Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welding Tantalium s304
Welding Tantalium s304
By P. A. K A M M E R , R. E. M O N R O E A N D D . C . M A R T I N
P. A. KAMMER, formerly with Battelle Memorial Institute, is now associate director of research, Teledyne McKay Company, York, Pennsylvania, R. E. MONROE and D. C. MARTIN are
division chief. Materials Joining Technology
Division, and senior technical advisor. Process
and Physical Metallurgy Department, respectively, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus.
Ohio.
304-s I J U N E
1972
Systems
Command
and
other
Government agencies have sponsored, comprehensive alloy development and scale-up programs. A s a
result of these ana otner programs,
several promising alloys w e r e developed w h i c h combined the excellent
fabricability
and
low-temperature
ductility of pure tantalum w i t h good
strength at temperatures up to
3 5 0 0 F. These alloys can be divided
into t w o main classes: (1) simple
solid-solution
strengthened
alloys
such as T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o , T a - 1 0 W 2.5Mo, and Ta-8W-2Hf and (2) c o m plex
alloys
using
solid-solution
Strengthening
and/or
dispersion
strengthening such asTa-9.6W-2.4Hf0.01 C, and
Ta-6.5W-3.0Re-1.0Hf0.3Zr-0.025Y. This paper deals w i t h
the weldability of the former alloys; a
subsequent paper w i l l cover the c o m plex alloys.
Preliminary evaluations of
the
weldability of these alloys s h o w e d
that fusion welds in some (Ta-10W,
Ta-8W-2Hf) were ductile w h i l e in
others (Ta-5W-2.5Mo, T a - 1 0 . 2 . 5 M o ,
Ta-17W) fusion welds were brittle. 1
These results showed that further
study w a s required before the requirements of good ductility could be
met by w e l d m e n t s in many of the
current alloys. Furthermore, it was
apparent that as stronger, more
complex
alloys w e r e
developed,
similar welding problems could be
expected. Therefore, the present program was initiated w i t h t w o main ob-:
jectives: (1) To determine the causes
1 -Hr annealing
Alloy
temperature, F
4,6,7
2500
1t, 5, 8, 9, 10,
2700
12, 13, 14, 15
2t
2800
1
2900
2, 3t
3000
3.
3100
Materials
Table 1 lists the materials available for the program by code n u m ber, composition, source, quantity
and use.
Alloy
code
no.
1
It
2
2t
3
Nominal
composition,
w e i g h t percent
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta-10W~2.5Mo
Ta-17W
3t
Ta-2.5Mo
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ta-5Mo
Ta-3Re
Ta-5Hf
Ta-10W
Ta-12.5W
Ta-7W-3Re
11
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
12
Ta-5W-2.5Mo-0.01C
13
14
Ta-5W-2.5Mo-0.03C
Ta-5W-2.5Mo-0.05C
Approximate
a m o u n t of
0.040-ln.thick sheet,
sq i n .
Source
Prepared f r o m 20-lb
arc-melted ingot
400
110
400
230
350
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Furnished by General
Electric Company;
made from arc-melted
ingot
Prepared from 150-g
arc-melted button
20
Prepared f r o m 1 50-g
arc-melted button
20
20
20
Use in
program
Base-line alloy
In Phase I;
Phase II alloy
Initial studies in
Phase I
Phase II alloy
Initial studies in
Phase I
Phase II alloy
Initial studies in
Phase I
Phase I alloy,
effects of
composition
"
"
Phase I alloy,
effects of
interstitial
elements
Phase I alloy.
effects of
interstitial
elements
"
WELDING
RESEARCH
SUPPLEMENT!
305-s
,._,
Fig. 1 Typical
microstructures
of
recrystallized
experimental
and
special
alloys. (X 100; etchant: 30 cc lactic. 10 cc
HNOi, 5cc HF.) (a) Experimental
alloy 1,
Ta-5W-2.5 Mo; (b) special alloy 4, Ta-2.5
Mo; (c) special alloy 8, Ta-lOW
'--;>.:,
197 2
Chemical Analyses
Many of the program materials
were analyzed for chemical and i n terstitial element contents. The results of these analyses are given in
Tables 2 and 3. One of the most significant observations based on these
analyses w a s that the oxygen c o n tents of the experimental alloy sheet
prepared during this program were
much lower t h a n those of the sheet
transferred f r o m the previous contract:
Average
Oxygen
Content,
ppm by wt.
Alloy
1 (Ta - 5 W - 2.5Mo)
65
1t(Ta - 5 W - 2.5Mo)
204
2 (Ta - 1 OW - 2.5Mo)
33
2t (Ta - 1 O W - 2.5Mo)
97
3 (Ta-17W)
7
3t(Ta-17W)
95
In general, the analyses indicated
that all the experimental sheet and
the special alloy sheet prepared during the program were of good quality.
Experimental Equipment
and Procedures
The following sections describe
the equipment and procedures used
during the program. The discussion
is divided into sections on (1) w e l d ing, (2) mechanical testing, and (3)
other procedures, including
heat
treatment, oxidation-resistant coating, chemical analyses, and metallography.
Welding
The majority of the welding in the
program was done w i t h the gas tungsten-arc process (GTA). In addition, a
lesser amount of w o r k w a s done
w i t h electron beam and resistancespot welding processes.
Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding
Most of the GTA welds w e r e made
by machine w e l d i n g ; only a f e w
welds w e r e made manually. A l l of
the GTA welds were
made
in
vacuum-purged welding chambers.
Three different chambers w e r e used,
but the majority of the machine
welds w e r e made in a chamber that
had a vacuum capability of p u r g e , < 5
x 10~ 5 torr, and pressure rise, < 5 x
1 0 " 5 t o r r / m i n . Most of the GTA welds
w e r e made in the fixture sketched in
Figure 2. This fixture'provided a moderately high level of restraint combined w i t h a large heat sink to produce rapid cooling of the welds.
All of the machine GTA welding
was done w i t h a 3-phase rectifier
equipped w i t h a high frequency unit
to assist in starting the d-c straight
polarity welding arc. The manual
GTA welding was done w i t h a d-c
motor
generator
power
supply
equipped w i t h a foot-operated current control. The welding parameters
of arc current, voltage, and travel
speed for each automatic w e l d w e r e
recorded w i t h pen-and-ink recording
electronic millivolt
potentiometers
using the necessary voltage divider
circuits and precision shunts. The accuracy of these recorders was _0.25
percent.
Carefully
controlled
procedures
were used to prepare and w e l d s a m ples during the program. The standard procedures used are given in
Table 4. A n y deviations from these
procedures w e r e noted and are indicated w h e r e
appropriate.
Major
deviations w h i c h were evaluated include the f o l l o w i n g : (1) substitution
of machine grinding for milling to
prepare the edges of the w e l d specimens and (2) elimination of the pickling step from the cleaning procedure.
Welds
were
deposited
parallel to the sheet rolling direction.
Typical specimens comprised t w o
coupons % by 3 inches. Except for a
f e w manual welds all of the gas tung-
RESEARCH
SUPPLEMENT
307-s
Table 2~Chemical
Alloy
1
It
2
2t
3
3t
10
Nominal
Form
composition, analyzed
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ingot
Sheet
Ingot
Sheet
Ingot
Sheet
Ingot
Ta-10W-2.5Mo
Ta-17W
Ta-7W-3Re
rw
Mo
5.5
4.8
9.2
9.7
Fe
Re
Hf
2.17
2.5
NA
NA
2.16
2.3
NA
NA
Cr
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.0020 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0025
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.0010 < 0.0005 < 0.0005 < 0.0025
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.3
0.0020
NA
NA NA
17.4
6.89
NA
2.84 NA
T,
Cu
< 0.0010
< 0.0001
NA
NA
< 0.0010
NA
< 0.0001
NA
NA
< 0.0010
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
Alloy
1
1
1t
1t
1t
2
2t
3
3t
5
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
composition,
Material code
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
GP-530
GP-532
"
(c)
Ta-10W-2.5Mo
GP-501
GP-506
GP-538
Ta-17W
GP-554
Ta-5Mo
Ta-10W
Ta-12.5W
Ta-7W-3Re
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta-5W-2.5Mo-0.01C
Ta-5W-2.5Mo-0.03C
Ta-5W-2.5Mo-0.05C
GP-517
GP-520
GP-523
GP-507
GP-526
GP-527
GP-528
GP-529
1
2
3
10
11b
35
30
13
40
50
H2
79 + 2
50 + 3
0.9 0.3
5.2 t 0.4
0.6 + 0.5
0.7 + 0.5
0.4 i 0.2
97
30
60
20
20
20
90
20
90
10.5 t 0.3
11.4 t 0.5
4.5 l 0.3
2.9 + 0.3
+
+
+
+
3
3
4
2
3.7
3.7
7.3
2.2
Micro-Kjeldahl,
M2lbi
1.1 + 0.2
95
'
7,0 t 0.4
14 1 1
7.4 + 0.2
44.4
71.7
58
47
N2lbl
193 + 2
211 + 2
33 + 2
(c)
Alloy
Alloy
Alloy
Alloy
Alloy
o2
207
(c)
'
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.3
16.8
20.5
33
8.6
t
+
+
0.5
0.5
1
0.4
"-
Conductrometric,
C
58
44
40
32
15
20
16
20
67
53
83
53
120
300
520
Ingot analyses in p p m by w e i g h t w e r e as f o l l o w s
2
3
-3 2
31
33
21
20
19
32
11
12
1 10-120
1972
Fig. 2Details
of welding
fixtureSpacing S for hold-down bar varied from
0.5 to 0.75 in.
ttii
40
Indicates value
greater than
plotted value
Average
value
30
CD
20
r*~i
10
n
Alloy
ft. ft
2
2t
10 ipm
1
KJ
V
2
2t
20 ipm
31
Fig. 3Effect of base metal interstitial contents (shown in Table 3) on the average ductility of gas tungsten-arc welds. Welds were made at 10 ipm, except on Alloys 2 and 2t
which were welded at 20 ipm, as well as 10 ipm
RESEARCH
SUPPLEMENT!
309-s
35
differences
in
tungsten
among the
three
alloys,
content
no
signifi-
c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s are a p p a r e n t in Fig.
30
7 or i n F i g . 8 .
The
25
approximate
cross-sectional
a r e a s of t h e w e l d s w e r e
using the w i d t h
20
calculated
measurements
and
15
plotted
in
areas
were
slightly
10
Fig.
as
9. T h e
found
the
are
fusion
to
travel
zone
decrease *
speed
was
increased. In o t h e r w o r d s , a s m a l l e r
v o l u m e of m e t a l w a s
i\ /
r>
-D
D
o:
x>
c
CD
J^r^^.
100
200
T h e data p l o t t e d i n Fig. 1 0
300
400
500
zone
volume
was
greater
at
lower
re-
s u l t e d f r o m a l o w e r e f f i c i e n c y of h e a t
transfer
that
g r e a t e r v o l u m e of n o n f u s e d m e t a l
at
low
speeds
and
is
subjected to a t h e r m a l cycle at
35
speeds.
In
other
words,
low
the
weld
E
o
o
CC
show
Carbon C o n t e n t , p p m by weight
Q.
the
d. Possible E f f e c t of Carbon
m e l t e d at
higher speeds.
as
grain
growth
should be m o r e
25
or
such
precipitation
pronounced
at
low
speeds.
T h e r e s u l t s of b e n d t e s t s of w e l d s
20
m a d e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t s of t h e
welding parameters on w e l d ductility
15
a r e s u m m a r i z e d in Figs. 11 a n d
The
scatter
made the
10
in
the
bend
12.
test
effect of e n e r g y
data
input
or
viewed
rather
than
qualitative
quantitative
must
trends
relation-
ships. E x a m i n a t i o n of Fig. 11 a n d
*-*~*
10
as
20
30
40
50
A-5IS73
(1) T h e d u c t i l i t y o f w e l d s
interstitial
sheet
of
on the
weld
in
the
low-
Ta-5W-
2 . 5 M o a l l o y ( A l l o y 1) is n o t
affected
input.
W e l d s at all c o m b i n a t i o n s are d u c t i l e .
(2) T h e d u c t i l i t y of w e l d s i n
Table 5 E f f e c t of C a r b o n C o n t e n t o n B e n d D u c t i l i t y of W e l d s in T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 0 M o S h e e t
Alloy
Carbon content,
ppm by w e i g h t
Desired
Analyzed
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
<100
<100
100
100
300
300
500
500
53
53
120
120
300
300
520
520
Weld
GP-53 (
GP-60
G P - 5 4 a)
GP-61
GP-55
GP-62
GP-56
GP-63
Minimum bend
radius, t
RT
100 F
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3.5
5.5
27
28.5
o,
N,
H2
GP-54
55 4
2 0 . 4 t 0.5
17.2 1 0 . 5
310-s I J U N E
1 9 7 2
3P-55
68 1 5
26 + 1
25.8 1 0 . 5
interstitial
2.5Mo
sheet
alloy
high travel
of
(Alloy
speeds
the
1t)
high-
Ta-5W-
is b e t t e r
and
low
at
energy
GP-53
49 1 4
29.1 0.5
15.2+0.5
12
GP-56
55 1 3
31 1 1
36.8 1 0 . 5
(3) T h e d u c t i l i t y of w e l d s
low-interstitial
sheet
high-interstitial
(Alloy
sheet
the Ta-10W-2.5Mo
in
both
2)
and
(Alloy
alloy
2t)
is b e s t
inch. Travel
of
at
to
speed
in
low-
i n t e r s t i t i a l s h e e t of t h e T a - 1 7 W A l l o y
( A l l o y 3) is b e s t at m o d e r a t e
inputs
3 4 0 0 to
energy
7 6 0 0 joules
per
- 1
25
tffl
Miiuy i , l u - y v v - i ^ j IVIO
ID
Alloy2,Ta-IOW-2.5 M
20
Alloy 2, I 3 j t
15
-o-
10
-On
O-
100 0 2
Welding
Fig. 5Relative
1?
0
100 H 2
--
-100 N 2
Atmosphere
effect of welding
--
500 N 2
- i
500 0.,
Contaminant, nominal
atmosphere
200 H 2
1000 N 2
ppm by volume
contaminants
on weld bend
ductility
10
/'
/
c
- /
*/
IA
JV ^
^ -
CA
D
A
CD/
2
a;
~->-^.
~^^
Root
'o
.? 2 5
/ Face
\T^
/
/
A /
Foce Root
o Ta-5W- 2.5Mo
a To-lOW 2.5Mo
A
A
T0-I7W
2000
4000
6000
Energy
8000
1
10,000
12,000
Input, joules/inch
1
14,000
16,000
A-51683
Fig. 7Effect of energy input on face and root widths of gas tungsten-arc
To-IC
1000 H 2
welds
W-25M0
16,000
- To-5W-2.5Mo
o - T a - l O W - 2 . 5 Mo
- Ta-l7W
i/
o /
/
Y
//
//
.4
12,000
J-
8000
// V
4]
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
rd
4000
Hydrogen
-*-
Fig. 6Difference
in loss of weld ductility, due to atmospheric
contaminants,
between Alloy 2 (solid lines) and Alloy 1
(broken line and single point)
showing
effect of alloy
content
10
20
30
40
50
WELDING
gas tungsten-arc
RESEARCH
60
70
80
A-5i68i
welds in 0.040-in.
SUPPLEMENT!
tan-
311-s
/
/ A
/ /
/
/
/
o-
/ /
-TQ-5W-2.5MO
O - Ta-lOW-2.5Mo
A-Ta-17W
/
/
v ^~~~7""-~->^
/
/ /a./
/^~~*~7~~~
30
TX i
rv
1
Fig. 9Effect of arc travel speed on weld area for gas tungstenarc welds
Alloy
I]
a - Alloy
2!
A - Alloy
A -
3t
Alloy
J
13
5 l
t
t.
ki
O - Alloy
- Alloy 2
T
A
D
A
A
Alloy I
- Alloy
- Alloy
- Alloy
- Alloy
2
2t
3
3t
t I
D
i
SL.
'
o
jr
k1
To- 5 W - 2 5 M o
Ta- I O W - 2 5 Mo
T0-17W
j-^3
%m
: *
(I2J00)
(14,400)
Fig. 12Effect of energy input on the ductility of gas tungstenarc welds. Abscissa values in parentheses are energy inputs in
joules/in.
= 2.94
Effect othei
312-s I J U NE 1 9 7 2
Room temperature
IOOF
20
CIQ5S
Class
Class
1 j
1 '
E
Of
-<*
C*-'
->-
<
nr
o*
Metallic alloying
elements, atomic %,
Weld ductility (a)
corrected for Re
Class I
Class II
Class 111
0 to 9.6
9.6 to 13.0
13.0 and over
**:::
Fig. 14Microstructures typical of welds in special alloys: (a) Alloy 5, Ta-5Mo; (b) Alloy
8. Ta-lOW. (X100, reduced 30%; etchant, 30 cc lactic WccHNO
,5ccHF)
Alloy
Nominal
composition,
percent
1
2
3
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta-10W-2.5Mo
Ta-17W
4
5
Ta-2.5Mo
Ta-5Mo
6
7
8
Ta-3Re
Ta-5Hf
Ta-10W
Ta-12.5W
10
12
Ta-7W-3Re
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Weld
Various
GP-88
GP-104
GP-116
GP-47
GP-50
GP-57
GP-48
GP-49
GP-51
GP-58
GP-80
GP-52
GP-59
GP-46
GP-82
GP-83
GP-183
GP-186
GP-53
GP-60
-100 F
Avg < 0 . 5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.
<0.5
<0.5
4.5, 0.5
5, 8
5, 5
< 0.5,0.5
<0.5c0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.5
<0.5
<0.5
5.5
12
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
All data Is from welds made at 20-ipm travel speed and tested in the as-welded condition
RESEARCH
SUPPLEMENT!
313-s
'"
Fig. 15Effect of alloy content on fusion-zone substructure: (a) cellular substructure in Alloy 1. Ta-5W-2.5 Mo; (b) dendritic
substructure
in Alloy 7, Ta-5 HF. Both XlOO, reduced 20%. Etchant: (a) 20g NHA FHF, 100 cc H20, 50 cc HNOz; fb) 30 cc lactic, 10 cc HN02, 5 cc HF
Curve A
:AS:KSW-2.5MO
Hoy 3
To-I 'W
o X
^^v
Curve B
KM
2000
2C00
4000
6000
Energy Input, joules/in.
Alloy
Weld
2
2
3
3
GP-87
GP-95
GP-1 12
Various
Arc
travel speed.
ipm
1 -hr vacuum
heat treatment
temperature, F
10
10
10
10
2200
1500
2000
None
Room temperature
min bend radius, t
As welded
Heat treated
13.5
<
<
0.5
0.5
(a)
Avg > 36
(a) Minimum bend radius could not be determined Specimens were brittle and broke outside bend area on average
die radius of 43.5t.
Alloy
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta-10W-2.5Mo
Ta-17W
314-s I J U N E
20
10
10
1972
4000
6000
Energy Input, joules/in.
Arc
current
amp
Arc
voltage,
v
Energy input,
joules/in.
110
83
85
15
15
15
5,000
7,500
7,600
microstructure;
carbon-containing
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
alloys (12, 13, 14, and 15). For the
other alloys, some of the hardest
welds w e r e ductile w h i l e others
were brittle. For example, one specimen from W e l d GP-88 had a fusion
zone hardness of 2 7 0 VHN and a
bend value of l i t , w h i l e the second
specimen from the w e l d has a hardness of 3 3 8 VHN and a bend value of
Vit.
No
consistent
relationship
among the hardnesses of the three
zones in the welds w a s found. For example, in some welds the fusion
zone had the highest hardness w h i l e
in others it had the lowest hardness.
Alloy
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta-10W-2.5Mo
Ta-17W
Heat
time.
cycles
Heat
pulses
Cool
time,
cycles
Peak
current,
amp
1000
1000
1000
2
2
2
10
10
10
30
30
30
19,250
19,250
15,200
Other Effects
Electrode
force,
lb
Base metal
Present
Previous
Alloy
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta-10W-2.5Mo
Ta-17W
< 0.5t
< 0.5t
<0.5t
< 0.5t
< 0.5t
<0.5t
GTA w e l d
Present
Previous
<0.5t
<0.5t
> 38t
8.5t
2 7 to 4 5 t
> 10t
Electron
beam
weld
Present
<0.5t
<0.5t
11 to > 34t
Alloy
Ta-5W-2.5Mo
Ta - 1 0 W - 2 . 5 M o
Ta -17W
<
<
-320 F < - 3 2 0 F
-320 F < - 3 2 0 F
32 F
14-32 F
GTA w e l d
Previous
Present
< -175
< -320
F
F
300 F
135 F
325 F
575-600 F
EB
weld
Present
-320 F
-100 F
375 F
RESEARCH
available
SUPPLEMENT!
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316-s I J U N E
1972
* s
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Nugget
diam..
in.
Specimen
Shear
Strength,
psi
Remarks
Alloy 1, T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o
GP-228
GP-229
GP-230
38,100
45,900
37,800
968
1068
966
0.18
0.18
0.18
Shear failure
Shear Failure
Shear failure
4 0 , 6 0 0 avg
Alloy 2, Ta- 1 0 W - 2 . 5 M o
GP-232
GP-233
GP-234
600
736
828
0.18
0.18
0.17
23,600
29,000
48,600
Shear failure
Shear failure
Shear failure
3 3 , 7 0 0 avg
Alloy 3, Ta 1 7 W
GP-235
GP-236
GP-237
670
706
664
0.18
0.16
0.17
26,400
35,200
29,200
Shear failure
Shear failure
Shear failure
3 0 , 3 0 0 avg
Two other potential methods of improving w e l d ductility were evaluated: (1) Postweld heat treatment
by means of nonfusion
welding
passes, and (2) The addition of l o w
interstitial content filler metal to
welds in high interstitial sheet.
Neither method was successful.
Phase I I M e c h a n i c a l Properties
The primary objective of Phase II
was to determine the mechanical
properties of base metal, gas tungsten-arc welds and electron beam
welds in the three experimental
alloys. The properties determined include: (1) Room temperature m i n i mum bend radius, (2) 2t bend transition temperature, and (3) Tensile
properties. In addition, a brief study
of
resistance-spot
welding
was
performed. The final portion of
Phase II was a study of the effects of
elevated temperature exposure and
the application of a oxidation resistant coating on the ductility of gas
tungsten-arc welds in T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o
andTa-10W-2.5Mo.
7:77-77^7S77;m77+
::
=
.
\77l::^:
^^::m;;f:':;-m^^7-;7H.
t|i^w
'"
>
P.
To-IOW(4t)
To-5W-25Mo(2t)
Fig. 19Comparison
of bend ductility
of
gas tungsten-arc welded tantalum
alloys
appeared that postweld heat treatment would be most likely to i m prove w e l d ductility. The effect of
heat treatment is s h o w n by the data
in Table 7. The ductility of welds in
Alloy 2, T a - 1 0 W - 2 . 5 M o , was i m proved by both the 2 2 0 0 and 1 5 0 0 F
heat treatment. The ductility of
welds in Alloy 3, Ta-17W, was not
improved
by
a
2000
F
heat
treatment. Vacuum fusion analyses
carried out in this program showed
WELDING
The gas tungsten-arc welding conditions used in Phase II were selected on the basis of the results of
Phase I. Electron beam and resistance-spot welding conditions were
selected on the basis of brief preliminary studies. The gas tungsten-arc
welding conditions are given in
Table 8. These conditions w e r e adjusted as required to compensate for
variations in sheet thickness. The
electron beam w e l d i n g conditions
selected on the basis of the preliminary welds were as follows: beam
voltage, 15 kv; beam current, 85 ma;
travel speed, 5 ipm; average w i d t h of
weld face, 8 / 6 4 in.; average w i d t h of
weld root, 7 / 6 4 in.; depth-to-width
ratio, 0.32.
The T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o and Ta-17W
fusion welds were evaluated in the
as-welded condition, w h i l e the Ta1 0 W - 2 . 5 M o fusion w e l d s were evaluated after a postweld heat treatment of 1 hr at 1 5 0 0 F. The Phase II
fusion welds were inspected visually
and by radiography. A f e w widely
scattered pores were detected, but
the specimens w e r e cut from defectfree areas only.
RESEARCH
S U P P L E M E N T !
317-s
Table 1 4 E f f e c t of Elevated T e m p e r a t u r e E x p o s u r e o n
R o o m T e m p e r a t u r e Bend D u c t i l i t y of
Tantalum Alloys
Exposu re
Temp,
Time,
F
hr
Type
Radius
of die,
t
A n g l e of
bend under Springback
load, deg
deg
Result
Alloy 1, T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o
Base
GTA
GTA
Base
GTA
GTA
Base
GTA
GTA
metal
weld
weld
metal
weld
weld
metal
weld
weld
3000
3000
3000
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
10
10
10
1
1
1
10
10
10
<
<
<
<
<
<
0.5
2
0.5
0.5
2
0.5
0.5
2
0.5
105
102
103
105
103
105
103
103
104
3
1
4
2
3
5
1
2
1
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
6
3
6
5
4
5
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Cracked
Cracked
Pass
metal
weld
weld
metal
weld
weld
metal
weld
weld
3000
3000
3000
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
3500
10
10
10
1
1
1
10
10
10
<
0.5
2
< 0.5
< 0.5
2
< 0.5
< 0.5
2
2
106
105
105
105
101
105
103
87
103
T0-I7W (Base)
T a - l O W - 2 . 5 Mo IBcse)
T a - 5 W - 2 5 M o (Bess)
Ta-17 W (Weld)
N T a - I O W - 2 . 5 M o (Weld)
Ta-5 W-2.5 Mo (Weld)
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
31525
Test Temperature, F
Fig. 20Elevated
temperature
strength
of tantalum
The
resistance-spot
welding
c o n d i t i o n s s e l e c t e d o n t h e b a s i s of
t h e p r e l i m i n a r y w e l d s are g i v e n in
T a b l e 9. T h e r e s u l t s of t h e v a r i o u s
P h a s e II s t u d i e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e f o l lowing discussion.
Gas T u n g s t e n - A r c and E l e c t r o n
Beam W e l d s
T h e b e n d a n d t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s of
fusion welds made w i t h the gas tungsten-arc and electron beam
processes w e r e s t u d i e d in d e t a i l .
318-s I J U N E
1 9 7 2
alloy
welds
Bend
Properties.
Based on
the
r e s u l t s of 3 - p o i n t b e n d t e s t s t h e
room temperature
minimum
bend
radii w e r e s u m m a r i z e d w i t h c o m p a r able data f r o m the previous w o r k 2
and are presented
in Table
10.
W e l d s in t h e T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o a n d T a 1 0 W - 2 . 5 M o ( a f t e r 1 h r a t 1 5 0 0 F)
alloys had excellent b e n d ductility at
r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . N o d i f f e r e n c e in
the room temperature ductility
of
G T A a n d EB w e l d s i n t h e s e t w o
alloys w a s found. Considerable i m -
Fig 21 Typical resistance-spot weld microstructure in experimental Alloy 3, Ta-17 W: (a) Complete nugget (X100, reduced 20%; etchant: 30 cc
lactic, 30 cc HN03, Wcc HF plus 20% lVH4 FHF);
fb) Weld interface (X250, reduced 45%,; etchant
same as above)
w r o u g h t material w e r e higher t h a n
those of welds in recrystallized material. No differences in w e l d ductility
w e r e observed. The tensile strength
of the welds dropped more sharply
above 3 0 0 0 F t h a n did the corresponding base metal as s h o w n in
Fig. 20.
Resistance Spot Welds
The results of the tension tests of
the resistance-spot welded specimens are given in Table 13. The
recommended w e l d diameter
for
most materials is 3t + 0.06 in. or
0.126 in. for 0 . 0 4 0 - i n . thick material.
As s h o w n by the data in Table 13,
the welds w e r e about the recommended size. A l l of the specimens
failed in shear through the center of
the w e l d . Metallographic examination of typical welds s h o w e d t h a t the
welds w e r e solid-state w e l d s made
just below the melting temperature
of the base metal. A typical w e l d is
s h o w n in Fig. 21(a). The microstructure at the w e l d interface, as s h o w n
by Fig. 21(b), shows that some grain
boundary melting occurred in the
weld. Very little grain g r o w t h , however, took place during the pulsation
welding cycle. This technique appears to be a good methood of resistance-spot w e l d i n g tantalum alloys
w i t h conventional equipment.
Elevated-Temperature Exposure
The
effects
of
elevated-temper-
RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT!
319-s
0.2% offset
, yield strength, ksi
Avg
Specimen
Type
Noncoated
Avg
Ultimate tensile
_ strength, ksi _
Avg
Average joint
_ efficiency, %
Elongation in 1 in.,%
Avg
Avg
Noncoated Coated Noncoated 1
2 Avg No ncoated
nr
nr
Alloy 1, Ta-5W-2.5Mo
GP-563-3, 4 Base metal
GP-1 49-1, 2 GTA weld
83,8
74.2
83.8
73.9
83.8
74.0
77.5
63.6
105
85.8
100
96.2
38
95.6
84.9
939
839
94.8
84.4
88,7
72.9
89
82
108
93.2
77
86
21
0
26
9
30
8
20 20
1
1
25
8
Alloy 2, Ta-10W-2.5Mo'
GP-564-2, 565-5
GP-1 27-2. 129-1
Base metal
GTA weld
95.5
104
78.4
111
87.3
108
82.9
Table 1 5 E f f e c t of O x i d a t i o n - R e s i s t a n t C o a t i n g
T e m p e r a t u r e B e n d D u c t i l i t y of T a n t a l u m A l l o y s
Specimen
Radius
of die,
t
Type
{dl
on R o o m
Angle of
bend under Springback,
load, deg
deg
Result
A l l o y 1, T a - 5 W - 2 . 5 M o
GP-572-2
GP-573-1
GP-135-1
GP-163-1
Base
Base
GTA
GTA
metal
metal
weld
weld
<
<
2
0.5
2
0.5
99
104
101
105
Alloy 2, T a - 1 0 W - 2 , 5 M o
GP-568-6
GP-568-10
GP-144-3
GP-161-1
Base
Base
GTA
GTA
metal
metal
weld
weld
<
2
0.5
2
2
3
6
5
7
Pass
Pass
Pass
Cracked
8
4
Pass
Pass
Cracked
Cracked
(bl
102
100
64
20
1972
References
1. Kammer, P A,, Monroe, R. E., and Martin, D. C,
"Some Preliminary Weldability Evaluations of Tantalum
Alloys," Refractory Metals and Alloys lit: Applied Aspects.
Gordon and Breach, 1966 pp 365-377.
2 Hallowell. J. B Maykuth, D. J., and Ogden, H. R
"Final Report on Tantalum Alloy Processing Development," ML-TDR-64-63 Battelle Memorial Institute to Air
Force Systems Command, March 1964, Contract No. AF
33 (6571-8911.
3 Kammer, P. A , Monroe, R. E , and Martin, D. C,
"Weldability of Tantalum Alloys," AFML-TR-65-329, Bat-,
telle Memorial Institute to Air Force Materials Laboratory.
October, 1965, Contract AF 33(615)-1730.
4. Schmidt, F, F., Imgram, A G., Klopp, W. D
Bartlett, E S., and Ogden, H. R., "Investigation of Tantalum and Its Alloys," ASD-TDR-62-594, Part I, Battelle
Memorial Institute to Aeronautical Systems Division,
July, 1962, Contract AF 33(6161-7688.
5. Schmidt, F F., Bartlett, E. S., and Ogden, H R.,
"Investigations of Tantalum and Its Alloys," ASD-TDR62-594, Part ll, Battelle Memorial Institute to Aeronautical Systems Division, May I 963, Contract No. AF 33(657)7927.
j*