MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

Chapter 5 Distributed Forces:

Centroids and Center of Gravity

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

Centroid An Introduction
r
F1

r r r
R = F1 + F2
r r
r
C = M 1 + M 2 = F1 x1 + F2 x2

r
F2

Simplify
x1

x2
x

r
r
Critirion for determining x : Moment due to Fi = Moment due to R

M = F x
i

x=
R

i i

Fx

=
F

i i

= Rx = ( F )x

Sum of moment of forces

=
Sum of forces
2

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

Centroid An Introduction

R = (dR ) = f ( x )dx
L

C = (dM ) = ( x dR ) = xf ( x )dx
L

C = xf ( x )dx = d f ( x )dx
L

xf ( x )dx
Moment of f ( x ) about O

d =
=
f (x )dx Total amount (area) of f (x )
L

= controid of w( x )

C = d R = d f ( x )dx
L

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.2 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

Center of Gravity
z

z
V
r
r

r
dW

y
z

V = dV

dV

r
rG r zG
W
xG

W = dW

O
y

r r
r
dM = r dW
r
r
r
r
M = dM = r dW
V
V
r
r r
r
rG W = r dW

dWx Wx
NOTE :
=
dW W

dWy
dW

yG

r r r
M = rG W

Wy
W

dWz Wz
=
dW W
4

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.2 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

Center of Gravity
r
r
r
r r
rG W = ( yGWz zGWy ) i + (zGWx xGWz ) j + (xGWy yGWx ) k
r
r
r
r
r
r dW = ( ydWz zdWy ) i + (zdWx xdWz ) j + (xdW y ydWx ) k

(
V

yGWz zGWy = ( ydWz zdWy )

V
r
r r
r
rG W = r dW zGWx xGWz = (zdWx xdWz )
V

xGWy yGWx = (xdW y ydWx )

V

W
W
y z dW = z ydW , etc.
W V
W
W
W
yGWz zGWy = ( ydWz zdWy ) = z ydW y zdW , etc
V
W V
W V

Recall

1
xG = xdW
W V

dWz Wz
=
ydWz =
V
V
dW W

1
yG =
W

ydW

1
zG = zdW
W V

r
1 r
rG = r dW
W V
5

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.2 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

Center of Mass
z

z
V
r
r

r
rG

m = dm

V = dV

dm

xG

O
y

xG

zG
yG

xdm xdm

=
=
m
dm
V

yG

ydm
m

ydm

=
dm
V

zG

zdm zdm

=
=
m
dm
V

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.3 Centroids of Volumes, Areas, and Lines

z

Volume
V

dA
z

y
x

yc
zc

dL
z

dV = xdV V
= ydV dV = ydV V
= zdV dV = zdV V
V

C
z

xc = xdV

Line
L

dV
C

Area

xc = xdA

zc

dA = xdA A
= ydA dA = ydA A
= zdA dA = zdA A
A

yc

xc = xdL

dL = xdL L
= ydL dL = ydL L
= zdL dL = zdL L
L

yc
zc

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.3 Centroids of Volumes, Areas, and Lines

Example: Centroid of A Rectangular Area
y

A = dA = dx dy = bh
0 0`
A

b2h b
1
1 h b
1 h b2

xc =
dy =
= xdA =
=
0 xdx dy =

A
0
0

A
A
bh
bh 2
2bh 2
My

x
dA

h
y

bh 2 h
Mx 1
1 h b
1 h

bydy =
yc =
= ydA =
=
ydx dy =

A
A A
bh 0 0
bh 0
2bh 2

1
ydA

A
A
1 h
=
y (bdy )

0
bh
h
=
2

yc =

dA
h
y

1
xdA

A
A
1 b
=
x (hdx )

0
bh
b
=
2

xc =

dA
h

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.3 Centroids of Volumes, Areas, and Lines

Example: Centroid of A Quarter Circle
- Double integral in rectangular coordinates
r2 x2

M x = ydA =
ydy dx
A
0
0

x2 + y2 = r2
y

x = r2 y2
y = r2 x2

A = dA =

dy

dA
y

r2 x2
r

2
2
2
r y
r r x
r2 x x3 r3

dx =
dx =
=
=

0
0
2
2
2
6 0 3
0

dx

M
yc = x =
A
x

r2
4

ydA
A

r3 3
4r
=
=
r 2 4 3

M y AxdA 4r
=
=
xc =
A
A
3
9

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.3 Centroids of Volumes, Areas, and Lines

Example: Centroid of A Quarter Circle
- Single integral using a horizontal strip
x +y =r
2

2
2 32

r
(
)

r
y
r3
2
2
M x = ydA = y r y dy =
=
A
0
3

0 3
r

x = r2 y2
y = r2 x2

dy

M
yc = x =
A

ydA
A

r2 y2
x
dM y = dA =

2
2

dA
y

x = r2 y2

r3 3
4r
=
=
r 2 4 3

M y = dM y =
A

2
2
2
r
y

2
r y dy =
dy

r2 y y3 r3
r y
dy =
=
2
6 0 3
2
2

M y 4r
=
xc =
A 3
10

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.3 Centroids of Volumes, Areas, and Lines

Example: Centroid of A Quarter Circle
- Double integral using polar coordinates
M x = ydA =
A

r 2

( sin )(dd )

0 0

2
r
r
2
= 2 sin d d = 2 [ cos ]0 d
0
0

3 r3
2
= d = =
0
3 0 3
r

dy

d
dA

Mx
r3 3
4r
=
=
yc =
A r 2 4 3

x
x = cos

M y 4r
=
xc =
A 3

y = sin

11

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.4 Centroids of Composite Bodies

M y = A1 xc1 + A2 xc2

y
A1

AC = A1 + A2

A2

xc =

C2

yc2

C1

x
xc1
xc2

A1

10 in

10 in

A2
10 in

xc1 = 6.67 in

xc2 = 15.0 in

yc1 = 3.33 in

yc1 = 5.0 in

Ac

A1 xc1 + A2 xc2
A1 + A2

Ax
A

i ci
i

M x = A1 yc1 + A2 yc2

yc1

Example

My

yc =

M x A1 yc1 + A2 yc2
=
=
Ac
A1 + A2

Ay
A
i

Part

Ai (in2)

xci (in)

My (in3)

yci (in)

Mx (in3)

50.0

6.67

333.3

3.33

166.7

100.0

15.0

1,500.0

5.0

500.0

150.0

xc =

M
A

1,833.3
= 12.22 in
150

1,833.3
yc =

ci

666.7

M
A

666.7
= 4.44 in
150
12

MEM

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

5.4 Centroids of Composite Bodies

+
+

Table 5-1, Page 212

13

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.6 Distributed Loads on Beams

w = f (x )

Find a concentrated force R that is

equivalent to the distributed load w.

O
dR = wdx
O

dx

R = dR = wdx = f ( x )dx
M O = dM O = xdR = xwdx = x f ( x )dx

M O = Rxc
xc

M O xf ( x )dx
xc =
=
R
f (x )dx
14

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.6 Distributed Loads on Beams

1
1
b1h1 = (6)(100) = 300 N
2
2
2
2
xc1 = b1 = (6) = 4 m
3
3

Example

F1 = A1 =

w = 100 N/m
O
6m
300 N

15 m

1,500 N

4m
13.5 m
24 m
2,250 N

9m

450 N

F2 = A2 = b2h2 = (15)(100) = 1,500 N

1
1
xc2 = 6 + b2 = 6 + (15) = 13.5 m
2
2
1
1
F3 = A3 = b3h3 = (9 )(100) = 450 N
2
2
1
1
xc3 = 21 + b3 = 21 + (9 ) = 24 m
3
3
R = F1 + F2 + F3 = 2,250 N

M O = F1 xc1 + F2 xc2 + F3 xc3

= (300)(4 ) + (1,500)(13.5) + (450)(24 )

= 32,250 N - m

14.3 m

xc = M O R = 14.3 m
15

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.7 Forces on Submerged Surfaces

dR = pdA = dV ps
R = dR = pdA = dV ps = V ps
Rd x = xdR = xpdA = xdV ps = xc psV ps
Rd y = ydR = ypdA = ydV ps = yc psV ps

16

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.7 Forces on Submerged Surfaces

17

MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics

MEM

5.7 Forces on Submerged Surfaces

18