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5 Synedrio 1H Synedriash PDF
5 Synedrio 1H Synedriash PDF
5 Synedrio 1H Synedriash PDF
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@HC HI&HE@5 HGA ?D I>G/HP.INMDOQNRB R99MQBR i n s i t u.
$C=DAHE=8 21BG. #=H8<
I>8 HCF 2GF-BGDE-5 I=8@?CHC =I$C?DBEF5< 2B5@C< =DBI?E=5, @C?IFHE=8
>G@G@H8 =IHI9I?"FDE C I?IAB82B6?C =DBI?E=5 H6F 2IBI=HCBE@HE=1F
/EI HC $+@C =IHC/GBE1F 1 =IE 1/22 =IE C HD.B5 ?EFAI=5, C G>G;I I>IFH" @D I.$GF;I @HCF =GE9"-I HGA >DB2DEG&23 =IE HCF /&B6 >DBEG25.
DHI& H6F ?E=BGDABC?"H6F @A/=IHI9+/GFHIE 9D>;-D< GEIFG& =IE
>ABEH89E$GA, HBED;I, HBE>H5BD< =IE @.GF-&9EI >GA @2DH;GFHIE ?D HE<
GE=EI=+< -BI@HCBE8HCHD< H6F =IHG;=6F.
+@I @HI 8BEI HGA GE=E@HE=G&
21BGA -EI>E@H1$C=D intra muros HI.5 @D GB$G/1FEG 9"==G =IH" HC
@AF5$C >BI=HE=5 H6F ?D@GD99I-E=1F 2B8F6F.
2 2 . Wace & Thompson 1912, 180-186.
aran 1992, 274-278. Buck 1964. French 1972,
40-41. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA & I=="< 2010, 585-586.
2 3 . Wace & Thompson 1912, 186. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA 1997, 125-142.
aran 1992,
274-278. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA & I=="< 2010, 585-586.
32
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#8LP JQ[WEXY[
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9IH"FEI24 @HI
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=9E?I=1FGFHIE
MLQN; =HP)I RLRENR6;J (2 0 11 ).
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D@GD99I-E=5 ."@C26. I GE=G-G?5?IHI D=HD;FGFHIE D=IH+B6$DF G-G& C
G>G;I -EI@2;DE HG @A/=D=BE?+FG H?5?I HGA GE=E@?G& ?D =IHD&$AF@C (TYN. 6). HG D@6HDBE=8 HGA<, D=H8< H6F "996F =IHI9G;>6F A9E=G& >G9EHE@?G& >GA HD=?CBE1FGAF HCF GE=E@HE=5 2B5@C
HGA 21BGA, B+$C=D ?D/"9C >G@8HCHI =IE >GE=E9;I =DBI?E=5<, ?D =AB;IB2D< =IHC/GB;D< HCF
I?IAB82B6?C27 (TYN. 7) =IE HCF HD.B5 ?EF&DEI28
(TYN. 8), C ?D9+HC HC< G>G;I< A>G-C91FDE, 82E
?8FG HCF D/21BEI >IBI/6/5 =DBI?E=1F >BG8FH6F, I99" =IE HCF &>IBC @2+@D6F =IE D>IEQN. 7 . /9QBR 5RKRENMDIB, .MBEI 5FRORBLQR.
.1F, H8@G ?D HG GBB" 8@G =IE ?D HG 8HG29.
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2 4 . EF;GHD @HCF E9EG/BI.;I C $+@C @AF-+DHIE 6< >BG< HCF GFG?I@;I ?D HGF >IBI=D;?DFG GE=E@?8 HC<
D/"9C< B&@C<.
2 5 . I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009. I I>GHD9+@?IHI HC< +BDAFI<
/F6@HG>GEG&FHIE @HGA< D=>IE-DAHE=G&< =IE HCF ?I$CHE=5 =GEF8HCHI ?D @DEB" =GEF1F -B"@D6F, 8>6< DFI/5@DE< @HG 21BG HC< IFI@=I.5<, -EGB/"F6@C C?DB;-6F =9> (9. @2DH.
I>I/D6B/;GA =.". 2012).
H5BC@C HGA IFI@=I.E=G& C?DBG9G/;GA G.D;9DHIE @HCF
IB2IEG98/G =. D=HIB;I DHG/EIFF"=C, HI @2+-EI @HCF =. BA@G&9I G&FHI, GE HG>G/BI.E=+< DB/I@;D< @HGF =. 6F@HIFH;FG EI?IFH5 =IE C @AFH5BC@C H6F IB2IEG9G/E=1F
DABC?"H6F @HCF =. EIFFG&9I 6F@HIFHG>G&9GA.
2 6 . DA="=EI ."@C 6. HI C98HDBI @HB1?IHI DFHG>;@HC=D =DBI?E=5 HGA H+9GA< HC<
D@GD99I-E=5< >DBE8-GA (DA="=EI ."@C 7) =IE @HG D>E.IFDEI=8 @HB1?I =DBI?E=5
A=CFI=5< >DBE8-GA I I$&HDBI @HB1?IHI IF5=GAF @HCF >B1E?C
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I99" =IE @HCF B6HGD99I-E=5 >DB;G-G, @&?.6FI ?D HI I>GHD9+@?IHI >DBEGBE@?+FC<
=9;?I=I< -G=E?I@HE=5< +BDAFI<.
2 7 . I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA =.". 2012. rapf 2012. Krapf & Papakonstantinou 2013.
2 8 . 9. IF6H. A>G@C?. 23.
2 9 . I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA =.". 2012.
33
HD<, @HC DAB&HDBC >DBEG25 HGA GE=E@?G& IFI>H&@@GFHIF /D6B/E=+< =IE =HCFGHBG.E=+<
-BI@HCBEGH5HD<30.
34
/D6IB2IEG9G/E=5 +BDAFI @HE< DB?G>&9D<36 I>G@=G>G&@D @HCF IF"-DEC H6F /D6?GB.G9G/E=1F =IE >I9IEG/D6/BI.E=1F @AF$C=1F HGA >DB"@?IHG< HCF D>G25 HC< G?1FAC< ?"2C< (480 >..). I I>GHD9+@?IHI HC<
+BDAFI< (TYN. 10) +-DEIF 8HE C =DFHBE=5 >&9C HGA >DB"@?IHG< -DF 5HIF
I>9" ?EI @HDF5 -;G-G< ?DHI& CB"< =IE $"9I@@I<. F"?D@" HGA< A>5B2D +FI +9G< /9A=G& FDBG& HG G>G;G HBG.G-GHG&FHIF I>8 ?D/"9D< >G@8HCHD< FDBG& >GA >BGDB28HIF I>8 HE< $DB?+< >C/+<. #>E>BG@$+H6<, C
+BDAFI G-5/C@D @HCF =IHIF8C@C H6F >DBE/BI.1F HGA
B8-GHGA /EI HG
>D-;G HC< ?"2C<37 =IE D>EDI;6@D /EI >B1HC .GB" HCF I=B;DE" HGA<.
E ?D/"9GE BA$?G; I>8$D@C< I@D@HEHE=G& A9E=G& (HBIDBH;FC<) I>8
HG FDB8 H6F >C/1F @HGF DAB&HDBG 21BG HGA >D-;GA HC< ?"2C<, -C?EG&B-
3 5 . IH" HCF D>G25 HGA I9=G& C D>E=GEF6F;I ?D HCF IFGE2H5 $"9I@@I -DF $I >B+>DE FI 5HIF I-&FIHC, D.8@GF HI >9G;I D;2IF ?E=B8 &$E@?I =IE ?>GBG&@IF FI @AFHCBC$G&F ?E=B" >DB"@?IHI @D =IF"9EI -EI?GB.6?+FI I>8 HGF "F$B6>G.
3 6 . Vouvalidis et al. 2010b, 241-253.
3 7 .
BG-8HGA z, 176 ( F X ]^_T ] `T W \W
W], ^._W, ' X P XR U\_``
^XTV \Z. ).
35
/C@D D>"99C9D< I>G$+@DE< @AFG9E=G& >"2GA< 13 ?. /EI HG 2BGFE=8 -E"@HC?I I>8 HG 480 >.. +6< @5?DBI (2500 +HC) =I$E@H1FHI<, @D @AF-AI@?8 ?D HCF IF&6@C HC< @H"$?C< HC< $"9I@@I<, HCF IB2IEG9G/E=5 -EDBD&FC@C HGA >D-;GA I-&FIHC A>8 HE< >IBG&@D< @AF$5=D<.
36
,O,/OG<FS5OS
Bquignon Y., 1937. La valle du Spercheios, Paris.
GBH@+9I< I., 1907 (1973). JUP, W ? U^, #F
$5FIE<.
Bouyia }., 2010. Herakleia in Trachis, @HG :umismatica e Antichit
Classiche, Quaderni Ticinesi, 89 =.D.
Buck J., 1964. Middle Helladic matt-painted pottery, Hesperia 33.
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UR S^X^, A1F 1990, $5FI, H8?G< , 233-242.
I=GB1FEI . & I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA
.-., 1995. @HGBE=5 =IE
B2IEG9G/E=5 IFI@=8>C@C HC< =GE9"-I< HGA >DB2DEG&, @HG SVW 2000+. O\__ Y\^, O\ @]X, I?;I, 3349.
Hope Simpson R. & Dickinson O.T.P.K., 1979. A Gazetteer and Atlas of
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Hope Simpson R. & J.F. Lazenby, 1959. The Kingdom of Peleus and
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Gkotsinas A., Karathanou A., Papakonstantinou M.-F., Syridis G., Vouvalidis
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6IFF;-C ., 1972. Y
28, BGFE=", 395-401.
I6IFF;-GA-IB+H@GA A., 1973. E= EIFG=9I-;GA $E1HE-G<. AAA VI,
395-401.
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at Thermopylae, Greece,tJFA 14,t181-198.
Krapf T. 2012, (A>8 +=-G@C). Die mattbemalte sog. Lianokladi-Ware (1
/ 1/) im Lichte der neuen Funde aus Platania bei Lamia, ` Actes de la
37
38
39
=IHI/BI.+< IF$B6>G/DF1F =IE .A@E=1F -EDB/I@E1F @HGF >BG@HGBE=8 GE=E@?8 HC< /;I< IBI@=DA5< I?;I<, @HG O\ 4^ YV_ZR ?Z^ ``_ S\ __\X (YS), 89G<
"BHEG< 2012.
Thalmann J.P., 1980. Recherches aux Thermopyles, BCH 104, 757-760.
E9D95 ., 2010, (A>8 +=-G@C). @6>8< >GHI?8<, IB2I;I
B"=9DEI,
Y
65.
@8=I< ., HI?>G9;-C< ., DB/D?+C< ., @G&B9G< ., I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA
.-., GAH@G=+BI ., 2012, (A>8 +=-G@C). D6.A@E=5 -EI@=8>C@C =IE @AFI=89GA$C @&FHG?C IFI@=I.E=5 +BDAFI @HCF $+@C
9IH"FEI /;I< IBI@=DA5< I?;I<, @HG O\ 4^ YV_ZR =Z^ ``_ S\ __\X (YS), 89G<
"BHEG< 2012.
Vouvalidis, K., Syrides, G., Pavlopoulos, K., Papakonstantinou, M.,
Tsourlos, P., 2010a. Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Changes in Agia
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Wace . & Thompson
. 1912. Prehistoric Thessaly, Cambidge, 171-191.
GAB?GAE"-C< ., 1973-74. A
29, XBGFE=", 517-518.
40
BIO<FS5OBG M-9HO&9S
JSJSB&AM:SA:OAG3 9SFOS 5&:HOA>G&-I@D B2IEG9G/;I =IE @HGB;I HC< +2FC< @HG BE@HGH+9DEG
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6< A>8HBG.G< HC< BDHIFE=5< 2G95< $CF1F. BG@HI?+FC HC<
#.GBD;I< BG@HGBE=1F =IE 9I@E=1F B2IEGH5H6F I>8 HG 2004 =IE
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BE@HGH+9DEG IFD>E@H5?EG D@@I9GF;=C<. EDA$&FGA@I >G991F @6@HE=1F IFI@=I.1F =IE HC< @A@HC?IHE=5< IFI@=I.5< H6F FD=BGHI.D;6F
HC< IB2I;I< FHB1FG<, +FI I>8 HI G>G;I I>GHD9D; =IE HG IFHE=D;?DFG HC<
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=IE HG D6HDBE=8. E -C?G@ED&@DE< HC< IFI.+BGFHIE =AB;6< @HCF E@HGBE=5 HG>G/BI.;I HC< =GE9"-I< HGA >DB2DEG&, @HE< D99CFE@HE=+< FD=BG>89DE< I?;I< =IE #2;FGA =IE @HC ?D9+HC H6F GE=E@?1F HC<
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42
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21BG< H6F @HDF1F @5?DBI D9"2E@HC @2+@C +2DE ?D IAH8F >GA >DBE/B".DE G
B8-GHG<, 8HIF =IH" HCF D>G25 HGA HG >+BI@?I 5HIF H8@G
>9IH& 8@G FI -E+B2DHIE ?;I "?II 8>6< IFI.+BDE (
BG-GHG<, z, 176;
Bequignon, 1937, 44; Szemler, 1991, 79).
AHE=" A1FGFHIE I>8HG?I GE I>G95DE< HGA I99E-B8?GA DF1 IFIHG9E=" GBDEGIFIHG9E=" HCF D>G25 HC< >DB;.C?C< ?"2C< HGA 480 >.. HG
@HDF8 @AFIFHG&@D HCF I$DE" =IE I>8HG?C I=HG/BI??5 HC< $"9I@@I<,
>GA +.$IFD ?+2BE HGA< >B8>G-D< HGA GAFG& (TYN. 1). AH8 @AF"/DHIE 82E
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@6>8<, G
+9I< =IE G G;FE, =I$1< =IE =IHG9E@$5@D6F, >GA @AF+I9IF @HCF >B8@26@C HC< I=H5< =IE ?DHIHBG>5< HC< @D >D-EF5 =IE D91-C
(TYN. 2), 2IBI=H5BI >GA HGA9"2E@HGF ?+2BE =IE HGF 19G IE. -EIH5BC@D
@&?.6FI ?D 8@I IFI.+BGAF GE >DBEC/CH+< =IE I>DE=GF;GFHIE @D /=BIG&BD< HGA 18GA =IE 19GA IE. (Dodwell, 1819, II,77; Bequignon, 1937, 43;
Kraft, 1991, 6-12).
=8?C =IE ?+2BE HG 1939 G =I$C/CH5< >AB;-6F
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43
44
I=GB1FEI IFGAB;I
F$59C A>5BD =G?E=8 @C?D;G @HGF >IB"9EG -B8?G >BG< HC FGHE8HDBC #99"-I.
B8-GHG< HCF >DBE/B".DE 6< >89C 5 =1?C =IE
=GFH" HC< >B+>DE FI 5HIF HG DB8 HC< 5?CHBI< A9I;I< 5 ?.E=HAGF;-I< (Thalmann, 1980, 757-760). G DB8 5HIF +-BI HC< A9I;I< ?.E=HAGF;I<, I>GH+9D@?I HC< A>G21BC@C< HC< >G9EHE=5< -&FI?C< H6F
G=B1F =IE HC< DF;@2A@C< D=D;FC< H6F 6=+6F ?DH" HGF 7G IE. >.. #-1
D>;@C< ?IBHABD;HIE =IE DB8 HGA ?.E=H&GFI, ?A$E=G& >BG/8FGA H6F
#995F6F =I$1< =IE FI8< HGA
BI=9+GA<, G G>G;G< @HCF IB2IE8HCHI 6<
/F6@H8F 9IHBDA8HIF 6< >BG@H"HC< H6F $DB?1F >C/1F (
IBEF"HG<,
1951, 55-56).
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DB8 HC< 5?CHBI< -DF +2GAF 8?6< I=8?C DFHG>E@HD; GE FIG; =IE C $+@C
HC< =1?C< F$59C<.
BG26B1FHI< @HC $+@C H6F @C?DBEF1F D/=IHI@H"@D6F H6F 9GAHB1F
H6F DB?G>A91F, A>"B2GAF GE $DB?+< >C/+< 8>GA D;2IF =IHI@=DAI@HD;
?>IFE+BD< =I9G&?DFD< 2&HBGE 5 =G9A?5$BD< (
IBEF"HG<, 1951, 56).
E-1 =IH" HGF E98@HBIHG, G
B1-C< G HHE=8< D;2D =H;@DE 9GAHB", DFG-
45
G HD;2G< >IBGA@E"DE D>E@=DA+< ?DHI/DF+@HDBD<, I>8-DEC HC< -EI2BGFE=5< 2BC@E?8HCH"< HGA =IE 2B5@C< HGA.
8BDEI-GBDEGIFIHG9E=" HGA HD;2GA< A1FDHIE 2I?C98< 98.G<, >GA
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FI@=I.+< >GA -EDF5B/C@D G
IBEF"HG< HG 1939 D=H8< HGA HD;2GA<
H6F 6=+6F, >GA HG D>D@5?IFD =IE HG I>G="9AD, @HGF G96F8 B5=D
9D;IFI GE=G-G?C?"H6F, HI.1F =IE G2AB6?IHE=1F =IHI@=DA1F, >GA
.$"FGAF ?+2BE HGA< }6?I=G&< =IE HGA< AIFHEFG&< 2B8FGA<. #>;
>9+GF B+$C=IF =IE HI 2IBI=1?IHI, >GA -EIFG;2$C=IF D=D; =IH" HGF
>89D?G HGA 1897 (
IBEF"HG<, 1951, 65-66).
46
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>C/5 @5?DBI +2DE =I9A.$D; I>8 9"@HC@C 8>6< =IE HG HD;2G< H6F
6=+6F, HCF D>G25 8?6< HGA
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GBIH5. A@HA21< =IE IAH5 B;@=DHIE @D E-E6HE=8 21BG.
&>IBC FDB1F @HCF >DBEG25 A>5BD >BG.IF1< C IEH;I D/=IHI@H"@D6< A-B8?A9GA =IE >IF-G2D;GA (2"FE) 5-C I>8 HGF 18G IE1FI, HG G>G;G
I>DE=GF;DHIE @D 2IBI=HE=" HGA 1820 =IE @5?DBI +2DE ?DHIHBI>D; @D DBD;>EG, -E8HE =IE IAH8 I>GHD9D; E-E6HE=5 E-EG=HC@;I (TYN. 5).
IH" HCF +G-G >BG< 8HG I>8 HI @HDF" A>"B2DE G2AB5 $+@C->89C,
>GA HIAH;DHIE ?D HGA< IB2I;GA< 9>CFG&< (Bequignon, 1937, 44-46). D;IFI G2&B6@C<, >GA -EIHCBG&FHIE D=D;, DE="DHIE 8HE IF5=GAF @HI G2AB6?IHE=" +B/I HGA GA@HEFEIFG&. #-1 HG>G$DHG&FHIE =IE GE 9;$GE HGA
D9"?>A/G<.
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Bequignon Y., La Vallee du Spercheios, Paris 1937.
I=GB1FEI .,
}
}: I >G?A=CFI=" D=BGHI.D;I H6F &?6F,
$5FI 1987.
Dodwell Ed., A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece during the years
1801,1805 and 1806, London 1819.
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Publications,1991, 21-45. (HG D5< CORRIDOR).
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1951.
Marinatos Sp., Forschungen in Thermopylen,Bericht ueber den VI Internationalen
Kongress fuer Archaeologie, Berlin 1939, (Berlin 1940), 333-341.
* Kraft J., Geology of the Great Isthmus Corridor, CORRIDOR, 1-16.
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@I=B5< .
B2I;I 6B;<, C
CHB8>G9E< H6F 6BE+6F, $5FIE 1970.
Wallace P., The Anopaia Path at Thermopylai, AJA 84, 1980, 15-23.
*
cGlymont W.G., To Greece, Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War at
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52
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DE=. 11,14.
2 8 . Agora XII, part 1, @.154, part 2, >EF.38, IB.1129-1131.
2 9 . Agora XII, part 1, @.315, DE=. 11 (1123), part.2, >EF.38:1123, 1124. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 236-237, IB.218.
3 0 . I9H@"< 1998, 29, >EF.9, @C?.32 /EI HC @2DHE=5 E9EG/BI.;I.
3 1 . I GE6HE=" IF$D?6H" I//D;I HGA HB;HGA ?E@G& HGA 5GA IE.>.. D;FIE =AB;6<
=&9E=D<, @=&.GE, >A;-D< (FD=BGHI.D;I =BI;.EI< =IE IF"/BI<). F-BDE6?+FGA 1988,
14, >EF.2:4,5 =IE 2007, 230, 231-237, >EF.116-121.
3 2 . F$D?6H" IBAI99GDE-5 9C=&$EI. I ?E@8 4GA IE. >.. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C<
2003, 371, IB. 412.
A96F"< 1975, @.143-144, IB.230, >EF.264
3 3 . +?D9C<-GAB"H@G/9GA 1997, 42-43, 168-169 @C?.178 /EI HC 2B5@C =IE HGF
H&>G.
3 4 . IBI?5-9I2G/E"FFC 2004, 480, >EF.221, I.1., I.4.
61
-D;/?IHI H6F "6H6F ?D9I?I.1F .EI91F =IE .EI9E-;6F HGA 4GA IE.
>..,35 (EF.1:33,34) =I$1< =IE H6F ?D9I?I.1F >EFI=;6F GBE@?+FI ?D
=8@?C@C DF@.B"/E@H6F IF$D?;6F 5 /BI??E-;6F36 (EF.1:35). B=DH"
D;FIE HI 9A2F"BEI -EI.8B6F >IBI99I/1F >GA 2BGFG9G/G&FHIE I>8 HG
H+9G< HGA 5GA IE. =IE +6< =IE HGF 3GF IE. >..37 (EF.1:38). +9G<, ?;I >B82GA< (EF.1:36/) =IE +FI DAB&@HG?G I//D;G (EF.1:36) ?D -EI=8@?C@C
DBA$BG="@HIF6F HIEFE1F >BG@G?GE"DE ?D >IBI-D;/?IHI ;-EI< =8@?C@C< H6F IB21F HGA 3GA IE. I>8 HCF /GB" H6F $CF1F.38
?D9I?I.5<
@HI?FGDE-5< >A;-I (EF.1:36I) ?D ="$DHD< A6?+FD< 9I+< @HGF 1?G
IF5=DE @HI =HDB;@?IHI HGA H+9G< HGA 4GA IE IB2+< HGA 3GA IE. >..39
HG HD9DAHI;G H+HIBHG HGA 4GA IE. >.. 2BGFG9G/D;HIE HG ?D9I?I.+<
>BG2G-EG 12684,40 DF1 @HGF 4GF IE.>.. IF5=DE =IE HG >BG2G-EG 12834,
>GA I>GHD9D; >BG8F HG>E=G& DB/I@HCB;GA.41
HI E-EI;HDBI =DBI?E=" DAB5?IHI, D>D;@I=HI >BG8FHI >E$IF8HIHI
I$CFI=1F DB/I@HCB;6F =IHIH"@@GFHIE ?;I DBA$B8?GB.C 95=A$G<
(12692.EF.1:28I,) H6F ?+@6F HGA 5GA IE. >.. ?D >IB"@HI@C ?GB.5<
@D =;FC@C42, +FI 9C=&$EG HC< ;-EI< >DBE8-GA ?D DBA$B8?GB.C >IB"@HI@C
(12700. EF.1:28/,-), 8>GA D=IH+B6$DF ?E=B5< @HIHE=5< ?GB.5<, >E$IF8HIHI 8IFGA, DE=GF;GFHIE /AFIE=D;I ?GB.5 >GA =BIH" HD9DHGAB/E=5
.E"9C =IE .HDB6H5 ?GB.5 >E$IF8HIHI ;=C (?+@I ?D H+9C HGA 5GA
IE.>..), =I$1< =IE ?;I I>G@>I@?IHE=5 95=A$G< ?D 9DA=8 "$G< =IE
?D9IF8/BI.I /D6?DHBE=" =G@?5?IHI (12772, ?I;IF-BG<, 9I@H8<, =.".
EF.1:27-) H6F ?+@6F HGA 5GA IE. >..43 FI I>E8@2C?G ?ABG-G2D;G
(12661. >EF.1:39I) ?D HBE2B6?;I =IE 9G/28@2C?I .A99GDE-5 =G@?5?IHI
2BGFG9G/D;HIE >E$IF8HIHI @HC @HBG.5 I>8 HGF 4GF @HGF 3GF IE. >.. =IE
3 5 . EI HCF .E"9C 12788 >B9. Agora XII, part 1, @.293, part 2, >EF.32:802-803. EI HE<
.E"9D< 12678, 12682: Agora, XII, part 1, @.295 (830, 831, 832), part 2, >EF.33 , /EI HI .EI9;-EI HGA I?E@G& HGA 4GA IE.>.. : Agora XII, part 1, @.302-303 (943-945), part 2, >EF.34:
943-945.
>"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, @.224, DE=.29. I9H@"<
1998, @.29, >EF. 9, 653-654, @.33, >EF.14, 762-763, >EF. 77, 718.
3 6 . Agora XII, part 1, @.295, part 2, >EF.33 (830), @.309, part 2, >EF.36: 1047, 1052,
IB2+< HGA 4GA IE.>..
3 7 . 12712:
>"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, 223, DE=.27. Agora IV,
type 23A, >EF.7,36. 12799:
>"EGA-#A@HI$;GA BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, 226,
DE=.33 HGA 3GA IE.>.. 12705:. /&B6 @HG 300 >.. BG&/GA 1992, >EF. 10, IB. 42.
3 8 . Agora XXIX, part 2, >EF.48:493, @.127
3 9 .
>"EGA/#A@HI$;GA-BEIFHI.&99GA 2003-2009, 309. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA
1997, 51, >EF.33 I-.
4 0 . B9 ?D ?I=BEF" >IB"99C9I C9DEI=G; 95=A$GE: ABEI=G&-zI.DEBG>G&9GA
2011, @.58, >EF.11, IB.4146, 4142
4 1 . F-B+GA 1994, @. 200-201, >EF.143, 145 (I//D;I H".6F 10, 13)
4 2 .
I=BEF8 >IB"99C9G ?D >IB"@HI@C ;=C< HGA 450-425 >.. IB9I?"-HI?>G9;-C< 2003, 123, IB.108.
4 3 .
95=A$G< >BG@G?GE"DE ?D IFH;@HGE2I >BG8FHI HGA z6/B".GA HC<
+/IEBI<:
Kurtz 1975, @.152-154. I9H@"< 1998, @.106, >EF.116, 1059, 1060.
62
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
63
IFH;@HGE2I DAB5?IHI =AB;6< I>8 HC G=B;-I.51 ">GED< HI.+< >GA >E$IF8HIHI >BI/?IHG>GE5$C=IF =IH" HCF /D6?DHBE=5 (?+@I 8GA IE. >..
8>6< HG 2"9=EFG E>>"BEG 11519. EF.1:44:-) =IE HCF IB2I=5 D>G25 D;2IF
=HDBE@HD; ?8FG ?D 2"9=EFI IFHE=D;?DFI, @AF5$DEI >GA A>G-C91FDE HCF
D>E.IF5 =GEF6FE=5 H"C H6F FD=B1F =IE +2DE >IBIHCBC$D; @D HI.+< HC<
/D6?DHBE=5< D>G25< @D FD=BGHI.D;I HC< G=B;-I<.52
64
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
5 9 . X"9=EFGE -;@=GE ?D D/2IB"DE< =G@?G&@IF D>;@C< &9EFI =E6H;-EI 5 "99I IFHE=D;?DFI I>8 DAHD9+< A9E=8. Isthmia, IB.283
6 0 . I=GB1FEI 1989, 115-120.
6 1 . AF5$6< B;@=GFHIE +FI 5 -AG FG?;@?IHI =IE @>"FEI >DBE@@8HDBI @=GB>E@?+FI
@HGF $"9I?G, ?EI @AF5$DEI >GA >IBIHCBD;HIE @HGA< H".GA< HC< G=B;-I< I>8 HGF 5G IE.
>.. I=GB1FEI 1988, @.12.
6 2 . EI HGF @2G9EI@?8 H6F FG?E@?"H6F >B9. .HIABG/E"FFC<, BDE< HI.E=G; FG?E@?IHE=G; $C@IABG; I>8 HE< G?>GH"-D< $E1HE-I<. E?CHE=8< 8?G< /EI HCF #>;HE?G
.GBG B2IEGH5H6F =. .I=GB1FEI, A>8 +=-G@C.
65
66
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
67
spicules on the calcaneus tuber caused by trauma (compare with #153 below).
A parietal bone fragment (# 37, fig. 5d) from a mature adult (the sutures were
obliterated) had an unusually thick cranial table. Thickening of the cranial table
can be caused by chronic anaemia, a symptom of thalassaemia and the sickle cell
trait. Both are genetic disorders caused by mutation in the haemoglobin gene.
People with two copies of the mutated gene have serious health problems. Their
red cells instead of being round are rigid, sickle-shaped cells. People with one
copy have some affected red cells and, without suffering from the problems of a
homozygote, are more resistant to infection by the malaria parasite which is why
this mutation is common in populations where malaria is prevalent. It is an adaptive evolutionary response to disease.
Classical Period: Mid-5th to beginning of 3rd C.B.C. [Table 3 Group 23 =-]
30 diagnostic items of bone in Group 23 =- are presented in Table 3. This
group was located on the east side of the tomb. After the removal of the visible
finds (a dozen clay vases, one glass vase, a bronze vase, and a variety of other
bronze artifacts such as pins, earrings, coins and a figurine), the excavation of an
11 cm deposit (level 1) produced a small collection of bones, the majority were
leg (5) or foot bones (18); ten metatarsals and phalanges were complete. Three
left 2nd metatarsals (: #78, 82 & 84), indicate an MNI of at least three people.
Some bones (left ulna #66, right tibia #71, and left fibula #72) represent a muscular adult male, though not necessarily the same person. There may have been
two adult males, since there were two large left navicular bones (#75 and 76).
However, there is also evidence of a petite young adult female or females (#68,
85, 86, 87).
Taphonomy: Rodent teeth marks were observed on a fibula # 73. Several of
the bones in this level 1 deposit, namely a humerus (#67), three of the
metatarsals (#77, 78 & 79 see fig. 1a), and a rib (76a, fig 1b) were encased in
lime. Three bones (#69, 85, 86) were brown coloured and one (#71, fig. 2d),
had vertical cracks on the surface, which suggests extreme temperature variations. Fires may have been used to fumigate chamber tombs, probably on the
occasions when tombs were reopened and earlier burials, probably not entirely
disintegrated, had to be shifted with their grave offerings to create space for new
burials. In this way the grave offerings with the skeletal remains came to be
arranged into discrete clusters while, in the process, substantial parts of the
skeletons may have been destroyed.
68
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
Classical and Late Classical Period Mid-5th to early 3rd C.B.C. [Table 4
Group 24IB]
The 49 diagnostic items of human bone and 12 featureless fragments in
Group 24E come from level 2 on the south side of the tomb. Besides the bones,
this deposit also produced vases, several figurines, bronze earrings, finger rings,
buckles and dress pins, a silver pin and a clay spindle whorl. The majority are
diagnostic bones (=35) as well as the fragments are from lower limbs. The 4th
right metatarsal gives an MNI of four people. The material also included a
female pelvis fragment with the pubic symphysis, which gave a mean age estimate of 29.18 years. This group included the only complete long bone in the
entire assemblage (# 116, fig. 1d) an adult male fibula measuring 31.95 cm.
Stature was calculated as 158.57 cm using the stature formula: 2.60 (Fibula +
75.50).63
Taphonomy: Three bones were a brownish colour (#112, 115, 130), three (#
104, 106, 129) were coated in lime; one had rodent tooth marks (#137) and one
had an ancient break (#136, fig 2a). Some bones may have been broken by being
accidentally trodden on.
Pathologies: Bone #133 was a broken tibia. It was possible, without the need
for an X-ray, to observe with the naked eye two Harris lines near the epiphysis.
Harris lines, normally seen in x-rays, are linear areas of radio-translucency,
which form at the growth plate in immature individuals when growth is temporarily arrested. They may be caused by insults of disease or an inadequate diet.
Bone #132 was a lumbar vertebra with peripheral exostoses reflecting stress on
the vertebral column. Bone #112 was a talus with an exostosis. Osteoarthritis is
a chronic disease of the joints most often seen in the aged, but its occurrence in
young people may be triggered by trauma. It is a very common disorder, occurring in 1 in 5 people worldwide, but it is up to ten times more frequent in people who do physical labour.64
Surface Cleaning: Mixed material from all periods [Table 5- Group 17a]
The bone material in Group 17a was collected during the initial cleaning of
the chamber. There were 30 diagnostic items and another 25 fragments seen in
Table 5. The material mainly consists of foot and leg bones, also some fragments
of a pelvis, a vertebra, an ulna, two hand bones and a very large clavicle (15.7
cm long) with a deeply scoured enthesis (#140 fig. 3c), caused by prolonged
strenuous labour probably from an early age65. Nine bones six of them
6 3 . Using the formula in Trotter and Gleser 1958, 79-123
6 4 . Croft et al 1992, 1269-1272
6 5 . Stirland 1991, 40-47
69
metatarsals are complete. The material represents at least three people (three
right tibias): probably one female and two males (: 2 large left calcanei). A large
calcaneus #153, fig. 3a, from a mature adult male, had ossified tendons on the
heel caused by trauma, leading to the eventual ossification of the tendon.
Walking must have been painful.
Taphonomy: Four bones in this group were brown coloured and may have
been in contact with fire (e.g. femur # 146 see figure 2b). Also, one of the tibias
(#149 see fig. 1c) was covered in lime, (like radius #19 mentioned above). The
use of fire and of lime has already been reported for Mycenaean burials.66 The
hygiene properties of lime must have been appreciated millennia earlier since
lime was widely used from Neolithic times for coating floors and walls, steps,
benches and cisterns. It seems quite reasonable to assume that its use in tombs
was intended as a sanitary measure, to counteract the smell of putrid flesh and
to aid its dissolution.
II. Discussion:
Retrospective analysis of the formation of the burial deposit
The bones in the pit in the southeast corner of the chamber were the earliest
burials. The pit was probably created in the Sub-Proto-Geometric period for the
deposition of the original burials. The pit contained mostly fragmentary long
bone shafts (22), especially from the lower limbs (15), while most of the featureless fragments were also pieces from limb bones. These survived because
long bones are generally dense and more resistant to decay, but purposeful selection may also have been a factor. There were a few fragments of cranium (5) and
a mandible, while bones from the trunk and extremities (feet and hands) were
virtually absent from the pit. Small bones may have got separated or lost, or were
simply not re-deposited after cleaning out the tomb and arranging the bones in
the pit. Fragile remains such as vertebrae may have disintegrated completely.
Sub-Protogeometric Group 18a, by the west wall of the chamber excavated from
level 1, was the largest group with the greatest range of anatomical parts and
included the greatest number of pieces from the cranium and mandible. Cranial
fragments and teeth were absent from the remaining groups. Group 23 =- dating to the Classical era, on the east side of the chamber excavated from level 1,
included a range of material mostly from the trunk and lower limbs, while upper
limbs were represented by only two arm bones. Group 241B, on the south side
excavated from level 2, also included mainly lower limb or foot bones (41), a
few arm and hand bones (7). The overall rarity of cranial fragments and teeth in
the sample is puzzling. One would have expected some stray teeth, because they
6 6 . Paschalides - McGeorge 2009, 104.
70
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B. TINA McGEORGE
are far more resistant to decay than long bones. Why are crania and teeth barely
represented? The cause must be anthropogenic.
Two animal bones (see table 5) were found with the human remains. They
may have been food offerings for the deceased. Food offerings and the bodies
themselves must have attracted rodents. In nearly all groups there was evidence
of at least one bone having been gnawed (#21, 73, 137, 175 see fig. 2c, and 195).
Some bones had a coating of lime, probably a hygiene measure and an attempt to
deal with unpleasant smells from the decomposition of bodies. In all the groups
there were some brownish coloured bones, possibly resulting from fumigation
practices. Ancient breakages of bones (such as #136 see fig. 2a), may have been
caused by accidentally treading on, or dropping them. Grave offerings appear to
have been purposefully arranged in clusters with which there were groups of
associated bones, but the number of bones appears seriously depleted. Repeated
re-opening of the tomb altering the ambient environmental conditions would certainly have had a significant influence on preservation, probably accelerating disintegration of the bones. So human interference is certainly the main reason why
the skeletal remains are a fraction of what the original burials would have been.
Over centuries of use, recurring disturbances of the burials, repeatedly setting
aside an earlier burial to accommodate a new one, would have amplified the
unfavourable conditions, and explains the comingling of the human remains.
Minimum Number of Individuals
The minimum number of individuals for each group/data set has been given
separately in each section above, generating a total of 16 people. Bearing in
mind the discussion above co-mingling cannot be excluded. On the other hand,
combining of all the data (fig. 6 histograms 1 & 2), gives an MNI of only 10 people, derived from counting the right first metatarsal, which is the most frequent
and the best-preserved bone. This MNI is even less probable than the first given
that the tomb served for many generations.
Disease
Some pathologies were mentioned, such as dental caries (# 40a, fig. 4a) and
enamel hypoplasia (# 40, fig. 4b), osteoarthritis (#112, fig 3b), spondylitis (#33,
130, 64 fig. 5a, b and c), trauma (#153, fig. 3a) enthesopathy (#140, fig. 3c),
osteoporosis (#19), Harris lines, which are lines of arrested growth (#133 fig.
4c), and possibly thalassaemia or sickle cell anaemia (#37 fig. 5d), all relatively
common in human populations. However, the enthesopathy, was most interesting because it reflects the very early age in childhood at which people began to
do really hard labour. In contrast to the western social model and modern ethics
regarding childhood rights, which prohibit child labour, children were expected
to work from an early age.
71
III. Conclusions
The bones reflected not only the biological and cultural experiences of life, but
also of death. Firstly, we have evidence of the treatment of corpses, probably in
varying states of decomposition, with the use of lime and the clearing and cleansing of the tomb, during which substantial elements of the skeletons very likely
disintegrated and were lost. This explains why the tombs skeletal remains are
only a fraction of what there ought to have been. On the other hand, there is evidence of the accumulation and careful arrangement of the burial offerings
grouped at the sides of the tomb. The cleaning, housekeeping and rearrangement
of the tombs contents was obviously done for practical reasons in order to
accommodate new burials. So we have a glimpse of burial procedures practised
in the late fifteenth century down to the beginning of the third century B.C.
Secondly, it is important to stress that Tomb IV was in practice a grave monument that functioned for a thousand years serving it original purpose, though
perhaps not continuously since a gap of two and a half centuries between the
Mycenaean and Sub-Protogeometric burials is indicated. Effectively, the tomb
was a repository for the remains of successive generations of a group or groups
living in the area. Obviously, it was a recognized landmark and a focal point for
funeral ceremonies. Whenever a member of the family or group died, ceremonies would have been performed there in which all members of the community must have participated. So why was this tomb, far larger than the others in
the group, re-used again and again? Did economic constraints deter them from
spending resources on building a new one? This is possible but seems unlikely
given the accumulation of fairly rich contents in the tomb. The re-use of
Mycenaean tombs has been noted elsewhere, though usually accompanied by
pillaging of the grave goods67. But this did not happen here. The objects were
neither stolen nor desecrated. Did re-using this tomb fulfill some other need,
such as the need to emphasize genealogy and ancestry in a tomb impressive for
its size and contents; or the need to demonstrate kinship/consanguinity in order
to maintain a line of inheritance, or to legitimize property rights or claims to
property by some culturally affiliated descent group? The preoccupation of the
Greeks with hero worship and ancestry, real or mythical is thought to have its
origins in their Mycenaean heritage. Establishing ownership over land and the
concept of belonging - not being ancestorless seem to be reasonable explanations for repeatedly using this tomb.
Finally, the necessity of setting aside the earlier burials - customary in LBA
tombs - indicates that space was too limited to accommodate the extended burials of all the deceased relatives but the grave offerings memorializing ancestors
were respected. Although it may appear to us that by comparison their attitude
6 7 . E.g. Tomb V at Pylona, where apart from a few stray sherds, the tomb had been completely cleared of earlier burials and gifts: see Karantzali 2001, 20.
72
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B. TINA McGEORGE
towards an ancestors physical remains was cursory and less respectful than
ours, but it is probable that repeated re-opening of the tomb created very aggressive conditions in the burial environment in addition to other factors such as
the tombs proximity to the Spercheios river and the height of the water table
which contributed to the eventual depletion of the skeletal remains, whereas the
vases and some bronzes survived. We should not ignore the importance of bloodlines and lines of continuity perpetuated by descendant/ ascendant populations.
The actual artifacts carefully clustered round the edges of the tomb, memorializing ancestors, real or imagined, would have been an effective mnemonic
device for the recital of a very long and very impressive genealogy.
B. Tina McGeorge
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>89C< >GA "=?ID I>8 HGF 5GA +6< HGF 2GF IE >.., =IE C G>G;I D;2D
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6 9 . I=GB1FEI 1988, @D9. 11. Deger-Jalkotzy 1999, 195-202. 43, 1988, 2BGFE=",
229-232, 44, 1989, 2BGFE=", 175-177, 45, 1990, 2BGFE=", 185 (#9"HDEI).
74
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>G99" A>G@28?DFI IAH5 $+@C. w@H8@G, HBI/E=5 DEB6FD;I I>GHD9D; HG
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HE< DF+B/DED< DAIE@$CHG>GEC?+F6F >G9EH1F =IE >G9EHE@HE=1F GB/IF1@D6F, +H@E 1@HD FI D?>D-6$D; GA@EI@HE=" C @C?I@;I =IE C I;I HC< D>E@HC?GFE=5< IB2IEG9G/E=5< +BDAFI<, >GA I>G@=G>D; @HC -E"@6@C =IE IF"-DEC HC< >G9EHE@HE=5< =9CBGFG?E"<.
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JHFO<FS5- SA:OBHO9HA&A
10
12659,12657,12675 HB;6HI
=A9EF-BE=" ?A=CFI=" I9"I@HBI
#2, #2.
12653,12655,12738 HB;6HI =IE -;6HI
=A9EF-BE=" ?A=CFI=" I9"I@HBI
>B1E?C #2, #2-.
12671,12652,12668
A=CFI=G;
>E$I?.GB;@=GE HC< #-.
12648,12649
A=CFI=G;
>E$I?.GB;@=GE HC< #-.
75
76
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5&:G<FS5OHM
JHFO<FS5- SA:OBHO9HA&A
11
12
12696,12647,12663,12787,12715
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12775,12776,12777,12794, 12928, 12929.
14
15
16
18
19
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21
22
23
24
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25
26
27
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HGA 5GA IE. >.. (12770, 12746,
12771, 12772). HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I
12780.
78
B. #
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B. TINA McGEORGE
5&:G<FS5OHM
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28
29
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12732 HGA H+9GA< HGA 4GA IE. >..
?D -EI=8@?C@C >9+/?IHG<.
30
31
32
33
12689, 12686,12666, 12691
D9I?I.5 "6HI @=A.;-EI HGA 4GA IE.
>.. HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HI 12702,
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34
12788, 12678, 12682 ?D9I?I.D;<
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36
37
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HCF ;-EI =IHC/GB;I HG 12699.
38
39
40
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41
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42
80
B. #
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5&:G<FS5OHM
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43
44
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Figure 1b:
Figure 1a:
Taphonomy
Figure 1c:
Figure 1d:
Figure 2a:
Figure 2b:
Figure 2d:
Taphonomy
Figure 2c:
81
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
82
Figure 3a:
Figure 3b:
Figure 3c:
Pathology
Figure 3a: Calcaneus (#153) with ossified tendons
Figure 3b: Talus (#112) with osteoarthritis
Figure 3c: Clavicle (#140)with an enthesopathy
Figure 4a:
Figure 4b:
Pathology
Figure 4a: Molar (# 40a) with caries
Figure 4b: Mandible (# 40) and teeth with enamel hypoplasia
Figure 4c: Tibia (#133) with Harris lines
Figure 4c:
Figure 5a:
Figure 5b:
Pathology
Figure 5c:
Figure 5d:
Burial Deposit
83
84
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
85
86
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
87
88
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
89
90
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
91
Argive Heraeum II: Ch. Waldstein, The Argive Heraeum II, Boston, New
York 1905.
DB-D95< N. 1958,
$5FI 1958.
92
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
Greece. From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis
Studies 3. Ed. By Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy and Irene Lemos. Edinburg 2006, 483-504
I=GB1FEI . 2007,
I?;I.. >BEF HC I?;I, O\ ^ 3^
S^X^ JU[ L`, G] 2005, (I?;I 2007), 414-423.
I=GB1FEI . 2009,
B6HG/D6?DHBE=5 I?;I, BI=HE=" D>E@HC?GFE=5< @AF"FHC@C< /EI F YV_ZW TZ ``_ S\
__\X 2 (2006), 89G< 2009, 975-988.
Daux G. 1922, Chroniques des fouilles et dcouvertes archologiques, BCH
XLVI, 1922, 513
Deger-Jalkotzy S. 1999, Elateia and Problems of Pottery Chronology, O\ ^ 1^
UR
`]R S^]`^ @ OT ^
K^4R
W`]^ G] 1994, (I?;I 1999), 195-202.
BG&/GA . 1992, Y`[ OT__ 1957-1964. [_ _RV,
$5FI 1992.
Feugre
. 1989, Le Verre Preromain en Europe occidentale. Montagnac
1989.
z&?C #.- E-+BC< . 2003, "9=EFI @=D&C I>8 HG I9I;-E: >B1HC
>BG@+//E@C, O\ ^ 1^ `]R S^X^, F >_X
W YVW T `[], $5FI 2003.
Harden D. 1981, Catalogue of Greek and Roman Glass in the British
Museum. London British Museum Publication 1981.
Helly . 1978, Erythrees d Ionie ou Erythrees des Thermopyles? Zeitschrift
fr Papyriologie und Epigraphik, band 29, 1978.
+?D9C< .-GAB"H@G/9GA . 1997, \ ^
^, $5FI
1997.
sthmia: Rambitschek . 1998, Isthmia. The metal objects (1952-1989), vol
VII, 1998.
I9H@"< . 1998, ?YU L. @ `[ ^ ^, $5FI
1998.
Kalapodi I: Anna Palme-Koufa 1996, Die Graffiti auf der Keramik, @HG
Kalapodi I. Ergebnisse des Ausfrabungen im Heiligtum der Artemis und des
Apollon von Hyampolis in der antiken Phokis. (ed. Rainer C.S. Felsch). Mainz
am Rhein.
Karantzali E. 2001, The Mycenaean Cemetery at Pylona on Rhodes, BAR
IS: 988, Oxford 2001.
93
94
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
95
P.J.P. McGeorge
Anglo-Greek anthropologist permanently resident in Greece since 1983, Dr
McGeorge pursued research into the physical anthropology of ancient populations, was involved in setting up the Laboratory of the American School in 19912 and later in teaching and examining undergraduates and postgraduates at the
University of Crete 2001-2010. She has collaborated on several research projects in Greece which resulted in monographs published in the BAR volumes 988
and 1917, and in SIMA volume XCIII. Her articles on demography, morbidity,
palaeo-pathology and medical practice have been published in Greek, French
and English language periodicals. She is currently collaborating on projects
concerned with infant mortality and burial customs in prehistoric Crete with
Prof. P. Warren, on the Haghios Charalambos Human Bone Project with
Professors C. Davaras and P. P. Betancourt, training interns from American and
European universities at INSTAPEC, and on human remains from the Kastelli
Chania excavation directed by Dr Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, General Director
of Antiquities.
96
B. #
}z
B. TINA McGEORGE
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LRLWP?[WYNE TUTRXP?8XZRV +6UZRV [C1 WPX O2 H'ZUTI[ JUZLWZUYN6X N[Y KQ[LYN6X [U+[YZW>W4X LWZ XZ?1 5#Y6WY;[V.
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20012.
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8HE HI I?>+9EI A>G@HCB;GFHIF I>8 G>6BG.8BI -+F-BI, HI G>G;I =IE
GFG?"GFHIF ?-L?KR DH8NFIGR, @D ?E=B" =H5?IHI HI 9D/8?DFI RGHMFPHMKQ8FQR. #>B8=DEHG /EI ?E=B+< >DBEGA@;D<, @HE< G>G;D< /;FGFHIF DFHI1 7 . Thompson, 396-425, DE=. 2, 5.
1 8 . Pliny, Natural History, XVII 199-216.
1 9 . D8.BI@HG<, DB; .AH1F E@HGB;I< V 6.
2 0 . FI.+BGFHIE D-1 GE /F6?IHD&@DE< HGA =I$C/CH5 /D6>GF;I< . I>>" =IE HGA
/D6>8FGA . "//I, HGA< G>G;GA< =IE DA2IBE@H1 $DB?".
2 1 . D8.BI@HG<, DB; .AH1F E@HGB;I< VI 3-4, DB; .AH1F IEHE1F 10 8.
2 2 . Thompson, 424, @C?. 1
105
2 3 . Lefort, 256.
2 4 . "$G< 0,20-0,30 ?.
106
E5 IB;I
,O,/OG<FS5OS
8B-G< 2002: . 8B-G<,
;I >DB;>H6@C I?>D9G.AHD;I< @HI
+/IBI. ;FGF @HGB1 .
D/IB;<:
I?>D9GGEFE=5 HC< @HGB;I, (D>E?. +=-.
.. ;=GA9I<), H5?I #&2IBE<,
G&BHEI
D/"B6F, 18-5-2002, ($5FI
2002), 45-53, ;F. 9-16.
8B-G< 2006 : . 8B-G<, EI2BGFE=+< HD2FE=+< @HC .&HDA@C I?>D91F6F, C >DB;>H6@C H6F
D/"B6F. B2I;I #99CFE=5 D2FG9G/;I, 2G ED$F+< @AF+-BEG, 17-20 =H6B;GA 2005 ($5FI 2006), 380-387.
E9E?>"=C-=I?"HC 1988:
. E9E?>"=C-=I?"HC, +99I: HGE2D;I
D6B/E=5< H+2FC<. G B2IEG9G/E=8 B/G @HC
I=D-GF;I =IE B"=C
2, 1988, ( D@/F;=C 1991), 91-99.
>+@EG< 2004:
.
>+@EG<, B2I;GE I?>D91FD< @HC 8BDEI EDB;I.
;FGF @HGB1 . I?>D9IF$;@?IHI, (D>E?. +=-. .. ;=GA9I<), H5?I
DBGI@E9D;GA, #>IF6?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-5-2004 ($5FI 2004), 37-43,
;F. 7-10.
I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA 2001:
.-. I>I=6F@HIFH;FGA, #2;FG<: @HGB;I, ?FC?DEI=5 HG>G/BI.;I =IE IB2IEG9G/E=" DAB5?IHI ?EI< IB2I;I<
$D@@I9E=5< >89C< @HGF 2EF8 $E1HE-I<. BI=HE=" 1GA AFD-B;GA
$E6HE=5< @HGB;I<, 3 4 GD?B;GA 2001 (I?;I 2002), 25-33.
DHB8>GA9G< 2001:
. DHB8>GA9G<, E B6?I=G; 9CFG; HC< "HBI<.
;FGF @HGB1. ?>D9GGEFE=5 E@HGB;I =IE IB2IEG9G/;I HC< D9G>GFF5@GA, (D>E?. +=-. .. ;=GA9I<), H5?I
DB=G&BC, GBI=G21BE
9D;I<, 26-27 A/G&@HGA 2000 ($5FI 2001), 37-51.
;=GA9I<: . . ;=GA9I<, E IB2I;GE I?>D91FD< @HG EDB8 HGA E8<
@HC D?+I.
8BG< 14-16 (2000-2003), 395-400.
;=GA9I< 2004: . . ;=GA9I<, ?>D9G.AHD&DEF. ;FGF @HGB1 .
I?>D9IF$;@?IHI, (D>E?. +=-. .. ;=GA9I<), H5?I DBGI@E9D;GA,
#>IF6?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-5-2004 ($5FI 2004), 19-26.
GA9"=C 2004: . GA9"=C, G?>G98. E$D1F =IE /B+>IA9E< @HC
21BI H6F DE5$B6F. ;FGF @HGB1 . I?>D9IF$;@?IHI, (D>E?. +=-.
.. ;=GA9I<), H5?I DBGI@E9D;GA, #>IF6?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-52004 ($5FI 2004), 45-56, ;F. 11-22.
=IB9IH;-GA 2004: #. . =IB9IH;-GA, B2I;G< I?>D91FI< @HC
+B?C (+-D<) D@@I9GF;=C<. ;FGF @HGB1 . I?>D9IF$;@?IHI
(D>E?. +=-. .. ;=GA9I<), H5?I DBGI@E9D;GA, #>IFG?5 D@@I9GF;=C<, 15-5-2004, 27-36 ($5FI 2004) 27-36, ;F. 1-6.
Agora XXII : S. I. Rotroff, Hellenistic Pottery, Athenian and Imported
107
Moldmade Bowls, The Athenian Agora XXII (Princeton, New Jersey 1982).
Boissinot: Ph. Boissinot, L Archologie des vignobles antiques en France
mridionale. Archeologia della vite e del vino in Etruria. Atti del Convegno
Internationale di Studi, Scansano 9-10 settembre 2005 (Siena 2007), 35-41.
Lefort: J. Lefort, The Rural Economy, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries. The
Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth
Century, Part Three, 2002 (Ed. Angeliki E. Laiou, Dumbarton Oaks Studies 39).
Thompson: D. B. Thompson, The garden of Hephaistos, Hesperia 6 (1937),
396-425.
108
E5 IB;I
,OG<FS5OBG M-9HO&9S
1976: HA2;G HC< E9G@G.E=5< @2G95< HGA , H?5?I B2IEG9G/;I< =IE +2FC<.
1987: E-I=HGBE=8< H;H9G< @>GA-1F @HG >IFD>E@H5?EG HC<
I/DFH;I< @HCF 9I@E=5 B2IEG9G/;I ?D $+?I B6HG/D6?DHBE=5 =DBI?DE=5 I>8 HCF 69=8 @HC D@@I9;I.
1988-1993: AFDB/I@;I ?D HG IFD>E@H5?EG HGA Giessen =IE HGA
B2IEG9G/E=G&
GA@D;GA HC< E-;I< >89C< ?D IFHE=D;?DFG
-E-I@=I9;I =IE -EDI/6/5 -&G FG?E@?IHE=1F D=$+@D6F.
1994-1997: #>E@HC?GFE=5 @AFDB/"HE< @HC IAIBE=5 =I-C?;I #>E@HC?1F HGA
GF"2GA. A//BI.5 HGA IHI98/GA: Corpus
Vasorum Antiquorum (CVA), Giessen 1 (1998).
1998-2006:
D @A?"@DE< @HCF =IE #.
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D6< @5?DBI: B2IEG98/G< E-E6HE=G& -E=I;GA IGB;@HGA 2B8FGA @HCF
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AJA: American Journal of Archaeology
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2 0 . GA9/+BC-FHD@;9G/9GA 1990, >EF. 72/.
2 1 . Delos XXXI, >;F. 112 (IB. 4069, 4078, 4083), >EF. 80 (IB. 4070, 4126).
2 2 . Agora XXII, >;F. 69 (IB. 403).
2 3 . Corinth VII/2, 179-182, >;F. 78-80.
122
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2 9 . Agora XXII, >;F. 61 (IB. 340-341).
124
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3 0 . LIMC, 9. Hades (Lindner R.), 387 (IB. 149, 156), >;F. 223-224 =IE 377 (IB. 56),
>;F. 235.
3 1 . I=IG/E"FFC< 1980, 266, DE=. 6.
125
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4 1 . EIFF8>GA9G< 1925/6, 187.
4 2 . GA9/+BC-FHD@;9G/9GA 2000, 507-514, >;F. 251-252. IHCI//D9"=C< 2004,
142-143, >;F. 37-38.
4 3 . BG&/GA 2000, 493-495.
127
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
HIABG/E"FFC< "?>BG<
128
,I,/OG<FS5OS
Agora XXII
=I?"HC< 1993
BIFEH8>GA9G< 1910
I995<
1976
EIFF8>GA9G< 1925/26
BI"FC 2000
Corinth VII/2
Delos XXXI
Demetrias I
Hausmann 1959
129
I=IG/E"FFC< 1980
Kgler 2000
GFHG/E"FFC< 1998
LIMC
>I=I9"=C< 1959
>G&/EI 2007
Olynthus VII
I>I=6F@HIFHEFGA 1992
I>I@HI$G>G&9GA 2007
Pollitt 1994
BG@=AFCHG>G&9GA 1997
I>I@HI$G>G&9GA ., #99CFE@HE=8< $I9I?6H8< H".G< @HGF G?G=8, YVU\ > O\ ^ > S^X^
Y_]^P S^XP 13-15 ^ 2000, 9?AB8<, 306-308.
Pollitt J.J.,
H+2FC @HCF D99CFE@HE=5 D>G25,
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BG@=AFCHG>G&9GA }., =&.GE ?D IF"/9A.C -EI=8@?C@C I>8 HCF s9E-I.
D8HDBD< IFI@=I.+< 1960-1983, Y
47-48,
+BG< (
D9+HD<), 83-163.
Puppo 1995
Siebert 1978
130
HIABG/E"FFC< "?>BG<
tique, Paris.
Tolstikov Zhuravlev 2004
Sthlin 2008
F;=C.
Sthlin Fr.
IB2I;I D@@I9;I, D@@I9G-
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Zelnick-Abramovitz 2000
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biens confisques,135-141
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