Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Air Law Summarize
Air Law Summarize
Radar
Transponder
Is an electronic device that produces a response
when it receives a radio-frequency
interrogation.
The four-figure discrete code to be used for the
flight will probably be assigned by ATC when
they issue an IFR clearance, and this should be
selected immediately by the pilot.
Vital codes
7700 -------emergencies
7600 -------radio failure, lost communication
7500 ------hi jack
~~The term squawk that is commonly used by
ATC is intended to mean transmit.
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DM
is a transponder-based radio navigation
technology that measures distance by timing
the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio
signals.
The airborne DME equipment detects the
answering signal and measures the time
between the transmission of the interrogating
pulse from the airplane and the reception of the
ranging reply pulse from the DME ground
station. Then it converts this time to a distance
in nautical miles.
DME equipment is capable of computing and
displaying the rate of change of DME distance
(the rate of closure of the airplane with DME
ground station)
AIRSPACE
CLASS D Airspace
-The fourth airspace is Class D Airspace which is
generally that airspace from the surface to 2,500
feet above the airport elevation. Class D airspace
only surrounds airports that have an operational
control tower.
Class B Airspace
CLASS C Airspace
- is the airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above
the airport elevation.
LISTEN
THINK
SPEAK
BUTTON
ALERT
EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE
a.)
UP TO BUT NOT INCLUDING 18,000 FEET MSL,
STATE THE SEPARATE DIGITS OF THE THOUSAND
PLUS THE HUNDREDS IF APPROPRIATE
CONTACT PROCEDURES
INITIAL CONTACT
DIRECTIONS
THE THREE DIGITS OF BEARING, COURSE, HEADING
OR WIND DIRECTION SHOULD ALWAYS BE MAGNETIC.
THE WORD TRUE MUST BE ADDED WHEN IT APPLIES.
magnetic course (005)
SPEED
THE SEPARATE DIGITS OF THE SPEED FOLLOWED BY
THE WORD KNOTS. EXCEPT, CONTROLLERS MAY
OMIT THE WORD KNOTS WHEN USING SPEED
ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES; reduce/increase SPEED
TO TWO FIVE ZERO
4. over if required
MACH
FOR MACH, THE SEPARATE DIGITS OF THE MACH
NUMBER PRECEDED BY MACH .
(mach number) 1.5 ... MACH ONE POINT FIVE
(mach number) 0.64 ... MACH POINT SIX FOUR
++ Administration
++ Marketing
Finance
++ Finance
++Operation
Administration
~~~The Board: Sets corporate goals, visions, missions, policies; e.g. nature,
extent, orientation and direction of business
~~~The CEO: Heart and soul ,,,,,Keeps the enterprise whole by his persona;
corp face & voice, Orchestrator of corporate vision, mission, activities
Corporate Communication.
(External, Internal Communication, Community )
Legal Services
(Corporate, Aeropolitical, Commercial, Industrial)
Human Resources
(Personnel, Motivational Activities, Productivity Program, Industrial
Relations)
Internal Audit and Control
(Management Audit, Operational Audit, IT Systems)
Security & Fraud Prevention
(Regulatory Interactions, Flight Security, Airport Security, Fraud potential
in every phase)
Safety and Enviroment
(Regulatory Body, Typhoon SOP, CO2 emmisions, Noise Pollution)
Marketing
The interlocking commercial functions that impact organization and
operation:Marketing - Aeropolitical - Line Operation Administration
Stake Holders
(Share Holders& Employee, Customer& Trade Partners, Community
and Society)
Market Demand Analysis
(Strategic Plan, Operational Analysis)
Sales and Marketing
(Contrast between Selling and Marketing Concepts)
Development of the Marketing Mix
(Product, Price, Promotion, Pipeline)
Advertising ad promotion
(Brand and Packages, Traditional Media, Collaterals, Events),
Product and Services
(Research &Planning, Branding & Packaging, Product Differentiation,
Levels of Product)
Evolution of Airline Pricing
Age of Regulation
Advent of Deregulations
Birth of Multiclass
Birth of RMS
LCC
system of airline)
Financial Services
--stablish record of accounts, journal,SR, RRs,(Pax & cargo accounts,
Agents, Stablishment)
-- Produce financial Statements (Income statement, balance sheet, cash
flow, annual report)
-- Maintain financial system (Jade, Oracle)
Accounting Structure
--Direct and Indirect operating revenues and cost,
-- Difference in accting, Legacy airlines vs. Air Taxi vs. LCC,
--Core Airline vs Diversified Airline,
--Accounting by SBUs
Treasury
--manage the cash flow (sales report and remittance)
--Pay, collect, deposit (Account payrolls, IATA clearing houses, banking
community )
--Fund Management (Stock & Bond, Foreign currency market Futures
hedging)
Purchasing and Logistic
--maintaining supply lines
--outsourcing
--shipping, receiving, warehousing,
--over provisioning
--commonality
--capital assets acquisition &disposal (aircraft, engine leases, capital,
operating,, spares,, computer and hardware, major construction, sales
and lease back surplus mngt)
--Inventory system mangt ( Memis, Aircraft automatic diagnosis, airline
alliances and cooperation)
Risk Management
--Insurance Covers
--Fuel Hedging
Airline Operations
(Flight Operations Cabin Services -- Airport Services Catering -- Maintenance
& Engr. Operations Control Training & Dvlpmnt Emergency Services )
Safety, security, convenience: Passengers, crew, cargo, aircraft
AAI/Typhoon: Notification, Mobilization, Search, Rescue, Recovery, Family
Assistance
Marketing mandate: Create repeat customers through service
-PreFlight ( Inquiry Booking, Ticketing, Check-in, load control,
-Inflight ( Seating, Music, Cocktails, Briefing, Spcl Srvc. Movie)
-Post flight ( Deplaning, Unloading, Towing, Cargo Checking)
Flight Operations
(Technical supervision, Local regulation & licensing, Flight plan, A breed
separate, Crew militancy, Flight training)
Cabin Services
--Primordial role (Safety, demo/briefing equipment first aid)
--in-flight Service ( amenities, towels, newspapers, food and beverages)
-- Unsavory issues ( drugs and smuggling, irregular rest periods actvts)
Airport / Ground Services
-- Passenger Handling( E-ticketing, E-check in, Baggage, Lounge)
-- Cargo Handling ( Accptance, Checking, reweighing, warehousing,
towing, documentation)
-- Ramp Handling
-- BAR / AOC Coordination( Sec. reqmnts, Lending/Renting equipment)
Catering Services
(Procurement, Menu planning, Kitchen opertion Solid & waste disposal)
Maintenance & Engineering
--MRO ( Overcapacity, Facility& skill upgrading,)
--Engineering (Airline's responsibility, Airworthiness management: ADs
SBs and MBs, Phased-check planning)
--Maintenanace(Line, base, shop, Issues: Fast turnover, skills piracy)
Operation Control Center
--Command center (Day-to-day, Interface, During Emergencies)
--Mode Control (Manual environment board, Automated: FleetWatch)
Training & Development
--Commercial courses( Pax and Cargo tariffs, Reservation Ticketing)
--Motivational Courses ( Public Contract, GMRC, CRM crew-customer)
--Technical courses (Cabin services: mock-ups, first aids, emergency)
----Speech clinic, grooming, etiquette
--Flying school: Ground, flight, simulation Aircraft maintenance
Airline Economics
--PRODUCER ( Manufacturer, Govt. , Aviation Services, Airlines, Airport
Services)--CONSUMERS ( Passenger, Freight )
Total Performance System
--Inputs Resources ( Stockholders money Men machine&Material
Data) --Process Task (Production n Processing, Work Units, SOP Method,
Delivery)
--Outputs Product & Services (Product & Services , Costumer &
Users, Revenue)
Aircraft Analysis
(Strategic Plans, Financial Plans, Economic Plans )
Aircraft Acquisition
Payload Range
Economics of distance:
--Surcharge for short sectors
--ETOPS extended twin-engine ops
--Hub-and-spoke operations
--Long-range aircraft have killed airports, e.g. Anchorage
--SST highflying victim of distance economics: speed vs. payload,
range
Payload and payload penalties:
--Airport obstructions: animals, trees, man-made structures, e.g. towers
--Runway: Short, narrow, unpaved; surface-bearing strength, CAOWW
--ASA limitations: hooding, F/S limits
--Airways: armed conflicts (ME), air space prohibition, overfly charges
--Political conflicts e.g. KE shooting by Soviet fighters; China/Taiwan
case
--Altitudes: revised vertical separation minima (RVSM)
Fuel & Oil
Economic impact: single biggest expense item of airlines
Sustaining increased fuel price:
Perceived recovery since 2003
OPEC: constricting fuel supply
Environmentalists crusade
Price shopping and hedging
Operational impacts -drivers and controls:
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Outsourcing
The way to go; spin-offs & 3rd party service providers; Issues :
Image and identity: blurred
Corporate vision, mission: no identification by service providers
Product and service quality: no total commitment by staff of service
providers
Legal and moral issues: social dislocations spin-offs, mergers
LCC Challenge
Why successful now but not in the 70s?
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b.
c.
He shall have due regard for the safety of life and health of the public
who may be affective by the work for which he is responsible.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Code of Ethics
Section 4- Relations with the Clients and Employers
Section 1
~~ Honesty , Justice and Courtesy form of moral philosophy which, associated
with mutual interest among men, constitutes the foundation of ethics
~~ He should uphold the honour and dignity of his profession and avoid
association with any enterprise or individual of questionable character. In his
dealings with fellow engineers. He should be fair and tolerant.
Section 2 Relations with the State
a.
Each and every engineer shall recognize and respect the supreme
authority of the State as expressed through its laws implemented by its
agencies, whenever and wherever such laws do not fringe upon the
rights and privileges of citizens as guaranteed by the Constitution.
b.
He shall recognize that the well-being of the public and the interest of the
state are above the well being and interest of any individual.
c.
In the interest of justice, he shall aid the state, if and when the
technology he is involved in is needed in the prevention and/or
prosecution of unjust, criminal or unlawful acts.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
a.
IFR flight a flight conducted in accordance w/ the instrument flight rule, where
aircraft flies under IMC (Instrument Meteorological Condition).
IMC Meteorological condition expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud,
and ceiling, less than the minima specified for VMC.
Special VFR flight a VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a
control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC.
Operations
In order to provide air traffic control service, an air traffic control unit shall:
a.
Be provided with info. on the intended movement of each aircraft, or
variations there from, and with current info. on the actual progress of each aircraft.
b.
Determine from the information received, the relative positions of known
aircraft to each other;
c.
Issue clearance&info. for the purpose of preventing collision between aircraft
under its control and of expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic;
d.
Coordinate clearance as necessary with other units:
- -- whenever an aircraft might otherwise conflict with traffic operated under the
control of such other units
- --fore transferring control of an aircraft to such other units.
Clearances issued by air traffic control units shall provide separation:
--Between all flights in airspace Classes A and B;
--Between IFR flights in airspace Classes C, D and E;
--Between IFR flights and VFR flights in airspace Class C;
--Between IFR flights and special VFR flights;
--Between special VFR flights when so prescribed by the appropriate Air Traffic
Service authority
Separation by an ATC unit shall be obtained by at least one of the following:
1. Vertical separation obtained by assigning different levels selected from:
2. horizontal separation obtained by providing: longitudinal separation, by
maintaining an interval between aircraft operating along the same, converging or
reciprocal tracks, expressed in time or distance;
3. Composite separation consisting of a combination of vertical separation and
one of the other forms of horizontal separation, using minima for each which may
be lower than, but not less than half
Separation minima
Separation Minima within a given airspace shall be as follows:
1. As prescribed by the ICAO provisions of the PANS-ATM and the Regional
Supplementary Procedures
2. Established as necessary by the appropriate Air Traffic Service authority
(ATS), following consultations with operators, for routes or portion of routes
contained within the sovereign airspace of a State.
3.
Established by regional air navigation agreements for routes or portions of
routes w/ in airspace over the high seas or over areas of undetermined sovereignty.
4.
In consultation between the appropriate ATS authorities responsible for the
provision of air traffic services in neighboring airspace when traffic either will pass
or will be closer to the common boundar of the neighboring airspace.
details of d selected separationminima & of their areas of application be notified to:
1.
ATS units concerned
2. Pilots and operators through aeronautical information publications (AIP),
where separation is based on the use of the aircraft of specified navigation aids \
Responsibility for control
A controlled flight shall be under the control of only one ATC unit at any given time.
In a given block of airspace, control of an aircraft or aircrafts may be delegated to
other ATC units provided that coordination b/w all ATC units concerned is assured.
Transfer of Responsibility for control
between a unit providing area control service and a unit providing approach
control service
--at a point or time agreed upon by 2 units
b/w a unit providing approach control service and an aerodrome control tower.
Arrival
- - when aircraft is in the vicinity of the aerodrome
- - as prescribed on the LOA or ATS unit instructions
--Departure
- --Under VMC
when aircraft leaves the vicinity of the aerodrome
prior to aircraft entering IMC
as prescribed on the LOA or ATS unit instructions
- - Under IMC
immediately after the aircraft is airborne
Coordianation of Transfer
Transferring control unit shall communi-cate to the accepting control unit the
approriate parts of the current flight plan and any control information
Air traffic control clearances
Air traffic control clearances hall be solely based on the requirements providing
ATC service and shall indicate:
Read-back of clearances and safety related information
The flight crew shall read-back to the air traffic controller safety-related parts of
ATC clearance and instructions which are transmitted by voice
Read-back of clearances and safety related information
The controller shall listen to the read-back to ascertain that the clearance or
instruction has been correctly acknowledge by the flight crew and shall indicate that
they have been understood and will be complied
Coordiantion of clearances
An ATC clearance shall be coordinated between air traffic control units to cover
the entire route of an aircraft or a specified potion
Control of persons and vehicles at aerodromes
The movement of persons or vehicles including towed aircraft on the manoeuvring
area of an aerodrome shall be controlled by the aerodrome control tower as
necessary to avoid hazard
Provision of radar
Radar systems should provide for the display of safety-related alerts and
warnings,
The Airspace
-- Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular
country on top of its territory and territorial waters or, more generally, any specific
three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere
Controlled airspace exists where it is deemed necessary that air traffic control has
some form of positive executive control over aircraft flying in that airspace.
Uncontrolled airspace is airspace in which air traffic control does not exert any
executive authority, although it may act in an advisory manner.
Controlled airspace
---- is an aviation term used to describe airspace in which traffic levels are such
that it has been determined that air traffic control (ATC) must provide some form of
separation between aircraft.
---- exists in d immediate vicinity of busier airports, where A/C used in commercial
air transport flight climbing out from or making an approach to the airport, or at
higher levels where air transport flights would tend to cruise.
Safety Alerts: Safety Alerts: Safety alerts are mandatory services and are
provided to ALL aircraft.
Two types of Safety Alert
1. Terrain/Obstruction Alert: - is issued when, in controllers judgment, an aircrafts
altitude places it in unsafe proximity to terrain and/or obstruction.
2. Aircraft Conflict/ Mode C intrude Alert. is issued if the controller observes
another aircraft which paces it in an unsafe proximity, When feasible, the controller
will offer the pilot an alternative course of action.
Ultralight Vehicles: No person may operate an ultralight vehicle within
Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D airspace within the lateral boundaries of the
surfaces area of class E airspace designated for an airport unless that person has
a prior authorization from authorization from the ATC facility having jurisdiction over
the airspace.
Unmanned Free Balloons : Unless otherwise authorized by ATC no person
may operate an unnamed free balloon below 2,000 feet above the surface with the
lateral boundaries of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for
anairport.
Parachute jumps: No person may make a parachute jump, and no pilot in
command may allow a parachute jump to be mde from that aircraft, in or inot Class
A. Class B. Class C, Class D airspace withoutm or in violation of, the terms, of an
ATTC authorization issued by the ATC facility having jurisdiction over thr airspace.
Airport Requirements
-- Airports located in mountainous terrain may require daytime-only
operations.
-- Airports affected are primarily in the Rocky Mountain region of the
United States. They will be evaluated on an individual basis
-- The following table and bulleted list summarizes the requirements to
be addressed as part of the Alternatives Analysis section of this master
plan effort.
-- Based Aircraft Apron (Sq. Yds.) 15,720 19,080 26,340
-- Itinerant Aircraft Apron (Sq. Yds.) 4,320 5,400 7,200
-- Sub-total 20,040 24,480 33,540
-- Existing Area 12,888 12,888 12,888
-- Surplus (Deficiency) (7,152) (11,592) (20,652)
-- With 10 T-hangars (reduction in based aircraft apron space)
-- Surplus (Deficiency) after 10 T-hangars (4,152) (8,592)
-- Surplus (Deficiency) after 20 T-hangars (1,152) (5,592) -- Additional items to be analyzed in the Alternatives Analysis
-- Lengthening of Runway 04/22
-- Existing Runway and Taxiway Infrastructure Rehabilitation
-- o Runway 04/22 Rehabilitation
-- o Runway 16/34 Reconstruction
-- o Runway Intersection
-- Taxiway A Realignment
-- Parallel Taxiway to Runway 16/34
-- Runway 4 Runway Safety Area Drainage
-- Runway Protection Zone Issues All Runway Ends
-- Obstruction Clearing as determined by Obstruction Study
-- GA Terminal Building Facility
-- Apron B Rehabilitation
-- Expansion of Based Aircraft Apron
-- Expansion of Itinerant Aircraft Apron
-- T-Hangar Development
-- Conventional Hangar Development
-- Perimeter Fencing Improvements
-- Airport Signage
B.
Micro-environment: This segment includes all of the publics that have a
real potential, or perceived interest in the organizational mechanics. The airline
must be concerned with this groups potential effect on the carriers ability to
achieve objectives: financial, community relationship, safety, noise abatement,
schedule integrity, daily performance, and passengers preference.
Management
is the effective motivation of men and efficient utilization resources for the
attainment of predetermined objectives. Human resources being the most
important part of the business organization should be treated well for them to
perform their productively.
Organization
is a group of men with respective duties and responsibilities working together as a
team to attain its objective. It is a framework within which the management process
can be carried out. It is a structure that enables a large company to attain the same
efficiency as or greater efficiency than small firm run effectively by few employees.
In the highly competitive air business, an effective organizational structure may
proved to be necessary advantage one firm has over another.
A.
Single Proprietorship - it has an exclusive ownership and using a
license from the municipality. In this form, the control of the business is entirely on
the hands of the owner. He is free to do the best without interference. The owner is
forced to rely on his own resources.
B.
Partnership this composed of 2 to 5 partners, combining their capital
and labor to carry on business. The license came from the SEC, in this type more
personal talents become available more capital and credit facilities are also
accessible.
AirLine Management
~~Organization structure and management are intricately and together determine
to a large extent the success of an airline.
~~Air transport organization have emerged primarily because experienced showed
that, in a complex environment, organized groups pursue goals and objectives
more effective than the isolated individuals.
~~However these organizations have evolved to be more than mere instruments
providing air transportation decisions. Moreover, they provide a framework within
which management can coordinate their efforts toward a common goal to secure a
position in the market place allowing the carrier to complete successfully and
achieve a profit.
C.
Corporation - it consist of 6 to 20 stockholders with their respective
number of shares. Such shares are transferable without disrupting the
management or the continuity of the corporation. The stockholders elect directors
who formulate general plans and policies and appoint officers. These officers are
responsible for the active management of the corporation and are vested the right
to engage the necessary personnel for the corporation.
D.
Most airline growth occurs through internal expansion, which comes as a result of a
carrier increasing its share of a market, fleet size, total capacity, or increases in the
airlines total assets occur when a merger takes place.
Actually, one can say that the most important characteristic of airline organization is
their ability to pursue goals effectively and efficiently.
Two Main Factors to determine success:
++The intelligence of the organization structure.
++The intelligence of the organization management.
~~To meet the challenges of a complex competitive environment, an organization
must be well designed and well managed.
Airline organizations assume a variety of forms. Generally, they are either
government, publicly, or privately owned.
Thus the organization may be a single proprietorship,
partnership, a corporation a conglomerate, or a ward of state. In size, an airline may
range from a commuter line with a few employees. Air carriers may develop service
between two or more cities in a line, in a hub and spoke configuration, or in a
regional grid; they may setup a long-haul operation or serve a worldwide network.
There can also be any combination of the above.
A.
Macro-environment: The organization is structured to optimized market
opportunities. The organization also has an infrastructure and interactive process to
facilitate management actions, plans and the achievement of goals.
2.
3.
2.
3.
B.
Micro-environment: The organization has two-tasks system, which
consist of base sub organization dealing with implementation and daily operations.
A.
Macro-environment: This segment includes demography, economics,
resources, technology, laws, politics, cultures, national sovereignty, and other forces
impacting on the organization.
4.
AirLine Management
( Airline Marketing )
--Airline marketing is the process of matching the demands of present, potential
4.
3.
4.
B. STRUCTURE
1. FLIGHT OPERATIONS 2. GROUND OPERATIONS 3. MTNC & ENGR (M&E)
GROUND OPERATIONS AND FACILITY LIMITATIONS
---- Ground service can be arranged in any conceivable schedule pattern,
provided there is no limitation on the gate positions, ground equipment, passenger
service facilities and personnel.
---- The objective of ground service then becomes to accommodates as many
flights as possible and as efficiently as possible, consistent with physical limitation
and prudent utilization of personnel and equipment.
---Schedule planner must consider the following at every station for every
proposed schedule (Wells, 1999):
---Are there enough gate ticket counter for the number of planes on the
ground simultaneously, a cushion for early arrivals or delayed departures.
---- Is there adequate ticket counter space to handle the passengers expeditiously.
---Is sufficient time provide for on-line or interline transfer of passengers
baggage, mail and cargo? ---Can the planned flights be handled efficiently by the present level of ticket
counter, ramp, and food service personnel?
---Is there ground equipment of the right type: Aircraft starter units, baggage
vehicles, cargo conveyors, forklifts, tow tractors? If not, is there sufficient lead-time
to purchase them, and can they be economically justified?
---Does the proposed schedule overtax food service facilities?
=====These and many other questions must be answered for every station on the
system for every schedule change. Any corrective action must be rechecked to
determine its effect on the delicate balance worked out to accommodate sales,
maintenance, and operational needs
=====Normally, the scheduling department measures the physical and personnel
requirements with a visual layout of the schedules at each station. All flights are
plotted on a station-plotting chart that document sequence and schedule time of
operation using certain standards and codes. It shows precisely the amount of time
an aircraft requires to maneuver into a gate positions, the schedule arrival time, the
period of time it is at the gate, its scheduled departure time, and the length of time
needed to clear the gate.
AirPort Management .
Landsides
Passenger Terminal
- Departure Area ( Check in Passenger/Baggage, WaitingArea)
- Arrival Area (Claim of baggage)
Cargo Terminal
Custom police
Acceptance /Inspection of Cargo
Taxiway Markings
--The links between the runway and the parking areas for airplanes are the
taxiways.
--A taxiway can easily be identified with its continuous yellow centerline.
--In some airports, edge marking are added to separate the taxiway from
pavements that are not for airplane driving.
--When a taxiway intersects a runway a hold line is drawn to prevent airplanes
from wrongly entering the runway.
Airsides
Ground Handling Services
- Loading/Unloading of Passenger/Cargo/Baggag
- Re fuelling
- Marshalling
- Line Maintenance
Ramp Area
--- The area where airplanes park are called the apron or ramp area.
--Airport terminals & maintenance facilities are located near the ramp area.
--Standard hand signals are used by ramp personnel for directing pilots during
airplane ground movements and ground operations
Airport Signs
--The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations
Agency that develop standard airport signs.
--The standard specification of these signs include their size, height, where the
signs should be put, and their illumination.
--There are six basic types of airport signs.
Airport Lighting
---- Airport Beacon
---Runway Edge Lights
---- Taxiway Lighting
Airport BeaconLights
--which might have different colors and might change with time that are
specifically used to guide pilots flying to airports in the dark are called airport
beacons.
--These beacons are most noticeable from one to ten degrees above the
horizon. (Remember that standard landing is at 3)
area.
---The runway centerline lighting system (RCLS) is white until the last 3000
feet. From the 3000 to 1000-foot point, the lights are alternating between red and
white. In the last 1000 feet the lights are all red.
Taxiway LightingTaxiways
are lined with blue lights on both sides to guide the pilot on the taxiway from the
runway to the ramp area.
Obstruction Lighting
--- Obstruction lighting is used both on and off the airport, during day and night.
--- They are used to warn pilots of large structures such as towers, buildings, and
sometimes even powerlines.
--Bright red and high intensity white lights are typically used, and sometimes
flashing lights are employed.