: &

____________________________________________________________________

-
: 6051

OPNET

, 2011

OPNET

-
: 6051

.../../

:
OPNET

:
-

:
.

,
, .

, ,

,

.

,
, .
UMTS
WLAN, , ,
.
Mobile IP,
.

,
UMTS WLAN Mobile IP.
OPNET Modeler ,
,
.

Abstract
The term Next Generation Networks refers to future networks of revolutionary concept and
structure, oriented to the support of demanding applications and the upgrade of the terminal
devices functionality, as perceived by the user.
Some very important aspects of the new telecommunications reality that is brought on by these
networks, and to which this project is directly related, is the intention of promoting generalized
mobility for the wireless users and the encouragement of the convergence of distinct network
technologies and of the foundation of new hybrid heterogeneous networks, in order to achieve
better spectrum utilization and improvement of data transmission rates.
The purpose of the current diploma thesis project is to present the structure and the functions of
the Next Generation Networks, as well as of some existing types of wireless networks, the
cooperation of which could provide the desirable advantages. Two such network types are the
UMTS mobile telephony network and the local networks of WLAN technology, that are examined
thoroughly towards their characteristics and, foremost, towards their roaming arrangement
mechanisms. Also included is a description of the operation of Mobile IP, a protocol that is
considered particularly convenient for the management of users mobility between service areas of
different networks.
The project concludes to the modeling of the above mentioned systems in a simulation
environment, aiming to evaluate the efficiency of the prospective combination of the UMTS and
WLAN systems and the utility of Mobile IP.
The software used for this purpose is OPNET Modeler , a program that has emerged during
the last years as an increasingly valuable research and business tool.


:
. ,

,

LINK A.E. .
(
) 4
,
, ,
, , ,

, ,

10


................................................................................ 15
1.
(NGNs) ....................... 17
1.1. ....................................................................... 17
1.2. .................................. 18
1.3. ...... 19
1.4. NGN ........................... 23
1.5. ....... 24
1.6. ........................................................... 26
2.

UMTS ........................................................................................ 27
2.1. ....................................................................... 27
2.2. .......... 27
2.3. .............. 31
2.4. ................................................................ 34
2.5. ....................... 36
2.6. 3G ............................... 37
2.7. ,
........................................................................... 39
2.8. HANDOVER..................................................................... 43
2.9. ................................................................ 46
2.10. ........................................................... 47
3.
WLAN Wi-Fi ................. 49
3.1. ....................................................................... 49
3.2. Wi-Fi ................. 49
3.3. ................................................................. 50
3.4. ,
.................................................... 52
3.5. ........................................ 55
3.6. ............................................................. 56
3.7. ................................................................ 57
3.8. ........................................................... 58
4.
MOBILE IP ...................................................................... 61
11

4.1. ....................................................................... 61
4.2. IPv4 & IPv6 ..................................................................... 61
4.3. MOBILE IPv4................................................................... 63
4.4. ............ 65
4.5. MOBILE IPv6
............................................ 66
4.6. ........................................................... 68
5.
.......... 69
5.1. ....................................................................... 69
5.2. ........................... 69
5.3. .............................. 73
5.4. ............................................. 75
5.5. ........................................................... 89
6.
......................... 91
6.1. ....................................................................... 91
6.2.
.................................................................... 92
6.3. ......................................................... 107
7.
....................................... 109
................................................. 116
.......................................................................... 117
...................................................... 118
...................................................................... 119

12

13

14


2 ,
. ,
, (Internet) , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.

0.1: , : [16]

, , , ,
,
Internet.
,
. .
(Next Generation Networks NGN)
,
.

(generalized mobility), .

.
15


(WLAN UMTS).
,
OPNET Modeler, ,
, ,
.
7 .
T 1 (NGNs)
.
2 UMTS.
3
Wi-Fi.
4 Mobile IP.
5 OPNET Modeler
,
.
6 .
, 7
.

16

 (NGNs)

1.
1.1.

(Next Generation Networks NGNs)

,
,
,
.
NGNs
(Telecommunication Standardization Sector) (International
Telecommunication Union ITU), ... .
, ITU-T, 2004 ITU-T Y.2001,
NGNs. ,
, NGN Release 1, NGNs,
2006.
ITU-T Y.2001, NGN :

(Quality of Service
QoS)
.
.
(generalized mobility),
.
NGNs ITU

.
NGNs:

NGNs . ,
(Internet Protocol IP) [. . 4], IP .
NGNs
.
,
.
(end-to-end QoS).
NGN (access networks)
(core transport networks),
,
.
NGNs
.
(convergence)
,
[. . 1.5].

NGNs [. . 1.2].
17

 1.1: NGNs, : [15]

,
NGNs,
, .

1.2.

ITU [41], NGNs

:

( NGNs
)
(bearer) ,
/, / ( ,
)
,
(
)
, ,
(service building blocks) (
(real-time), (streaming), (nonreal-time) (multimedia)) ( ,
,
NGNs)
(
QoS
QoS )
(
,
(Public Switched Telephone Networks PSTNs)
(Global System for Mobile Communications GSM))
: (
,
)
18

(
)
(identification schemes),
IP IP (

, IP )
,
(
)
(
,
)

( NGNs
(transport layer) (service layer))
(last mile technologies) (

)
,
, - , . (
, NGNs
, , .)

1.3.

,
,
(Open Systems Interconnection model OSI model)
/ (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
model TCP/IP model).
To OSI 7 (layers): (physical
layer), (data link layer), (network layer),
(transport layer), (session layer), (presentation
layer), (application layer).
TCP/IP , , 5 :
(physical layer), (link layer), (network layer or
Internet layer), (transport layer), (application layer).
, 3 ( ) OSI 1
TCP/IP ( ).
, ,
,
. NGNs, ,

. , NGN
.
, , NGNs
(strata): (transport stratum)
(service stratum).
19

 NGN - (User-to-Network
Interface UNI), ,
- (Network-to-Network Interface NNI),
, - (Application-to-Network Interface ANI),

,
NGN.

NGN.

1.2: NGN, : [15]

NGN. , , ITU [15],
:
1. (transport stratum functions): ,
,
3 :
a. (transport functions):
NGN,

.
:
i. (access network functions):
.
,
(Digital Subscriber Line access DSL access),

20

 (optical access), (cable access),

(wireless access) , ..
ii. (edge functions):

.
.
iii. (core transport functions):

, . ,
QoS
(buffers), (queueing)
(scheduling), (packet
filtering), (traffic classification),
(marking), (policing), (shaping),
(gate control) (firewalls),
.
iv. (gateway functions):
,
PSTN, ,
NGNs .

, .
v. (media handling functions):

,
(trans-coding).
b. (transport control functions):
. ,
:
i. (Resource and Admission
Control Functions RACFs): QoS,
(resource reservation),
(admission control) (gateway control),

(Network Address and Port Translation NAPT) /
(firewall traversal),
.
(authorization) (profiles)
, (Service Level Agreements) [. .
1.4], ,

. RACFs

.
(session-based) (non-sessionbased) NGN,
21

 QoS, ..

: , , ,
, (priority handling),
(bandwidth reservation and allocation), NAPT,
. ,

. ,
, RACFs,

.
ii. (Network Attachment Control
Functions NACFs): (registration)
(initialization)
NGN.
(identification) (authentication)
, IP ,
.
/.
: IP
,
IP ,
,
,
IP.
c. (transport user profile
functions):

.


NGN.
2. (service stratum functions):
, NGN
3 :
a.

(service control functions):

(session control)
(non-session control), ,
, .
.

b.

/ (applications/service support
functions):
(, , ).

(third-party applications) [. . 1.4],

22

 (value added services) [. . 1.4],

.
c.

(service user profile functions):

(
)

.

3. (end-user functions):

.
, (singleline legacy telephones) .
.
4. (management functions):
NGN ,
, . (Functional Entity
FE) . (Network
Elements NEs), , FEs .
, ,
(fault management), (configuration
management), (accounting management),
(peroformance management) (security
management).
(Charging and Billing Functions CBFs).
NGN
NGN ,
.

1.4.

NGN

,
(.. Internet).

:
, .
NGNs, , ,
.
.

(third party providers),
, .
(third-party applications).

, , , ..

23

 . (service convergence)
, (network convergence) [. . 1.5],
.
IP ,
.
,
, ,

,
(value-added services), ,
, .
,
(Service Level Agreements SLAs),
.
,

, QoS,
. NGNs,
(end-to-end QoS). ,
QoS
QoS
, ,
.
[. . 2.6],
, 3
(3rd Generation 3G).

1.5.

, NGN ,
, NGN
,
, .
, .
,

.
,
. ,

, ,
.
, .
ITU-T Y.2001
(generalized mobility):
,
.
,
(access networks), (service level
24

agreements) (users home network)

(visited network) ( ), ..
(service continuity).

,
. , ,

.
, ,

,
.
, , NGNs:
, [. . 1.4],
(network convergence),
. , ,
,
.

(Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System UMTS) [. . 2] (Wireless Local
Area Networks WLANs) [. . 3].
.

, UMTS
,
, WLAN
, , .
, ,
.
, UMTS
WLANs ( ),
WLANs ,
UMTS
. , ,
UMTS,
(Global System for Mobile Communications GSM), WLAN,
.

,

NGN .
, ,
, , ,
,
,
.
, .
(handover) ,

. ,
, .
25

,
,
.

(Mobile Internet Protocol Mobile IP) [. . 4],
IP.

1.6.

:


.
.
, ,
IP ,
( )
,
.
.
, NGNs .
,
.
, .

.
,
. ,
, . ,

QoS ( ).
, NGNs ,
.
,
.
,
, UMTS WLANs.
,
.

UMTS [. . 2] WLAN [. . 3], Mobile IP [. . 4],
,
OPNET Modeler [.
. 5] [. . 6].

26

2.

UMTS
2.1.

(Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System UMTS) 3 .
3 (3rd Generation systems 3G)
: 1 ,
2 ( ) 2.5,
2 (General Packet
Radio Service GPRS).
3 , 2000
(International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 IMT-2000)
(International Telecommunications Union ITU),

,
,
, , (Internet),
(e-mail), (video conference), ,
, , (multimedia on-demand),
...
3 UMTS,
(Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access W-CDMA). ,
(Global System for Mobile
Communications GSM), , , ,
. UMTS
GSM,
. UMTS
3 (3rd
Generation Partnership Project 3GPP).
UMTS , , 4 (4th
Generation systems 4G), .
UMTS (,
, .), ,
, (handover or handoff) [. . 2.8].

2.2.

UMTS GSM ,
.
GSM ,
(cellular concept). ,
27

 (cells),
(base station).
-, . O
(locating). -
.
- (handover handoff) [. . 2.8].

, ,
. ,
,
,
.
.
(free space model),
Friis, , ,
, :

Pr
2
= G r Gt
Pt
(4 d )2

(2.1), :

Pr :
Pt :
Gr : ()
Gt : ()
:
d :
dB, :

Pr [dB] = Pt [dB] + Gr [dB] + Gt [dB] FSPL [dB]

(2.2), :

FSPL : (Free Space Path Loss), :

2

4 d f
4 d
4
FSPL[dB] = 10 log10
= 20 log10
= 10 log10
+ 20 log10 d + 20 log10 f
c

c
= 20 log10 d + 20 log10 f 147,55 [dB]
f MHz d km, :
FSPL [dB ] = 20 log10 d + 20 log10 f + 32,45 [dB ]

(2.3)

,
, .
. , ,
,
,
.
,
. 3
28

 120 3 .
(co-channel
interference) [. . 2.9] ,
. ,
.

2.1: , : [28]

, ,
. ,
(clusters),
. ( )

(frequency reuse factor) N.
, C
,
S = C N . ,
S = (3 C ) N , S = 3 S .
D R .
, :
D R = 3 N

(2.4), :

D:
R:

D R - (carrier to interference C I ) :
C I=

(D R )
6

(2.5)

(propagation path loss).

. 4.
,
: (C I )[dB ] 18 dB .
(4) (5), :

29

(C I )[dB ] 18 dB (C I ) 63,1 1 (D R )4 63,1 1 (

6

3 N

) 63,1 9 N
4

6 63,1

6 63,1
N 6,5 N = 7
9

, ,
7.

6
7

3
4
5

1
2

6
7

3
4
5

1
2

2.2: =7, : [22]

, (cell
splitting),
.
, , ,
:

(overlay cells):
,

(hyper-cells):
.
(macro-cells): 1 20
.
(micro-cells):
.
(pico-cells): 100
.
(selective cells): , ,
(.. ).

,
,

, [. . 2.8].

30

 2.3: -, : [3]

2.3.

UMTS :

2.4: UMTS, : [28]

(User Equipment UE)

USIM .
USIM ( Universal Subscriber Identity Module)
SIM ( Subscriber
Identity Module) GSM, ( MB,
kB), UMTS
.
(Mobile Equipment ME)

.
31

 , o UE
, GSM, WCDMA. UE UTRAN, Uu,
W-CDMA.
UE .

UMTS (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Netwrok UTRAN)

UTRAN UE
.
UTRAN (Radio Resource Management
RRM) (Handoff Management).
UTRAN (Radio Network
Controllers RNCs) (base stations), - (NodeBs).
Node-B .
RNC Node-Bs. RNC
Node-Bs (Radio Network Subsystem RNS).
RNC Node-Bs. Node-Bs
(power level),
(Quality of Service QoS), ., UE
.
Node-B RNC. RNC
Node-Bs RNS . RNC
,
, , ,
RNSs. ,
.
UTRAN ,
GSM. CN
Iu.

(Core Network CN)

CN GSM.
To CN UTRAN ,
Internet, , (Public Telephone
Switched Network PSTN), ... CN
, ,
.
: (Circuit Switched CS),
GSM, (Packet
Switched PS), UMTS ,
.
CS
,
. :
1. (Mobile Services Switching Center MSC):
.
UMTS. MSC RNCs,
32

 , HLR
VLR. , ,
.
2. (Gateway MSC GMSC):
GMSC MSCs.
, PSTN.
3. (Visitor Location Register VLR):
GSM, UMTS, .
VLR MSC. VLR
, , ... VLR
HLR
. VLR HLR MSC.
CS
UMTS GSM. , UMTS
,
3G,
, UMTS GSM.
PS, ,
,
, ,
,
. PS ( CS):
1. GPRS (Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN):
MSC . , ,
UMTS. , RNCs
,
. , , ,
.
2. GPRS (Gateway GPRS Support Node GGSN):
GMSC . SGSNs
, X.25 Internet.
SGSN.
, CN,
:
1. (Home Location Register HLR):
HLR ,
GSM. ,
...
2. (Authentication Center AuC):
,
. AuC
HLR.

33

3. (Equipment Identity Register EIR):

,
,
(International Mobile Equipment Identity IMEI). EIR
HLR.

UMTS. ,
. ,
.
UMTS
.

2.5: UMTS, : [52]

2.4.

, ,
UMTS. UMTS : Uu
( ), Iub ( Node-Bs
RNCs) Iu-PS ( UTRAN PS CN). ,
Iur,
RNCs , [. . 2.8].
(protocol stacks)
UMTS,
OSI.

34

 2.6: : ) Uu, ) Iub, ) Iur, ) Iu-PS, : [27]

Uu, .
1 OSI, (physical layer),
[. . 2.7]. 2 OSI,
(data link layer), :
(Medium Access Control sub-layer protocol MAC)
UMTS (Radio Link Control protocol RLC).
MAC ,
,
. ,

. , , , ...
RLC , ,
QoS.
, (Radio Resource Control
protocol RRC), , ,
, . , 3
OSI, (network layer),
/ (Broadcast/Multicast Control protocol BMC)
(Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP),
, .
PDCP BMC
.
.
UMTS
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol ATM)
(2 OSI). ,
ATM (ATM Adaptation Layers protocols AALs), AAL2
AAL5,
ATM.
Iur ,
, GSM RNC
.
, ,
.
(Radio Network Subsystem
Application Part protocol RNSAP).

35

 Iu-PS, UTRAN
,
(Radio Access Network Application Part protocol RANAP).
, ,
, , , ...
, ,
GPRS (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol GTP)
Gn ( SGSN GGSN)
.

2.5.

UMTS, 99 (Release 99),

UMTS
,
GSM UMTS
. , UMTS
GSM (GSM backward compatible).
GPRS,
(packet mode).
, UMTS , GSM
.
UMTS ,
GSM. ,
,
UMTS 3G [. .
2.6], (data rates).
,
, 2 Mbps,
(bandwidth), circuit-switched packet-switched
.
, W-CDMA [. . 2.7]
,
(narrowband interference), ..
UMTS
(power control),
. UMTS
, ( )
. ,
UMTS RRM.
, , UTRAN, handoff
management. UMTS (soft
handover),
. [. . 2.8]
, UMTS .
(authentication), ,
, , . ,
(encryption) (keys)
36


, RNC.
,
UMTS GSM, (radio
interface), (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM)
,
, RNCs, Node-Bs, USIM, ...
, , UMTS 3G,
3.5G
(High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSDPA),
,

.
4G ,
. , ,
( WLANs [. .
3]), QoS. 4G

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA) [. .
2.7].

2.6.

3G

, UMTS
.
,
( ) ,
, , .

2.7: , : [29]

37

 ,
, ,
, .
3G , UMTS,
,
.
:

(person-to-person communications):
,
(Short Message Service SMS), (Multimedia
Messaging Service MMS), (e-mail), ..

(tele-services), ,
(Internet), ..
(business solutions):
(intranet) (Internet),
(e-mail), (fax),
, (video telephony), (video
conference), ..
.
(mobile information access):
, ,
, , ..
(mobile entertainment applications):
, , ,
, (multimedia on-demand).
(mobile transaction services):
(, )
, (telebanking services),
(, , , ..),
(teleshopping), .
(location-based services):
.

, ..
(mobile advertising):
,
,

.

,
, ,
(mobile digital TV) (telemedicine services),
,
, .

3G :

38

 2.8: 3G , : [29]

4 (4G)
bandwidth,

.

2.7.
,

,
,
[. . 2.2].
, ,
(multiplexing),
,
.

(Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA),
(Time Division Multiple Access TDMA)
(Code Division Multiple Access CDMA).

2.9: FDMA, TDMA CDMA, : [29]

39

 FDMA,
. ,
,
.
GSM TDMA. ,

. .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
.
CDMA,
. UMTS CDMA
(Wideband-CDMA W-CDMA), CDMA (5
MHz), :
. ,
(bandwidth on
demand). , .
W-CDMA (Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS), CDMA
(Direct Sequence-CDMA DS-CDMA). ,
, . ,

.
.

2.10: DS-CDMA, : [38]

(spreading) ,

, .
(spreading codes).
(despreading) .

40

 2.11: , : [43]

(Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS), CMDA
(Frequency Hopping CDMA FH-CDMA),
.

, .
, (
4G) FDMA (Orthogonal FDMA OFDMA).

Fourier (Fast Fourier Transform FFT).
(multipath propagation),
, , , ,
.

2.12: FDMA OFDMA, : [22]

, , ,
(duplexing). H
. ,
- .
, UMTS,
:
(Frequency Division Duplex FDD)
(Time Division Duplex TDD).
41

- . ,
, (Code Division Duplex
CDD), .
FDD,
, (uplink),
, (downlink).
5 MHz, 190 MHz.
FDD UMTS .
(soft
handover) [. . 2.8].
TDD, uplink downlink ,
.
5 MHz. uplink
downlink. ,
.

2.13: ) FDD, ) TDD, : [3]

, UMTS,
.
UMTS, ,
. , :

FDD:

1920 1980 MHz (uplink)

2110 2170 MHz (downlink)

TDD:

1900 1920 MHz (uplink downlink)

2010 2025 MHz (uplink downlink)
, ,
1900 2025 MHz 2110 2200 MHz.

42

2.8.

HANDOVER

,
, (handover handoff).
,
handover. ,
, .
.
. ,
(handover threshold),
C I .
,
(
). ,
,
, ,
, .
,
(error rate) (excess timing advance),
,
..
2G TDMA,
(mobile assisted):

.
(Mobile Assisted HandOff
MAHO)

.
handover, :

(hard handover):
, (brake-before-make ).
.
GSM.
.
(soft handover):
, . UMTS,
W-CDMA,
,
(make-before-make ). ,
.
, (soft handover gain).
, (dropping probability).
, (blocking probability),

. , ,
(interference level) .
soft handover
UMTS.
43

(softer handover):

, .
, . ,
Node-B,
(sectors) . softer handover , ,
soft handover.
HARD HANDOVER

SOFT HANDOVER

SOFTER HANDOVER
60%
40%

2.14: , , : [22]

,
:

(inter-system handover): handover

, UMTS GSM
UMTS 3G .
(intra-system handover): handover
, FDD TDD ,
.
(inter-cell handover): handover
, .
(intra-cell handover): handover
, .

, ,
(inter-frequency handover), ..

. , UMTS, inter-cell,
-, : intra-Node-B, inter-Node-B/intraRNS, inter-Node-B/inter-RNS/intra-SGSN, inter-Node-B/inter-RNS/inter-SGSN (
intra inter ).
UMTS Core Network ,
GSM. , inter-RNS ,
RNC, RNC (Serving RNC SRNC),
Core Network
RNC, RNC (Drift RNC DRNC),
.
inter-RNS/intra-SGSN
inter-RNS/inter-SGSN .
,
handover.
44

 2.15: ) intra-SGSN handover, ) inter-SGSN handover, : [28]

,
SRNC, ,
. SNRC (SNRC relocation).
SNRC relocation.
handover,
SNRC relocation.

2.16: SNRC relocation ) intra-SGSN handover, ) inter-SGSN handover, : [38]

, ,
- (umbrella-cells), ,
,
. ,
.
,
-.
45

2.9.

:
.
:

(co-channel interference):

. , (-1)
(first tier).
. ,

,
,
.
[. . 2.2].
.
(adjacent channel interference):
() ,
.
(Surface Acoustic Wave filters
SAW filters) .
(intermodulation interference):
,
.
.
,
.
near-far (near-far interference):

.
- (non-orthogonal interference):
- .

, :

(.. WLAN, 3G, .)
(.. ), , .

,
,
(broadband interference),
,
(narrowband interference).

46

2.10.

,
,

.
, , GSM,
UMTS, 3G 4G
. UMTS, o
, ,
,
.
, UMTS GSM,
, :
,
. UMTS -
,
UMTS. ,
circuit-switched packet-switched
.
.
UMTS W-CDMA, 4G
OFDMA. ,
FDD TDD. UMTS 1885
2200 MHz UMTS
, ,
. , UMTS ,
. ,
.
, UMTS
,
, .
, .
,
,
[. . 1]. 4G
, WLANs [. . 3].

47

48

 WLAN Wi-Fi

3.
3.1.

(Wireless Local Area Networks WLANs)

,
(Access Point AP)
, Internet.
, WLAN ,
(Wired Local Area Networks Wired LANs),

, , , , .

.
WLANs IEEE 802.11,
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE). IEEE 802, (Local Area
Networks LANs) (Metropolitan Area Networks MANs),
/ 802 IEEE
(IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee - LMSC). 802.11
1997, .
802.11b 802.11g, 2,4 GHz,
, 802.11n,
/ (Multiple-Input MultipleOutput MIMO).
802.11 WiFi, Wi-Fi Alliance.
(wireless fidelity),
(high fidelity) ,
hi-fi. 802.11
Wi-Fi .
, , ,
WLAN,
, (hidden node
problem) (exposed node problem) [. . 3.4].

3.2.

Wi-Fi

, WLANs 802.11.
Wi-Fi :
(Access Points APs) - (wireless client
stations STAs). STA AP
(Wireless Medium WM), APs
(Distribution System DS).
49

(Access Point AP)

AP . STAs


. ,
, (router) (network switch),
Wi-Fi
.
APs (.. ,
, , , .),
Internet,
HotSpot.

(wireless client or station STA)

Wi-Fi
AP, .
(laptops), (desktops)
, WLAN
.

(Wireless Medium WM)

WLAN 2,400
2,484 GHz [. . 3.5].
.

(Distribution System - DS)

DS APs
. DS
.

3.3.

Wi-Fi (Basic Service Set

BSS), . ,
, (Basic Service
Area BSA). ,
,
. BSA
35 . , , Wi-Fi
.
Wi-Fi .

50

 3.1: independent BSS, : [48]

BSS (Independent BSS

network IBSS). peer-to-peer,
,
: IBSS APs,
(decentralized). (
),
.
,
ad-hoc,
.

, , ,
.

3.2: infrastructure BSS, : [48]

BSS (infrastructure BSS

networks). (centralized). ,

AP. AP
.
, AP -. ,
,
,
, AP. ,
, ,
AP. ,
.
infrastructure
( Internet),
.
51

 infrastructure ,
independent, ,
Wi-Fi
Internet, AP.
AP
BSS. APs
, APs STAs
(Extended Service Set ESS).
BSSs
ESS. , 4
MAC [. . 3.4]: , , ,
. , ,
BSS BSS, DS.

3.3: ESS , : [48]

3.4.
,

, Wi-Fi
WLANs: (physical layer
protocol PHY protocol) 802.11
(Medium Access Control sub-layer protocol MAC protocol),
UMTS. MAC (data
link layer) OSI.
(Logical Link Control sub-layer LLC), 802.11
,
Wi-Fi .

MAC .
802.11 3 :
, FHSS DSSS.
, OFDM,
. , :

52

(infrared rays): 850 nm 950 nm

(Pulse Position Modulation PPM)
1 2 bps.
(Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FHSS): 2,4 GHz, 75 .
,
0,4 sec. ,
, (Gaussian
Frequency Shift Keying GFSK). , 1 2 Mbps.
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS):
DSSS, 2,4
GHz. bits - ,
, .
,
UMTS [. . 2.7]. ,
1 - 2 Mbps.
(Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing OFDM): 802.11,
OFDM .
2.4 GHz.
Fourier. OFDM [.
. 2.7],
54 Mbps.

Wi-Fi , .
(Physical Layer Convergence
Procedure sub-layer PLCP), MAC
, (Physical Medium Dependent
sub-layer PMD), .
,
,
,
,

.
, MAC Wi-Fi
(Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA),
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection CSMA/CD),

.
CSMA/CA (Distributed
Coordination Function DCF), (carrier sense)
,

, (Ready To Send RTS)
(Clear To Send CTS) .
, ,

. ,
53

, (Binary
Exponential Backoff BEB), . ,
(positive acknowledgment) .
DCF, 802.11,
(Point Coordination Function PCF),
AP
. , AP , (beacon frames),
, (timeslots),
.
(poll frames).
. ,
, DCF.
PCF, , , DCF,
. PCF, ,
infrastructure BSS . , DCF
, PCF
.
, DCF
, (hidden node problem)
(exposed node problem).

, ,
, . ,
,
() ,
.

3.4: , : [49]

, , ,

, ,
() ,
.

54

 3.5: , : [26]

802.11,
(Hybrid Coordination Function HCF),
QoS,

, ,
[. . 1].
, , MAC
802.11,
PHY, ,
, .

3.5.

Wi-Fi
, 802.11.
2,4 GHz, 3,6 GHz 5 GHz.
, , 2,4 GHz,
802.11b, 802.11g 802.11n . 802.11g
, 54
Mbps.
2,4 GHz 14 (channels).
22 MHz 5
MHz. 14 12 MHz 13, 2,484 GHz.
.
13 .

,
WLANs 25 MHz. , 1, 6 11
.

55

 3.6: 2,4 GHz 802.11, : [6]

3.6.

, Wi-Fi,
.
Wi-Fi, 3 ,
.
BSA, BSA ESS
ESS ,
.

(no transition): ,
BSA. .
BSS (BSS transition): BSA ,
ESS . ,
. AP,
( DS) AP
, .
(reassociation). BSS ,
, ,
APs STA..

3.7: BSS , : [48]

ESS (ESS transition): BSA ,

ESS. Wi-Fi ,

. AP
56

ESS, (disassociation),
AP , (association),

. ,
Mobile IP [. . 4].

3.8: SS , : [48]

BSS ,
, , PCF beacon frame AP.
, ,
. :
(Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP) Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi Protected
Access WPA).
, WPA .
, WPA2,
.

3.7.

UMTS [. . 2.9],
,
. ,
.
WLANs, WiFi 2,4 GHz,
,
, ,
:

Bluetooth: Bluetooth 2,4 GHz,

2,4000 GHz 2,4835 GHz. 79 ,
1 MHz. , 1 WLAN 5
Bluetooth. Bluetooth, Frequency Hopping
1600 ,
WLAN . Bluetooth
(Adaptive Frequency
57

Hopping AFH),
.
:
Wi-Fi 2,45 GHz,
8 9 WLANs.

, 6 11,
Wi-Fi .
:
2,45 GHz. ,
(
), Wi-Fi.
:
1,9 GHz, ...
2,4 GHz, Wi-Fi.
:
.
,
(..
), (.. ),
, , , .. ,
.

3.8.

[. . 2],
,

.

WLAN. WLAN IEEE
802.11, Wi-Fi .
.
, Wi-Fi ,

. infrastructure BSS ,
Wi-Fi
Internet. ,
Independent BSS. BSS
, ESS.
Wi-Fi 2,4 GHz,
,
Bluetooth, .
FHSS
DSSS , , OFDM,
CSMA/CA. MAC Wi-Fi
DCF PCF . ,
: WEP WPA.
58

 Wi-Fi
.

,

. BSS

.
,
Wi-Fi ESS,
ESS , BSS ,
.
Mobile IP,

[. . 4].

59

60

4.

MOBILE IP
4.1.

To (Mobile Internet Protocol Mobile IP)

.
, IP
.
Mobile IP IP
.
(Internet Engineering Task Force IETF).
Mobile IP 4 , IPv4,
Mobile IPv4.
To Mobile IPv4, , ,
[. . 4.4].
Mobile IP, 6 IP,
IPv6, Mobile IPv6.
Mobile IP , ,
,
[. . 2].
IP
Mobile IP .

4.2.

IPv4 & IPv6

(Internet Protocol IP)

.
(Internet Protocol Suite).
(Transmission
Control Protocol TCP),
TCP/IP. TCP/IP .
IP OSI TCP/IP.
.
.
,
. (encapsulation).
TCP IP, .

.
IP 4 (IPv4) 6 (IPv6).
IPv4, 32 bits, 4
8. , ,
(dotted decimal notation), 8
.
61

 4.1: IPv4
, : [42]

IPv4 2 = 4.294.967.296.
, ,
(multicast),
Internet 4
.
IP
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IANA),
(Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers ICANN). H IANA
(Regional Internet Registries RIRs), ,
.
, 4 ,
Internet
IPv4 . , IP
.
, 2011 IPv4
.

4.2: IPv4 , : [42]

, IPv6,
IPv4.
IPv6, 128 bits,
, . IPv6
(dotted hexadecimal notation),
8 16
.
62

 4.3: IPv6
, : [42]

4.3.

MOBILE IPv4

IPv4, 2 8
.
, 8
32-bit
. ,
,
,
.
, IPv4
.
,
.
, Mobile IP,
.
o Mobile IP,
.
(home address),
, ()
(Care-of Address CoA)
.
Mobile IP
:
(Mobile Node MN)

Mobile IP. , MN
, .
(Correspondent Node CN)
MN
.
Mobile IP, .
63

 (Home Agent HA)

MN,
(home network).
MN
MN, , CoA .
Mobile IP ,
.
(Foreign Agent FA)
, , (foreign network),
MN CoA (decapsulation)
HA MN
.
MN Mobile IP FA.

4.4: , : [50]

FAs MNs

(advertisements)
CoAs, .
, MN ,
. , FA CoA.
, HA ,
(registration): MN FA,
HA. HA
.
, CN MN
, MN.
, , HA CoA
MN. IP IP
( )
(tunneling). , ,
FA MN.
,
,

.

64

4.4.

, , CN :

CN

F (

MN )

, MN
HA, FA ,
:
( N

) F

CN

To (triangular
routing problem).

4.5: Mobile IP , : [33]

, ,
.
, (ingress
filtering). , IP
,
,

. ,
(false positive) Mobile IP, MN
CN ,
, (
CN).
,
false positive
CN, Mobile IPv6.
65

4.5.
MOBILE
IPv6

Mobile IPv6, false positive CN

: MN
CoA .
Mobile IPv6
Mobile IP
(Route Optimization Mobile IP ROMIP).
ROMIP, HA CN CoA
MN, CN .
(Binding Update BU), (binding) ROMIP
, CoA (registration lifetime).
CN,
MN CoA HA
. CN
(Binding Acknowledgment BA),
(Binding Requests BRs), CN
HA, (Binding Warnings BWs), CN
HA .
, HA
,
.

4.6: ROMIP Mobile IP, : [34]

ROMIP, ,
, ,

Mobile IP.
,
,
([33], [18]). ROMIP ,
.
, :
MN .
, FA FA
,
CoA MN,
CN CoA. ,
66

 ,
.

, ROMIP
Mobile IPv6,
.

4.7: ROMIP Mobile IP, : [34]

, ROMIP Mobile IPv6,

.
, (

) (
).

Mobile IP ROMIP,
,
(Reverse Routing). MN
CN, HA
. MN CN FA, HA
, MN .

4.8: Reverse Routing Mobile IP, : [34]

Reverse Routing ,
ROMIP,
. ,
.
.

67

4.6.

[. . 2],
[. . 3].
, ,
,
.

Mobile IP, IP .
IP ,
. 32 bits IPv4 128 bits IPv6.
, , ,
. IP , ,
,
. , IP
.
, Mobile IP,
2 IP :
Care-of Address .
,
. , ,
CoA ,
CoA. ,
. (
), .
,
. , , ,
,


. Mobile IPv4,
Mobile IPv6,
Route Optimization Mobile IP,
, Reverse Routing.
, , Mobile IP

, ,
( Mobile IPv4) ,
.
[.
. 5] [. . 6] OPNET Modeler,
Mobile IP.

68

5.
5.1.

,
, OPNET modeler .
OPNET modeler OPNET
Technologies, Inc., Maryland ...,
.
,
-, . 1986
16 .

OPNET Modeler 14.0.

(projects), .
UMTS WLAN
,
Mobile IP.

5.1: OPNET modeler, : [40]

OPNET modeler
,
. ,
.

[. . 6], .

5.2.

(project).
(scenarios),
.
project,
,

.

69

 5.2: OPNET Modeler 14.0

3 : (project editor),
(node editor) (process editor).
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ..
, , (
) ,
.

5.3: OPNET Modeler 14.0

,
(servers),
(object palette).
70

 5.4: OPNET Modeler 14.0

,
,
.

5.5: OPNET Modeler 14.0

OPNET Modeler, , .

(modules) .
(transmitters) (receivers) ,
(processors) (queues)
, ...
modules (packet streams),
(statistic wires) (logical associations).
,
.
,
.
.
71

 5.6: OPNET Modeler 14.0

.

(Finite State Machines FSMs), (states)
(transitions) .

5.7: OPNET Modeler 14.0

C++.

5.8: OPNET Modeler 14.0

72

 , , ,
(
),
. , ( )
.
,
.

5.3.

projects,
: project
WLANs UMTS
, project
Mobile IP
. , ,
,
Mobile IP.
, , UMTS
WLAN,
. ,
UMTS WLAN ,
,
,
. , UMTS/WLAN

.
, UMTS,
Node-Bs,

WLAN
UMTS , Node-B (
).
, UMTS WLAN,
UMTS,
,
WLAN .
,
UMTS WLANs,
(dual-mode),

, ,
OPNET Modeler
. , ,
.

:
73

 UMTS

WLAN

5.9: project

74

, ,
project OPNET Modeler Mobile IP
BSA .
Mobile IP.

[. . 5.4],
[. . 6].

5.4.

, (logical subnet)
, .

5.10: ,

, ,
.
UMTS 1
.
, ,
:

1 UMTS, umts_wkstn_adv (Mobile Node)

1 Node-B, umts_node_b_adv
1 RNC, umts_rnc_ethernet_atm_slip_adv
1 SGSN, umts_sgsn_ethernet_atm_slip9_adv
1 GGSN, umts_ggsn_ethernet8_atm8_slip8_adv
1 (hub), ethernet16_hub
4 (servers), ethernet_server_adv
75

 ,
Node-B, 1 km,
:

ATM [. . 2]
(Point-to-Point Protocol PPP),

(Serial Line Internet Protocol SLIP)
IEEE 802.3,
(Local Area Networks LANs),
Ethernet XEROX Corporation

Node-B:
Node-B
RNC: ATM, ATM_OC3
RNC
SGSN: ATM, ATM_OC3
SGSN
GGSN: PPP, PPP_DS3
GGSN
hub: Ethernet, 10baseT_adv
hub
servers: Ethernet, 10baseT_adv

servers ( ):
(File Transfer Protocol
FTP)

(HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP)


, (Profile Config)
(Application Config).
project
.
,

.

, (negative exponential)
(call inter-arrival
time probability). ,
(call duration probability),
(logarithmic normal)
([19], [20], [21]).
,
. ,
1 ,

.
,
:
76

 5.11:

. ,
Profile Config, wireless profile (. )
4 ,
, Application Config.

5.12: FTP

FTP
. wireless profile,
, (uniform) ,
. ,
(normal) , 20 KB 25.000.000 B.
(inter-request time)
720 sec.
.
77

 5.13: HTTP

,
HTTP ,
, 600 sec
200.000 sec. ,
(inter-repetition time)
1800 sec. ,
, 10 sec,
.

5.14: e-mail

e-mail
,

720 sec,
1 KB 90.000 B.
.
78

 5.15:

,
,
, 200 sec 200.000 sec,
, 1800 sec. (Pulse
Code Modulation PCM), ,
(silence suppression),
.
.
:

5.16: UMTS 1

, UMTS ,
, Node-B,
2 Node-Bs, [. . 5.3].
:
79

 5.17: UMTS ) 2 , ) 3 , ) 5
, ) 10

5.18: UMTS ) 9+1 , ) 8+2 , ) 7+3

, ) 6+4 , ) 5+5

80

 UMTS,
WLAN.
WLAN 1
.
:

1 WLAN, wlan_wkstn_adv (Mobile Node)

1 (router) WLAN, wlan_ethernet_slip4_adv
1 (hub), ethernet16_hub
4 (servers), ethernet_server_adv

, Ethernet:

router:
router
hub: Ethernet, 10baseT_adv
hub
servers: Ethernet, 10baseT_adv
,
, UMTS ,
.
WLAN 1
:

5.19: WLAN 1

router
.
, router, ,
, 5 mW,
, -95 dB. ,
[. . 2], router
(2.3):

81

FSPL [dB ] = 20 log10 (d [km]) + 20 log 10 ( f [ MHz ]) + 32,45 [dB ]

Pt [dB ] Pr [dB ] = 20 log10 (d [km]) + 20 log10 ( f [ MHz ]) + 32,45 [dB ]

Pt [dBm] Pr [dBm] = 20 log 10 (d [km]) + 20 log10 ( f [ MHz ]) + 32,45 [dB ]

20 log10 (d [km]) = Pt [dBm] Pr [dBm] 20 log10 ( f [ MHz ]) 32,45 [dB ]
d [km] = 10

Pt [dBm ] Pr [dBm ] 20log10 ( f [ MHz ]) 32 , 45 [dB ]

)
20

[km] = 10

(10 log10 5 ) ( 95 ) ( 20 log10 2400 ) ( 32 , 45 ) [dB ]

)
20

[km] 1,25 [km]

router 1250 m,
WLAN .
, UMTS, WLAN,
,
.
:

5.20: WLAN ) 2 , ) 3 , ) 5
, ) 10

(
)
UMTS WLAN.
, UMTS 5 ,
GGSN Ethernet 10_baseT_adv router
WLAN, 5 WLAN .
, 4 servers, 4 (FTP
, HTTP , e-mail, ),
, wireless
profile .
,
,
.
:

82

 5.21: UMTS/WLAN

,
.
,
, .
, ,
, UMTS
UMTS WLAN
WLAN.
, , 30 , 5
UMTS, , 5 WLAN,
. 5 ,
UMTS, WLAN.
WLAN UMTS.
,
.
,

. , ,
, PCM .
:

5.22: FTP e-mail

83

 5.23: HTTP

, ,
.
(
wireless profile ),
,

:

5.25:

,
:
84

 5.24:

85

 10
, .
UMTS ,
5 . , WLAN
,
, 5 ,
.

, 2 servers,
,
(
)
servers. ,
,
servers
.
servers , ,
, HTTP ,
,
.
:

5.26:

, 17 , project:

5 WLAN ( )
10 UMTS (
)
2 UMTS/WLAN (1 1
)

17 :
86

 5.27: project

project, Mobile IP,

.
,
:

1 WLAN, wlan_wkstn_adv (Mobile Node)

2 (routers) WLAN, wlan_ethernet_slip4_adv
1 IP (IP cloud), ip8_cloud_adv
1 (server), ppp_server_adv

, :

routers:
routers
IP cloud: PPP, PPP_DS3
IP cloud
server: PPP, PPP_DS3
router (
, ),
, router
, .
, :

87

 5.28: Mobile IP

(
, .),
, .
,
, Mobile IP
BSA .
, ,
, 4 .
:

5.29: Mobile IP

88

5.5.

[. . 1]
UMTS [. . 2] WLAN [. . 3], Mobile IP [. . 4],

.
,
.
OPNET modeler.
,
.
, projects OPNET modeler:
UMTS WLAN
, Mobile IP.
project 17 : 5 WLAN (
), 10 UMTS ( ) 2
UMTS/WLAN (1 1 ).
15
,
.
16 ,
. ,

.
, 17 ,
, ,

,

,
. ,
,

.
project, ,
,
.
project, , ,
( )
.
, 2 project 1 , WLAN
BSAs
ESS, Mobile IP.

[. . 6].

89

90

6.
6.1.

,
OPNET Modeler.
[. . 5]
.

. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
, UMTS
WLANs .
,
: e-mail download & upload
response times ( & e-mail), ftp download & upload response
times ( & FTP ), http object & page response times
( & HTTP ), voice packet end-to-end
delays & packet delay variation ( &
).


, .

.
,
. ,

,
,
. ,

.
, 1 , ,
.
,
time_average ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
91

6.2.

UMTS .
,

, 10
.
FTP ,
,
.

6.1: E-mail download & upload response times UMTS

6.2: FTP download & upload response times UMTS

92

 6.3: HTTP object & page response times UMTS

6.4: Voice packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay UMTS

,
.


, .
,
,
, ,
.
,
WLANs ,
UMTS . ,
WLAN.
93

 WLANs,
UMTS, 10
. ,
.
,
[. . 6.1]:


, ,
,
, .

, .
, WLANs .

6.5: E-mail download & upload response times WLAN

6.6: FTP download & upload response times WLAN

94

 6.7: HTTP object & page response times WLAN

6.8: Voice packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay WLAN

.
,
.
WLAN
,
.
,
WLAN UMTS. , ,

, () WLANs
UMTS.
,
UMTS 1 WLAN.
95

 6.9: E-mail download & upload response times UMTS WLAN

6.10: FTP download & upload response times UMTS WLAN

6.11: HTTP object & page response times UMTS WLAN

96

 6.12: Voice packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay UMTS WLAN

WLAN
UMTS .
, HTTP ,
WLAN
,
,
.
UMTS
WLAN.
,
UMTS 10 WLAN. ,
WLAN
, ,
, WLAN
. :

6.13: E-mail download & upload response times UMTS WLAN

97

 6.14: FTP download & upload response times UMTS WLAN

6.15: HTTP object & page response times UMTS WLAN

6.16: Voice packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay UMTS WLAN

98


, WLANs ,
, o UMTS, .
, ,
UMTS
servers, WLAN ,
servers .
UMTS
.
[. . 5.4] ,
UMTS [. . 5.4].

6.17: E-mail download & upload response times UMTS

UMTS/WLAN

6.18: FTP download & upload response times UMTS

UMTS/WLAN

99

 6.19: HTTP object & page response times UMTS

UMTS/WLAN

6.20: Voice packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay UMTS
UMTS/WLAN

,
,
. .
, UMTS
WLAN ( UMTS
), UMTS,
WLANs UMTS, . ,

, WLAN
.
100

, , UMTS
. , UMTS 10
5
UMTS servers.
5 WLAN, UMTS
, .
,
, WLAN
, UMTS,
.
,
UMTS,
UMTS .
: UMTS
,
, .
,
servers Node-B ,
.
,
.
,
, ,
[. . 5.4].

:

6.21: E-mail & FTP download & upload response times, HTTP object & page response times voice
packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay

101


,
. ,
.

6.22: Voice packet delay variation & packet end-to-end delay

.
,
UMTS ,
UMTS WLAN ,

WLAN.

: , ,
UMTS, , ,
.
,
Mobile IP
, .
, Mobile IP [. . 5.4],
BSAs
ESS,
.
, Mobile IP,
, IP
.
,
,
,
.
,
Access Points (AP connectivity) MN ,
BSS (BSS identifier) AP:

102

 6.23: AP connectivity MN Mobile IP

MN HA
FA. O BSS identifier 0 FA 1. ,
, MN .
MN,
, (load) APs
, A FA, BSS :

6.24: Load FA HA Mobile IP

, , MN
HA FA.
,

ESS MN, Mobile IP.
Mobile IP,
, IP (IP
traffic sent) IP (IP traffic received) HA FA
:

103

 6.25: IP traffic sent & received FA HA Mobile IP

FA
MN , HA (, )
MN .
Mobile IP , CN
MN
home address , HA
. , MN , HA
, ,
CoA, HA , CN.
, , CN, HA
MN , ,
, HA
( 1 2 )
MN HA
.
,
IP (IP tunneled traffic sent) HA:

6.26: IP tunneled traffic sent HA Mobile IP

104

 , HA
MN FA, Mobile
IP, MN HA,
.
,

.

4
, e-mail, FTP, HTTP (e-mail,
FTP, HTTP & voice traffic sent & received):

6.27: E-mail, FTP, HTTP & voice traffic sent & received Mobile IP

,
, . ,
,
ESS .
Mobile IPv4
,
.
, ,
IP (IP traffic dropped) ,
,
. ,
,
(
) .
, ,
IP (IP end-to-end delays) MN CN CN
MN, :
105

 6.28: N

CN CN

IP end-to-end delays Mobile IP

, MN
.
, MN CN
, CN
MN MN .
, MN , HA
MN
CN.

(download & upload response times) FTP HTTP,
time_average:

6.29: E-mail & FTP download & upload response times Mobile IP

(
)
, : MN
, ,
,
HA.
106

 ,
Mobile IPv4
, ,
, .

6.3.

OPNET Modeler [. . 5].

.
UMTS [. . 2]

, ,
.
, , .

.
, , WLAN [. . 3]
.
,
.
WLAN UMTS :
UMTS WLAN,
, . WLANs
,

UMTS. , , .
,

UMTS , ,
servers.

,

.
UMTS WLANs
,
,
.
project Mobile IPv4 [. . 4],
,
ESS ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
[. . 7].
107

108

7.

,
,
, .

,

, OPNET
Modeler.

,
, .
,
Internet .
, , ,

.
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
.

. ,
.

, ,

, . ,
, ,
.

QoS,
,
, .

,
. ,
,
,
.
,
, ,


.
109

, , ,

.
,

,
.
UMTS WLAN,

,
. , ,
.
UMTS, , 3G
,

. , GSM,
, circuit-switched
packet-switched , ,

.
UMTS
, ,
.
,
GSM, ,
.
,
UMTS, ,
, .
UMTS ,
OPNET Modeler, .
, 10 UMTS
, ,
. 4 (FTP , email, HTTP PCM )
,
,
.


. , , ,
,

, ,
UMTS

.
, UMTS
, WLAN,
, UMTS
.

110

 WLANs ,
,
.
5 WLAN (
UMTS )
,
, .
, (
) ,
.
, ,
UMTS WLAN: WLANs
UMTS.

WLAN UMTS ,
.


.
UMTS 3G .
.
,
,
, .
,
.
WLANs .
UMTS ,
, .
UMTS, .
UMTS/WLAN : )
, ) , WLAN
, ) UMTS
.
.
, 16 , WLAN Ethernet
UMTS,
,
, .
, ,

UMTS .
,
UMTS WLAN .

,
,
, ,
dual mode
.

,
111

 , ,
,
.
17
UMTS UMTS ,
WLAN WLAN ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
.

,
, WLAN
UMTS.
,
UMTS WLAN .


.

,
,
.

Mobile IP, ,
IP . 2 IP
: , ,
Care-of Address, .
, Mobile IP
UMTS,
. UMTS, ,
,
. ,

.

, UMTS
.
Mobile IP.
, ,
. Mobile IP
, WLAN

Extended Service Sets.

,
WLAN
routers, .
Mobile IP

.
112

, ,

,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, Mobile IPv6
Route Optimization Mobile IP,
. ,

Mobile IP .
, UMTS WLANs
.
Mobile IP,
NGNs ,
, ( Mobile IPv4) ,
.


.

113

114

115


0.1: Global ICT developments, 1998-2009, : [16]
1.1: NGN , : [13]
1.2: NGN architecture overview, : [15]
2.1: : () , ..., ()
120 , ..., : [28]
2.2: - =7, :
[21]
2.3: The umbrella cell approach, : [3]
2.4: UMTS - (II), : [27]
2.5: UMTS network domains, : [52]
2.6: Uu, Iub, Iur, Iu-PS, : [27]
2.7: , : [29]
2.8: 3 (USD), : [29]
2.9: , : [29]
2.10: , : [38]
2.11: CDMA spreading, : [43]
2.12: (OFDM), : [22]
2.13: (a) FDD provides two simplex channels at the same time. (b) TDD provides two
simplex time slots on the same frequency., : [3]
2.14: Hard Handover, Soft Handover, Softer Handover, : [22]
2.15: Inter-RNS/intra-SGSN , Inter-RNS/inter-SGSN , : [28]
2.16: intra-SGSN SRNS relocation,
inter-SGSN SRNS relocation, : [38]
3.1: Independent and infrastructure BSSs, : [48]
3.2: Independent and infrastructure BSSs, : [48]
3.3: Extended service set, : [48]
3.4: The hidden node problem, : [49]
3.5: The exposed node problem, : [26]
3.6: Channels and center frequencies for 802.11b. Note that channels 1, 6, and 11 do not
overlap., : [6]
3.7: BSS transition, : [48]
3.8: ESS transition, : [48]
4.1: Decomposition of an IPv4 address from dot-decimal notation to its binary value.,
: [42]
4.2: Exhaustion of IPv4 addresses since 1995., : [42]
4.3: Decomposition of an IPv6 address from hexadecimal representation to its binary
value., : [42]
4.4: All you need is a mobile node (laptop, PDA, etc.), a Mobile IP enabled Cisco router,
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4.5: Triangle Routing, : [33]
4.6: MIP Overview: Route Optimization, : [34]
4.7: MIP Overview: Smooth Handoff, : [34]
4.8: MIP Overview: Reverse Routing, : [34]
5.1 site OPNET Technologies, Inc. [40].
5.9 .
5 6
.
116


(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)

Pr
2
= G r Gt
Pt
(4 d )2 , Friis

Pr [dB] = Pt [dB] + Gr [dB] + Gt [dB] FSPL [dB]

FSPL [dB ] = 20 log10 d + 20 log10 f + 32,45 [dB ]

D R = 3 N
1

C I = (D R )
6

117


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120