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2013 Pembungaan
2013 Pembungaan
Floral organs
Berdasarkan hipotesis ABC, bagaimanakah struktur bunga yang
dihasilkan (dari karangan paling luar) oleh tumbuhan yang memiliki
ekspresi gen A dan C tetapi tidak terjadi ekspresi gen B pada
keempat karangan bunganya?
A. carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B. Petal-petal-stamen-stamen
C. sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
D. sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
E. carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel
Floral architecture
B
A
Cadastral
genes
17/05/2013
Summary
Inflorescence
Meristem
Floral
Meristem
Floral
Organs
Wild type
apetala2-2
No sepals
No petals
2.
3.
4.
1. No stamens
2. No carpels
3. Whorls of petals
or sepals
Whats the
phenotype of a
ap1, ap2, pi, ag
mutant flower?
1.No sepals
2.No petals
3.No stamens
4.No carpels
5.All Leaf-like appendages
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Fotoperiode
Fenomena pd berbagai jenis tumbuhan dimana panjang hari
menentukan apakah meristem pucuk /lateral mampu membentuk
bunga atau tidak
Perception of light
Plants have specific photoreceptors
Different photoreceptors detect
different wavelengths of light
- Phytochromes (red and far-red light)
- Cryptochromes (blue, green, UV-A light)
- Phototropin (blue light)
- UV-B receptor (still not identified)
Vegetation absorbs/reflects
light of wavelengths below
700nm
Between 700 and 800nm
transmitted
Plants in shade receive more
far-red light than red light
Results in increase in rate of
internode elongation
Grow beyond shading
plants, growth slows as red
light perceived
Photoperiodism
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Sistem Fitokrom
Red light
660 nm
Pr
Pfr
Response
730 nm
Far red light
long dark
period
Short-day plant: light period shorter than a critical length to flower (flower in
late summer, fall, or winter: poinsettias, chrysanthemums)
Long-day plant: light period longer than a critical length to flower (flower in
late spring or early summer: spinach, radish, lettuce, iris)
Day-neutral plant: unaffected by photoperiod (tomatoes, rice, dandelions)
Critical night length controls flowering (genetic factor), it varies widely
between species
Chrysanthemum
Rice, Kalanchoe
Poinsettias
Morning glory (Pharbitis)
Cocklebur (Xanthium)
Soybean
Day-neutral plants
Hibiscus
Fuchsia
Spinach
Arabidopsis
Sugar beet
Radish
Kidney bean
Desert plants
Cucumber
Tomato
Long-day
(short night) plant
A flash of red light during the dark period induces flowering in a long-day plant, and
effect is reversed by far-red light. involvement of phytochrome
In a short-day plant, red light prevents flowering, and effect is reversed by flash of
far-red light.
17/05/2013
Example:
Plant Reproduction
Long-day
(short night) plant
The life cycle of a flowering plant with emphasis on egg cell formation
and seed development
Pada Angiospermae, setiap butir pollen menghasilkan dua sperma.
Apa yang dilakukan oleh kedua sperma ini?
A. Masing-masing memfertilisasi sel telur yang terpisah
B. Salah satu memfertilisasi satu sel telur dan yang lain
memfertilisasi buah
C. Salah satu memfertilisasi satu sel telur dan yang lain tetap
dipertahankan
D. Keduanya memfertilisasi satu sel telur
E. Salah satu memfertilisasi satu sel telur dan yang lain
memfertilisasi suatu sel yang akan berkembang menjadi tempat
cadangan makanan
Pada angiosperma,
fase sporofit
dominan :
Menghasilkan
spora yang
berkembang
menjadi gamet
jantan
Menghasilkan
gametofit betina
(kantung embrio)
Stigma
Carpel
Anther
Style
Stamen
Filament
Ovary
Petal
Ovule
Sepal
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Polinasi
Polinasi : melekatnya serbuk sari ke
kepala putik
Setelah terjadi pembuahan (fertilisasi)
ovulum akan berkembang menjadi biji
dan ovarium akan menjadi buah
Banyak tumbuhan angiospermae
melakukan perkembangbiakan vegetatif
Fertilization
Male gametogenesis
generative
cell
Pollen tubes grow, by tip growth, down through the stigma and
style and into the ovary, toward the ovules.
The pollen tube navigates to the micropyle and discharges the
two sperm cells.
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Double fertilization
Ovule
Antipodal cells
Central cell
nuclei
Egg
Synergids
Micropyle
Sperms
Pollen
tube
Siklus Nitrogen