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A Recursive DFT Based Technique For Accurate
A Recursive DFT Based Technique For Accurate
A Recursive DFT Based Technique For Accurate
I. INTRODUCTION
The grid voltage waveform becomes distorted mainly by
harmonics due to the widespread use of the nonlinear loads
[1]. The grid voltage waveform may also contain DC offset
due to the analog-to-digital conversion for fixed point DSP
application, the grid faults or the saturation phenomenon in
current transformer [2, 3]. Moreover, the grid voltage
waveform is time-varying in nature due to the continuous
change of the load conditions, system configurations and rapid
proliferation of the distributed energy sources.
The grid voltage frequency is a fundamental operational
parameter for effective power control, load shedding, load
restoration, safety, stability and efficiency of the electrical grid
[4, 5]. The grid voltage fundamental frequency is time-varying
in nature mainly due to the mismatch of the power generation
and consumption and hence reflects the dynamic energy
balance between the load demand and generated power [4, 5].
The variation of the fundamental frequency is much more
likely to occur, if the loads are supplied by a generator isolated
from the grid [4]. The fundamental frequency decreases when
large loads are connected or when a large generation source
goes offline [4]. On the other hand, the grid frequency
increases when the generation exceeds the consumption i.e.
due to the disconnection of large block of loads or when a
large generation source comes online. Under frequency or
over frequency relays are used to automatically shed blocks of
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v n
v n v0
h 1,2,...
vh n
v h n Ah n sin h n nTs h
f n
f s / .
n 1
v i e
2 k i 1
(2)
in N
v i e
2 k i 1
(3)
i n N 1
(1)
where
Fundamental
Frequency
Estimation
Vk n Vk n 1 v n v n N e
2 k n 1
N
(4)
2 k n 1
N
(5)
where
1 / N for k 0, N /2
Gk
2 / N otherwise
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1
N
1 zN
1 zN
j 2 / N 1
j 2 / N 1
z
1 e
z
1 e
(6)
(7)
Re V1 n Im V1 n
v1 n
2
N
Re V1 n + Im V1 n
v1 n
2/N
Im V1 n
N
Fig. 2. Digital band-pass filter based on the recursive DFT and inverse
recursive DFT to extract the instantaneous grid voltage fundamental
frequency component {v1(n)}.
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
180
90
0
-90
-180
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 3. Bode plot of the transfer function H(z) i.e. the frequency response of
the BPF based on the recursive DFT and inverse recursive DFT shown in Fig.
2, where f=50 Hz, fs=10 kHz and N=200.
cos{2 (n -1) / N }
(8)
v n
v1u n
. 2 . 2
zN
Re V1 n
sin{2 (n -1) / N }
z 1
v n
Magnitude (dB)
H ( z)
cos{2 (n -1) / N }
Phase (deg)
sin{2 (n -1) / N }
=sin ( n ) nTs + 1
(9)
The estimation of v1u(n) by using the recursive DFT and
inverse recursive DFT based BPF is shown in Fig. 4. As it can
be seen, the amplitude factor 2/N is removed which does not
have any effect on the estimation of v1u(n).
The BPF based on the recursive DFT and inverse recursive
DFT suffers from the accumulation errors in the estimated
amplitude and phase angle due to the input voltage dynamics
[29]. However, in the proposed technique, the amplitude
accumulation error is rejected due to the use of the amplitude
normalized instantaneous fundamental voltage waveform. On
Fig. 4. Digital band-pass filter based on the recursive DFT and inverse
recursive DFT to extract the amplitude normalized instantaneous grid voltage
fundamental frequency component {v1u(n)}.
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v1u n
z 1
z 1
.
sin 1 .
LPF
f n
1/(2Ts )
sin n Ts v1u n 1
v1u n v1u n 2
(11)
v1u n v1u n 2
2 Ts
v n 1
(a)
(12)
Grid Voltage
Waveform (p.u.)
u
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
1
50.02
(b)
f n
sin 1
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
Actual
Proposed
50.01
50
49.99
49.98
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
Time (s)
1.04
1.05
1.06
Fig. 6. Case-1: Steady-state with harmonics. (a) Grid voltage waveform. (b)
Fundamental Frequency.
0.5
-0.5
-1
1
50.02
(b)
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
(a)
Grid Voltage
Waveform (p.u.)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
Actual
Proposed
50.01
50
49.99
49.98
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
Time (s)
1.04
1.05
1.06
Fig. 7. Case-2: Steady-state with DC offset and harmonics. (a) Grid voltage
waveform. (b) Fundamental Frequency.
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51.2
Actual
Proposed
(a)
Grid Voltage
Waveform (p.u.)
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
51
50.8
50.6
50.4
-0.5
-1
0.8
50.04
50.2
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
Time (s)
Actual
Proposed
(b)
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
50
49.8
0.98
0.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
Actual
Proposed
50.02
50
49.98
49.96
0.8
49.8
49.4
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Time (s)
2.2
49
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
Time (s)
(a)
Grid Voltage
Waveform (p.u.)
49.2
48.8
0.95
Fig. 10. Case-5: Voltage flicker and harmonics. (a) Grid voltage waveform.
(b) Fundamental Frequency.
49.6
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.98
50.2
(b)
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental
Frequency (Hz)
50
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
Proposed
1.12
1.14
Actual
50
49.8
49.6
49.4
49.2
0.98
1.02
1.04
1.06
Time (s)
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
Fig. 11. Case-6: Voltage sag and harmonics. (a) Grid voltage waveform. (b)
Fundamental Frequency.
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