Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue

*Muscle
cells:
mesoderm
SKELETAL
striated

originated

MUSCLE:

*M line: bisects the H zone.

from

voluntary,

*muscle
fibers:
long,cylindrical
multinucleated
cells;
myotubes
differentiates to form striated fibers
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETALMUSCLE:
*Epimysium: external sheath of dense
connective tissue surrounding the
entire muscle
*Perimysium: thin connective tissue
immediately surrounding each muscle
fiber(FASCICLE)
*Endomysium: very thin delicate layer
of reticular fibers and scattered
fibroblast
*Collagen: presence of this on these
connective
tissues
serve
as
transmitter of mechanical forces by
contracting muscle fibers
*Myotendinous junction: site where
epimysium is continuous with dense
regular connective tissue of a tendon
ORGANIZATION
FIBERS:

WITHIN

-Myomesin: myosin-binding
that holds the thick filament

protein

-Creatine kinase: an enzyme that

catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups
from phosphocreatine to ADP
*Z disc: dark transverse line bisecting I
bands
*sarcomere:
repetitive
functional
subunit; from Zdisc to another Zdisc.
*Myofibrils: long cylindrical filament
bundles running parallel to the long
axis of the fiber
*Myosin:
thick
microfilaments
occupying the A band at the middle
region of sarcomere.
*Actin: thin filaments
-Tropomyosin: 40nm long coil of two
polypeptide chains located in the
groove between two twisted actin
strands
-Troponin: complex of 3 subunits:
TnT=attach to tropomyosin, TnC=bind
to Ca, TnI=regulates actin myosin
interaction

MUSCLE

*Actomyosin ATPase activity: occurs

when myosin heads bind both actin
forming
transient
crossbridges
between thick and thin filaments and
ATP catalyzing energy release.

-Titin: important accessory protein in I

bands that are largest with scaffolding
and elastic properties supporting
myosin and connecting them to the
Zdisc

SARCOPLASMIC
RETICULUM:
specialized for Ca sequestration

*A bands: dark bands

*I bands: light bands

-Nebulin: bind each thin filament

laterally helps in anchoring them to actinin.
*H zone: lighter zone at the center of
A bands. Pure myosin no actin
filaments

*T tubules: finger like invagination

deeply penetrating the sarcoplasm
*Terminal cisterns: found on each side
of T tubule
*Triads: complex of T tubule and
terminal cisterns; responsible for
converting repeated cell membrane
depolarizations into spikes of free
cytoplasmic Ca triggering contraction.

CONTRACTION
-results when thick and thin filaments
overlap each other sliding past one
another. It is induced when action
potential arrives at a synapse. Binding
action
produces
conformational
change or pivot in the myosin, pulling
the thin filaments farther into the A
bands toward Zdisc. This occur within
50msecs. Shortening of sarcomere:
contraction of muscles.
-when tropomyosin covers
binding sites, muscle relax.

myosin-

INNERVATION
*Motor end plate (MEP): a dilated
termination serves as a synaptic
structure.
*Motor unit: axon + all muscle fibers
MUSCLE
TYPES

SPINDLES

AND

FIBER

*Muscle spindles: stretch detectors

among muscle fascicles; contains
interstitial fluid and few thin muscle
fibers
filled
with
nuclei
called
INTRAFUSAL FIBERS.; detects body
movement and as the sensory nerves
relay info to spinal cord.
*Golgi tendon organs: same function
but are smaller and encapsulated
structures that encloses sensory
axons; they detect changes in tension
within tendons produced by muscle
contraction;
inhibit
motor
nerve
activity when tension is excessive.
*Myoglobin: contains iron and stores
oxygen molecules; responsible for red
color of fresh tissues.

*Intercalated disk: unique and

distinguishing characteristic; represent
the interface between adjacent muscle
cells containing many junctional
complexes
*Desmosome & fascia adherentes:
together bind the cardiac muscle
together to prevent pulling apart
under constant contraction
*Gap
junctions:
observed
longitudinally at each disc; provides
ionic continuity between each cell;
serves as ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES
allowing cardiac muscle to ask like a
multinucleated syncytium like skeletal
muscle.
*Mitochondria: occupying 40% of
cytoplasmic
volume=need
for
continuous aerobic metabolism.
*Fatty acid: fuel of the heart;
transported to the cardiac muscle by
lipoproteins and are stored as
triglycerides.
*Membrane-limited
cytoplasmic
granules: found near atrial muscle
nuclei and associated with golgi;
secret a peptide hormone called
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR that acts
on target cells in the kidney affecting
NA secretion and H2O balance.
SMOOTH MUSCLE:
non striated

involuntary&

-Responsible for a slow and steady

contraction; fibers are called VISCERAL
MUSCLES
*Nuclei: long single located at the
central broadest part

-form a complex junctions between

interdigitating processes

*Caveolae:
short
membrane
invaginations; contains several pumps
and ion channels; serve to organize
protein signaling calcium release at
myofibrils.

*Nuclei: one or two central palestaining

*Calmodulin and Myosin light-chain

kinase: used in contraction because of

CARDIAC
striated

MUSCLE:

involuntary,

lack of troponin and myosin has less

regular arrangement among actin and
fewer crossbridges.
*Dense bodies: contain -actinin and
function similarly to Zdisc; attachment
of actin and intermediate filaments to
these helps transmit contractile force
to adjacent smooth muscle cells.
-CONTRACTION of smooth muscle:
control involve autonomic nerves,
hormones ans local physiological
conditions. Small groups of smooth
muscles produce wave of contraction
*Cholinergic ending: ACTIVATE

*Andrenergic:
DEPRESS
interchange in other sites

**

may

REGENERATION
*Skeletal: cant undergo mitosis but
with sparse mesenchymal satellite
cells(inactive
reserve
myoblasts)
regeneration may occur.
*Cardiac: lacks satellite cells but
replaced by proliferating fibroblasts
and growth of connective tissues form
myocardial scars
*Smooth: the mononucleated cells are
capable of regeneration because they
can undergo mitosis