RockPhysicscourse

CUP,Beijing
December2012

Purposeofthecourse
Tounderstandrockphysicsconceptscurrently
appliedintheexplorationindustry.
Tobecomefamiliarwithtypicalrock
propertiesandrelationships.
Tobeabletosuggestrelevantapproachesto
rockphysicsproblemsarisinginapractical
explorationcontext,andunderstandtheir
limitations.

Natureofthecourse
Thisisprimarilyareadingcourse!

Lecturesaredesignedtointroduceyoutokey
concepts,andallowyoutoreadrelevantpapers.

Wewillspendsignificanttimeinclassdiscussingsome
importantrecentpapers.

MathematicalLevel
Theoreticalrockphysicsisthemost
mathematicallydemandingdisciplinein
explorationgeophysics.
Manyotheraspectsofthesubjectexist,much
workbasedonapplicationofrelativelysimple
formulae.
Wehopetoemphasisethephysicalprinciples
behindthetheories.

Recommendedtexts
IntroductiontoPhysicsofRocks,GueguenandPalciauskas.1994.PrincetonU.Press
TheRockPhysicsHandbook,Mavko,MukerjiandDvorkin,1st/2nd Edition,CambridgeU.
Press.
QuantitativeSeismicInterpretation,Avseth,MukerjiandMavko,2005.CambridgeU.
Press.

Aboveall,thecourseisdesignedtogetyoureadingjournalarticlesinrock
physics.Suggestionswillbeprovidedeachweek.

Whatisrockphysics?
Primarily,itisthelinkbetweenthephysical
propertiesofrock,andthemeasured
geophysicalproperties.
Elasticpropertieshavereceivedmost
attentionintheoilindustry,butelectrical,
thermalandfluidflowpropertiesarealsoof
importance.

Whystudyrockphysics?
Rockphysicsprovidesthelinkbetweenrock
andfluidpropertiesandtheseismicresponse.
Beyondstructuralimaging,itlargely
determinestheinformationcontentinseismic
data.

Whystudyrockphysics?

Itisconcernedwithparametersthatareof
criticalimportance,butwhichareoften
difficulttoobtain.

MostrockphysicsisdonetosupportAVOinterpretation.

SkopecandRoss,1994

Thepowerofthecrossplot
Logdata
with
super
imposed
rock
physics
template

ChiandHan,2009

Thepowerofthecrossplot
Invertedseismicdata,
togetherwiththerock
physicstemplate.

Thisisapowerfultool
forlithologyandfluid
prediction.

ChiandHan,2009

Predictingporepressure
Rockphysicstoolsareimportantin
predictingporepressure,and
avoidingoverpressurezones.

Bowers,2002

Monitoringreservoirrecovery
Rockphysicsplaysakeyroleinthe
interpretationof4Dseismic.

Weneedtounderstandtheeffectsoffluid
saturationandpressureonthe4D
signature.

Thebasics:Equationsforvelocity

4
k + m
3
Vp =

m
Vs =
r

Velocityisafunctionofelasticmodulianddensity.

Speedofsoundquiz
Intheair:

Inwater:

Ina18%porositysandstone:

Inapoorlyconsolidated
sandstone:

Inadolomite:

Inquartz:

Speedofsoundquiz
Intheair:343m/s

Inwater:1500m/s

Ina18%porositysandstone:~3800m/s

Inapoorlyconsolidated
sandstone:~2730m/s

Inadolomite:~5390m/s

Inquartz:~6005m/s

Wasthisafairquestion?
Whataboutpressure/temperature?
Whatfrequencyarewetalkingabout?
Whataboutfluidsaturation,permeability?
Istherockisotropic?
Claycontent?Diagenetichistory?
Doallsamplesgivethesamevalues?
Howaboutthesizeofthesamples?

Fortheairandwatercasesthequestionwaslargelyfair,although
thereissomepressure/temperaturedependenceforboth.

Forthequestionsabouttherocks,althoughwehavesubstantial
knowledgeofrockproperties,thequestionwasunfair anyanswer
within,atanabsoluteminimum,30%ofwhatIgavecouldbe
reasonableundersomecircumstances.

Thisresultsentirelyfromthenatureofrocksas heterogeneous
materials.

Anatomyofarock

Cm

k
kf

pores

Mineralmodulus

Porosity

Permeability

grain
boundaries
100 um

Thehardestcomponenttocharacteriseis
theporespacegeometry.Yetthiscontrols
almosteverythingweareinterestedin!
Fluidbulkmodulus

PointvsBulkmeasurements
pores

Ameasurementmadeatone
pointwillgivethepropertiesof
oneoftheconstituentsofthe
rock.

grain
boundaries

Thiscanberadicallydifferent
fromameasurementmadeon
therocksampleasawhole.
100 um

Equivalentmediumtheoryattemptstorelatetheaveragepropertiesto
thoseoftheconstituents.

Naturalrock

Equivalentmedium
porousrockcan
bemodelledasahomogeneous Mathematicalrepresentation
medium whichhas
0
cijkl = cijkl +Dcijkl
the samephysicalproperties
Fracture
Elastic
Unfractured
topropagatingwavesasthe
property
rockproperty Contribution
original heterogeneous
Elasticresponse
rock.

20cm

Typesofequivalentmediumtheories
s ij =Cijkle kl

T
Jx = -l
x

Hookeslaw

FouriersLaw(heatflux)

j x =CEx
Ohmslaw

k dp
qx =h dx
Darcyslaw

Equivalentmediumforseismicvelocity
Webeginwithatouroftheimportant
theoriesforvelocitiesoffluidsaturatedrock.

DefinitionofEffectiveelastictensor
volumetricaverage
1
1
<sij >= s ijdx <eij >= e ijdx
V V
V V

<s ij >= Cijkl < e kl >

Definitionofeffectiveelastictensor
energyequivalence
1
1
<sij >= s ijdx <eij >= e ijdx
V V
V V

<e ij >< s ij >= Cijkl < e ij >< e kl >

AfirstlookatGassmann
2

k sat =k dry +

(1- k dry /k m)

f /k f + (1- f )/k m - k dry /k

m sat = m dry

2
m

ApplyingGassmann
Weneedtoknowthemineralanddryframe
moduli.
Usually,wedonothaveextensiveenough
laboratorymeasurementsavailable.
Thismeansthatwerequiretospendsome
timestudyingvelocityporositymodels.

Velocityporositytrends
Velocitydecreaseswith
porosity.Criticalporosity
effectisclear.

Nuretal.1998

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods
Inclusionmethods
Contacttheories
Empiricalmethods

Boundingmethods
Todescribetheelasticpropertiesofcomposite
materials,weneedtoknowthepropertiesof
eachphase,thevolumefractionsofeach
phaseandthe precisegeometrical
arrangement.
Inpracticeweneverknowthis(althoughnote
computationalrockphysicsideas).
Thebestthatwecandoistoputboundson
theproperties.

Voigtbound
N

Mv = fiMi
i=1

Upperbound,isostrainaverage.

Reussbound
N

1
fi
=
MR i=1 Mi
Lowerbound,isostressaverage

HillAverage
MV + MH
M VRH =
2
AverageoftheReussandVoigtbounds.

HashinShtrikmanbounds
k bnd =k 1 +

mbnd =m1 +

f2
4
1/(k 2 - k 1)+ f1 /(k 1 + m1)
3
f2
2f1(k1 + 2m1)

1/(m 2 - m1)+

4
5m1(k1 + m1)
3

Sharpestpossibleboundsontheeffectiveelasticproperties.
Upperboundwhenstiffestmaterialtermed1

Woodsformula
V p =

N
fi
1
=
KR i=1 Ki

KR
r

r = fir i
i=1

Fluidmixturesorsuspensions,withheterogeneitiessmallerthanwavelength,are
exactlydescribedbytheReuss(isostress)average.

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods
Inclusionmethods
Contacttheories
Empiricalmethods

Eshelbyssolutionforthedeformationof
anellipsoidalinclusion
Eshelby(1957)studiedthe
deformationofanelastic
inclusion,inresponsetoan
appliedelasticfieldat
infinity.
Theresultingequationsare
thebasisformuchof
effectivemediumtheory
Hudsonsmodel,Kuster
Toksozmodel,APEetc.

Eshelbyssolution

Thechangeinelasticproperties
whenacrackisinsertedintothe
mediumdependsonEshelbys
solution.
Atinfinitythereisnoinfluence
s =C e
oftheinclusion,so.

ij

ijkl kl

Thedifficultyistheextreme
complexityoftheelasticfield
justoutsidetheinclusion.

Asimplerproblem
Consideramaterialwithahole,
andaplugofthesamematerial.
Squeezetheplugtomakeitthe
samesizeasthehole,insertthe
plugintheholeandallowthe
plugtorelax.
Eshelbywasabletocalculate
theconstraineddeformation
oftheplug.

e ijc =Sijkle klT

TheEshelbytensorSisa
functionoftheinclusiongeometry

Solvingthefullproblem
s

Wehavesolvedproblem2forall
plugs.

Thesolutionstothesetwoproblems
areidenticalifthedisplacementand
tractionacrossthesurfaceofthe
inclusionsareidentical.

Problem1

Problem2

e inc = e + e p

inc

e inc = e + e c
p

= C (e + e )

s inc = s + s c - s T

Wethenpicktheplugsizetoensure
thatthisisso,andsolveproblem2.
Thisgivesusthesolutionofproblem
1!

inc

e = Te

T =[ I + SC-1(CI - C)]-1
Stressandstrainintheinclusionare
uniform.

Energyequivalence
Theequivalentmediumisthe
homogeneousmaterialthatstores
thesameenergyasthe
inhomogeneousmaterialwhen
subjectedthesamesurface
displacementsareenforced.

U0 =

1
0 0
s

ije ijdx

2 V

Potentialenergy

m
Cijkleije kl
=Cijkl
e ij e kl - ft(s ije ij - s ije ij )
t

U =U0 +

(
s

e
s
e
)dx

ij
ij
ij
ij

V
2 i i

Potentialenergyinmediumwith
inclusions.

Definitionoftheequivalentelastictensor

KusterToksozmodel
4
N
3
( Kkt -Km)
= fi(Ki - Km)Pmi
4
Kkt + m m i=1
3

k m + m m

(m m + x m) N
( mkt -m m)
= fi(mi - m m)Qmi
(m kt + x m) i=1

ClassicsinglescatteringinclusiontheorybasedonEshelbys
formulae.

KusterToksozmodel
mi

P
spheres

m m +x m
m i + x m

4
mm
3
4
+ mm
3

Km +
Ki

crack

Qmi

4
K m + mi
3
4
Ki + mi + pab m
3

2
K i + ( m i + m m)
1
8m m
3
(1+
+ 2
)
5
4m i + pa (m m + 2b m) K + 4m + pab
i
i
m
3

Where:

3K + m
b =m
3K + 4m

m 9K + 8m
x =
6 K + 2m

istheaspectratio.

Selfconsistentapproximation
*i

*
SC

K = Km + fi( Ki - Km)P

*
SC

*i

= m m + fi(mi - m m)Q

Wu,1966

Eachinclusionisinsertedintotheequivalentmediumitself.

Selfconsistentscheme
N
*
SC

f ( K -K
i

*i

)P = 0

i=1
N

*
SC

*i

fi(mi - m )Q = 0

Berryman,1980

i=1

Selfconsistentschemecanalsobeappliedsymmetrically,treatingeachphaseas
anellipsoidalinclusion.

Differentialeffectivemedium
d
(1-f) {K* (f )}= (K2 - K*)P*2(f )
df
d *
(1- f ) {m (f )}= (m 2 - m *)Q*2(f )
df

K*(0)=K1

m *(0)= m1

Infinitelysmallinclusionsaddedoneata
time,andeffectivemoduliareupdatedat
eachstep.

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods
Inclusionmethods
Contacttheories
Empiricalmethods

Contacttheories
Thesetypicallyconsiderrockto
consistofapackingofspheres.

Basedonfundamentalresults
concerningthedeformationoftwo
spheresincontact.

Contacttheories
C (1- f )
keff =
Sn
12pR

m eff

C (1- f )
=
(Sn + 1.5St)
20pR

F
Sn =
d

T
St =
t

, aredisplacements,FandTarenormalandtangentialstress.Cisthecoordination
number.

Unfortunately,thecompliancesSdependonassumedpropertiesoftheinterfaces.
Manydifferentmodelshavebeenproposedintheliterature.

Hertzmodel
4 ma

Sn =
1- v
a = R33

Basedonthenormalcompressionof2
sphereselasticpropertiesareafunctionof
pressure.

3p (1- v)
P
2C(1- f )m

k eff

C2(1- f )2m 2
= 3
P
2
2
18p (1- v)

HertzMindlinmodel
8am
St =
2- v

meff

5 - 4v 3 3C 2(1 - f )2 m 2
=
P
2
2
5(2 - v ) 2p (1 - v )

Assumptionisthatthereisnoslipatthe
interfaceundershear.

Othermodelshaverelaxedthisassumption.

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods
Inclusionmethods
Contacttheories
Empiricalmethods

WyllieTimeaverageequation

1
f 1- f
= +
V p Vf Vm

Raymermodel
2

V =(1- f ) Vm + fVf

f < 37%

1 0.47- f 1 f - 0.37 1
=
+
V
0.1 V37
0.1 V47

37%< f < 47%

1
f
1- f
=
+
2
2
2
rV
r fVf r mVm

f > 47%

Gardnersrelation

r = 1.741V

0.25
p

Dvorkincontactcementmodel

Scheme1

Scheme2

ModifiedHertzMindlintheory

Mostcompliantwaytoaddadditionalmaterial
intorockatcriticalporosity(?!?)

Fluidpropertiesatreservoirconditions
ThesearelargelyempiricalBatzle&Wang
1992isthestandard.
Importanceofcorrectingforpressureand
temperatureeffects.
Brine,oilandgasaretreatedseparately.

Oilproperties.
Oilcanbeconsideredliveordead.
Mainlycharacterisedbythegravity,API
measure:

API =

141.5
r0

- 131.5

Densityising/cc,andismeasuredatatmospheric
pressureand15.6degreesC.

Densityofdeadoil
rP = r 0 + (0.00277P- 1.71 10-7P3)(r 0 - 1.15)2 + 3.49 10-4P
r =

rP
0.972+ 3.8110-4(T + 17.78)1.175

Twostageprocesstocorrectforpressurethentemperature.PisinMPaandTin
degreesC.

Acousticvelocityofdeadoil
r0

1
2

Vp(m/s)= 2096(
) - 3.7T + 4.64P
2.6- r 0
1.08 1.2
+ 0.0115[4.12(
- 1) - 1]TP

r 0

GasProperties
Gasischaracterisedbyitsgravity,G,definedastheratioofgasdensitytoair
densityatatmosphericpressureandtemperatureof15.6degreesC.

Step1

Ta =T + 273.15

Step2:

Pr =

P
4.892- 0.4048G

Tr =

Ta
94.72+ 170.75G

Step3:Calculatedensity

28.8GP
rG =
ZRTa
Z =aPr + b+ E

E = cd

1 2 Pr1.2
d =exp- 0.45+ 8{0.56- }

T
T
r
r

c =0.109(3.85- Tr)2

b=0.642Tr - 0.007Tr4 - 0.52

R=8.31441

a =0.03+ 0.00527(3.5- Tr)3

Step4:Calculategasbulkmodulus

KG =

Pg
1- Pr /(Zf)

5.6
27.1
- 0.65(Pr +1)
g =0.85+
+
8
.
7
e
Pr + 2 (Pr + 3.5)2

f = cdm+ a

1 2 Pr0.2
m=1.2- 0.45+ 8{0.56- }

Tr Tr

Liveoil
Thegasoilratioisdefinedasthevolumetricratioofliberatedgastoremainingoilat
atmosphericpressureand15.6degreesC.

max
G

4.072
= 0.02123G[Pexp(
- 0.00377T)]1.205

r 0

Acousticvelocityofliveoil
1

r
Vp(m/s)= 2096(
)2 - 3.7T + 4.64P
2.6- r
1.08 1.2
+ 0.0115[4.12(
- 1) - 1]TP
r

r=

r 0
B0

(1+ 0.001RG)-1

G
B0 =0.972+ 0.00038[2.4RG
r 0

0.5

+ T + 17.8]1.175

Densityofliveoil
rG = (r 0 + 0.0012GRG)/B0
rP = rG + (0.00277P- 1.7110-7P3)(rG - 1.15)2 + 3.4910-4P

r=

rP
0.972+ 3.8110-4(T + 17.78)1.175

Brineproperties
SimilarformulaeexistforBrinedensityand
velocity,asafunctionofpressure,
temperatureandsalinity.

Gassmannfluidsubstitution
2

k sat =k dry +

(1- k dry /k m)

f /k f + (1- f )/k m + k dry /k

m sat = m dry

2
m

Anisotropyiscausedbyalignmentof
subseismicheterogeneities
Equivalentmediumtheory

Scatteringtheory

Raytheory

Sedimentarysequenceoflayers
logvelocity

Seismicwaves(wavelengthisintheorderof10sto100sofmetres)

Modellinglayeringinducedanisotropy
Layeringblocking:

Modellinglayeringinducedanisotropy

Intheequivalentmedium
theory,themedium
containingmanyfine
scalelayerscanbe
replacedwithanequivalent
mediumwhichhasthe
samepropertiesasthe
Originalmediumin
termsofwavepropagation

Equivalent(orEffective)MediumTheory
(orlongwavelengthapproximation)
EMTattemptstoprovideaverage(statistical)
propertiesofmaterialscontaininganyheterogeneities.
Inessence,seismicwaveswhichhavewavelengthin
theorderof10sto100sofmetreswillnot see
eachindividualheterogeneities(cracks,pores,fine
layers),buttheiroverallproperties.

Considershortperiodwaveinalayeredmedium
(verticalpropagation)
Totalthickness
VEffective =

V1d1

Totaltraveltime
di
di
=
=
ti (di /Vi)

V2d2

orequivalently
V3d3
V4d4

...

-1

(
d
V
)

-1
i i
VEffective =

di -1
= Vi = V-1
d

Vndn

[d = totalthickness= di ]

Considerlongperiodwaveinalayeredmedium
(verticalpropagation)

V1d1

VEffective

-1 -1

(rV )
=
r

V2d2
V3d3
V4d4
...
Vndn

(Backus,1962)

1/2

Layeringintroducedtransverselyisotropic
mediumischaracterisedby5elasticconstants
(VTI)

c66 =0.5(c11 - c12)

BackusAverageofafinelylayeredmedium
c132
c132
l2
c11 =
+ c11 = (l + 2m )c33
c33
l + 2m
c13
c13
l
=
=
c33
c33
l + 2m
1
1
1
=
=
c33
c33
l + 2m
1
1
1
=
=
c44
c55
m
c66 = c66 = m
c12 = c11 - 2c66

where . meansweigtedaverage
N

e.g. u = aiui, and

i=1

a = 1
i

i=1

ai isthevolumeconcentrationof ithlayes

Effective densityr = r = a1r1 + a2r 2

BackusAverageofafinelylayeredmedium
(intermsoflayervelocities)
2
2

V
V
c11 = 4rVS2 1- S2 + 1- 2 S2 (rVP2)-1
VP
VP

-1

2
2

2
V
V
c13 = 4rVS21- 2S + 1- 2 S2 (rVP2)-1
VP
VP

2 -1 -1

c33 = (rVP )

2 -1 -1

c44 = (rVS )
2

c66 = rVS

c12 =c11 - 2c66

-1

where . meansweigtedaverage
N

e.g. u = aiui, and

i=1

a = 1
i

i=1

ai isthevolumeconcentrationof ithlayes

Effective density r = r = a1r1 + a2r 2

Notetheconceptofdifferentaverages

Arithmeticaverage

Harmonicaverage

Thesumof weight

a = 1 wiai
-1

= 1 (wiai-1)

wi = 1

Example:effectivedensityoftwoalternativelayers
issimplythearithmeticaverage

r = r = a1 r1 + a2r2

Examples:
Vp
(km/s)

Vs
(km/s)

Density r
(g/cm3)

Thickness
d(m)

Layer1
(Dolomite)

5.2

2.7

2.45

0.75

Layer2
(Shale)

2.9

1.4

2.34

0.5

Thefractionsare a1 =d1 /(d1 + d2)= 0.6 and a2 = d2 /(d1 + d2)= 0.4

Themeandensityr =a1 r1 + a2r 2 = 2.406

Theanisotropicvelocitiesare
VPH = 4.329 and VPV = 3.761
VSHH = 2.284 and VSHV = VSVH = VSVV = 1.854
P waveanisotropy =(4.3293.761)/3.761= 15% (e)
Swaveanisotropy= (2.2841.854)/1.854= 23% (g)

Threewavesinlayeredmedia
Velocities(km/s)

6
'velocity.out'
'velocity.out'
'velocity.out'

Vp

5.5

4.5

Velocities(km/s)

3.5

Vs1
3

Vs2
2.5
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Anglefromverticaldirection

80

90

Wavepropagationinlayeredmedia:
Stratigraphicfiltering
Wavesinlayeredmediaundergoattenuationanddispersion
causedbymultiplescatteringatthelayerinterfaces.The
effectivevelocitythroughsuchmediadependontherelative
scalesofwavelengthandlayerthicknesses.Thiscanbepredicted.
[Ref.ODohertyandAnstey,1971ShaprioandZien,1993].

Backusaverage,whichisastaticorzerofrequency
(longwavelength)approximation,doesnot
considerthiseffect

Driftfora100Hzwavehavingpassingthrough
A240malternatinglayeredmedium

Backus

(AfterSamsandWilliams,
1994,Geophys.Props)

Scaledependentwavepropagation

Backus

Experimentalandnumericalresultsfornormalincidence
Instratifiedlayers(Mukerjietal.,1995,Geophysics)

Hudsonstheory
Hudsonstheoryisbasedonscatteringtheoryanalysisofthemean
wavefield(coherentenergy)inanelasticsolidwithcracksor
inclusions.Thetotalwavefieldisexpressedasasummationof
incidentwavesandscatteredwavefields

u=u0 + eu1 + e u2 + ...

Scatteredwavefields

Hudsontheory

(1)

2 (2)

c =c + ec + e c
(0)

c Effectiveelasticconstant(stiffness)
c(0) Elasticconstantsof matrix(unfracturedrock)
(1)

c Firstordercorrection(withcrackcrack
interaction
c(2) Secondordercorrection(withcrackcrack
interactiontakenintoaccount)

1stordercorrection

2ndordercorrection

2
l
(1)
c11
=- U3,
m
l (l + 2m )
(1)
c13 = U3,
m

2
q
l
(2)
c11
=
eU32,
15(l + 2m )
ql
(2)
c13 =
eU32,
15
q(l + 2m ) 2
(2)
c33 =
eU3,
15
2m (3l + 8m )
(2)
c44 =
meU12,
15(l + 2m )

(1)
c33
=-

(l + 2m )2

(1)
c44
= - mU1,

U3,

q = 15(l/m )2 + 28(l /m )+ 28
U1 &U3 arefunctionsof crackfillingmaterials,aspect ratio,etc.
[theyareinfactrelatedtothedeformationofasingle
crackstoappliedstressatinfinite Eshelbyproblem].

Fordrycracks:

16(l + 2m )
U1 =
3(3l + 4m )

U3 =

4(l + 2m )
3(l + m )

Forfluidsaturatedcracks:

16(l + 2m )
U1 =
3(3l + 4m )

U 3 =

4(l+ 2m ) 1
3(l + m ) 1+ k

k f (l + 2m )
k=
pmr(l + m )

LinkstoThomsensparameters
ThomsenparametersforTIH

ed =e

U1 =U11
U3 =U33

Crackdensityanddegree/strengthofanisotropy
[forpennyshapedorverythincracks]
Shearwaveanisotropy g = c44 - c66 = 1eU11 = 8e
2c66

[assumingVp/Vs= 1.732]
c33 - c11 (8/3)e gasfilled
e =

2c11
Pwaveanisotropy
0 liquidfilled
[assumingVp/Vs= 1.732]

Examples:ElasticcontantsofHudsonscrackmodel
[MatrixVp=5.2,Vs=2.7,Density=2.45,Aspectratio=0.1,Crackdensity=0.05
Cracksarefilledwithgas]
MAXTRIXREALPART(PASCAL*10**9)
66.2480
30.527066.2480
30.527030.527066.2480
0.00000.00000.000017.8605
0.00000.00000.00000.000017.8605
0.00000.00000.00000.00000.000017.8605
FIRSTORDERREALPART(PASCAL*10**9)
22.4285
10.3350
4.7624
10.3350
4.7624
4.7624
0.00000.00000.00000.0000
0.00000.00000.00000.0000
1.9355
0.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000
1.9355
SECONDORDERREALPART(PASCAL*10**9)
4.4034
2.02910.9350
2.02910.93500.9350
0.00000.00000.00000.0000
0.00000.00000.00000.00000.0990
0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0990
REALPARTOFELASTICCONSTANTS(PASCAL*10**9)
48.2229
22.221162.4206
22.221126.699662.4206
0.00000.00000.000017.8605
0.00000.00000.00000.000016.0240
0.00000.00000.00000.00000.000016.0240

Velocityvariationsincrackedrock

Velocities(km/s)

Velocities(km/s)

fatcracksthincracks

Anglesfromcracknormal

TheBiottheoryofporoelasticity
TheBiottheorydealswith
theelasticityofatwophase
medium:asolid,permeable,
skeletonsaturatedwitha
viscousfluid.
Keyfeatureisthedistribution
ofstressesbetweenthedifferent
partsofthecomposite
modellingoftheporepressure
inadditiontothestressinthe
solid.

Mechanismsoffluidrockinteraction
Inertialcoupling:frequencydependent
apparentmasseffectasfluidandframe
progressivelydecouple.
Viscouscouplingasthefluidmovesrelativeto
therock.

Denotethedisplacementinthesolidandfluidbyuandw
respectively.

s ij =le kkd ij + 2me ij - b pd ij

Constitutiveequation()
x = .w
1
x = p- be kk
M
hf
&iu
&i + r12u
&iw
& i + r 22w
& iw
& i +
2T = r11u
(ui - wi)(ui - wi)
k

T
( )= fi
&i
t u

T
( )= Fi
&i
t w

LagrangianandLagrange
equations.

fi =s ik, k
Equationsofmotion.

Fi = p,i

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot
equationsI.
Thepredictedvelocitiesarefrequency
dependent,implyingtheexistenceof
attenuation.
Thefluidrockcouplingproducesasecond
slowPwave,whichishighlyattenuated.

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot
equationsII.
InthelowfrequencylimittheBiotmodelreducestothe
famousGassmannrelation
k sat =k dry +

(1- k dry /k m)2

f /k f + (1- f )/k m - k dry /k m2

m sat = m dry

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot
equationsIII.
Thetransitionbetweenlowandhighfrequencylimitsis
determinedbythecharacteristic,orBiotfrequency:

fh
fc =
2pr f k
TheBiotfrequencytendstobeveryhighforrocksof
industrialinterest.
Thereisanimplicitpredictionthatvelocitywillincrease
withincreasingpermeability,anddecreasewith
increasingfluidviscosity.

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot
equationsIV.
Thepredicteddispersionandattenuationis
small,andtheBiotwaveispredictedtobe
hardtoobserve.
TheBiotwaveispredictedtobegenerated
duringreflectionandtransmissionat
interfaces.

EshelbyvsBiot
Eshelbyrelatesbehaviourtofractureproperties
directly,Biotonlyimplicitly.
Eshelbyassumesanimpermeablerock,Biotassumes
perfectpermeability.
ThisleadstoanaturalinterpreationintermsofBiot
asalowfrequencytheoryandEshelbyasahigh
frequencytheory.
Eshelbyisthenaturaltheoryfordiscussing
anisotropy.

ConfirmationofBiot?

Kelderand
Smeulders,
1997

Moregenerally,theBiotwaveisnotobserved
inrealrocks.

Biotandfractures.
TheBiotGassmann
theoryisfoundto
performbestathigh
effectivestress.
Thissuggeststhat
theexistenceof
fracturesleadstoa
violationofBiotin
practice.

Biotandviscosity

Batzleetal.(2001)

Biotvsexperiment
Biotspredictionofaslowcompressionalwaveis
validated,atleastinsomerocks.
Biotunderpredictsvelocitydispersionand
attenuation.
Biotperformspoorlyatloweffectivestress.
Velocityversusviscosityexperimentsappearto
falsifythetheory.
Thisgivesrisetotheconceptofsquirtflow.

Kingetal.2000

Fluidmobilityschematic

Batzleetal.
(2006)

Fluidmobilitymeasurements

Batzleetal.(2006)

Thephysicalpicture

Theporespaceconsists
ofbothcompliantand
noncompliant
elements.

Wemodelthisby
consideringspheresand
smallellipsoids.

Wavepropagationdrivesgrainscalefluidflow.Thisaffectsthefrequency
dependentvelocitiesandattenuations.

Nowweneedtodescribethismathematically.

Darcyslaw:

dQ = (gradp.dS)

Flowlawbetween
elements

tma =

c1rkl

(pb - pa)

Allrelevantlengthscalesidentifiedwiththegrainscale.
Sameconnectionnumberforeachelement.

Dispersionrelation
a)

40MPa

b)

30MPa

c)

20MPa

d)

10MPa

Frequencydependentattenuation
a)

40MPa

b)

30MPa

c)

20MPa

d)

10MPa

Permeabilitydependenceofvelocity

a)

=0.1

b)

=10

Viscositydependenceofvelocity

a)

=10

b)

=0.1

PredictedBehaviour

Strongbulk
Modulus
effect

Weak
bulk
modulus
effect

Bulk
Modulus
effect

Mobility
effect

Mobility
effect

Pvelocity

Pattenuation
Water vs Gas

ModelisGassmannconsistent,butincludesdependenceonviscosityand
frequency.

Dynamicfluidsubstitution
effects.

Gassmannisvalidonlyat
lowfrequency.

DatafromSothcottetal.(2000)

Effectivefluidmodel
Weakeffect
offluidbulk
modulus
Strongbulk
modulus
effect

GassmannTheory

Fluidmobilityeffect

Equivalentmedium
theory

Effectofpartialsaturation

Syntheticexample

Shalevp/vs/r
2.743/1.394/2.06
Brinesandvp/vs/r
2.835/1.472/2.08
15%porosity

0.28

ReceiverNumber
4
6

10
0.28

0.30

ReceiverNumber
4
6

10

0.30

0.32

0.32

Time

Time

0.34

0.34

0.36

0.36

0.38

0.38

0.40

Gas,topreflection

0.40

Water,topreflection

Inthiscase,forthetop
reflectionweseethatgasgives
alowfrequencydimmingat
nearoffset.

InLine1605 FrequencydependentAVOInversion
InvertedPwavedispersionfromprestackdatain
frequencydomain
Shot

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Shot

1.00

1.00

1.50

1.50

d DVp
(
)
df Vp

Grub001Porosityandsaturationscanning
Absoluteerrorsbetweenmodelandseismicdata
FrequencyDependent

Porosity

Porosity

Gassmann

saturation

saturation