
: :
)

/ / .
/

:

0 /
0.0001
0.009455

. *

00.000106

*
0

0.0101
0.0001

0.009455

0.000106

0.0101

==0.00101
1max
0.00101 =
= 1.0682
1.0682 1max

1max==0.009455
0.009455 lb
lb mole
H2H
O O
0 mole
0.0001
1max
mole/lb
/lb
mole
2

x1max
x1max==0.009366
0.009366

* 0
lb mole
lb mole

0.000106

0.009455
0.0101

. 4.21

=
0.00101 =
1.0682 1max
. 4.21 .

.
= =0.0101
1max = 0.009455 lb mole /lb mole H2O
= = 0.0101
x1max = 0.009366

lb mole
lb mole

185

. 4.21
(Y - Y ) = L (X

G
S
A
T
S
1max - X T ) G S , LS lb mole / hr
= 500 lb mole / hr
G
A
= = 0.0101

G
lb mole
A

G
495
=
=
S
1 + YA
hr

495(0.0101 - 0.000202)
L Smin =
= 523.7316 lb mole H 2O / hr
0.009455 - 0.0001

) L S = 1.5 x 523.7316 = 785.5974 lb mole H2O/hr

1.5 x :
~
~
G S (YA - YT ) = L S (X A - X T )

137

= 0.006336 lb mole /lb mole H 2 O

) (i) 4.21 ,
p = 8.5

 (Y
, L lb mole / hr
= 500
G
- YT )/ hr
= L S (X1max - X T ) G
G
S lb Amole
S
S
A
101 - 0.000202)

mole
H 2Olb/ hr
= 523.7316 lbGG
mole
/ hr
lb mole
AA = 500

9455 - 0.0001 =
G
495
=
S

1 + YA G
hr lb mole
A
G2SO/hr
495
=
=
.7316 = 785.5974 lb
mole H

4 -
1 + YA
hr

x495(0.0101
- 0.000202)

1.5
:
L Smin =
= 523.7316 lb mole H 2O / hr
0.009455
0.0001
495(0.0101
0.000202)
~
~
L X523.7316
523.7316 lb mole H 2O / hr
=
G S (YA - YT ))= L S =(X1.5
= 785.5974 lb mole H=2O/hr
A -xSmin
T)
0.009455
0.0001

) LS = 1.5 x 523.7316 = 785.5974 lb mole H2O/hr

= 0.006336 lb mole
/lb mole H 2 O

=
1.5 x lb

)
785.5974
mole H:
L = 1.5 x 523.7316
2O/hr
S 1.5 x
:
4.21 ,


~
~ 1.5 x :
G S (YA - YT ) = L S (X A - X T )
p = 8.5
~
~
G S (YA -lbYmole
) mole H 2 O
= 0.006336
T ) = L/l
S (X A - X T b

= 0.006336 lb mole /lb mole H 2 O

) (i)
4.21
,
lb mole
lb
mole

) (i) 4.21 , 25
, Y7 =)
0.0038
(i)

p = 8.5

p = 8.5
lb mole CO
lb mole4.21
CO
2
2
(ii)
p = 8.5
lb mole
(ii)
24
lb mole H 2 O
(ii)
lb mole
lb mole
Y6 = 0.0025
, Y7 = 0.0038
lb mole
lb mole
lb mole
CO 2
lb mole
CO 2
Y6 = 0.0025
, Y7 = 0.0038
lb mole CO 2
lb mole CO 2
lb mole
X 6 = 0.0024
lb mole
lb mole
H 2 O
X 6 = 0.0024
lb mole H 2 O

138

Y=lb mole /lb mole CO2

YA-0,01

0.005
7
Y7
6
Y6
5
0.001
T
0

0.001

X6

0.005

X1max 0.01
X=lb mole /lb mole

4.21 ((i)).

:
=0.0024
x=0.00239

=0.0038
y=0.00378

A=0.006336
xA=0.006296

yA=0.01
YA=0.0101

4.22 ((ii)).

(x,y).

139

187
187

*Y
X

YY
* y * =Y
x =X
x
=
y =y =
y
=
*
*
+X
+Y
(
+*Y (
1 +1X
1 +1Y
1 +1Y
*
= =

)
1.0682
)
*

1.0682
4 -

(x,y).

(x,y).

(x,y).
()
()

0.0024 0.00256
0.00256 0.00239
0.00239 0.00255
0.00255
0.0038 0.00378
0.00378
0.0024
0.0038

*
*
0.004729
XXX 0.003189
YYY
Y*Y 0.004752
0.003 0.00320
0.00299
0.004752
0.004729
* 0.00320
=
(
* * Y
0.00299
*0.003189
y=y= =
xx=x= =
y
0.003
y
=
y
=
y
=
*
* *
1.0682
)
1X+XX 0.003716
1Y+YY
11++
11++
(
( 0.005514
(
1Y+Y*Y *0.005545
11++
*
== = 0.00348
0.00373
0.0035
0.00373
0.00348
0.005545
0.0035
0.003716
0.005514
()
)
)
)
1.0682
1.0682 0.00398
1.0682
0.004 0.00427
0.00427
0.004251
0.006338
0.006298
0.0024
0.00256
0.00239
0.00255
0.0038 0.006298
0.00378
0.004
0.00398
0.004251
0.006338
()
()
()
0.003
0.00320
0.00299
0.003189 0.007131
0.004752 0.00708
0.004729
0.0045 0.00480
0.00480 0.00447
0.00447
0.00477
0.007131
0.00708
0.0045
0.00477
0.0024
0.00256
0.00239
0.00255
0.0038
0.00378
0.0024
0.00256
0.00239
0.00255
0.0038
0.00378
0.0024
0.00256
0.00239
0.00255
0.0038
0.00378
0.0035
0.00373
0.00348
0.003716
0.005545
0.005514
0.005 0.00534
0.00534 0.00497
0.00497
0.00531
0.007924
0.007861
0.005
0.00531
0.007924
0.007861
0.003
0.00320
0.00299
0.003189
0.004752
0.004729
0.003
0.00320
0.00299
0.003189
0.004752
0.004729
0.003
0.00320
0.00299
0.003189
0.004752
0.004
0.00427
0.00398
0.004251
0.006338 0.004729
0.006298
0.0055 0.00587
0.00587 0.00546
0.00546
0.00583
0.008717
0.00864
0.0055
0.00583
0.008717
0.00864
0.0035
0.00373
0.00348
0.003716
0.005545
0.005514
0.0035 0.00373
0.00373 0.00348
0.00348 0.003716
0.003716 0.005545
0.005545
0.005514
0.0035
0.0045
0.00480
0.00447
0.00477
0.007131 0.005514
0.00708
0.006 0.00640
0.00640 0.00596
0.00596 0.006359
0.006359 0.00951
0.00951 0.00942
0.00942
0.006
0.005
0.00534
0.00497
0.00531
0.007924 0.006298
0.007861
0.004
0.00427
0.00398
0.004251
0.006338
0.006298
0.004 0.00427
0.00427 0.00398
0.00398 0.004251
0.004251 0.006338
0.006338
0.006298
0.004
0.006336
0.006768
0.006296
0.006722
0.0101
0.01
0.006336
0.006768
0.006296
0.006722
0.0101
0.01
0.0055
0.00587
0.00546
0.00583
0.008717 0.00708
0.00864
0.0045
0.00480
0.00447
0.00477
0.007131
0.00708
0.0045 0.00480
0.00480 0.00447
0.00447 0.00477
0.00477 0.007131
0.007131
0.00708
0.0045

0.006
0.00640
0.00596
0.006359
0.00951
0.00942
0.005
0.00534
0.00497
0.00531
0.007924
0.007861
0.005 0.00534
0.00534 0.00497
0.00497 0.00531
0.00531 0.007924
0.007924 0.007861
0.007861
0.005

()

0.006336
0.006768
() 0.006296



0.006722
0.0101
0.01
0.0055
0.00587
0.00546
0.00583
0.008717
0.00864
0.0055 0.00587
0.00587 0.00546
0.00546 0.00583
0.00583 0.008717
0.008717 0.00864
0.00864
0.0055

()
0.006
0.00640
0.00596
0.006359
0.00951
0.00942
0.006 0.00640
0.00640 0.00596
0.00596 0.006359
0.006359 0.00951
0.00951 0.00942
0.00942
0.006

(Y
G
= L(X
(X
-X )
G
) k=) L
S k + 1k +- 1Y-k Y
S (Y
S S k + 1k +- 1X k ) k

0.006336
0.006768
0.006296
0.006722
0.0063360.006768
0.006768 0.006296
0.006296 0.006722
0.006722
0.006336

0.0101
0.0101
0.0101

0.01
0.01
0.01

+ 0.000793
Y + 1 Y=kY+k 0.000793
Y
k + 1k =

()

()

()

.
:
k+1

kk.
:
k+1

k+1 k .

4.23

.
12

4.23

4.23

G
(Y
G
Y
(Xk k+ +1k1+- -1XX
-k k)Y)k=)=
=LS SL(X
-kX
G
L
k+ +1k1+- -1Y
k) )k )
S k(Y
S (X
S S(Y
.
4
.

. 4.23
188
.

1212

.
)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.
.

) )
= =YkY
+0.000793
0.000793
(4.50): YYkY
k+ +
k+k+0.000793
+ 1Y
1k1=

140

[.
(4.50)]: .

4.23

4.23

. 4
188
4
188

.
.
:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------k+1
k

k.
:
k+1
k+1
k
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------y1 - y 2
N tOG =

4.23

4.23

4.23

(y -
y *
)M

[.
(4.50)]:
[. (4.50)]:

1212

.
.

.
.

12

.
y.
1 = yA = 0.01
y=10.01
- y2
y1 - y 2
y
=
y
1 = A
N tOG

N
=

)))

*
*
* .
tOG
*
y2 = (y
yT -=(y
-) Ay -)(y
y0.003278
*
M - y ) T (y - y ) M
y
(y
-
y ) M =
2 = yT = 0.00378
4.23

4.23

4.23

.
(y
- y * ) A
y1 = yA = 0.01 y1 = yA = 0.01
1n
(y - y * ) T *
*
*
*
(y - y ) A - (y
- y )(y
*
T - y ) A - (y - y ) T
*
y(y2 = yy*T)A= =0.00378
=
(y
y
)
y
=
y
=
0.00378
(y
y
)
=
M
2
T
0.01 0.006722
(y - y * )MA
(y - y * ) A
1n
1n
= 0.003278
(y - y * ) T
(y - y * ) T
*
0.003278 - 0.00123
(y
= 0.01
0.006722 = 0.003278
0.006722
(yy*)Ay*=) 0.01
== 0.00208
(y - yy* ))AM == 0.01 (y0.006722
0.003278 A
1n
= 0.003278
0.00123= 0.003278
0.003278 - *0.00123
0.003278
- 0.00123
(y
- y0.00255
== 0.00208
(y - yy**)TM ==0.00378
== 0.00208
=
(y
)
M
0.003278
0.003278
1n
1n
= 0.00123
0.00123
0.00123

*
(y y )T = 0.00378
(y 0.00255
y*)T = 0.00378 0.00255
0.01 - 0.00378
= 0.00123
= 0.00123 = 2.99
N tOG =
0.00208

0.01 - 0.00378

0.01 - 0.00378
= 2.99

(y y*)T = 0.00378 0.00255

= 0.00123

N tOG =

0.01 - 0.00378
= 2.99
0.00208
A

0.01

y=lb mole /(lb mole o +CO2)

0.009

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005
0.004

= 0.25

0.003

:

,
0.25

0.002
0.001
0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

x=lb mole /(lb mole . + H2O)

4.23 ((ii)).

tOG ( 4.24).

141

 4 -

Y=lb mole /(lb mole CO2)

0.01

0.005

1
T

T*
0.001
0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

X=lb mole /(lb mole H2O)

4.24 .

. : = . . :
tOG 2.9

142

4.3
70% CH4, 15% C2H6, 10% n-C3H8 5% n-C4H10
1% n-C4H10 99% .
75oF 2 atm.
75oF. 3.5 lb moles / lb mole . 2 atm
70% ( ) C3H8 .
CH4 . .
0.15lb mole C3H8
(1).

143

 4 -

Cp: 0 to 100oF,
Btu/(lb mole)(oF)

0F (Btu/lb mole)

m = y* / x
75oF

80oF

85oF

CH4 = C1

8.50

C2H6 = C2

12.71

25.10

5100

13.1

13.5

14.0

n-C3H8 = C3

18.16

27.8

7600

4.00

4.25

4.50

n-C4H10= C4

24.45

33.1

10100

1.15

1.25

1.35

90.0
4

192

:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.25 .
4.25. .

YN p + 1 =

y Np + 1 G Np + 1

C1(CH
(CH4))
C
1
4
C2(C2H6)
CC3(n-C
H
(C
H
))
2
2 3 68
C4(n-C4H10)

= y Np + 1

Np + 1

h
=
C
(t
-t
)+(tu/lb
(tu/lb
mole)
A
A
G
0
0
h = C (t -t )+
mole)

0.70
0.70

0.10

G 0

0.05

HG,Np+1
H yNp+1y
G,Np+1

24.45 (75-0) + 10000 = 11930

1.0= 1 lb mole, t
o
: GNp+1
Np+1 = 75 F

Np+1

446446
= 638
x 0.70
= 638
x 0.70
910
896 910
596
896+ 1
2848 = HG,Np

18.16 (75-0) + 7600 = 8960

1.0

C4(n-C4H10)

8.50
= 638
8.50(75-0)
(75-0)
= 638
12.71 (75-0) + 5100 = 6055
18.16
+ 7600
= 8960
12.71(75-0)
(75-0)
+ 5100
= 6055
24.45 (75-0) + 10000 = 11930

0.15
0.10
0.15
0.05

C3(n-C3H8)

596

2848 = HG,Np + 1

lb moles,
75ooFF

: :
GNp+1L=0 =1 3.5
lb mole,
tNp+1t0==75
: L0 = 3.5 lb moles, t0 = 75oF

x 0L0
= x0
L0

L 0 X 0

C4

0.01

0.035

33.1 (75-0) = 2480

86.9 = 2480 (0.035)

0.99

3.465

90 (75-0) = 6750

23400

1.0

3.5

144

X0 =

(L0)

HL0L0 X 0

23487 =L0L0

X 0 =

x 0L0
=x
L0

L0X'0

(L0)

C4

0.01

0.035

33.1 (75-0) = 2480

0.99

3.465

90 (75-0) = 6750

193
193

HL0L0X'0

86.9 = 2480
193
193
(0.035) 193

193
23400

1.0
3.5
23487 =L0L0

193

:
0.15
lb
mole
C
3H8.
H8.

:
0.15 lb 0.15
molelbC3mole

0.15
mole
.

C3H
:
:
0.15 lb
lb:
mole CC33HH88..

80
F.

80
F. 80F.0.15 lb mole C3H8.

F.

80
80
F. 0.15 lb mole
:
C H . 80 F.

3 83.5
LL

80
LL

=F.= 3.5 ==4.20

(
)
L3.5
3.5
3.5

4.20
(
) )

=
=
4.20
(
)
(
)
G
1
0.15

:
0.15
lb
mole
C

=
=
4.20
3H8. (

=
=
4.20
(
)
G L 1 -G0.15
1 - 0.15
GG
3.5
1
0.15
1 - 0.15

80F. = 1 - 0.15 = 4.20 ( )

LL G3.5
++0.15
3.5
0.15

=
==3.65
LL 3.5
+
0.15
L
3.5
+3.65
0.15

== 3.5 + 0.15
===3.65
GG L
1

=
=
3.65

3.5
1
GG
11
L 3.65
3.5
+
0.15
G
1

=
=
4.20
(
)
=
= 3.65

3.93
1 - 0.15
G

3.93
G
1

3.93

3.93
3.93
3.93

lb moles
L
3.5
+ 0.15

3.93

0.15

=
=
3.65

n-C3H8 .
C

80
F,
m
=
4.25.

3
G
1lb moles n-C3H8 .

0.15
CC
3 80 F,
m = 4.25.
0.15

0.15
n-C
80
F, m
= 4.25.
3H80
8 .
3=

lb
moles
n-C
H
.

m
4.25.
3lb
8moles
3moles
F,

0.15
lb
n-C
H
.

C
3
8
0.15 lb moles n-C3H8 . C3 80 F, m = 4.25. 3 80 F, m = 4.25.
3.93
LL3H3.93

0.15

3 80 F, m = 4.25.
==n-C
==8 .3.93
0.925
LLlb moles
3.93
L==C
3.93
0.925
3.93

=
=
0.925
mG
4.25
=
=
= 0.925

= mG = 4.25
=mG
0.925
L 4.25
3.93 4.25
mG
mG
4.25

(4.111)(4.111)

(0 = 0):(0 =
0):
=
=
= 0.925

0.15
lb moles
n-C3mG
H8 .
C3 80F, m = 4.25.

(4.111)

(
4.25
0 = 0):

(4.111)

(
=
0):
0

(4.111)
((4.111)
0 = 0): (0 = 0):Np +1

Np +=1 L0):0.925
YY
3.93Np +-1 0.925
Np+1 - Y
1 (

(4.111)
0 +1-=0.925
-Y
Np +1
+1 - Y1
- 0.925
YYNp
Np +1 0.925
1=
Np
Np
=
0.925
=0.70
=0.925 =Np0.925
Y
- 0.925
+1
+0.70
1 -Y
10.925
=
0.925
Np +1 - Y1 = 0.70
=

Y
0.925
1
Np
+
1
mG
4.25
=
=
0.70
Np
+
1
Np=
+1
=
0.70
Np
+
1

Np
Y
0.925
1
+1
- YY1 Np +1- 1 0.925 0.925
YYNp
YNp
- 0.925+1 - 1
Np++11 0.925
0.925
- 1=
Np
+0.70
1
Np +1
=

(4.111)

0 = 0):

p.
+(
YNp
0.925 Np +1 - 1
1

.
p

.
p

p. p. p. Y - Y
0.925 Np +1 - 0.925
NN

:
Np +1
1
p

:
p:
=
=
0.70
p
p
NNp

:
Y

Np :
p
:
0.925 Np +1 - 1
Np +1

Y
Y

Y
m
X
+
Np
1
1
1 - mX
0
NYp
-
:- Y
Y
Np+-1 m
1 =
111- - YY
XX
0 =
Y
Y11
0.3
X0
0Np=
++11--YY
YNpNp
+=
1 0.3
0.3
Y1-11m
--m
1 -=m
1Y
=
1
0 Y

Y
X
m
X
.
p
=
= 0.3
+
Np+1 - mX
0
Np
1
0
=
1 -Y - mX =Y
0.3

+Y1+Np
Y-X
Y
Np
0 01 - Y
X
X
01 1- -mm
0 +01 - mX0
YXNp
mNpX+Y
Np
1 -+1m
++11 - mX00 1 -YY
YNpNp
+10 =
Np
Np +1 - m
=
0.3
Np

4.8

m:
=
p =2.8. p= 3

0 0.925
+
Y
X=
YNp
- mX0
+1 -
Np
1

4.8
0.925
p= 3
p =2.8.

4.8

=
0.925

33
p =2.8.

4.8

=
0.925

p =2.8. p= 3

4.8
0.925

=2.8.

p3p==

p =2.8.

4.8
=
= Y
0.925

=
Np +1 -
Y1 YY

m
X
p X 0
p
-1 m
10.925
0

4.8
0 =-=0.28
1- A
0.3

0 :==Y
YY
m
X
0.925
1 - mXY
0 p =2.8. p= 3
m
X
1=-=
A
0.925
:
=
0.28
1

Y
m
X
Y
m
X
AA==0.925
:
=
0.28
1
0 Y

m
X
+
+
Np
1
0
Np
1
0
A
=
0.925
:
= 0.28
Np0.28
0.925 :Y - mX =Y
+1 1 - -mm
X0X
Np +Y
0+01 - mX 0
0
1 YNp
++1A
YNpNp
m
X
1 = 0.925
0
:
= 0.28
4.8

p =2.8. p= 3
= 0.925
Np
YY

Y
m
X
Np+1 - Y
1
+
1
0

+1 - Y1
YYNp
Np +1 - Y
1= 0.72

Y
Y
1
=+0.72
Np +1 - Y1 = 0.72
Np
1 = 0.72

YY
Np+1 Y1 - mX 0
0.72
+1 A ==0.925
:Np++11 - YY1Np
YYNp
Np
+1 = 0.28
Np +1
+1 - =
YNp
m0.72
X 0

+1
Y
Np

+1 - Y1
YNp

= 0.72
+1
YNp

145


4
194 194 4 -

44
194
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

194

4 4

194

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.1 - Y

0.1
1 -- Y
0.1
11
=Y
0.72
==0.72
0.72
0.1 0.1
0.1
0.1 - Y1 0.1 - Y1
0.72
= 0.72
0.028
lb mole
C3
).
..
1 =
1=(
lb
C

C
(
).
11 =
.

= 0.028
0.028
lb mole
mole
C33 C

C110.1
(
).
0.1
C

C2

:
m =13.5
(

:
m
(
. 1 = .
0.028
lb1mole

C0.028
(
).
22

:
m =13.5
=13.5
(

C
=.
0.028
lb
mole
C3lb
C1C
(
).
3
1
mole
C
C
).
1=
3
1 (

:
m
=13.5
(

80
F).

80 F).

80
F).

C2

m :
=13.5 (
:

m =13.5 (
80
F).

C2
L
3.93
L
3.93

80F).

80
A=A
=L == 3.93
= 0.291
(G =(G
1 lb==mole)
== F).
==0.291
11lb
A
0.291
(G
lb mole)
mole)
mG mG
13.5
13.5
mG
13.5
L
3.93 L
3.93
p = 3.

:
A =4.8
= A = =4.8
0.291
(G
1 lb mole)
=:
==0.291
(G = 1 lb mole)

p =3.

pp =
= 3.
3.

4.8
:
mG
13.5mG 4.8
13.5
+Y
YNp
-4.8
Y
Y1 - m
Y
Y+11 :

--Y
1Y
--0m
Y
X
1
Y
Np
11 4.8 :
p = 3.

Y1X
Y1113.- =
=

p=
Np +1 =
0.709
=
1 mX00
1
=
0.709
=
=
=
=
0.709
1
+Y
+Y
+Y
YNp
YNp
-Np
+1 YNp
+1
m+1X--0m
X
1YNp
1 Np
1Y
+1 mX00
Np
1 +1 - Y1 Y
Y+Y
Np
+1

Y1
YNp
Np
Np +1 - Y1 Y1 - mX 0 Y1 - mX 0
1
=1= 1 - = 0.709 = = 0.709 =
::

1 +1
+1 - mXY
0 Np
Y
Y+Np
+1 YNp
+1 - mX 0
YNp
YNp
:
Np +1
:
+Y
YNp
0.15 0.15
- Y1 --Y
Y+11 --Y

1Y-Np

:
11
:
11
Np +1 = Y
0.291
0.15
=Y
0.291

==0.291
==0.291
0.291
0.291
+Y
YNp
0.150.15

1YNp

0.15
+
1
+1 - Y1 YNp
YNp

+1

Np +1 - Y1 0.15 - Y1 0.15 - Y1
=0.291
= =
0.291
1 =
=10.291
0.291
=mole
0.1064
lb
mole
C 2

C G

G
0.1064
lb
mole
G11
11 = 0.1064
+1
YNp
0.15 lb

YNp
0.15C22
+1

1 = 0.1064
C 2lb
G 1 C 2 G 1
1lb=mole
0.1064
mole

80

80oF80
: ooFF ::
o

4
C

C4

F : :

:
:

80
4

m = 1.25, A=3.93/1.25=3.15,
SA=3.93/1.25=3.15,
= 1/A = 1/3.15= S
0.317.

:
m = m1.25,
A=3.93/1.25=3.15,
= S1/A
= 1/3.15=
0.317.

o
= 1.25,
= 1/A
= 1/3.15=
0.317.

o
m
=
1.25,
A=3.93/1.25=3.15,
S=
1/A
= 1/3.15=
0.317.

C4

:

80
F
:
C4

:
80
F:

:
m = 1.25,
A=3.93/1.25=3.15,
S = 1/A =S1/3.15=

m
=
1.25, A=3.93/1.25=3.15,
= 1/A =0.317.
1/3.15=
0.317.

0L X
L 0 XL
0.035

0.035= 0.778

00 X00 =

1 - 1
1 -:
-- :
==11-- 0.035
==0.778
1
0.778

A G A
Y
3.15
x
0.05
+G

Y
3.15
x
0.05
+
Np
1 Np
Np
1

A
G
Y
3.15
x
0.05
++11 Np
++11
Np
Np

L0X0
L X 0.035
0.035
=10 - 0
= 0.778 = 0.778
1 +Y
=x1 -0.05
-NpNp
G Np +1G
1
1Y
1YNp
1
x

G
+
+
1
1
Np
1 x 0.05
0.05
A
3.15
Np +1-Y
1+-1x 0.053.15
A++11G =
x 0.05
= - 3.48
1 -G Np
==--3.48
11-+-1 YNp
+1 =
Np1
Np
=
1
3.48

0.317
x
3.5
x
0.01
SL 0SX

0.317
x
3.5
x
0.01
L
X
0L0 X0

0.317
x
3.5
x
0.01
S
+1G Np
195
G Np +1 YNp
0
0
Y
1
x
0.05
1 x 0.05
+1 Np +1
= - 3.48 = - 3.48
1=11- =1195
LNp+1
0 1 S
0.317
x
0.01
SY'

(4.111) :
L 0'
0.317
x 3.5 x 0.01
XNp0>'x0. 3.5
0 X>Y'
>4 Y

: Y:: +1Y

. .
>p

p
X
Y

X
p0>.>

.
Y>Np
Y

X00..
++111 >
Np
1
0.05 - 1 Np
3.15
- 13.15
= 0.778
4 4
0
.05
-: 1Y > :Y3.15
- 3.15
(4.111)
:
0.05
3.15
-1 > X .

(4.111)
:

(4.111)
:
+1
1 YNp
+1 > Y1p 0 p > X 0 . .
=Np0.778
4
0.05
3.15 - 1
.
. :
1 = 0.012 lb mole C 4 G 1
(4.111)
(4.111) :
.
= 0.012 lb mole C 4 G 1
1 Edmister

Edmister

Edmister

t = 77oF.
1

= 77oF. t1 = 77oF.
1

146

G1
G1

1
(lb
moles
/
G1)

1
(lb moles /
C1
0.70 G1)
C12
0.1064
C
0.70
C2
0.1064
C3
0.028
C3
0.028
C4
0.012
C4
0.012

(Btu/lb mole)
CA (tA(Btu/lb
- t0) + mole)

CA (t

A - t0)=+655
8.5
(77-0)
12.71
8.5 (77-0)
(77-0) += 5100
655 =
6080+ 5100 =
12.71 (77-0)
18.16 (77-0)
6080+ 7600 =
9000+ 7600 =
18.16 (77-0)
24.4 (77-0)
+ 10000 =
9000
11982
24.4 (77-0) + 10000 =

H G1 Y1
H G1 Y1
459 = 655 (0.70)
648 (0.70)
459 = 655
648
252
252
144
144

 1 = 0.012 lb mole C 4 G 1

Edmister
-

t1 = 77oF.

G1
G1

1
(Btu/lb mole)

(lb moles
) CA (tA(Btu/lb
- t0) + mole)

1/ G1

(lb
moles
/

G
C
1)
A (tA - t0) +
C
0.70
8.5 (77-0) = 655
1

C1
C2 C
2

0.70
0.1064
0.1064

C3

0.028
0.028
0.012

C4

C3
C4

0.012
0.8464 = G1
( . .)
0.8464 = G1
( . .)

H G1 Y1

459 = 655
8.5 (77-0) = 655
459 = 655 (0.70)
12.7112.71
(77-0)(77-0)
+ 5100
=
648 648
+ 5100
=
6080
6080
18.16 (77-0) + 7600 =
252
9000
18.16
(77-0) + 7600 =
252
24.4 (77-0) + 9000
10000 =
144
11982
24.4 (77-0) + 10000 =
144
1503 = G1G1
11982
1503 = G1G1

G1, Y1

L0 ,X0

1
2
3

G3,Y3
GNp+1,YNp+1

L3,x3

LNp
XNp
4.26 .

147

 4 -

L3

(Btu/lb
mole)

L3x3 (lb mole)

HL3L3x3

C1
C2

0.15 - 0.1064 = 0.0436

25.1 t3

1.093 t3 = 0.0436 x 25.1 x t3

C3

0.1 - 0.028 = 0.072

27.8 t3

2.00 t3

C4

0.035*+(0.05-0.012) = 0.073

33.1 t3

2.42 t3

3.465

90 t3

312 t3

L3 = 3.654

317.5 t3 = HL3L3

* L0x0 L0X0
t3 (4.13) .
L0HL0 + GNp+1 HG,Np+1 = LNp HL,Np + G1HG1 + QT
QT = 0
GNp+1 = 1
Np = 3
197

23487 + 2848 = 317.5 t3 + 1503

t3 = 78.5F
( Np +1 - n) / Np
(4.111)
.

G
1

G
G
=
(4.107) :
2
Np +1

n=2
G Np +1

0.8464
G 2 = 1

1
G1

G 2 = G Np +1

G
Np +1

197

( 3 + 1 - 2) / 3

= 0.894

( Np +1 - n) / Np

( 3 + 1 - 2) / 3

. Ln + GNp+1 = LNp + 0.8464

G (4.15)
n = 1 :
= 0.894
G 2 = 1 n+1
1
. Ln + GNp+1 = LNp + Gn+1 (4.15) nL= +
1 :
1 = L3 + G2
1
L1 + 1 = L3 + G2
3.654+ +0.894.
0.894.
L11 ++11==3.654
L
L1 =
3.548
. L + G
= L + G (4.15) n = 1 :
n L1Np+1

= 3.548Np

n+1

L1 3.548
=
= 4.195
L1 + 1G=1 L3 0.8464
+ G2
H (4.107) n =L31 + 1 = 3.654 + 0.894.
(3 + 1 - 3) / 3
L1 = 3.548
0.8464
= 0.947
G3 =1

L1 3.548
1.0
= 4.195
=
G 1 0.8464L 3 3.654
=
= 3.86
G
0.947
3
H (4.107) n = 3

H (4.107) n = 3

148

/3
+ 1 - 3)
lb moles
C (3
G1
0.8464 4
= 0.947
G3 =1

:
1.0
m = (77F) = 1.19 L 3 3.654
=
= 3.86
G 3 0.947

3.548
L1 L1 3.548
= 4.195
= =
= 4.195
0.8464
G 1G 1 0.8464
L1 3.548
=
= 4.195
H (4.107)
H (4.107)

n =n3= 3
G 1 0.8464
-
L1 = 3.548

+ 1/-33) / 3
(3 + 1(3- 3)

0.8464

H (4.107) n = 3 G G= 1= 10.8464
= 0.947

= 0.947

3 3
1.01.0 (3 + 1 - 3) / 3

0.8464
3.654
G 3 L=31L3 3.654
3.86
=
= 3.86 = 0.947
=
=
1.0

0.947
G 3G 3 0.947
L 3 3.654
=
= 3.86
moles

G1
4

lb lb
moles

C4GC

0.947 G1
3
:
4
:
198 C4 G1 :
lb moles

lb
moles------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ C4 G1
m
= (77
==1.19
F) = 1.19

m(77
(77
m F)
=
F) = 1.19
:
(4.112)
: = 3.43
4.195
4.195
= 3.51
m = (77F) = 1.19
A1 A
=1 =
= 3.51
1)1.19
+ 0.25]0.5 0.5 [. (4.113)] :
= [p (A1 +1.19
4.195

F) = 1.22
m = (78.5
1.22
A1 =
= 3.51
mF)
= =(78.5
m=
(78.5
F) = 1.22
1.19
3.86 = 3.31
3.86
= 3.16
m = (78.5F) = 1.22
A 3A=3 = = 3.16
= A=NpA Np
1.22
1.22
3.86
(4.112) : = 3.43
A3 =
= 3.16 = A Np
1.22:
= [ (A + 1) + 0.25]0.5 0.5 [. (4.113)]

= 3.31

:
A ENp +1 - A E
+1 - Y1
YNp
L 0 X0

= 1 AG Y A Np +1 - 1
+1
YNp
Np +1 Np +1
E

[.(4.111)]
[.(4.111)]

1 = 0.0110
moles
C4 in
lb1 =
0.0110
lbGmoles
C4 in G1
1
C4 L3 = 0.035 + 0.05 - 0.011 = 0.0740 lb moles = L3x3
C4

L3
= 0.035
+ 0.05 - 0.011 = 0.0740 lb moles = L3x3
1
.

G1 1

x
HL3L3x3
3 3
.
77C
1 L

C1

0.7

C2

0.1064

0.0278
C1
0.011
C2
C3
C4
0.8448 = G1

C3
C4

(4.13):

459
1

645

0
G1 1

0.044

o
250
0.0722
77 C
0.7
459
132=0.011x[24.45x(77-0)+10100]
0.074
0.1064
645
3.465
0.0278
250
0.011
132=0.011x[24.45x(77-0)+10100]
1486 = HG1G1
3.655=L3

0.8448 = G1

1486 = HG1G1

0
1.1 t3
L3x3
HL3L3x3
2.01 t3
02.45 t
0
0.044 3
1.1 t3
312 t3
0.0722
2.01 t3
0.074
2.45 t3
317.6 t3 = HL3L3
3.465
312 t3
3.655=L3 317.6 t3 = HL3L3

L0HL0 + GNp+1 HG,Np+1 = LNp HL,Np + G1HG1 + QT

: t3 = 78.5 F

(4.13):

.
Horton Franklin L0HL0 + GNp+1 HG,Np+1 = LNp HL,Np + G1HG1 + QT
:

: t3 = 78.5F

.
149

199
199

199
4 -

199

Horton Franklin
199
Horton
Franklin

Horton Franklin
:

:
Horton Franklin (Np+1 - n) / Np
(Np +1 - n) / Np

(Np+1 - n) / Np
Horton Franklin
G1 G1
GNp

[. (4.107)]
G n = G
[. (4.107)]
1 +1 :

[.
(4.107)][. (4.107)]
G n
= G Np +1 G n = G Np

G
1
+
:
+1
Np
G

G
1 - +n)1 / Np
+Np
Np +1 (Np

G
1 (Np +1 - n) / Np

[. [.
(4.107)]
G n =LG
(4.15)]
+
=
+
G
L
G
n Np +1Np
+
1 G
Np
n +1
(4.15)]
L n +GG =
+G
1 +n1+1= L Np + G n +1 [.
[. [.
(4.15)]
[. (4.15)]
+ G
NpG
+1 =LL

n Np
Np
(4.107)]
Np
1
+
n
Np +1

G Np +1
G1 = 0.8448 (
).

G(
( ).
).

G
1 = 0.8448
1G= 0.8448
G1 = 0.8448

).
[. (4.15)]
L n
+(
Np +1 = L Np + G n +1
:
:
[.
(4.15)]
+
=
+
L
G
L
G
n
Np +1
Np
n +1
:
:
G1 = 0.8448 ( ).
2/3
2/3
2/3
0.8448

).
G1 = 0.8448 (
0.8448
G 2 = 1 0.8448

:
G 2 =1
G 2 = 1 1
:
1 2/3 1
0.8448

G
Ln 2/3
Ln/Gn o
tn (oF) o
Gn2 G
=

Gn
Ln10.8448
L
t
F)

L
tn ( F)
nL/G
nn(/G
n n
n

G 2 =*1 1
1
0.8448
3.548
4.20
77
4.20
* 1 3.548
1
0.8448
3.548
77 o
1 *
0.8448
4.20
77

Gn
Ln
Ln/Gn o
tn ( F)
**
0.893 **L 3.583
2
Gn20.893**
( F)77t (oF) 77
n
n
Ln/Gnt4.01
3.583 n Ln/G3.583
4.01
2 Gn Ln* 0.893
4.01n
77
1
0.8448
3.548
4.20
77
**
*
3
3.9477
78.5
* 3.548 ** 3.655
13 1
0.8448
** 0.928
3.548 4.20
0.928
3.655
3.944.20
78.5 77
30.8448
0.928
3.655
3.94
78.5
2
0.893**
3.583
4.01
77
**
** 3.583
77 77
2 0.8930.893
3.583 4.01 4.01
* 2
**

*
3
0.928
3.655
3.94
78.5
*

**
**
3 0.9280.928 3.6553.655 3.94 3.94 78.5 78.5
** 3

. (4.107)
**
**

. (4.107)

. (4.107)
*

*

:
**
*
t2

.
(4.107)

:
2
2
**
**

. (4.107) . (4.107)

G +1 - G n +1 t Np - t n
G +1 - G n +Np
t Np
t n +1 t Np - t n
t2 :
1 G Np
[. (4.109)]
+1 - Gn=
t2 Np:
= - t 0[. (4.109)][. (4.109)]
G Np=+1 - G 1
t Np
G :
t Np - t 0
t2
Np +1 - G 1 GtNp
Np+1--tG
0 1
G Np +1 - G n +1 t Np - t n
n = 2
[. (4.109)]
=t - t [. (4.109)]
n = 2 n G
=G
2 +1 - G
Np
n +1
Np
n
Np +1 - G 1 = t Np - t 0
[. (4.109)]
78.5
- t2
0.928
G Np +11-- G
- t 078.5
78.5
- tt=Np
1 - 0.928
-.
t 2 o t 2 = 77 o F o
11 - 0.928
2
n = 2
.
t75
F t 2 = 77 F
=
= 77
.
=
2
78.5
1
0,8448
n = 2
- 75 78.5 - 75
- 0,8448
n = 2 1 - 0,8448 178.5
- t 2 Ln/Gn o .
1 - 0.928 78.5


.
t 2L=n/G
77
F
= 78.5

. .


L

11 -
n/G
n
no
0.928
2
- 0,8448= 78.5 -t75
.
t
77
F
=
2

m 78.5
. 75
1 -
0,8448

m
.
m -.
Ln/Gn .
1 (4.104).

Ln/G

(4.104).

(4.104).
n
1

m
.


Ln
/Gn
. m .

m
.
1

(4.104).
1 (4.104).
1 (4.104).

C1
C2

150

0.318

0.304

0.294

1 [. (4.104)]

L3x3

0,7

0.1062

0.0438

C3

1.025

0.979

0.938

0.0263

0.0737

C4

3.53

3.37

3.23

0.0108

0.0742

3.465
0.8433 = G1

3.658 L3

t3 = 78.5 F.

) L/G. Horton- Franklin .

) .
) L/G [. (4.16) (4.118) L/G].

t1 ( ).
tNp. , .
.
t1 . m,
Horton-Franklin. L/G.
L/G.

/ L2 / L3

(4.112).

(4.113).

,,C

,,C.

, moles/: mole/L3.

CJ

J, F L/mole T.

CL

, F L/mole T.

CP

, F L/mole T.

ds

L.

, L2/.

DIJ

(IJ), L2/.

Dm

, L2/.

DL

, L2/.

EMGE

Murphree .

FG,J

J , mole/L2 .
151

 4 -

152

FL,J

J , mole/L2 .

FO

, mole/L2 .

, mole/L2 .

GJ

J, mole/L2 .

, /L2 .

, F L/L2 .

, F L/L2 .

HG

, F L/mole.

H'G

, F L/mole.

J xi, ti, F L/ mole.

j,i

HL

, F L/mole.

Ht

, L.

HtO

, L.

mole F L/mole.

, F L/L T .

kG

, mole/L2 (F/L2)

kL

, mole/L2 (F/L3)

kx

, mole/L2 ( ).

ky

, mole/L2 ( ).

mole/L2 .

M/L2 .

LS

, M/L2 .

, dy*/dx.

mJ,r

(logpJ*)/(logpr).

, /mole.

J , mole/L2 .

NP

NtO

, F/L2.

, F/L2.

pt

, F/L2.

Pr

Prandtl, CP/k.

, F L/L2 .

QT

, F L/.

RJ

NJ/.

, mG/L.

(4.115).

SE

(4.116).

Sc

Schmidt, / D.

, .

, moles/moles .

, moles/moles .

, moles/moles (moles/moles ).

, moles/moles .

, , L3/L3.

, , L3/L3.

J0

J t0, F
L/mole.

r,t

t, F L/mole.

, /L .

, /L3.

, / , L3/L3.

153

 4 -

,,C.J

, , C, J.

n.

Np

. .

. 1 .

. 2 .

Bennett, C.. & Myers, J.E. (1962). Momentum, Heat & Mass Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.
Coulson & Richardsons Chemical Engineering. (1993). Pergamon Press. 4th Edition. Vol. 2.
Evans, F. L.(1980). Equipment Design: Handbook for Refineries & Chemical Plants. Gulf. 2nd Edition.
Vol. 2.
Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport Processes & Separation Process Principles. Prentice Hall,
Professional Technical Reference. 4th Edition.
King, C. J. (1980). Separation Processes. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 2nd Edition.
Ludwig, E. E. (1997). Applied Process Design for Chemical & Petroleum Plants. Gulf Publishing
Company. 3rd Edition. Vol. 2.
McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C. Harriott, P. (2005). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. New York:
McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering series. 7th Edition.
Nonhebel, G. (1972). Gas Purification Processes for Air Pollution Control. Newnes-Butterworth. 2nd
Edition.
Perry, R.H. & Green, D.W. (1997). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. 7th
Edition.
Perry, R.H. & Green, D.W. (1984). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. Singapore: McGraw-Hill
International Editions, Chemical Engineering Series. 6th Edition.

154

 5

( ) ,
(Keey, 1972 McCabe, Smith & Harriott, 2005 Perry & Green, 1984).
,
.
.
.
.
,
.

5.1 . .

( ).
, (. 5.1), .
p
p. ,
0.35 kg H2O/kg . 0.6
* ( 5.1).
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4
0.2
0

0.1
0.2
* = kg2O/kg

0.3

5.1 / 25C.

, . , ,
155

, ,
.

, , (*).
(-*) .
5.2 /
. , .
, 100%.

1.0

kg2O/kg
5.2 .

, . kg H2O/kg .
:
100 (kg / kg ) = 100 / (1+).

5.2
5.2.1
.
, , ,
. (
) (
).
.
,
. , , . ,
156

.
, .
, . .
, . 4 48 . ( 5.3),

.
.

Screen

5.3 .

, . ,
, .

5.2.2

.
.
, ..
5.4
.
:[kg / () ()].

157

X = kg /kg .

A
A
B

C
D
X*

= , hr
5.4 .

:
= -SS/

(5.1)

SS .

. / dX/d
:
kg / (hr) (kg ).
0.4

= ,
103kg /m2s

A
0.3

NC

B
A

0.2
D
0.1

XC
E
X* 0.1
0.2
0.3
X = kg /kg

5.5. .
158

0.4

0.4

= ,
b /hr sq ft

A
0.3

NC

B
A

0.2
D
0.1

E
X*

XC
0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

X = b /b
5.5. .

215

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.5 .
( BC).

Xc.
,

kY

(s)

. , :
.
Nc = kY(s-)
(5.2)

.



.

5.5
,

.

.

5.5*

* .

:
:

N=

- SSdX
Ad

(5.3)
(5.3)

O :

O :

= d =
0

SS 1 dX
A X2 N

(5.4)

: 1, 2>c =c, (5.4) :

159

Ad

O :

5
216
5
X11
216
X

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SSS dX

(5.4)
= d =
A
N
X 22
.
00
X

(5.4)
(5.4).

(5.4)

1/.
1/.
5 = ,

: 1 ,
2 >
=c
,
(5.4) :
:
216

1
, 2>c
c
)
c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------)
:
:

(5.4) :

. :
216

(5.4)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S=S (X
mX+b
(5.6)
1 - X 2)

(5.6)
(5.5)
= = mX+b

1/.
AN
c
c

(5.4)
:

(5.4)
:

(5.4).

(5.5)
)

:
,
.

1, 2<c

1/.
X1 :

X1
S
bb
dX

, S
<c, mX

S.
1 +
1
2S
S
S:
mX
dX
(5.7)

n
=
=
S
S 1
1 +
)

(5.7)
= A mX
= mA 1n mX + b
:
b
+

=
mX+b
(5.6)
2
X
)
:

A X 22 mX
mA
mX
+ b
+b
.
2
) :

(5.4)

:
(5.4)
:



1/.

=mX
m=(N
/ (X1-X

1+b, N
1-N
2)
2):
= 22mX+b
(5.6)
) :

11=mX
=mX
=mX22+b
+b

m=(N
1+b, N
1-N
2) / (X1-X
2)
= mX+b
(5.6)
X1

SS (5.4)
SS
(5.7)
(5.7) :
:
mX1 + b
dX:
(5.7)
=
1n
=
A X2 mX + b mA mX 2 + b
(5.4) :
X1
SSS (X
SS SmX
b )
dX
1 +
X
X
S
1 2)
1 2)
1 1nS S (X
(5.7)
== SS (X
=n N
X
)
(X
X
N

1
=
1
2
S
1
2 -N ) / (X -X )(5.8)
1
1=mX
N
m=(N

1X+b,
2=mX
2+b=
1
2
1
2
mX
b
mA
mX
b
+
+
(5.8)
=A
1
n
2
A(N
AN
A(N2 11 -- N
N 22 )) N
N 22
AN mm
(5.7) :
(5.7)
1=mX1+b, N2=mX2+b m=(N1-N2) / (X1-X2)
1=mX
+b, N2=mX
+b m=(N
-N2)/
(X1-X2),
(5.7)

:

1
2 :
1

(5.7)

m
m
SS (X1 - X 2 ) N 1 SS (X1 - X 2 )

1)
2).

(5.8)
=
1n 22 (
=
11 (
(

A(N1 -N1)2 )
N 2(
ANm2).

SS (X
SS (X1
- X2 )
1 - X2 )
1
(5.8) (5.8)
=
1n
=

A(N
N2
AN m .

.

CE
CE

1 - N 2 )

1
(
1) 2

(
( 5.5.):
5.5.):
( 2).
1 ( 1) 2 ( 2).
m
, .
CE

5.5.):

N
1 (
1)-
=2 (
2).
N cc (X
(X -- X*)
X*)
(5.9)
=
N
m(X
X*)

. CE
(5.9)
N =
m(X - X*)
= X
X
*
c
X c - X *

( 5.5.):

: . CE (5.9)
S

( 5.5.):

:

N c (X - X*)
S
(X
X*)
X 1 -- X
X*
=
N = m(X
X*)
S
c
SS (X c - X*) 1n
X
=
1X * *
X
c
=
1n X - X *
NcA
A
N
X*
NcX
(X22 -- X*)
c

:
N = m(X
- X*) =
Xc - X *

(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.10)
(5.9) (5.10)

.

:

SS (X c - X*) X 1 - X *
1n
NcA
X2 - X *
SS (X c - X*) X 1 - X *
=
1n
NcA
X2 - X *

=
160

(5.10)
(5.10)

.

.
, 5.6.

. qR
. qC

TR

G
TG

5 5

218218

, , Am
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(qc(q
), c),

ZM

),

(qk(q

),

.
qk
k

5.6 .

).R).
tR tFRoF(qR(q

zS
/

z
.

:
[Btu
(hr)
(sq
ft)].ft)].

:
[Btu
/ (hr)
(sq

t G oF,
. .

[b
/ lb

G [lb /
(hr)
(sq ft)].

ttss.F.

ts.
: (qc),
),

ts

(q

ts

.
k
o
tR F (qR). : [Btu / (hr) (sq ft)].

q q

.


,
:

t
.
,

, :
s
ts .
(5.11)
q =qq=
c +p
k +q
r r
qc +p
(5.11)
k +q
q

, :
q = qc +pk +qr
(5.11)
:
:
:

q =qN=cNscs

(5.12)
(5.12)

q =
Ncs
s

(5.12)
s

:
s
. :
:
q q=c h= h(tc (t-tG-t)s)
c

qc =c hcG(tGs -ts)

4
4 4
-12
qR q=R=(1730
x 10
-tRs)-ts)
) s=h
R (tRR(t
(1730
x 10)-12(T
) R(TR4Ts T
) =h

(5.13)
(5.13)
(5.13)

5.14)
5.14)
(5.14)

-12 -12 4 4 4 4
(1730x10
(TR(TRTs T
)s )
(1730x10
h R h=R =
t R t- Rt s- t s

(5.15)
(5.15)
(5.15)

s
R

Rankine.

Rankine.

:
:

161

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
219
(5.17)
U k =-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(1/h
(z M /k5M)(A/A
219
c )(A/A
u)+
u ) + (z
S /k
S )(A/A m )

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
(5.17)
Uk =
(1/h c )(A/A u ) + (z M /k M )(A/A
)
+
(z
/k
)(A/A
)
u
S
S


1
,
ms R (5.17)

hc
Uk
=.

Rankine.
(1/h
)(A/A
)
+
(
z
/k
)(A/A
)
+
(z
/k
)(A/A
)
c
u
M
M
u
S
m
kM
, kS

219
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
q = U (t -t )
(5.16)
hc
.
k

kS
.

c,
Au, AkmhM

1
, kkS=

(5.17)

kMU

(1/h.
)(A/A
) + (
z /k )(A/A
) + (z /k )(A/A
)

.
c

.
A

u, Am
(5.17)

(5.2)
(5.11),,(5.16)
:
Au, Am

.
hc ,
.
hc

(5.2)

(5.11),,(5.16)
:
kM, kS

.
q, kS(h
kM

c + U
k )(t
G - ts ) +
R (t R - t
s)
Au, Am

.
(5.18)
=
=
=
N c
k
(Y
Y)
Y (5.11),,(5.16)
s
(5.2)
:

s
s

(5.2)
(5.11)
(5.16) :

.
q (h c + U k )(t G - t s ) + h R (t R - t s )
U

(5.18)

m

=Y)
= k (Y
Nus,c-A
- Y)
(A
Y
h
s=
k
()(t
(5.19)
t G --t sst) )++ hR (t(tR --tts )) Y s
sq = (1h+ + U
hNc c/k=Y .

(5.18)
= c h c k G s h c R R s = k Y (Ys - Y)
(5.18)
-s Y)
s

(Y
U
h
s
s
R (5.11),,(5.16) :
( t G - t s ) +(5.2)
= 1 + k
(5.19)
(t R - t s )
h c /k
hUc
hhc
Y
(Y
- Y)
s
R

shc/kY
= 1 + k ( t
(5.19)
(t R - t s )
G - ts ) +
h c /k Y
hc
hc

(h + U
q
.
k )(t G - t s ) + h.
R (t R - t s )
(5.18)
= c
= k Y (Ys - Y)
Nc =
(5.19)
/kY

s hc
s

hc/k

.
Y
hc/k

(Ys
- ,
Y) s
U k
h R

( t G -
.
(5.19)
+
1+
t s )
(t R - t s )

.
=
h c
/k
h c
h c.

hc, kY Y

hc,

kY

:
:

hc
, kY

,
,

h h /k
k


jH = c Prc2/3 Y= jD = Y Sc 2/3 = 0.11 Re -e0.29
(5.20)

:
,
hc, kY

C
G S
p G
.
5
220 .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
h
k
c

Re

:
= 2/3
deG/

(5.20)(5.20)

jH e=
Pr 2/3
= jD =ReYe
Sc
= 0.11
Re -e0.29de
C phG
G
kSY .
-0.29 95C
c

2/3

Re

Ree
:
Ree =jH
de=G/,

(5.20)

Pr 2/3d
Sc
= 0.11
e = j
D =
e (5.20)
C=p2600
G
G
. (5.20) ,
ReeRe

22000.
S

:
Re
=
d
G/

e
e
e
e

ReSIe =:
2600
22000.

h
c, kY

95 C SI :

Re
:
Ree .
= deG/
de

0.71

(5.20)
e
:
G
h
=
5.90
c
0.29

. (5.21)
(5.20)

Ree = 2600
22000.
d
e
hc
k Y 2/3
2/3
-0.29
Pr 22000.
= jD =
Sc = 0.11 Re e
(5.20)
H =
Reej=
2600
(5.21)
C p G

G

S
and Re
Shepherd,
(Brewer,
Haddock

1938):

2003): de

:(Geankoplis,
Ree = deG/
e
hc = 14.3G 0.8 0.8
(5.22)
(5.22)
h = 14.3G
c

. (5.20)

(5.22)

(SI).

(5.22)

Re

22000.
e = 2600
:
(SI).

hc = 0.0128 G 0,8 {h
:Btu/(hr)(sq
ft)(oF)}.
c

: G = 800 - 4000lb/(hr) (sq ft) o hc , , 0,8
:
o

hc = 0.0128 G

162

{hc:Btu/(hr)(sq ft)( F)}.

G = 800 4000lb/(hr) (sq ft) o hc , , :

hc = 0.37 G0.37

(5.23)

 -

221

221
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.37

hc = 0.37 G

(5.23)

, .

,



.
(5.18)
(5.23)

)

.
,

, ,
,
,

.
.

,



.

-
,

.


,
.
.

Fick:
.
Fick:

Fick:
22X
X
X = D X
(5.24)

(5.24)
= D z 22

z
D .
(5.24)
D .

D
.

(5.24)

,
(5.24) :

(5.24) :

X X
(5.25)
X = D X
(5.25)
(5.25)
= z D z
z z
.

.

.
, , ..

5.7.

5.7,


5.8.

5.8

.
, , ..
, , ..


5.7.
5.7.

163

1,75

kg /m2hr

1,50
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

* = kg /kg

kg ./kg

5.7 ( ) .

5.8 . .

5.7,
, , . (gel) . , , .
164

224

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

224

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.8

(5.24).

()

,
.

. ,

Fick

.

Fick

:


Fick

:
4z 2S
8X 1
:

(5.26)
= 2 21n 2
4z
DS 8X
1
(5.26)
= 2 1n 2
D ,
rn
ZS
(5.26)


,
rn
DZS

, m2/hr

, m2/hr
ZS

,
rn
XD

l
D , m2/hr

l
X

hr.
Xl,

,


:
hr. hr.

(5.26)
(5.26) :

2(5.26) :
dX D
(5.27)

= 2 X
dX 2 z S2D
d

(5.27)
X
=
d 2 z S2
(5.27) (5.27)

(5.27)

(5.27) ,
(
)

)
.

.
, .

.
.

,
,

.


.
.

.
.

,
,
.

.
,

. , .
,

.
.

. , .

.
.

.
,
,

. , . .

. ( )
. :
, .
, *.
.
165

= kg /kg

(5.24), (5.25).

. 5.9.

5.9 .
.

,
.
( 5.8).
.
.
. ,
,
.
.
. .
. ,
.
, .

, . . 5.10 .
,
.
.
BC 5.10.
166

,

. .
.
5

kg /m2hr

D
0

0,05

0,10

0,15

,kg /kg
5.10 .

,
. ,
, .

. . ( CD, 5.10). C
. .

.

, . .
, , , .
. 5.11
.

167

50

kg /m2hr

40

30

20

10
C
0

D
0

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

,kg /kg

5.11 .

. ABCD
ACD . . . ( BC, CD).

. : . . ,
.
. [( (5.5)], .

, , ,
.

231

.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.12.

(5.9) (5.10). 231

(5.3), (5.9),
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5.3), (5.9), (5.18) :
(5.18) :

dX k ( - *)(s - Y)

= (5.3), (5.9), (5.18) :

d
SS (X c - X*)
dX k ( - *)(s - Y)
=
SS = zSAS
:
d kY = f(G)
SS (X
c - X*)
SS = zSAS kY =dX
f(G) :
f(G)(X - X*)(Y - Y) f(G)(X - X*)(Ys - Y)
SS= zSA
= S kY = f(G) s:
=
d
z S S (X c - X*)
zS
dX f(G)(X - X*)(Ys - Y) f(G)(X - X*)(Ys - Y)

=
=

.
d z S
S (X
zS
c - X*)

.
168

(5.28)
(5.28) (5.28)
(5.29)
(5.29) (5.29)

N= , kg /m2hr

NC

X*
XC
,kg /kg

5.12 .

10

0.8
0.6

0.4
- *
1 - *

()

0.2

0.1

()

5.13 : ()
, () .

(5.29) . .
(5.10) :

169

 . ()
.

(5.29) .
. (5.10) :
1n

N c
X -X*
=
X1 - X * S z S (X c - X*)

(5.30)

(5.30) (5.30)

5.13. (5.30) 5.13.
(5.30) . (5.30)

.

, ,
: .

( 5.14).

5.14 .

5.5.

. ,
,
.
.
, .
, .
.
( 5.14)
Yl GS kg /[( )()].

as.
Nmax = GS(Yas-Y1)
(5.31)

170

kg / {( )()}, lb . / (hr)(sq ft). 2.

:
= GS(2-1)
(5.32)
dY
, :

235
dN = GSdY = kYdS(Yas-Y)
(5.33)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

S .

(5.33)
: ,

zS, .
zs
Y2
k dz S
dYdS = dz
(5.35)(5.34)
= SY

as

-Y

GS

235

1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

k z
235
(5.36)
= N tG = Y S

1n
(5.33) :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yas - Y2
GS
Y
235
zs
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------k Y dz S
dY
NtG

. (5.35)
=

(5.33)
Y Yas:
Y
G
S
0
zs
Y12 :

(5.33)
k Y dz S :
dY
(5.35)(5.35)
= z
Y
Y
k
z

Y
as
1
Y
S
s
2
N
Y - Y Yas -YYas= -NY02k =G
(5.36)
tG =
Y dz
(5.37)
= 2 1n 1YY1= 1-dY

1 S GeS- N tG = 1 - e -k Y zS /G S
(5.35)
=
Y

S
N max Yas - Y1 asY - 2Y
Y
as
1 G
Y
Y
0
Y1 as as- Y1
kS z
1n
=
N tG = Y S . (5.36)
NtG

Yasas -- Y
Y12
Y
k YGzS S
(5.36)
1n
=
N
=

:
tG
(5.37)
G

(5.36)
Yas - Y
2
S
NtG
.
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
- N tG
z S /G
as
2
2
1

:
k .
S
=
= 1 ,
1 e
= 1 - e -k Y
N

. (5.37)tG
NtG

=.
tG

:
N max Yas - Y1
Yas - Y1

k tG

:
Yas -
Y2
N
Y
Y
2
1
(5.37)
=
= 1
= 1 e - N tG = 1 - e -k Y zS /G S
.
NNmax Y
Y2as--YY11
Yasas --Y
Y21
Y
Y z S /G S
(5.37)
=
= 1
= 1(2.03-0.074
e - N tG = 1 - e -krnrn
.

(5.37)

)

)

Yas - Y1
N max Yas - Y1

,
11.4
rnm).
: k tG(5.37)
.

(5.37)

k

tG

(5.37)

(5.37)

k

tG.
.

k.
tG.

k
tG

,

k
tG.

k:
tG
.
.
) (5.31).



(2.03-0.074
rnrn )

(5.37)

)
(2.03-0.074
rnrn
)

k

tG
.

11.4
11.4 rnm).

rnm).
(.

.
)

rnrn.
)
(2.03-0.074

(5.37)

(5.31).

(2.03-0.074
rnrn)

11.4
rnm).

(.

).

tG ( SI):

11.4
rnm).

).

(
SI):
tG
(5.31). (5.37)
0.215
G
0.273 d

p

N tG
=
(
z S ) 0.64
S

( (5.38)

0.35
d
p
(5.37)

(5.31).

(5.37)

(5.38)
dp (5.31).

(
). tG ( SI):

0.215

G
d p
0.273
0.64

[
/ ].
171
).

tG

(
SI):

(5.38)
N
(
tG =
SzS )
0.35
d p
0.215
). tG
( SI):
0.273 d p G

0.215 ( S z S ) 0.64
(5.38)
N tG =
dp
0.35.

d
d p G
0.273
p

(5.38)
N tG =
(
S
z S ) 0.64
S
0.35

d
p

dp .

(5.33) :
Yas - Y1

236

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3.2 20 mm ).

5

10 64 mm.
dp
, .

S
/ ).

(
. 64 mm. )
(3.2
20 mm

10

).

(5.37).

kY

(5.37). kY :

kY =

jD G S
Sc 2/3

(5.39)
(5.39)

1.7
5.

D
jD

j1.7
5.

.

5.13.

(5.9) (5.10) () .
.
(Perry & Green,1984).

5.13. ,

( 5.15)

(5.9)
(5.10)

. ()
.



.

(McCabe and Smith, 2004. Perry and Green,1984)

.
()

()

5.15 . : .

172

. ,
.
.
/.,
. ,
,
.

5.3.

. 75x75 cm 5-15 cm
. 2.1-4.5 m/sec
.
5.3.
.
25-50 kg/hr
. .
-. .
, .
. ,
.
.

-lC. ,
.
( 5.16)
/. , .

.

173

5.16 .

.
. ,
.
.
. 12 58
5-1500 m2. 2 20 m, 10 m
10 min 5h.

( )

.

5.17 .
174

. , . .
.

, ,
.
.
,
. 1.5 2.5 m,
7.5 15 m.
.
( ).
. 5.18 .
[ 5.18()].
.
.
, .
5.18 (), () .
[ 5.18()]
[ 5.18()]. . .

.
.
.
5.18 ()
.
5.19
. .
.

175

()
()

()

()

(), ()

()

() -
5.18 .

176

5.19 .

,
.

5.20 .

.
. , .
. .

177

.
: 0.6 6m, 0.6
4m 1-10 rpm.

. , .
,
. (2.4 m 9 m),
. 5.21.
.
.
. , ,
.
, .
.
. , , , .
,
. .
.
, , - , .

5.21 .

178

. .
. .
( 650C) ,
,
55C. ,
, .
, , , .

5.22 .

5.3
(Geankoplis, 2003)

179

Q
Gs
Y1
tG1
HG1
Ss
tS1
HS1

Gs
Y2
tG2
HG2
Ss
tS2
HS2

5.23 .

:
SS : [ / ()(].
Xl
2 : [ / ].
250
tSl tS2.
5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GS: [ /()()].
H

H
:
l : [ / ].
(5.42)
S =
S(ttS-t
H

tG2C
. 0)+C(tS-t0)+H
Gl
.
H
:
S = tS
SSXl+GS2 = SSX2+GS1
(5.40)

[/ ].

CS = .
SS(Xl-X2 )= GS(l-2)

[/ ( )( )].

H :
C = .
HS = CS(tS-t0)+C(tS-t0)+H

[/( )( )].

(5.41)
(5.42)

HS = tS.
H].
= .
[/
.
CS =

t0 . [/ ].
[/ ( )( )].
.

:
C =

[/( )( )]. [/ ].
G
H = .
Q [/]
t0 . [/ ].
:
:
G [/ ].
Q [/] :

SS H S1 + G S H G2 = SS H S2 + G S H G1 + Q

(5.43)

(5.43)

180

(
).
,

( ).
, .
.
.
i) .
,

( 5.24).

. .
,
.
()
. ,
III . .
- , .

tG1
tS1

tG

tG2
tS

tS ()

5.24 .

5.25, D
D 5.24. , .
.
DC1
. C1
.
S1 ( 5.24) S1' ( ).
,
D C1.
181

,
, .
, DC2.
II, DC3. ,

5
254
DC4 5.25.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ S1 S4.

S4

,
S1

S1 qG q
Q.

C1
C2

C3

C4

dZ :
D

dqG = dq+dQ

(5.44)

tG =

5.25
S)

dq-
= dqG-dQ = UdS(tG-t
= U(tG-t
S)dZ .

(5.45)

(5.41)
(5.43).
U

.

,
qG tG

q

Q.
-tS


.
dZ :
S
/ m2 ( sq ft) .
dqG = dq+dQ
(5.44)

/ m3 ( cu ft) .
:

dq = dqG-dQ = UdS(tG-tS) = U(tG-tS)dZ

(5.45)

U .
dq = GSCSdtG = U(tG-tS)dZ
(5.46)
tG-tS
.
S / m2 ( sq ft) .
/ m3 ( cu ft) .
dtG
:
dq = GSCSdtG = U(tG-tS)dZ
(5.46)
.

.
S
dtG C

.
CS .
:
:

dN tOG =

dtG
UdZ
=
t G - t S G SCS

(5.47)
(5.47)

182

255

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

, :

: 255
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tG
Z
(5.48)
N tOG =
=

:
H
t
m

tOG

tG
Z
CS
(5.48) (5.48)
N tOG = G
S=
(5.49)
= m H tOG
H tOG t
U
G C
NtOG
(5.49)
H tOG
= S S .
U
HtOG .
(5.49)
N .
ttOG
G


.
HtOG
NtOG

.
HtOG .
tG
t

tG

.
m
tm


. .
.

tm

( 5.24,
),

m

.
N

.
.
tOG

(
5.24

),

II

(5.19).
),


tm

( 5.24

. NtOG U (5.49)
hc + Uk.
),

.
. (U) (Keey, 1972):
.
NtOG
" (5.50)
U = 20
G0.16
/d
.
" ( ),
G lb/(hr)(sq ft) d ft .
"
ii)

II
"

),

(5.19).

II

,

, U (5.49)
(5.19).

.

hc + Uk.
, , U (5.49)

Gs hc + Uk.
Gs

. Y

YC
Y1
2

(U) (Keey, 1972):

Zone II
Zone III


.
U = 20 G0.16 /d
(5.50)
Ss
Ss

(U) (Keey, 1972):

X

X1 G lb/(hr)(sq ft) d C ft .
X2
U = 20 G0.16 /d
(5.50)
G lb/(hr)(sq ft) d ft .

5.26 , .

c.
,
. 2
183

257
5.26. , .

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>c

5

2 c.

(5.18):

X (5.41).
SS 1 1 dX
(5.52)
=

c.

(5.41).

(5.4)

:
A
k
Y
Y
Y Xc s
(5.4) :
X1

Xc

SS dX
dX

257
(5.51)
=
+
=
+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
257

X2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- X c :

GSdY = SSdX (5.52)

>c (5.51)
>c
Y1, [/

/SS: (5.18):

/SS:

, [/
].
G
dY
S SS 1
(5.18):
(5.53)
=

X1
>c,

(5.18):

].
SSSS1 A Xk1 YdXYc Ys - Y
(5.52)
= SS 1 dX
(5.52)
=A k Y X c Ys - Y
A k Y X c Ys - Y
(5.53) (5.52)
(5.52) :

SdY = SSdX
G
Y
s .
(5.52) :
GSdY =
SSdX, G
SdY = S(5.52)
SdX :
, .
Y

G S SS 1 1Y1 dY
,
(5.53)
= G
dY
S SS 1
A k Y YDC
Y
Y
(5.53)
=SS
s

SS A k Y cYc Ys - Y
(5.53)
5.25.

(5.53)

Ys,
.

(5.53)

,

. (5.53)

DC
4
.

Y
s
, -

s .
DC4

5.25.Y

.
(5.53)

.
,

DC

, s . 4

,
(5.53)

.
s

(5.53)
:

DC
4
, (5.53)
:
DC4

G S SS 1 Y
5.25.

s - Yc
(5.54)
1n
=
5.25.

k
S
A
Y
Y
S
Y
s
1
, s

, s
5 (5.54)

258 258
,

<X
c

DC
4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DC4

. .

,.

<X
,

(5.53)

c
.

(5.53)

:
.

s
,

(5.9),
(5.18).
:

s
,

:
(5.9), (5.18).

(5.53)
N

(5.53) :
N c (X-X*)
(Y
k Y (Yk
s -Y)(X-X*)
c (X-X*)
sY-Y)(X-X*)
(5.55)
=
=
(5.55)
=
N N=
G
S
Y
Y
1
S
S
s
c
-X*S 11n
Xc-X*
X c -XX
=X c G
(5.54)
c -X
Y
Y
(5.54)
=SS SA Sk Y 1nYs -s Y1 c
(5.55)
SS A k Y
Ys - Y1

, <Xc,
Xc
X c
,


, S
<X
c
S
X
X
*
dX
X
X
*
dX
S= Sc c

.

(5.56)
(5.56)
=
(Y
Y)(X
X*)

A Ak Y k Y
(Y
Y)(X
X*)
s
X
s
X2
2



, (5.9), (5.18). (5.56)
,

(5.9),
(5.18).

(5.56)

(5.56)

, X*,
Ys
.

,

, X*,
Ys
.

,
184

S SS
Y =Y
Y2=+Y(X
X 2-)X 2S)
2 +-(X
GS GS

(5.57)
(5.57)

 :
(5.56)
-

. ,

,
X*, YsS
S
(5.57)
Y = Y2 + (X - X 2 )

G S :

(5.56) , , X*,
Ys . , :
S
Y
s ) S

(5.57)
= Y2 + (X - X
2
GS
* -

(5.57)
.

s

s

*
= 0
s

-
.

259

*
(5.57)

- 259
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(
),

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * = 0 s
(
),

(5.57)

G
dY
=
S
dX

(5.56)
:

.
S = SSdX
S
GSdY
(5.56) :

Ycc

* = 0 s
G
S
X
S
S
c

dY
,(5.58)

),
=

(
SS A k Y Y22 (Ys - Y)[(Y - Y2
)G S
/ SS + X 2 ] (5.57)
.
GSdY = SSdX (5.56) :
(5.58)
,

Yc
G S X
dY
X c (Ys -
Y2 ) ,
1
(5.58)
= G S SSS X cc

(5.59)
= SSS
1n
A
k
(Y
Y)[(Y
Y
)G
/
S
+
X
]
s Y )G /S +
2 XS
SX (Y
2 -Y )
2
SS A k YY Y(Y
s
2
S
S
2
2
s
c
.
(5.59)

.
G SS
Xc
)
1 X
c (Ys - Y2

(5.59)
= S

1n
+
A
k
(Y
Y
)G
/S
X
X
(Y
Y
)
, S

.
S
Y
s
2
S
S
2
2
s
c

11

22 ..
,

1
1 22. (5.54)
.
(5.59)
:

1
2 1 2. (5.54)
(5.59) :

G SS SSS 1
SSS A k YY

Y
Ycc

dY

Y
Y11

ss

G SS SSS 1
Y -Y
1n ss 11
Yss - Ycc
SS A k Y
Y

Y -Y = S

(5.60)
(5.60)

S X - X * Xcc
dX
=
= SS cc

A k YY XX2 (Yss - Y)(X - X*)

2

G S X
X (Y - Y )
1
= SS SS cc
1n cc ss 22
SSS A k YY (Yss - Ycc )G SS/SSS - X 22 X 22 (Yss - Ycc )

(5.61)

(5.61)

, L22/L33

, L22.

Amm

, L22.

CAA

, F L/MT.

185

186

, L2/L3.

, L2.

Am

, L2.

CA

, F L/MT.

Cp

, F L/MT.

de

, (/), L.

dp

, L.

, L2/.

, M/L2 .

GS

, M/L2 .

hc

, F L/L2 .

hR

, F L/L2 .

HG

, F L/M.

HS

, F L/M.

tOG

, L.

jD

kYSc2/3/GS, .

jH

hcPr2/3/CpG, .

, F L/L .

kS

, F L/L .

kY

, [ / ()()
( )], /L2 (/).

( ), / ()(),
/L2 .

, M/L2 .

tG

, .

tOG

, .

Pr

Prandtl = Cp/k, .

, F L/L2 .

qc

, F L/L2 .

qG

, F L/L2 .

qk

, F L/L2 .

qR

, F L/L2 .

, F L/L2 .

Ree

Reynolds, deG/, .

m2/m2 (sq ft/sq ft ).

SS

, kg /m2 s lb / (hr)(sq ft).

Sc

Schmidt, /D, .

tG

, .

tR

, .

tS

, .

t0

, .

, .

TR

, .

, .

U,Uk

, F L/L2 .

, / , /.

, / , /.

zM

, L.

zS

, L.

, .

ts, F L/M.

, /L .

, /L3.

, / , M/L3.

as

max

Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport Processes & Separation Process Principles. Prentice Hall,
Professional Technical Reference.
187

Keey, R.B. (1972). Drying Principles and Practice. Pergamon Press.

McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C. Harriott, P. (2005). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. New York:
McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering series. 7th Edition.
Perry, R. H. & Green, D.W. (1984). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. Singapore: New York:
McGraw-Hill International editions, Chemical Engineering Series, 6th edition.

188

(Ruthven, 1984 Schweitzer, 1988).
, .
. ,
.

.
0.5nm,
.
6.1.
.

.

.

, .
, van der Waals, . . ,
van der Waals, .
.

.
,
.
.
,

. . .

: i) C ( ), ii) Cs, iii) .
, .
C Cs . - C
(. 6.1).
189

6.1
(Coulson & Richardson, 1991)

190

Silica gel

, , ,
.
.

Activated alumina

, , , HC1 H2.

N2 .
.
VCM .
.
SOX NOX.
.

2 .
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
Hg, Nx,
Sx .

.
.
.

6.2

(Coulson & Richardson, 1991)

191

192

193

194

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.1

6.1

.
.

.

: :
Cs=KC
(6.1)

Cs=KC

(6.1)

0.15

0.10

93.3 kN/m2
53.3
13.3
5.3

0.05

150 200 250 300 350 400 450

,
()

/kg
(m3 1bar, 273K)

/kg
(m3 1bar, 273K)

= 0e RT

249.5
0.15

273
303

0.10

353

0.05

424.5
0

20

40
60
80
, kN/m2

100

()

6.1.
6.1 ()

()
, ) ,
)
.
.

mole

6

270 mole
. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
270

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:
:

0
1
0

(6.2)
k 0 0C=
k 0 (1 1 ) C
= k11 .

(6.2)
k 0 0C= k 0 (1 1 ) C= k11
(6.2)
B0C
1 =
B C
11 += B 0 C0
1 + B
0C
0

0

1

1

.
.
.
k0
/k1 .
0

0
k0/k1
.
k0/k1 k0
k0
.

k1
k1

()
195
()
.
.
(6.2)
(6.2)
:
:

k0/k1

k0

k
6

1

k0
k'1

()

.

.

(6.2)

()
.

(6.2) , :

Cs
B1P
=
Csm 1 + B1P

Cs
Cs

(6.3)

(6.3) .

Csm

271

271
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------271
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
271 271

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Csm

[5,[5,.
6]6]

[5,
6]

=0/RT

[5, 6]

[5,
6]

1
0/RT

P

P

.
(6.2),
(6.3)

Langmuir (Geankoplis, 2003).

. .

.
(6.2), (6.3) Langmuir [4].

: k0k000

0:

:
k0:

:
k00k00

= =kk
1

1 11

= k1 1

=
k

=
k

1 1 1 1

:
k

1 1

1
0 0

1
1

=,
k

1 1

-E
/
RT

,
-E
1 1 / RT

e
-E1 /
RT

e
-E
/
RT

e
-E1 / RT
,

e 1 .

:

:

:

:
:
-E1-E/ 1RT
/ RT

A
e
A
1 1 e -E /RT
1 1
A 1 e -E1 / RT 1 -E
1
/ RT
e
1A
1

1
A
e

1 1

.
.
1
1
1

.
1
1

:
1

.

:

::
:
-E 2-E/ RT
1 / RT
2 e2 e 2 / RT
-E1-E/ RT
+ +AA
k-E0k2/0RT
/ RT
k11k/RT
P1P+ +
(6.4) )
P
-E
0P
2 2= =
1
1e1 e -E
11
0
1
-E

(6.4) (6.4(6.4
k 0 0 P + A 2 e k 2P=+-Ek2A1/
2 e
1 / RT
RT
-E
/
RT
1eP +
1 = k
1

1
(6.4)
+

0
0 e
2
2
1
1
1
1
)
+
=
+
k

P
A

:
0 0
2
2
1 1
1:1

(6.4)

:
-E1-E
/ RT
/
RT
1

(6.5
k 0P0 P= =
:
(6.5) )
1e1 e -E
11
(
k 0 0 P = 1e -E0k1 /k0RT

6.5)
1 / RT
-E
/
RT
1 P =1 e

1
1
(6.5) (6.5)
k 0 0 P =0 0 1e
1
(6.5)

(6.4)

(6.5)
(6.5):
:

(6.4)
(6.5)(6.4)
:

(6.4)

(6.5) :
(6.4) (6.5) :

(6.4) (6.5) :

196

2 e2-Ee 2-E/2RT/ RT 2 2
k P + AA
-E 2 / RT
k 1 1 P + A 2 e -E1k2k1/1RT1 PP+
-E
2 / RT
2
2 e
k 1 1 P +1 A1 22e+ A
2
k 0k 0 E1 E/ RT
k
= = ke e 1E/ RT
0 = = 000 0
0 1 / RT 0
=A
1 = 0 e E1 / RT1k100
/ RT

A
E
0 e0
1
=
= 0 0
1
1 =0
A1 1 = 1 e A
0
0 0

1
A

k
2 / RT
k1 E 2 /RT2 2= = 1k1ke Ee2E/ RT
11= =
1 1
E / RT
1
2 =
e
k11A==

E
/
RT
1e 2
A
2
2
2
1 = 1
A2 2 = 2 e A 1 =
1
2
A2

(6.6)

(6.6
(6.6) )
(6.6) (6.6)
(6.6)

(6.7 )

(6.7
(6.7) )
(6.7 ) (6.7 )

n .

2 e -E 2 / RT
k 1 1 P + A


2
:
n .
k
(6.6)
1 = 0 e E1 / RT 0 = 0 0

-
A
= 3 =
=:
n =
2
1

2 = 3 = = n =
k
:
2 / RT
2 = 1e E
=
1

1

i (6.7 )
i-1
A2
i = 1 = 2 0
:
(6.7)
i = i-1 1 = 2i0

2 =
0/


n . i

:
2 = 0/
2 = 3 =
= n =
i
.

i



:

n
0, 1,
i-1
i
= 1 = 2 0
i
i
.
2 = 0/
:
i

,
i

0,
1,

n
.
n
n
,

:
0, 1,

ni -(6.8)
+
1 = 0
i =
0 + B
2 0
i =1
i =1
:

1 = 0 + i = 0 + B 2 i 0
i =1
i =1

(6.8)

(6.8)

: :

i =1

i =1

u s = u1s i i = u1s i B2 i 0

273

(6.9)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------n
n

(6.9)
(273
= u1 i B i
6.9 )
1
i=
1
i
1
=

u

n

u1s
s

u = u1

s
s
i
s
2
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

u1s
.

u1s n

.
1

.
u s
.

(6.9)

.
u1s
,
n .

(6.9) (6.8),

(6.9) :
(6.9)

n
(6.8),.
(6.9) :
i
(6.8), (6.9) :
iB2 0

us
=
u1s

(6.10)

iB2 i 0

i
u
0 +s
= 2i =1 0n
u1s i =1
0 + 2 i 0
i =1

(6.10)

i =1

. (6.10) :

(6.10)

. (6.10) :

. (6.10) :

d 1 - n
d n i

2 0
d i =1 d n i d 1 d 1- n
2 0 = B 2 0

d i =1
d 1
:
:
2 0

1 - n

0 1 + 2
1 1 - n

0 1 + 2

1 (6.10)
:

(6.10) :
1 ( n + 1) n + n n +1

197


= B2 0 n
d 2n 0 id
i =1 d 1 - d 1

2 0 = B 2 0

d
d
1

i
1
=

:
:
6

1 - n
:

0 1 + 2

1 - n 1

0 1 + n 2

1
-

(6.10) :

0 1 + 2

(6.10) :
1

(6.10)
:
n
n +1

u s (6.10)
B 1 ( n + 1) + n

= 2 :
1
n +1
n + 1)1n++(
n2 n+11) 2
u s B2 us1 (1
= n + 1 n + n n +1
)1 + ( 2 1) 2 n +1
u s B2 u1s1 (1

=
1
u s 1 1 + ( 2 1) 2 n +1
2 .

( 6.11

( 6.11)

( 6.11)

(6.11)

.
2

6
274 .
2

2 .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

n

(6.11)
(6.11)

n
:
.

n,

(6.11)
us
B 2:

6
274

(6.12)
=
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 :
n (6.11)
uBs (1 - )(1 + 2 )
uus
2
(6.12)
us uB1s1s 2= (1

)(

1
+ .

(6.12)
2 )
1 = u

(
)
6.12
s

(1 - )(1 + 2 )

us

,
(6.12)

=1. us

(6.7)
:

.u
u1s 1s .
k 1 u s / RT 0
1
=
e
P
(6.12)
A 2 =1.

(6.12)

=1.

(6.7)
:

( )

(6.7) :

k .
P0
1 = 1 e / RT P 0
: =/0. A 2


(6.11)

0
P

.
P0
. .

0
:
=/
. : =/0.
6
274

( )

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (6.11)


(6.11)

.
,

)
(

(
)

)
(

0 n
0 n +
(
+ n P/P
P
1 -
n + 1)
P/P

s
(6.13)
=
B
2
+
n
1
1
0
0
0

,
0
Vs
P 1
(B2 1) P/P
P/P
1 +

: B2 P/P
V1 u (6.13)
s 1s . n
0
0 n +1
u sP
(
)
V
+
+
1
n
1
P/P
n
P/P
s

(
=
B2 0
6.13)
V1s

1
0
0
0 n +1
V
P(6.12)
(
)

1
P/P
1
B
1
P/P
B
P/P
s

=1.
2
2 .

.
n=1,

n=1,1

(6.13)

Langmuir.
(6.7)


Vs

:
0
n

(6.13)

)[

)[

)
(

(
)

)
(

n, o (/ ) (6.12) :

k 1 /

1 =Langmuir.
e RT P 0
An2 . n=1,

n,
o
(/0)
(6.12)

(6.13) (6.14)





:
P0

Langmuir.
0 10 n B 1 P
P/P
0 =/
2

:

n,
o

(6.12)
(6.14)
=(/.1 ) +

0
V 1 - P/P
V B 2 V1 B 2 P 0

(6.11)

( )

198

.
P/P0
1
B 1 P
(6.14)
=
+21
:

0
1
V 1 - P/P
VB
V B P0

V V1 Vs V1s . (6.13)
.
6.2 .
,

6 276
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ , I.
, .
, V , ,
. IV.
: alumina--. ,

. ,

.

II

III

1.0
1.0
1.0
6.2. [7].
IV
V

Gibbs.

1.0
1.0
(/0)

films

6.2

.
Gibbs

film , ,

(film)
.

Gibbs:
(Geankoplis, 2003). . ,
, G
.

= F (P,
T, ns,
As)
(6.15)
Gibbs :
G = F (P, T, ns, As)
(6.15)
G
G
G
G
dG =
dP +
dT +
dn s +
dA s

P T, ns ,As
T P,ns ,As
n s T,P,As
A s T,P,ns

( 6.16 )
(6.16)

:
199


277

277 277

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
277

277
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------277
:

:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:
6

:

G
G :
dG

:
dA
dn
(6.17
)
= G
+ G
s G

G
s
dA
(
dG = dG
6.17 ) (6.17 )

+
dA
n s =dn s +dn
A
s
s
s
s

nGs GAs dn
n s dG
sA+Gs G dA s

(6.17()6.17 )
dG =G= dn
dA
+

n s s+ G
A

(
dG = n sdn
dA
6.17 )
s
AA s s
n sdA
(
)
= s dn s
6.18
s
(6.18(6.17)
) (6.18)
= s dn=s sdA
dn ss s dA s
=

dn
dA
s
s
(6.18()6.18)
= s dn s s dA
s
= s dn s
dA
s

(6.18)
s
s

(6.18)
film

.

filmfilm

.
s

.
s

Gibbs
:
film


.
s

Gibbs

:
film

Gibbs
:
.
film


.

Gibbs
Gibbs

Gibbs
::

:
(6.19
G = s n s
s

Gibbs :
(6.19) ) (6.19)
G = sG
n s =
s n ss s
(6.19)
n s s
G = Gs n=s s
(6.19)(6.19 )
s
(6.20
dG = s dn s + n s d s d
)
G = ss nAs sd
s
(6.20) )((6.19
dG = dG
A s d
sndn
n sd
d s s d
6.20 )
s dn=
s +
s d
s
s +
s A s d
= s+dn
+ n sd
s d
s A s d
(6.20()6.20)
dG =dG
s dn
n ss d
d
s
s
s A s d
(6.20)
dG =
d s (6.20):
d s A s d

s dn
(6.18)
s + n s
(6.20)

(6.18)
(6.20):

(6.18)
(6.20):

(6.18)
(6.20):

(6.18)
(6.20):
(6.18)
(6.20):
n (6.20):
(6.18)
d = ns sd s n s
d= s d s
d =Ad
As s d
Anss= n s d
s
d
= n

dA s
s

= A
sd s
A

:
:

(6.21)
d

:
s=dg=RTd(lnP)
=d
=RTd(lnP)

d

:
(6.21)
d
=d
=RTd(lnP)
(6.21)
s
g
(6.21)
ds=dg=RTd(lnP)
s
g

:
g ds=dg=RTd(lnP)
(6.21)
d
(6.21)

s=d
g=RTd(lnP)
g
g

d
=d
=RTd(lnP)
(6.21)
s
g


g
n s
g

)
n sRTdn(slnP
(6.22
d
=
g

(lnP
)n (lnP )
(6.22) ) (6.22)
d
=Ad
RTd
RTd
=
s
A s d
Anss = s RTd (lnP )
(6.22)

(6.22)
(lnP
)
(6.22()6.22)
d
RTd
=
n s
A

(6.22) (6.22)

s (lnP

)
(
d
RTd
6.22 )
=
A
s
6
278
A

(6.22)

s
(6.22)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6.22)

(6.22)

Gibbs.
Har.

Gibbs.

Harkins
Jura

Gibbs.

Harkins
.
Jura

Gibbs.
Harkins

Jura
kins Jura (Ruthven,
1984)
:

=A
/Nn

1
1
m
s
s

[8] :

Gibbs.
.
Harkins
Jura
=1
-1m
(6.23)

Gibbs.
Harkins
Jura
[8] :
[8]
:

Avogadro.

-1m Gibbs. Harkins

(6.23) Jura
=1
[8]
:
[8]
:
=
-

(6.23)
1
1
m
=
-
(6.23)
1m
1, 1 m
/Nns
1
.

(6.22)
,

As,
s
[8]=A
:
=
(6.23)
1-1m
Avogadro.
=1-1m
(6.23)

P1, ns1

film

=
-

(6.23)
(6.22)
,

A
,

P
,
n

1 1 m
s

s1

film

,

n

ns
, ,


,
:
s
:

P
1 1 s2
ln =
P1 RT 2N

1
1
2 2
n s1 n s

(6.24)
(6.24)

ln

200

P
M
= L - 2
0
P
V

(6.25)

:
L = ln

P1
1 1 s2 1
+
P 0 RT 2N n s21

(6.26)

, ns , :
, ns , :
P
1 2 1
1
(6.24)
ln P = 1 1 2s 12 12
1 s
P1 = RT 2N

s1 n s
(
ln-
6.24 )
n

P1 RT 2N n s21 n s2

:
:

P
M
M

=
lnln P
L
PP0 0 = L -VM2 2
ln P0 = L - V2
P
V
P
1 2
L = ln P10 + 1 1 2s
1 s
L = ln P10 + RT 2N
P
RT 2N

(6.25)
(6.25)

(6.25)

1
1
n s21
n s21

1 1
M = 1 1 12
M = RT 12N 2g
RT 2N g
2
s
2
s

(6.26)
(6.26)
(6.26)

V ns

. ns
V
g

.
V

ns

.
(6.25) Harkins-Jura ,

g


.
.
g .

(6.25) Harkins-Jura
(6.25) Harkins-Jura



,

( 6.3). .

6.3 .

,
(0). ,
.
:
201

p=RTlnP0/P

(6.27)

To p

p=f(V)
(6.28)
. (6.27), (6.28)
6.4.
30.0

p, J/kmol10-6

196.6
273.1
303.1
20.0

353.1
424.6

10.0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

p, V106m3/kg
6.4 .

6.4
.
p :
p=2f1(V)
(6.29)
2 6.3 V
.

202

6.3
2

V/V()

C6H6

C5H12

1.12

1.28

C6H12

1.04

1.21

C7H16

1.50

1.65

C6H5CH3

1.28

1.19

CH3Cl

0.56

0.59

CH2Cl2

0.66

0.71

CHCl3

0.88

0.90

CCl4

1.07

1.09

C2H5Cl

0.78

0.80

CH3OH

0.40

0.46

C2H5OH

0.61

0.65

HCOOH

0.60

0.63

CH3COOH

0.97

0.96

(C2H5)2O

1.09

1.17

CH3CCH3

0.88

0.82

2822
CS

0.70

0.68

CCl3NO

1.28

1.12

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NH
0.28
0.30
6.23

6.2

.
Vi i Pi
Vi i Pi
Vi
=
Vi1

Bi Pi
n

1 + B jPj

(6.30)

j=1

:
:

(6.30)

Vi1 i
.
V1
.
1
y
y
= 11 + 21
1
V
V1 V2

203

(6.31)

1
V:
i i

.
1
1

V
i 6

.
.
V1
Vi1 i
1
y
y

(6.31)
= 11 + 21
1
.
.
V
V1 V2
V1 , .

1
y
y
= 11 + 21
y1, y2 1
.
V
V1 V2

6.3y

.
1, y2

(6.31)
(6.31)

y1, y2 .
.

6.3

6.3

.

.

. :

1
(6.32)
Cs = 2 C n
. :

( )

(6.32)

( )

Cs = 2 C .
Cs
*
C
.
2, n (n>1).

6.4
. o .

.

. IV ( 6.2)
. 6.5,
, Emmett (Yang, 1987).

204

(6.32)

6 6

284
284

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------284
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

, C

B
A

Concentration
of adsorbed
phase
(Cs) .
6.5.
6.5.

6.5.

,
C
.
s

(6.13).
(6.13).

:
:

(6.13).

:
(6.13). :
6.5

:
:
:

1 1
11
11
1 == 11 1 ++11 1
Vs B2 2+ VV
VV
s s= Vs B
s s
Vs Vs1B2 Vs1

[[ [ (( (

) ( )(
))( (( ) )) ((
((
))
nn

nn

)]
))]]

00
00
00
00
P/P
P/P
P/P
P/P
P/P
11- -P/P
nnP/P
- -P/P
n
n 11
0
0
0
0
1 1==P/P 1 - P/P n P/P
1 - P/P
0 02 2
1 =
P/P
11P/P
2
1 P/P 0

285

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6.33) )
(6.33
(6.33)
285
(6.33)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[([((( ( ))))]]) ]
nn

00
P/P
PP11- -P/P
0 n

=
1 - P/P 0 0n n
1= P
1
00
P/P n
P/P
1 = PP 11
0
(6.14).
0

P
1

P/P
(6.14).
V1.

V1.

n,n,

n,
n,
s

11/V
,

1,

1/V

1,1,

1/V
s s
s

1/V

1,
,

s

np

np
11

..
VV

(6.14).

1s s
Lp

p. Vs .

V
.

r
.
p
p
1

, , np
, Lp 2 rp.
Vp = n p rp L p
Vp = n p rp2 L p

p=2npr

pLpprpLp

p=2n
p=2n
prpLp
rp =

(6.34)

(6.34) (6.34)

2 Vp
2 Vp
Arpp =
Ap

.
.
.
.
IV V, ,
IV V, ,

205

,
. 6

286
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. IV V, 286

6 6

286 ,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
286

.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

) ,

) ,

Pm
Pm
)

.
(6.35
G = VdP = n s RTln 0
.
P
PPm0 Pm

P
Pm

(6.35
) )
GG
= = VdP
= n=s RTln
(6.35
VdP
n s RTlnm0
0
.

P
P
0
P0

Pm


P
(6.35)
G = VdP = n s RTln m0
P
P

0
m
ns ns

0
(6.35)



.
Pm
P

Pm

n



s

.
P0 P0

m
ns

GG
0
P


Pm

.

:

0

.
P
G

G
(
G =

6.36 )

) = -A
p ( s1 s
p l cos

ns

:
GG
=

s
) =s )-A
=
= -A
lcos
p ( ps1(
p lpcos
s1

( 6.36
) )
( 6.36

G
= p ((s),
s1
s ) = (l)
-A
cos ().

p l

(6.36)
( 6.36 )

(s),(s),

(l) (l)

().

().

(s), (l)
p

().

(l) ().

(s),

p p

p

.

P
:
:
(6.37 )
n s RTln m0 = p l cos
:
p

P
P P
(6.37
) )
(6.37
n s RTlnm0 =m0 =

l cos
: n s RTln
p lpcos
P P
dns
P
(6.37)
(6.37 )
n s RTln m0 = p l cos
:

dA
p
P

dnsdn

s
dns dAp, :

dV

206

p :

cos
dn sdAdA
1 dV
p :
(6.38)
= dnls
=

0
VM dA p
dA p
RTlnPm / P
cos
dndA
cos 1 1dVdV
sdn sp :

(6.38
) )
= = l l 0 =0 =
(6.38
(6.38)
dA
V
dAdA
RTlnP
/
P
dA
V
RTlnP
/
P
p p
m m
M M p p
l cos
dn s
1 dV
(6.38)
=
=
0
dA p
VM
dA
p
m / P

dn RTlnP

s


Vm

287

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

dV
dns
-

Vm

V cos
dV
= m l 0
dA
Pm
Vmp RTlnP
/

(6.39)

V cos
dV
To
= m l 0 (6.39)
dA p RTlnP / Pm

(6.39)
(6.39)

PM.
To (6.39)

6.6
To

(6.39)

PM.

.

.

P
M
. 6.6

:
.

.
6.6
2
2
dV = d rp L p = rp dL p

.

( )
(2r L )
dA =
= 2r dL

:
dV = d (r L ) = r dL
dA = (2r L ) = 2r dL
p

2
p

2
p

dLp
dr

288

()

()

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6
288
6.6.

6.6

: ) ,
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:
) ) .

dV rp
dA pdV 2 rp
)
) .
=
dA
2
p
2V cos
rp = M l 0
RT2VlnP / cos
P
rp = M l 0
RT lnP / P
(6.41) Kelvin.

6.6. =

(6.41) Kelvin.

(6.40)

(6.40)
(6.40)
(6.41)
(6.41)

(6.41)

(6.41) Kelvin.

:
dV = d rp2 r 2 L p = 2 rL p dr

[( ) ]
dV = d[ (r r )L ] = 2 rL dr
2
p

2rL p 2L p dr
dA p d=
=
2rL p 2L p dr
dA p d=
=

:
:

VM l cos

207

( 6.42 )
( 6.42 )

 (6.41) Kelvin.


6


:
:

[( ) ]
[( ) ]

dV = d 2 rp2 2 r 2 L p = 2 rL p dr
dV = d rp r L p = 2 rL p dr
2rL p 2L p dr
dA p d=
=
2rL p 2L p dr
dA p d=
=

( 6.42 )
( 6.42 )
(6.42)

:
:
V l cos
= M M l cos
rp V
0
/P
rp = RT lnP
0
RT lnP / P

rp .


.
rp
(6.42) r
Cohan (Geankoplis,

. 2003) (6.41) (6.42)

p

(6.42)

Cohan
[11]

(6.42)

Cohan
[11]

(0.4 0.95). 6.7

(6.41) (6.42)
alumina.
(6.41) (6.42)
H

, m3/kg 103
( 100kN/m2, 293K)

(0.4 0.95). 6.7

(0.4 0.95). 6.7

300 alumina.
alumina.
H
H

250

.
.
200

150

100

50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
/0

6.7 alumina .

6.5
, ,
.
.
208

 -
290

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

290

6
290 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.

6
290

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.
.

.
Ci
.
Cg

Ta

dr

xf

Ke
h=k/xf

Kg=Dxf

ap
DT
6.8.
.
6.8. .

6.8.

6.8

:
p
C
g:
6.8.

kg

kgCp C
g p
k
:
kgp

kg

k g p
C
p

film.
pC

g
kg

film.

:
CC

film.
p

:
k
p
C

:
g
C

film.
C

film.
C
k g kpgCp

: :

k g p C

,
:

,
:

(6.43)

C
H
h

g
p
p
, :
C H = h:

kk,
g
(6.43(6.43
) )
Cp
H = h p
g

h .
p
= hh=k/x
k g kp=D/x
C H
h

g
f
f.
h

h .
kg=D/xf h=k/x
.

kg=D/xf h=k/xf.
f

(6.43)

kg=D/xf h=k/xf.
D
h
=.
C
kD
kg=D/xf h=k/xf. D= C
=
C
k k

D
C
k
=

(6.43)

(6.44)
(6.44
(6.44
) )
(6.44)
(6.44)

209

291

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

film

xf

Pr
Prandtl
6
D

Sc
Schmidt.

1 Pr Pr/Sc 1/5 5
(6.45)
C
=
/cpg c
.
. C
pg Sc
k

(6.45)
x,

film .

f
k

Pr

Prandtl
3<Re<10

[12,
13]

xf

Scfilm

Pr

Prandtl

Sh

Sc

Schmidt.

Sh=2.0+1.1
Schmidt. Sc1/3 Re0.6

(6.46)

Pr/Sc
1/5 5

Sherwood
(kgdp/D).

/c
.
.

C :

pg

Pr/Sc

1/5

5 1/3

/c
.
0.6
pg
.

.

Nu=2.0+1.1
Pr
Re
(6.47)
C .
,

Nu

Nusselt
(hd
,

.

(Bird,
p/k).
Stewart & Lightfoot, 1960) 3<Re<104:

[12,
13]
3<Re<10

,
4:
Sh=2.0+1.1 Sc1/3 Re0.6
(6.46)

Sh=2.0+1.1
Sc1/3
Re0.6 (6.46)

Sh Sherwood (kgdp/D).
Sh

:
Sherwood (kgdp/D).
.

1/3
0.6
Nu=2.0+1.1
Pr
Re

:
(6.47)

1/3

0.6

Nu=2.0+1.1
Pr Re (6.47)
.

Nu Nusselt (hd
/k).
p
,

Nu

Nusselt

(hd

p/k).
.

,
.

.

.

.

.

[12]:
(Glasstone & Lewis, 1970):
292

1
(6.48)
=
2
.

2 n
6

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6.48)

.

n

[12]:
293:
293:
1
(6.48)
6 1026=
2
n =
= 2.n5 10 25
/ m 3
24.0
n

0.2nm.
0.2nm.
: =22.5nm.

,
:
=22.5nm.
. .

.
210

.
:
Dk =

2
3

8kBT
rp
m M

( 6.49 )

0.2nm.

,
:0.2nm.
=22.5nm.
.

,
: =22.5nm.
-

,

:

.

.

3 m M
2 8k

:
BT
Dk =
rp
3 m MRT r
D k = 1.0638
2 M
8kBTp
Dk =
rp
3 RT
m M
D k = 1.0638

rp
M
RT
D

=
1.0638
r
k M p

2 8k BT

:
D k =
r
( 6.49 )

.
p

rp

( 6.49 )
( 6.50 )
(6.49)
( 6.49 )
( 6.50 )

mM
(6.50) ( 6.50 )
rp

mM rp

Knudsen :
rp

mM



mM

C A :

(6.51)
N Ak
D k Knudsen
=

l

C A Knudsen :
(6.51)
N Ak
= D k
Knudsen
:
l

l .
C A
(6.51) 293
N Ak = D k

l


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------l
.

293
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, (6.51)

.
l .

[13]:

,


.


[13]:
,

1
(Bird, Stewart & Lightfoot,
1960):
3
2

1
1
+ 12
1.8829 10 4 T 2
3 1M
1 MB

D m 1=.8829 10 4 T 2 2 +A
M
P
A M B

Dm =
P 2
Dm

Dm,

(6.52)

Dm

(/m2) ,

T ,

(/m2)

(/m
T2)

(6.52)
(6.52)

(nm)

(nm)

[13]

(nm)

[13]

:

:
:
C A
(6.53)
N AM = D m
C Al
(6.53)
N AM = D m
l
(6.53)

.. .
211
..
1
1
1 NB
yA
(6.54)
=
+
1 - 1 +
1 D av 1 D k 1 Dm N BNA
yA
(6.54)
=
+
1 - 1 +
D av D k D m N A

AM

.
..

.
294 , ..

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1
1
1 NB
(66.5
yA
=
+
1 - 1 +
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D av D k D m N A
6
294
(6.55

6 )
294D T = D------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------av + (1 - ) JD s
294

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (6.54)

294 yA D
T = D
av + (1 - ) JD s

. (66.55)

6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------294
yA

[14].
(
)
(6.55
)
D
+
1

JD
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T = D
av
s

(
)
(
)
D T
= D
+
1

JD
6.55
av
s

. [14].

J
.
:

) JDs
(6.55)
D T
= D
+ (1
-
J
av D

[14].

(1 -
(6.55
D
=
+
) JD

.
T
av
s
.
:

[14].

DAV=Dk J

.


(6.55)
J

[14].

DAV



[14].
/
RT k
(6.56
D
D s
e -ES=D

)
0
J s =



.
D
=D
J AV
.
k

.
-ES / RT
DAV=D
k D
(6.56)
D
e
=

s
s0

-ES /.
RT
J
E

.
s
(
D s = D
e
6.56 )
s
-E
/
RT
0
=D

D
Sk
(6.56)
D s =
DAVs 0 eDAV
=D
k

DAV
=D

k
Es

.
/ RT
(6.56)
D s = D s 0
e -ES

.
: Es
(6.56
D s =
D s 0
e -ES / RT

Es .

(6.56)

:

C
A

(6.57

.
s
)
=

NE
D
Es T
.
Es A:

l .
:
C

,

A
:
(6.57
)
D
N A =
T

C A l
:
(6.57 )
= D T
NAA
C
,

D CA,
l e
(6.57 )
N A = :
DT
l L :

C A De
(6.57) CA,
,
(6.57 )
N A
= D T
CA
(6.57 )
N A
= D

D
e
T

,
: A,

l
,

C
,

C
e
A
A
(6.58)
N A = D e (- CeA ) / L
L :
L :

L
:
CA(6.58
, )

,N

De
N A
=
AiA ) / L D
A =D
e (- C
CA,
,

:
(
)
(
)
=
D
C
/
L
6.58
A
e
A
N

L (
:
A =
Ai
) / L
) (6.58)
N A = D e (-
C A
6.58

N A
= Ai
N
=

(
)
(6.58)
=
N
D
C
/
L
Ai
A
e A
A

.
(
)
(6.58)
=
N
D
C
/
L
A
e
A

N A = Ai

.
N
= Ai

.


.
:

:
.

2

:
L
(
- C
A ) .
N

.
D
A =
T :

L
L e (- C ) L 2
:
A
2
N A = DT
L L e
(
)
L
2- C A
(:

=) DLT
N AA:
- C

L L e
Le .N
A = DT
2
L Le
2
(
- C A ) L
A ) L
N A = DT
(
- C
N A = D TL L e
L Le
212

 (),
.

)
-


(/)

, .

6.6

(Perry & Green, 1984).

.
,
:
)
) ,
()
.

(),

.
.

(/)

().
.

6.9

()

.
.
.


().
6.9

.

dz dz

(:
6.10):

(u A C ) ( C dz )

u A C - u A C +
+
dz =
t
z

(6.59)

(6.59)

Co
t1
0

i
t2

t2

ze

()
6.9 .

6.10 .

213

 6.10.
6
.
6.10.

.

:

]
[(1
- )
AC dz

:
:

( uC )
C
1 Cs = [(1 - ) AC s dz ]

+
=

( 6.60 )

t
m t z
z t t z
( uC ) C
1 Cs

(6.60)

+
=

t
m
z
t z

297
297

( 6.60 )
297297

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= :

1-

m =

,
:

: :
1C
CC C
C 1 1 CsCs
C u uC
) )
(6.61
(6.61) (6.61
= =s
u
C + z C +=+

t
t
m

C
1

z
t
m
t

t
z
z

t
t
m
z

s
z
u t + z t = z z
(6.61)
m t z
z t t z
(6.61)

:

:
:
:
z = =z z and
tz t= =11z z
=
and t 1 = and
1 1
mumu u z1 u u
z
mu
=
and t 1 = 1

mu

C C

CCs C
C
) )
= = s s
(6.62
(6.62) (6.62
=
C = t1Cs t1 t1
(6.62)

t1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(6.62)

:
:
1CC 1 1 -)C)C+ +CC
C uCu C C
) )
] ]
(6.63
] s s
(6.63) (6.63
u
+
= + + =[(=1 - ) Cs [+(1[-(1C
z
t
m
t

C
C
1

z
t
m
t

t [(1 - ) C + C]
+ t = m
(6.63)
u z C

s

z C
m
t
t

(6.63)
C

s
C

s
Cs

Cs

Cs

sCs

Cs

Cs

.
.
.
.
M
M CC= M
Cs =
Css s = CsCs

M
Cs =p Cs p p

p
214

p p

s:s:

s:
s:

u
C
298

(6.63)
[(1 - ) Cs + C ]
=
6
m 298
t
t
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
+

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cs 298

6
p=(1-)
s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

6
298
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ p=(1-) s
6
298
p=(1-) s

Cs


()
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------p=(1-)
s

()

=(1-)
Cs

.
p
p=(1-)
s

=(1-)
p ()



.

=(1-)
p ()

=(1-)
p

()

C
=
C

s
s

p

=(1-)
p

s.
:

p=(1-)

s:

: Cs=f(C),

()

:
C
=f(C),

s
(6.60) :
=(1-) p

:
Cs=f(C),
(6.60) :

=f(C),

:
Cs

Cs

C
1 .
C

C
(6.60)
:
u
+
=
.

- (6.64 )
Cs
C
C
(6.60)
C 1
t :
m C
z
t

Cs=f(C),
)
u

.
(6.64
+ :
=
z Ct C mCs=f(C),
1C C
ts
C
:
(6.60) :
(6.60) :
C
1
(6.64)
u
+
=
- s fC (C )
mC
z ut C +
C= t1 =C
(6.64)
C
1
t
m

mCC t
Czf 1(C)t1 t C
C= - m
s
(6.64)
u
+= - =
(C)C1C t C
f m
(6.64)
z
t

: m
t
= - f (C )
m C t
:
1
= - f (C )
:
m
t
C s z
C
:

=
C
C s zt z
z t t c

t zC z Ct s tcz

=

t z Cz = t tC sc z

C t z C s zzt t c

= 1
z C

=0
t z
zu - t 1+ t fc (C )
1
t z
z C m

=0

u - 1 + f (C )
1 t zz C
u - m
=0
1 + f (C ) 1
mu - 1 + tf (Cz) z C = 0
:
299
m
t z
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:
:
1
z C
=0
zu- 1 + fu (C )
(6.65)
t z
:
= m

t c 1 + 1 f (C )
z : u

(6.65)
=
m
1 u


tc z 1 +(6.65)

(
)
f
C
(6.65)(6.65)
=m
:
u

z1
t c

1+ f =(C )
(6.65)
1
m
t

c
z
u
)
+
f (C
1

,
(6.65)(6.65)

C :
(6.65)
=
m
.
(6.65)
,

C :
1
t c 1 + f (C )
ut
= z-z 0
m
( 6.66 )
1+

1
f (C)
m

(6.66)
z0 C .

( ) z0=0.
.
:

215

= z-z
= z-z
0 0
1 1
1 +1 + f (fC )( C )
mm

( 6.66
) )
( 6.66

z0 z0

C .

C .

(
)
z0=0.

(
)
z0=0.

z0
C .

( ) z0=0.

.
,

:
.
:

uz 12 1(2t - t )
C C 1 1
- t min )
uz ( min
(6.67
) )
= =1 +1erf
(6.67
+ erf
1 1

2 2
C 0 C 0 2 2
4D
4D
)
L L (t t(min
)
t
t

min

tmintmin

(6.67)

z z

tmin

C0

.
.

C0 C0

Cs C
s

1 C
1 C z z
(6.68
) )
= =1 +1 + s s
t mint min
(6.68
m mC C u u
0 0

(6.68)


C0.C0.

C0
.
300
6
300
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66
300

300

Cs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
,

:

.

:

.
=

uA
C
dt
A
1-
C
C
(
)
( 6.69
s + C
0 dz
uA C0 0dt =A (1- ) C
( 6.69) )
s
0 dz
=A ((1-
uA
CC0dt
) C + C dz
((6.69
(6.69)
uAdz
6.69))
0 dt =A u
1- ) Css + C00 dz

dz=
u
= 1 Cu
dtdtdz
dz1=+ 1 C
us s
=
1
+
C
dt
dt 1m
m11CC0Cs
1++ m C0 s
m C00 (6.65)
HH

(6.65)
H

.
H

(6.65)
(6.65)

.
H

(6.65)
,

.
.

:
dzdz
uu :
=
dtdtdz=1 + 11 uCC
dz =1 + u s s
= m 1C C
dt
dt 11++m 1 CCss
m
m CC

216

( 6.70
( 6.70) )
((6.70
6.70))
(6.70)

CCs CCs
(6.71
s=
s
(6.71) )
CCCCs= CCC
0Cs
s = 0s
((6.71
6.71))

CC = CC
0

(6.71)
.

.
.

(
.

():
):

(
( ):
):
C
CCs

[.
== Cs s
s

(6.62)])]
[. (6.62

s
CCsts1 =t1tCC

[[.
t1 = 1t s
. ((6.62
6.62))]]

:
1

t1t1
t 1
:

:
:

m C m C

Cs CsCs CCs s = Cs
(6.71) (6.71) (6.71)
=
= C
C
0
C
CC
C0
0-

.
.
.
(
):

. (

(
):

(
):

):

s C C s
C s C s CC

[. (6.62)]
s

= = =s [.
(16.62
[
.)] (6.62)]

t1 t1 t 1 t1 t 1
:
:
:

Cs Cs Cs = G (C, Cs )
CsG
Cs )
:= G (C, =
) (tC,
1
t1
t1
:
:
:
:

[. (6.62)]

(6.72) (6.72) (6.72)

(6.72)

Cs
C
Cs Cs
= G ( Cs)C= G 2 (CC) =
= G 1 ( C=s )G= 1tG( 2C(sC) )=1 =G
2 ( C ) =

1

t1

t1

( 6.73) ( 6.73) ( 6.73)

301

301

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

301

301
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

,
. (6.73) :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,

.
(6.73)

,
.:
(6.73) :
, . (6.73) dC
:
dCs dC
s
s
= dC
= + st1 + t1 (6.74)

(
(
)
G
C
G
C
dC
dC
1 s dC
s
Gs s1 (Cs1 ) +s )t t1G=01 (Cs ) t =0 (6.74)
s =
1
G1dC
=
(6.74)
G1 (Cs )t =0 + 1t1
(
)
C
s

G1 (Cs ) G1 (Cs )1
t1 = 0

(6.73)

(6.74)

(6.74)

dC

t1
s

t1 dCs = dCdC
s
=

(
)
(
)
G
C
G
C
dC
dC

t
1
2
s
2 (C2) x =G0 2 (C ) x =0
dCsG
t1
s =
G dC
= G (Cs)
(
)
C
G2 2 (C ) G2 2 (C )x x==0 0


:

:

:

:

:
Cs
(6.75) (6.75)
Cs- =
Ck 0 C - C
= k 0gC
g
CCs 0 t1
t
(6.75
s = k g0 C - C 1
(6.75))
t1t = k g C - C
(6.75)
1
*
*
C

C* C
*

Cs.

Cs
.
CsC.
:
s
C*

C
s :
Cs :

C
C:

CCs. .

CB
Cs :
t1

((

(
))

)(

s
Cs = sm C3s = Csm B3C
s
Csm B3C1+ B3C
1 + B3C
Cs = Csm B3C
Cs =1 + B3C
1 + B3C

((6.76
6.76) )

( 6.76 ) ( 6.76 )
(6.76)

(6.75)
(6.75)
C (6.71),

(6.75)
C

C*

(6.76)

C*C

C*


G1 (Cs).
(6.75) C C*
(6.71), (6.76)

G1
(Cs).

(6.75)

C
(6.71),
(6.76)

C*

G1
(Cs).
(6.71),
(6.76)

G
(C
).
(6.71), (6.76) G1 (Cs ).
1

Rosen
Rosen

Rosen

(6.75)

Rosen

(6.75)

(6.75)

(6.75)

.

.

217

.


.

.
Rosen

[14].

.

Rosen

[14].


Rosen

[14].

Rosen

[14].

302

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

302

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

r
4 r 2 D e
dr
Rosen
6

302

C
C

r
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
2
r
r
6

(6.75)

2
302
r

+
4 r D e
- 4 r D e
r 4 r D e
dr
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
r 2 .

r
.

C r
C r

C r 6r
+

- 4 r De 2003).
4 r 2 D e
302
2
Rosen

(Geankoplis,

dr
4
r
D

r
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------r
r 2 C
e
6
r
C
C:

2
2
302

r
r

dr
4
r
D

e
+
4 r D
- 4 r D

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------e
C e
C

r
r
-r4 r2 D e
r4 r 2 D2e rC+rr
Cr sr 4 r D er r dr 2 rC
2 C
2 C Cr
r )
4 r
24 rdr
2 dr
4
r
=
+
r

dr
D e (6.77
t 4 r D e tr +
- 4 r D e

C
C
C

( )
2
2
r= -4

r
r
2
2
r
r
s
r
r
r rdrD

dr
+
4
4 r D e
6.77
+ 4r
e

r
r
r
t
t

Cs r
C r
2
(6.77
)
4 r
dr
+ 4 r 2 dr
Cr Csr =

=t 4 r 2 dr r +t4 r 2 dr Cs r
(6.77 )

t
t

r Csr
r. C

C
C
(6.77 )
= 4 r 2 dr r + 4 r 2 dr s r
C
Ct r :2

Cr Cr.sr ,

(6.77 )
t
dr s r
4
r 2 dr
+ 4 r
=

Cr Csr
t :t
,
Csr = C
(6.78)
r.

r
(6.77)
r.

Cr Csr

Csr :
= Cr
(6.78)
:
,
Cr
Csr

Cr Csrr.



r.

:
C2sr = Cr
(6.78) r.

(6.78)

:
C r,
C r D
Crsr=

Cr
e

:2 C

(
)
6.79
=
+
: t 1 + K r 2 Crsr =2
C
r
(6.78)

C r,
Crr
C
DCer
2 C:
r
:
(6.78)
sr =
2 +

(6.79)
=

(6.78)
t 1+2 CK
srrC=
:
C

rCr r

D
C
2

e
r
:
2 rD+ 2r C
(6.79)
=

C
:
t 1 + K r =
:
r e r r r + 2 C r
(6.79)
r 2

2 t
+

1
K
r
r

:
C


D
C 2 C
r
r
2 r
2 2
(6.79) (6.79)
= e
+
2

1 + K Crr =4 D
t :

r errC r+Cr2 r + 2Cr Cdrr

(6.79)
1
t:
+ K 4r r
rr2
2 r

C r dr

C r +


:

2
2

:
:
4Cs
r
C
+
r

C
dr
r
r
2
2
:
r + r C r dr
r C:
C4
s
3

:
+ )r2
Cr dr
(6.80)
Cs 4
= 3 (r12C
+CsK
r 2C
r
:
r dr
Cs
2
2
ri
3
4
r
C
+
r

C
dr
2
r

(6.80)
Cs = 3 (1 + KCs)
rr C r dr:

r
i
3

Cs
:2
(1 + K
(6.80)(6.80)
s =
) 3r C r dr
3
C

ri

(6.80)
Cs = 3C(1s
+ K ) :
r 2 C r dr
r

i

film
:
3
2 film :
C

(6.80)
s = 3 (1 + K ) r C r dr
3:
2
ri

C
4film

3
2
(
)
(6.80)
C
=
1
+
K
r
C
dr
k (C
r -C )
3 s = 4 r
sri
i
g
i
r

film 3: 4 t 3 Cs
303
ri
= 4 ri2 k g (C - Ci )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
film
:

3
t
4
3 Cs
2

r
=
4
r
i k g (C - C i )
film :3 i t 4
3 Cs
ri
= 4 ri2 k g (C - Ci )
film
3k g t
C:
s 3
4
3 Cs
(6.81)
=
ri
=t 4 ri2 rk g ((C
C -- C
Cii ))

3
t 4 r 3i Cs = 4 r 2 k (C - C )
i
i
g
i
3
t
(6.81)

(
)

Ci

Ci r = ri. H Rosen

r = ri.

218

H Rosen :
C 1
= + F (, , )
C0 2

(6.82)

(6.81)
= i (C - Ci )
st 3C
krsgi 3k g
C
=(C - Ci ()C - Ci )
(6.81) (6.81)
=

r
t

r
t
i

i
i
Ci
Ci

r =r =ri.ri. -

r C

= i
r
i. Ci
Rosen
Rosen

:
:
HH

.
rH
= r
i. r = ri
Rosen :
:
C 1Rosen
1
C
H

H
Rosen
,
(
(6.82) )
, ,,:

) ) :
(6.82
= =
+ +F F(
C
1
C 0 0 =2 2+ F (, , )
(6.82)
2
1
CC 0 1C
(6.82)
(6.82) (6.82)
= + F=(,+F, (), , )
C
2
C
2
0

:
0
:
:
:
3D K
z
z

(6.83) )
=3 D e Ke:

(6.83
=:
2
2
3mur
Dmur
eK
z
i
i

(6.83)
=
2
3i zD e K z
:
:
3 Dmur
K

(6.83)
e
(6.83) (6.83)
= =
:muri2 muri2
2De z z
:
2D

:
:
(6.84) )
(6.84
= = 22De2 t-t -z
ri e u u
r
i

(6.84)
= 2 t -
:
:
2Drie 2Dzeu z

(6.84) (6.84)
= 2 = t - 2 t -
:
ri ri u u
(6.84)
D
D

:
:
(6.85) )
(6.85
= =
Drkei
k

r
g
:
(6.85)
= i g
D reikg D e
(6.85) (6.85)
= =
r
k
r
k
i
g
i :
g:

:
(6.85)

3 :
1 :
C 1 1

3 22 1
C:
(6.86) )
(6.86
1
= = 1+1 +erferf 3
12 2 2[(1[(+12+5

)
]
5
/
5

CC
2

)
]
/
5

0 = 1 + erf
(6.86)

31) / 5]1
2 1 2 3[(12+5
CC 0 1C

(6.86) (6.86)
= 1 =
+ erf1+ erf

C 0 2C0 2 2 [(1+25[()1/+55
] ) /5]

(6.86)

, L2.

Ap

, L2.

film , L2.

A1, A2

Arrhenius, mole/L2 .

, L2.

0, 1, 2

(1) (2).

0, 1

Langmuir.

B2

0/ (6.8).

, mole/ L3.

219

Ci

, mole/
L3.

Cr, Csr

r, , mole/ L3.

Cs

, mole/ L3.

Cs

, mole/ L3.

Cs

, mole/ L3.

Csm

, mole/ L3.

C*

, mole/ L3.

cpg

, F L /MT.

, L2/.

De

, L2/.

Dav

, L2/.

Dk

Knudsen, L2/.

DM

, L2/.

Ds

, L2/.

Ds0

, L2/.

DT

, L2/.

Es

, F L/mole.

Gibbs film, F L.

kmol, F L /mole.

film, F L/L2 T .

, F L/L T .

kB

Boltzmann, 1.308 x 10-23 J/K, F L/T.

ke

, F L/L T .

kg

film.

k0, k1

, ,
mole/ F .

k0g

, L.

Le

porous path, L.

Lp

, L.

, L.

, M/mole.

/(1-)

220

mM

, .

Avogadro.

, , mole/L2 .

Nu

Nusselt.

np

ns

film .

ns1

P1.

, 1/L3.

, F/L2.

Pm

, F/L2.

Pr

Prandtl (cp/k).

P0

, F/L2.

P1

film , F/L2.

, 8314 J/ kmol K.

, L.

ri

, L.

rp

, L.

rp

, L.

Sc

Schmidt (/D).

Sh

Sherwood (kgdp/D).

, .

, .

, .

t1

(6.62), .

tmin

z, .

, L/.

( ), L3 (L3/M).

Vi

i , L3.

Vp

, L3.

Vs

, L3.

V1

, L3.

V1s

, L3.

Vm

, L3/mole.
221

,
L (L3/L2).

1s

, L, (L3/L2).

xf

film, L.

() , L.

, F L/mole.

, L.

, F L/mole.

, M/L .

, /L3.

, M/L3.

, M/L3.

Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E. & Lightfoot, E.N. (1960). Transport Phenomena. Wiley.
Coulson, J. M. & Richardson, J.F. (1991). Particle Technology and Separation Processes. Pergamon Press.
4th Edition. Vol. 2.
Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport Processes and Separation Processes Principles. Prentice Hall,
Professional Technical Reference.
Glasstone, S. & Lewis, D. (1970). Elements of Physical Chemistry.Macmillan.
Perry, R.H. & Green, D.W. (1984). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. Mc Graw-Hill. 6th Edition.
Ruthven. (1984). Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes.Wiley.
Schweitzer, P.A. (1988). Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical Engineers. New York: McGrawHill. 2nd Edition.
Yang, R.T.(1987). Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes. Butterworth,

222

7.1
.
, , (ASHRAE, 2001).
(Stegou-Sagia, 1995). -

.
( ) , ,
.
q
4

2
P

|WIh|

P
P

H5=H4

ls

H2

1
q

2ls

|WIh|
H1

H2

7.1

, , ,
.
.
, , .
:
i) ,
ii) , ,
iii) ,
, , , .
iv) , , ,
.
223

2.4
0.40

O3

0.24
CIO
0

1.6
0.8
0

64
66
68
70
(oS)

1.20

CIO

2.50

0.84
1.75
0.48
0.24

1.25
O3

0
64
66
68
70
(oS)

0.75
0.25

7.2 .
224

( , )

( , )

0.56

( , )

( , )

,
.
1930 CFCs (), Midgeley.
: - (refrigerants), aerosols,
, .
, CFCs
. CFCs

. ,
. , . , .
CFCs . 100 .
, . ,
, , ..
1% 1976-1991 2%-3% . Dobson
. . . . ,
,
.
, , .
(National Ozone Experiment) 1986
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) McMurdo . 14 27 km
.
(
100C) .

,
, . ,
, . .

.

, CO2, CFCs, ..
,
, .

(-18C), 15C (ASHRAE, 2001 International
Institute of Refrigeration, 1993).

7.3 .

, , , ,
, 1.5 C 4.5 C.
, , .. , .

7.2
. 1987
49 80% (
, , , ..)
225

:
i) CFCs: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115
ii) Halons 1211, 1301, 2402.
(Stegou-Sagia & Simos, 2001 Ozone Secretariat, 2009).

.
. HFCs
(), , HFC-23, HFC-32,
HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a .. HCFCs (), : HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-124,
HCFC-132b, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b.
7.1 .
ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)
.
GWP (Global Warming Potential)
. GWP
.

226

7.1 (Makita, 1990)

CFCs, Halons, HCFCs, HFCs
n.b.p.: normal boiling point ( )
ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential
GWP: Global Warming Potential

n.b.p./ C

ODP

GWP

CFC-11

CCI3F

23.8

75

1.0

0.4

CFC-12

CC12F2

-29.8

111

1.0

1.0

CFC-113

CC12FCC1F2

47.6

90

0.8

0.3-0.4

CFC-114

CC1F2CC1F2

3.6

185

1.0

0.5-1.5

CFC-115

CC1F2CF2

38.7

380

0.6

1.0-3.0

Halon 1211

CBrClF2

-3.9

25

3.0

Halon 1301

CBrF3

- 57.8

110

10.0

0.8

Halon 2402

CBrF2CBrF2

46.4

6.0

HCFC-22

CHC1F2

-40.8

20

0.13

< 0.4

HCFC-123

CHC12CF3

28.7

1-4

< 0.02

< 0.02

HCFC-124

CHCIFCF3

-12

< 0.02

< 0.12

HCFC-141b

CH3CC12F

32

< 0.10

< 0.10

7.8-16.8%

HCFC-142b

CH3CC1F2

-9.2

< 0.06

< 0.4

7.8-16.8%

HFC-125

CHF2CF3

-48.5

< 0.65

HFC-134a

CH2FCF3

-26.5

< 0.29

HFC-152a

CH3CHF2

-24.7

< 0.04

4.0-16.8%

CFCs , ,
. CFCs
227

. . CO2
kWh .


CFCs . , (CO2
) 80% , 20% ( 7.4).

. CO2
.
1990
HCFCs.
HCFCs 1992 (
7.2).
CFCs 1980 CFC-11/
CFC-12, aerosols 30% 1976.
,
4/3/1991 CFCs. 10/12/1992
.
1999 :
,
,
,
(UNEP),
ODP - ODP ,

(Multilateral Fund) .
, . 7.3
COM/2000/0096. Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone Layer (UNEP Ozone Secretariat United Nations Environment Protocol, 2009):
First Meeting of the Parties (Helsinki, 25 May 1989)
Second Meeting of the Parties (London, 2729 June 1990)
Third Meeting of the Parties (Nairobi, 1921 June 1991)
Fourth Meeting of the Parties (Copenhagen, 2325 November 1992)
Fifth Meeting of the Parties (Bangkok, 1719 November 1993)
Sixth Meeting of the Parties (Nairobi, 67 Ctober 1994)
Seventh Meeting of the Parties (Vienna, 57 December 1995)
Eighth Meeting of the Parties (San Jos, 2527 November 1996)
Ninth Meeting of the Parties (Montreal, 1517 September 1997)
Tenth Meeting of the Parties (Cairo, 2324 November 1998)
228

Eleventh Meeting of the Parties (Beijing, 29 November 3 December 1999

Twelfth Meeting of the Parties (Ouagadougou, 11 14 December 2000
Thirteenth Meeting of the Parties (Colombo, 16 19 Ctober 2001)
Fourteenth Meeting of the Parties (Rome, 25 29 November 2002
Fifteenth Meeting of the Parties (Nairobi, 10 14 November 2003)
First Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties (Montreal, 24 26 March 2004
Sixteenth Meeting of the Parties (Prague, 22 26 November 2004
Second Extraordinary Meeting of the Parties (Montreal, 1 July 2005)
Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties (Dakar, 12 16 December 2005
Eighteenth Meeting of the Parties (New Delhi, 30 Ctober 3 November 2006
Nineteenth Meeting of the Parties (Montreal, 17 21 September 2007)
Twentieth Meeting of the Parties (Doha, 16 20 November 2008

80% CO2

13% CFCs

2% CFCs



( )

CFCs
7.4.

229

7.2

1992

230

(International Institute of
Refrigeration, 1993)

CFCs

~ 75% 1-1-1994 100% 1-1-1996

Halons

~ 100% 1-1-1994

CCI4

~ 85% 1-1-1995 100% 1-1-1996

Methylchoroform

50% 1-1-1994 100% 1-1-1996

CFCs

- 1-1-1996
- 35% 2004 65% 2010 90%
2015- 99.5% 2020 100% 2030
- :
CFCs 1989 3.1% CFCs
- 1-1-1996

HBFCs

- 100% 1-1-1996

ethyl-romide

1-1-1995 1991

-
1995

- ,

-
,

7.3
,
COM/2000/0096

COM/2000/0096

Annex A, Group I of Montreal Protocol,

(CFCs)

1.

Annex A, Group II, Halons.

1.

Annex B, Group I, CFCs.

1.

Annex B, Group II. T (CC4).

1.

Annex B, Group III.

1,1,1-trichloroethane (C2H3Cl3)

1.

Annex C, Group I HCFCs

: 2.6% CFCs + 100%
CFCs o 1989
: 2.0% CFCs + 100%
HCFCs 1989.

1997 1/1/2000.
65%
1997 1/1/2008.
80%
1997 1/1/2014.
85%
1997 1/1/2020.
31/12/2025.
1/1/1999 1/1/2001
.
1/1/2001 1/1/2002
.
2002 85% .

2003 45% .

2004 30% . 20082.

Annex C, Group II, HBFCs

1.

231

Annex E (CH3r).

25% 1991 1/1/1999.

60%
1991
1/1/2001.
75%
1991
1/1/2003.
31/12/20041.

.
1-1-2008 31-12-2009 CFCs 25%
B.
. .. CFC-11 HFC-134a.
1
2

450

400
350
300
250
200

150
100
50
0
1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

7.5 CFC-11: 1936-2000 (http://courseware.mech.ntua.gr/ml22139/).

300
250
200
150

100
50
0

1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000

7.6 HCFC-22 1943-2000 (http://courseware.mech.ntua.gr/ml22139/).

232

 -
160

140
120
100

80
60
40
20
0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

7.7 FC-134a 1990-2000 (http://courseware.mech.ntua.gr/ml22139/).

7.3 DSs (Ozone Depletion Substances)

ODSs -
.

7.3.1 - (ASHRAE, 2001 International Institute of

Refrigeration, 1993)
:
,
1) , 2) , , 3)
.
(). :
, , ,
, ..
, -, . , .
- . 1960
R-12, R-500.
() :
(R-12 ).
350 g ( 50 g)
.
, .
70% , . 35-55 g 100 L .
, 30C 10C. 110 g 140 g 100 L .
233

. 0.7 1.1 g/W.
.
, . , .
.
-
, . R-12 .
. ,
, 6 mm.
.
80 g R-12 250 g .

, ,
(). .
/
R-12. .
16C, R-12 4.83 atm
1.77 3.35 atm. ,
. (0C),
1 atm-abs () , .
7.8 -
.

5
80g R 12/300g
105g R 12/300g
150g R 12/300g

, atm

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1

-10

-5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

7.8 /R-12 .

- . 7.9.
234

: )
, )
, ) .

7.9 .

.
( 7.10) . , .
2 mm. , ,
5-10 cm.
, . : , ,
.
, . :
( 20 Pa).
().
.
12 20C .
.

10 min

10 min

1 min 40

83.5%

72%

100%

,
. .
235

,
.

.

7.10 : .

:
1) -
.
2) -
0.1 atm abs.
236

R-12
R-12/ .
, R-12.
, .
3)
.
4) , .
5) 3/8 in.
6)
, 24 .
7) . .
, ,
o .
/ /
. ,
. /
. . .
, .
.
, , .
CFCs,
, .
.
.

7.3.2
(Perry & Green, 1984). :
)
.

237

Q0
L:
G:

F
LF

G0

L0

CF

E
L

LE

G
CE
G1

L1
B
Qk

S
LS

7.11 .

- .
.
.
.
,
. (, ) .
,
. ,
.

.
, , / .

. ,
.

, . /
,
, .

238

)
/
.
. .

.
.
. .
.
, . ,
. .
200C, 25C
-50C. ,
, .
. , / .
,
. , . . ,
, .
.

. .
( ) (,
). .
)
(. 6)
. ,
.
)
.

7.3.3 ( S 11650R)
.
.

.

. .

239

7.3.4 ( SO 11650R)
, ,
,
.
.

7.4 CFCs
CFCs 1996.
,
.
.

7.5
, , .
(Fujiwara, 1993):
1. HFCs
2.
3.
, .
, ,
, . HFCs
CFCs HCFCs.

7.5.1 HFCs
HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-134a, HFC-143a HFC-152a.
7.1 HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a. 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7 (Stegou-Sagia, Briggs & Rose, 1994).

240

7.4 ODP GWP

GWP

FC-32

C2F2

0.13

FC-125

CHF2CF3

0.84

FC-134a

CH2FCF3

0.25

FC-143a

C3CF3

0.74

FC-152a

C3CHF2

0.03

,
, PAFT (rogramme
for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing). 7.5 .

7.5 F

HCFC-124

Low toxicity

HFC-125

Low toxicity

HCFC-225ca

Low acute toxicity

HCFC-225 cb
HFC-32

Low toxicity

7.6 HFCs.

241

7.6 HFCs

Tb/C

Tc/C

c/a

HFC-32

C2F2

52.02

-51.8

78.4

5.830

13.6-28.4

HFC -125

CHF2CF3

120.02

-48.6

66.3

3.631

HFC -134a

CH2FCF3

102.03

-26.2

101.15

4.065

HFC -143a

CH3 CF3

84.04

-47.4

73.1

3.811

8.1-21.0

HFC -152a

CH3 CHF2

66.05

-24.2

1133

4.520

4.8-173

CFC -12

CCI2F2

120.91

-29.8

111.8

4.125

HCFC-22

CHCIF2

86.47

-40.8

96.15

4.988

:
b:
c c:
7.7 HFCs, CFCs, HCFCs.

242

7.7
HFCs ()

HFC-32

GWP

HFC -125

c,
GWP HCFC-22

COP

HFC
-134a

b
CFC-12,

HFC
-143a

b
HCFC-22

,
GWP HCFC-22

HFC
-152a

GWP, C

7.5.2

, MPa

(Stegou-Sagia, 1996).
2,00
1,80
1,60
1,40
1,20
1,00
0,80
Ammonia
0,60
Propane
0,40
0,20
0,00
280,00 285,00 290,00 295,00 300,00 305,00 310,00 315,00 320,00
,
7.12 .

243

. , kg/m3

700,00
600,00
500,00
400,00
300,00

Ammonia

200,00

Propane

100,00
0,00
280

285

290

295
300
305
,

310

315

320

7.13 .

, kJ/kg

1400,00
1200,00
1000,00

Ammonia

800,00

Propane

600,00
400,00
200,00
0,00
280

285

290

295
300
305
,

310

315

320

7.14 .

244

180,00
, Pas

160,00
140,00
120,00
80,00

Ammonia

60,00

Propane

20,00
0,00
280

285

290

295
300
305
,

310

315

320

, mW/mK

7.15 .

600,00
500,00
400,00

Ammonia

300,00

Propane

200,00
100,00
0,00
280

285

290

295
300
305
,

310

315

320

7.16 .

245

, m/m

30,00
25,00
20,00
Ammonia

15,00

Propane

10,00
5,00
0,00
280

285

290

295
300
305
,

310

315

320

7.17 .

3,5

, mPa

3
2,5

R-32

R-125

1,5

R-134a

R-152a

0,5
0

10

20

30

40

, C
o

7.18 .

246

50

1400

kg/m3

1200
1000

R-32

800

R-125

600

R-134a

400

R-152a

200
0

10

20
30
, oC

40

50

7.19 .

, kJ/kg

350
300
250

R-32

200

R-125

150

R-134a

100

R-152a

50
0
0

10

20
30
, oC

40

50

7.20 .
300,00

, Pas

250,00
200,00

R-32

150,00

R-125
R-134a

100,00

R-152a

50,00
0,00
0

10

20
30
, oC

40

50

7.21 .
247

, mW/mK

140,00
120,00
100,00

R-32

80,00

R-125

60,00

R-134a

40,00

R-152a

20,00
0,00

10

20
30
, oC

40

50

7.22 .

, m/m

120,00
100,00
80,00

R-32
R-125

60,00

R-134a

40,00

R-152a

20,00
0,00

10

20
30
, oC

40

50

7.23 .

.
.
,
Stegou-Sagia, 1996. 7.8 7.9
.

248

7.8
HFC-134a: . D%: ASHRAE Data (ASHRAE, 2001)

-273.15
C

ASHRAE Data
a

C (ICI, 1990)
a

D%

cLinden
(McLinden, et al,
1989)
a

D%

10

414490.0

413718.3

0.186

414845.8

-0.086

20

571590.0

569334.0

0395

572108.9

-0.091

30

770080.0

765965.3

0.534

770704.2

-0.081

40

1016500.0

1010450.7

0.595

1016992.8

-0.048

50

1317700.0

1310356.2

0.557

1317828.2

-0.010

7.9

HFC-134a: . D%: SHR Data (ASHRAE, 2001).

-273.15
C

SHR
Data
N/m

Chae et
al, 1990
N/m

(D%)

Higashi
& Okada,
1991
N/m

(D%)

H
N/m
(Stegou-Sagia,
1996)

(D%)

10

0.01030

0.01024

-0.535

0.01005

-2.417

0.01031

-0.083

20

0.00892

0.00885

-0.807

0.00873

-2.078

0.00892

0.018

30

0.00757

0.00750

-0.985

0.00745

-1.563

0.00757

0.004

40

0.00627

0.00619

-1.252

0.00621

-1.025

0.00627

0.050

50

0.00501

0.00494

-1.355

0.00500

-0.167

0.00502

-0.108

(Stegou-Sagia, 1996):
= 0 (1 /Tc)n,
c = 374.18 (ASHRAE, 2001), 283.15 - 323.15 , 0 = 0.059893 /m. /m .
H (HFCs) -, .
HCFC-22 R-22.
(
) R-32/R-125 (50-50%), R-32/R-134a (25-75% )
R-22 -.

249

,
W/mK

0,15
0,1

R-22
R-32/R134a

0,05

R-32/R125

0
220

240

260

280

300

320

,
7.24 .

, kJ/kg

250
200
150

R-22
R-32/R134a

100

R-32/R125

50
0
260

280

300

320

340

7.25 .

250
200
, P

R-22
R-32/R134a

150

R-32/R125
50
0
240

260

280

300

320

7.26 .

250

, (Stegou-Sagia & Paignigiannis, 2005). 7.27 COP ( 7.1) (Stegou-Sagia

& Papadaki, 2006 Stegou-Sagia & Papadaki, 2010).
4

COP

R-22
R-407C
R-744
R-410A

1
1,18

1,20

1,22

1,24

1,26

(Tcon/Te)

7.27 COP .
con,Te: .

251

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252