EAH 225

Dec 28th

HYDRAULICS

Dr H Md Azamathulla
Lecturer,REDAC,
USM

Information for the homework/assignments:

Working with other students
You have to work on the homework problems yourself
first for a reasonable time
After you have tried yourself, you are encouraged to
work in groups on solving the problems (fellow students in
discussion sections, lab partners)
Benefits to the explainer: Learn to explain how to solve
a problem, then you are sure you really understand it.
Note of caution: Do not let others solve problems for you
without having tried yourself: You need to learn how to
solve problems, not just how to plug into equations to pass
the exams
Carry the calculations out independently, explain in
your own words in the HW you hand in on paper.

Dimensional Analysis
A technique for converting from one unit to another

Both

sides of equation must have the same

Dimensions
-> Check whether dimensions on both sides of
an equation match! this is one way of
Dimensional Analysis

Conversion Factors
- In dimensional analysis, we make
conversion factors into fractions that we
will multiply by.
- For example, one conversion factor is:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
- We can make (2) fractions out of this
1 inch
OR 2.54 cm
--------------------2.54 cm
1 inch

If the perimeter P of alluvial channel is related to the channel forming

discharge Q by the equation
P= 2.667 (Q)0.5 where P is in feet and Q is in feet3/sec , modify the
formula for its use in SI units.

P=2.66 (Q)0.5

Nature of Dimensional Analysis

Example: Drag on a Sphere

9 Drag depends on FOUR parameters:

sphere size (D); speed (V); fluid density (); fluid viscosity ()
9 Difficult to know how to set up experiments to determine
dependencies
9 Difficult to know how to present results (four graphs?)

Nature of Dimensional Analysis

Example: Drag on a Sphere

9 Only one dependent and one independent variable

9 Easy to set up experiments to determine dependency
9 Easy to present results (one graph)

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 1:
List all the dimensional parameters involved
Let n be the number of parameters
Example: For drag on a sphere, F, V, D, , ,
and n = 5

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 2
Select a set of fundamental (primary)
dimensions
For example MLt, or FLt
Example: For drag on a sphere choose MLt

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 3
List the dimensions of all parameters in terms of
primary dimensions
Let r be the number of primary dimensions
Example: For drag on a sphere r = 3

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 4
Select a set of r dimensional parameters that
includes all the primary dimensions
Example: For drag on a sphere (m = r = 3)
select , V, D

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 5
Set up dimensional equations, combining the
parameters selected in Step 4 with each of the
other parameters in turn, to form dimensionless
groups
There will be n m equations
Example: For drag on a sphere

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 5 (Continued)
Example: For drag on a sphere

M
t
L

a+1=0 ---- a=-1

-b-2=0 ------ b=-2

-3a+b+c+1=0

Substituting for a and b, +3-2+c+1=0

Therefore c=-2

Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 6
Check to see that each group obtained is
dimensionless?
Example: For drag on a sphere

Any remaining groups are produced in the same way, and

thus 2 =/VD

Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics
Reynolds Number
Froude Number

F =V/(gD)0.5

Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics
Euler Number

9Cavitation Number

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Geometric Similarity
Model and prototype have same shape
Linear dimensions on model and prototype correspond
within constant scale factor

Kinematic Similarity
Velocities at corresponding points on model and
prototype differ only by a constant scale factor

Dynamic Similarity
Forces on model and prototype differ only by a
constant scale factor

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Example: Drag on a Sphere

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies

Example: Drag on a Sphere

For dynamic similarity

then

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Incomplete Similarity
Sometimes (e.g., in aerodynamics)
complete similarity cannot be obtained,
but phenomena may still be successfully
modelled

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Example: Centrifugal Pump
Pump Head

Pump Power

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Example: Centrifugal Pump
Head Coefficient

Power Coefficient

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Example: Centrifugal Pump
(Negligible Viscous Effects)
If

then

Flow Similarity and Model

Studies
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Example: Centrifugal Pump
Specific Speed

 Recommended Text Book

Frank M White Fluid Mechanics
Mott, Applied Fluid Mechanics, Sixth
edition, Prentice Hall, 2006