EEE 309

Communication Theory
Instructor: Tishna Sabrina
Summer 2016
Lecture 14
Pulse Modulation

Aliasing or Spectral Folding

The assumption that g(t) is band-limited, is not a practical one.

All practical signals which are time-limited, cannot be band-limited.
Because of infinite BW, spectral overlap is a constant feature, regardless of the
sampling rate.

7/29/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 14

Aliasing or Spectral Folding

The output gets distorted as a result of two separate causes:

1.
The loss of the tail G() beyond
Hz .
2.
The reappearance of this tail inverted or folded onto the spectrum.
Note that the spectra cross at frequency
Hz, called folding frequency.
A component of frequency
shows up as a component of frequency
in the reconstructed signal.
The components of frequencies above
reappear as components of
frequencies below
This tail inversion is
known as aliasing
or spectral folding.

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Communication Theory: Lecture 14

A solution: The Anti-aliasing filter

The potential defectors are all the frequency components beyond

Hz.
These elements should be eliminated from g(t) before sampling g(t) .
To solve the problem of Aliasing an ideal low pass filter of BW
Hz
can be used to accomplish this suppression Anti-aliasing filter

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Communication Theory: Lecture 14

Effect of Anti-aliasing

The spectrum of a signal (t) consists of overlapping cycles of G(f).

This means that (t) are sub-Nyquist samples of g(t).
Now the spectrum Ga(f) is repeating every fs Hz without overlap.
The spectrum Ga(f) is band-limited to
Hz.
Sampling a non-band-limited signal g(t) at a rate fs Hz makes the
samples appear to be the Nyquist samples of some signal ga(t), bandlimited to Hz.

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Communication Theory: Lecture 14

Applications of Sampling Theorem

Sampling leads the transmission of continuous-time signal

reduced to the transmission of a sequence of numbers.
It opens doors to many new techniques of communicating
continuous-time signal by pulse trains.
Sampled values of the continuous-time signal can be used
to modify certain parameters of a periodic pulse train
pulse modulation.
1.
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
2.
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
3.
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
4.
Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)

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Communication Theory: Lecture 14

Pulse Modulated Signals

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Communication Theory: Lecture 14

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

One advantage of using pulse modulation is that it

permits the simultaneous transmission of several
signals on a time-sharing basis TDM.
TDM of two PAM signals:

7/29/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 14