INTI International University

A report for
MEE3220 Fluid Mechanics 1
BMEGI Programme
Titled
Experiment 5: Impact of Jet
Conducted on:
September 2nd, 2016
Prepared by:
Hon Siong Lin
Woo Wei Siang
Chiew Chee Wah
Youssaf
Submitted to:
Dr. Chuah Keng Hoo

Date submitted:
September 5th, 2016

Experiment 5
Impact of Jet
5.1 Objective
To study the validity of theoretical expressions for the force exerted by a jet on targets of
various shapes.

5.2 Introduction

Using a hydraulic bench F1-10, the force of a jet that acts on a target plate can be
investigated. There are reaction forces produced from the change in momentum. It is
expected the greater the momentum transfer, the greater the mass required to balance the
plate and the jet.

Figure 1: Set up for Impact of Jet Apparatus

Using 3 different types of deflector angle (90, 120, 180 degrees), masses are applied to the
plate upon which a water jet is impacting, until the system behaves in equilibrium. The base
plate is known to be in equilibrium when the target plate is raised vertically by the impacting
water, until the weight pan reaches the level gauge.

During this time, a reading of the amount of water flowing is required and found by taking
measurement from the sight glass. The volume of water accumulated is in liters and can be
converted to cubic meters. (1 liters=0.001 cubic meters).
To find the volumetric flow rate, the time period of collection of water is also taken using
stopwatch. This process is repeated for each three deflector plates. By altering the valve, it
allows the control of pressure exerted by the jet.
The number of data collected during the experiment can then be processed to obtain relevant
information that can be compared to the theoretical data.

5.3 Theory

Using an appropriate control volume, the force Fp exerted on the plate by the jet causes a
change in momentum of the jet and is given by:
Fp=-m*vp
Where m is mass flux and vp is the velocity of the jet impacting the plate. An equal and
opposite force Fj is exerted upwards by the jets on the plates, ie;
Fj=- Fp=mvp
The velocity of the jet at plate vp is somewhat smaller than the nozzle-exit velocity vo due to
deceleration caused by gravity.
Sliding the weight along the lever by a measured distance x, (measured from zero position)
creates a clockwise moment about the pivot point that will exactly balance the counterclockwise moment caused by the impact of the jet. Using moment balance, the following
formula is derived:
F=4gx
Where F is the force on the plate required to balance the lever. This measured value F is
determined from the moment balance, should match with the theoretical value Fj.

5.4 Experiment Procedure

1.) Remove the top plate and transparent casing, measure the nozzle diameter and place the flat target on the
rod attached to the weight pan.
2.) Reassemble the apparatus; connect the inlet pipe to the bench with the apparatus in the
open channel.
3.) Level the base of the apparatus with the top plate loosely assembled, Screw down the top
plate to datum on the spirit level.
4.) Adjust the level gauge to suit the datum on the weight pan. A nominal mass is placed on
the weight pan, water is allowed to flow by operating the control valve on the bench.
5.) The flow rate is then adjusted until the weight pan is adjacent to the level gauge. When
testing for level, the weight pan should be oscillated to minimise the effect of friction.
6.) Take reading of volume and time to find the flow rateNote the mass on the weight pan.
7.) Repeat with additional masses on the weight pan.
8.) Repeat experiment for 120 target and hemispherical targets.
9.) Obtain the reading of the diameter of nozzle.

5.5 Result and calculation:

Flat target

Mass of the
weight(kg)

Volume(m)

Time(s)

Flow rate/Q
(m/s)

Q^2

0.5

5x10^-3

30.50

163.93x10^-6

1.0

5x10^-3

23.41

213.58x10^-6

1.5

5x10^-3

19.65

254.45x10^-6

2.0

5x10^-3

17.29

289.18x10^-6

2.5

5x10^-3

15.61

320.31x10^-6

26.87x10^9
45.62x10^9
64.74x10^9
83.63x10^9
102.60x10^
-9

Graph M against Q(Flat Target)

3
2.5

f(x) = 35584526.57x + 0.21

1.5
1
0.5
0
0.00E+00

2.00E-08

4.00E-08

6.00E-08

8.00E-08

120 Target

Mass of the
weight(kg)

Volume(m)

time

Flow rate/Q
m/s

Q^2

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

5x10^-3
5x10^-3
5x10^-3
5x10^-3
5x10^-3

45.66
38.20
26.57
23.47
19.31

109.51x10^-6
130.89x10^-6
188.18x10^-6
213.03x10^-6
258.93x10^-6

11.99x10^-9
17.13x10^-9
35.41x10^-9
45.38x10^-9
67.04x10^-9

Graph M against Q(120 Target)

3
2.5

f(x) = 35584526.57x + 0.21

1.5
1
0.5
0
0.00E+00

2.00E-08

4.00E-08

6.00E-08

8.00E-08

180 Hemispherical target

Mass of the
weight(kg)

Volume(m)

time

Flow rate/Q
m/s

Q^2

0.5

5x10^-3

46.63

11.49x10^-9

1.0

5x10^-3

36.97

1.5

5x10^-3

25.3

2.0

5x10^-3

23.1

2.5

5x10^-3

19.5

107.23x10^6
135.24x10^6
197.62x10^6
216.45x10^6
256.41x10^6

18.29x10^-9
39.06x10^-9
46.85x10^-9
65.75x10^-9

Graph M against Q(180 Target)

3
2.5

f(x) = 35584526.57x + 0.21

1.5
1
0.5
0
0.00E+00

2.00E-08

4.00E-08

6.00E-08

8.00E-08

Calculations
Nozzle diameter = 8mm
Cross sectional area of jet nozzle,

d2
A=
4

= 0.000050272m2

Force exerted by jet of water on targets:

F y =Q ( vvcos )

Where

v=

Q
A
F y =

For flat target (90 )

F y=

For 120 target

For hemispherical target (180 )

F y =Mg

To find actual slope from graph:

m=

y 2 y 1
x 2x 1

To find theoretical slope:

Q 2
F y=
A

Q
gM =
A

3 Q 2
2A

F y =

2 Q 2
A

Q2
A

=
2
Q gA

For flat target,

Where

gA

=constant for each

=
2
gA
Q

For 120o target,

=1.5
2
gA
Q

For 180o target,

=2
2
gA
Q

1000
9.81 x 0.000050272

2.03 x 106

1.5 x 1000
9.81 x 0.000050272

2 x 1000
9.81 x 0.000050272

=3.042 x 106

=4.06 x 106

Theoretical slope- A ctual slop e

x100%
Theoretical slope
Error percentage% =
Actual Slope from
graph

Theoretical slope

% error

Flat Plate

2.64x106

2.03 x106

30.0%

120 target

3.63 x106

3.04 x106

19.7%

Hemispherical
target(180)

3.69 x106

4.06 x106

26.90%

5.6 Discussion
For this experiment, we used 5 litre of water and a nozzle of diameter 10mm.

Based on the time recorded and the information above, we calculated force, Fth and the
percentage of error. First, we convert the unit of the flow rate, Q from L/min to m3/s for the easier
of calculation. For the calculated force, Fth and percentage of error, they are calculated according to
the formulas below. Formulas used to calculate the calculated force. Fth :Flat Target: Fy = pQ^2/A
120 Target: Fy = 3pQ^2/2A
Hemisphere Target: Fy = 2pQ^2/A
Formula used to calculate the percentage of error:Percentage of Error = Calculated Force Measure Force / Measured Force
In this experiment, when the measured increased, the time needed for the level in the
volumetric tank to rise from10 to 15 litres decrease. This results in a decrease in the flow rate.
When comparing the three types of deflectors, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to be
lowest.Some of the percentages of error are very large due to several errors made during the
experiment. One of the errors may be the error made during setting the pointer, the pointer
may not precisely set to zero due to parallax error. Another possible error is the error made
when recording the time. Other than that, error made when adjusting the main cock is
possible as well. The main cock may not properly open causing the pointer not exactly at
zero.

5.7 Conclusion
As conclusion, the experiment that have been carried out were successful, even though the
data collected are a little bit difference compared to the theoretical value. The difference
between the theoretical value and the actual value may mainly due to human and servicing
factors such as parallax error. This error may occur during observer captured the value of the
water level. Besides that, error may occur during adjusting the level gauge to suit the datum
on the weight pan. Therefore, the recommendation to overcome the error is to ensure that the
position of the observers eye must be 90 perpendicular to the reading. Then, ensure that the
apparatus functioning perfectly in order to get an accurate result. At last, the person that
record the time taken shouldnt be changed because every single person has different
response.