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    nauman khan
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    The Friedmann equation, developed by Alexander Friedmann in the 1920s, models the expansion of the universe within the framework of general relativity. It contains terms for the density of the universe, the gravitational constant, and the Hubble parameter. The curvature parameter in the equation indicates whether the universe is open, closed, or flat based on the relationship between the actual density and critical density. Einstein later proposed adding a cosmological constant term to allow for a static universe model, though it is now believed this term may be zero. The critical density that would result in a flat universe can be calculated from the current Hubble constant.

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    The Friedmann equation, developed by Alexander Friedmann in the 1920s, models the expansion of the universe within the framework of general relativity. It contains terms for the density of the universe, the gravitational constant, and the Hubble parameter. The curvature parameter in the equation indicates whether the universe is open, closed, or flat based on the relationship between the actual density and critical density. Einstein later proposed adding a cosmological constant term to allow for a static universe model, though it is now believed this term may be zero. The critical density that would result in a flat universe can be calculated from the current Hubble constant.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    87 views4 pages

    Friedmann Equation

    Uploaded by

    nauman khan
    The Friedmann equation, developed by Alexander Friedmann in the 1920s, models the expansion of the universe within the framework of general relativity. It contains terms for the density of the universe, the gravitational constant, and the Hubble parameter. The curvature parameter in the equation indicates whether the universe is open, closed, or flat based on the relationship between the actual density and critical density. Einstein later proposed adding a cosmological constant term to allow for a static universe model, though it is now believed this term may be zero. The critical density that would result in a flat universe can be calculated from the current Hubble constant.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    06/03/2015

    FriedmannEquation

    TheFriedmannEquation
    AlexanderFriedmannofRussiaiscreditedwithdevelopingadynamicequationforthe
    expandinguniverseinthe1920s.ThiswasatimewhenEinstein,WillemdeSitterofthe
    Netherlands,andGeorgesLemaitreofBelgiumwerealsoworkingonequationstomodel
    theuniverse.Friedmanndevelopeditasarelativisticequationintheframeworkofgeneral
    relativity,butthedescriptionherewillbelimitedtoasimplified,nonrelativisticversion
    basedonNewton'slaws.
    ConvenientformsofFriedmann'sequationwithwhichtoexaminetheexpansiontimeand
    temperatureforabigbangmodeloftheuniverseare
    Index
    References
    Rohlf
    Ch.19
    Kaufmann
    Ch.28
    BesidesthedensityandgravitationconstantG,theequationcontainstheHubbleparameter
    H,ascalingparameterR,andafactorkwhichiscalledthecurvatureparameter.The
    curvatureparameterindicateswhethertheuniverseisopenorclosed.Theaboveequations
    donotspecifythenatureofthedensity.Theydonotincludeanyparticleinteractions
    otherthangravitationalattraction.Suchparticleinteractions,likecollisions,couldbe
    specifiedintermsofpressure,sothemodelaboveissometimesreferredtoasa
    "pressureless"universe.MoredetailedversionsoftheFriedmanequationincludesuch
    effects.
    Einsteinconsideredaddinganotherterm,thefamous(orinfamous)cosmologicalconstant
    whichwouldproduceastaticuniverse.
    Relatetotemperatureandexpansiontime

    HyperPhysics*****Astrophysics

    http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/fried.html

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    FriedmannEquation

    TheCurvatureParameter
    TheFriedmannequationwhichmodelstheexpandinguniversehasa
    parameterkcalledthecurvatureparameterwhichisindicativeoftherateof
    expansionandwhetherornotthatexpansionrateisincreasingor
    decreasing.Itindicatesthefuturefateoftheuniverse.

    Index

    Ifk=0thenthedensityisequaltoacriticalvalueatwhichthe
    References
    universewillexpandforeveratadecreasingrate.Thisisoften
    Rohlf
    referredtoastheEinsteindeSitteruniverseinrecognitionoftheir
    Ch.19
    workinmodelingit.Thisk=0conditioncanbeusedtoexpressthe Kaufmann
    criticaldensityintermsofthepresentvalueoftheHubbleparameter.
    Ch.28
    Fork>0thedensityishighenoughthatthegravitationalattraction
    willeventuallystoptheexpansionanditwillcollapsebackwardtoa
    "bigcrunch".Thiskindofuniverseisdescribedasbeingaclosed
    universe,oragravitationallybounduniverse.
    Fork<0theuniverseexpandsforever,therenotbeingsufficient
    densityforgravitationalattractiontostoptheexpansion.
    Relatetotemperatureandexpansiontime

    HyperPhysics*****Astrophysics

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    TheCosmologicalConstant
    EinsteinproposedamodificationoftheFriedmannequationwhichmodels
    theexpandinguniverse.Headdedatermwhichhecalledthecosmological
    constant,whichputstheFriedmannequationintheform

    Theoriginalmotivationforthecosmologicalconstantwastomakepossible
    Index
    astaticuniversewhichwasisotropicandhomogeneous.Whenthe
    expansionoftheuniversewasestablishedwithoutdoubt,Einstein
    References
    reportedlyviewedthecosmologicalconstantasthe"worstmistakeIever
    Rohlf
    made".Buttheideaofacosmologicalconstantisstillunderactive
    Ch.19
    http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/fried.html

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    FriedmannEquation

    discussion.Rohlfsuggeststhatthephysicalinterpretationofthe
    cosmologicalconstantwasthatvacuumfluctuationsaffectedspacetime.A
    nonzerovalueforthecosmologicalconstantcouldbeimpliedfrom
    measurementsofthevolumedensitiesofdistantgalaxies,butsuch
    measurementsgiveanegativeresult,showinganupperboundof

    Kaufmann
    Ch.28

    Thisimpliesthatonthescaleofthewholeuniverse,vacuumfluctuation
    effectscancelout.Thisassessmentcomesatatimewhentheoretical
    calculationssuggestvacuumfluctuationcontributionsfromquarksonthe
    orderof106m2.

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    CriticalDensityfortheExpanding
    Universe
    IfthecurvatureparameterintheFriedmannequationwhichmodelsthe
    expandinguniversehasthevaluek=0,thentheuniversewillexpand
    foreverwithadecreasingrateofexpansion.Underthiscondition,the
    Friedmannequationcanbeusedtoexpressthecriticaldensityofmatterin
    theuniverseintermsofthecurrentvalueoftheHubbleparameter.The
    presentvalueH0iscommonlycalledtheHubbleconstant.

    Index
    References
    http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/fried.html

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    FriedmannEquation

    Rohlf
    Ch.19
    Kaufmann
    Ch.28

    Itiscommonpracticetoexpressthedensityintermsofadensityparameter
    whichistheratioofdensitytothecriticaldensityc.Currentlyquoted
    valuesarebasedontheWMAPresults.
    Densityofluminousmatter Darkmatter?

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    http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/fried.html

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