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Matrix Algebra (3) : Reduction Method and Inverse of A Matrix
Matrix Algebra (3) : Reduction Method and Inverse of A Matrix
Matrix Algebra (3) : Reduction Method and Inverse of A Matrix
Outline
x1
x2
a1 a2 an .. = b.
.
xn
-1-
A = ..
,
X
=
,
B
=
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
am1 a12 amn
xn
Note that dim(A) = m n
-2-
b1
b2
..
.
bm
Example 1.
Represent the following system of equations in the matrix form
=0
2x + y + z
4x + 3y + 2z = 2
2x y 3z
=0
-3-
Example 1.
Represent the following system of equations in the matrix form
=0
2x + y + z
4x + 3y + 2z = 2
2x y 3z
=0
Sol.: AX = B, where
2 1
1
A= 4 3
2 ,
2 1 3
x
X = y ,
z
-3-
0
B = 2 .
0
|A1 |
,
|A|
x2 =
|A2 |
,
|A|
xn =
|An |
|A|
b1
b2
B = . .
..
bn
-4-
-5-
2x + y + z
4x + 3y + 2z
2x y 3z
-6-
by Cramers rule.
=0
=2
=0
2x + y + z
4x + 3y + 2z
2x y 3z
by Cramers rule.
=0
=2
=0
2 1
1
x
0
A= 4 3
2 , X = y , B = 2 .
2 1 3
z
0
-6-
The matrix
A1 = 2
0
A1 , A2 , and A3 are
1
1
2 0 1
3
2 , A2 = 4 2 2 ,
1 3
2 0 3
2 1 0
A3 = 4 3 2
2 1 0
4
|A1 |
=
= 0.5
|A|
8
x2 =
|A2 |
16
=
=2
|A|
8
x3 =
|A3 |
8
=
= 1
|A|
8
-7-
|A| = 18 + 4 4 6 + 4 + 12 = 8
2 1 3 2 1
18 4 4
6 412
For matrix A1 ,
|A1 | = 2 + 6 = 4
0 1 3 0 1
0
0 6
0 2
-8-
For matrix A2 ,
0 3 2
|A2 | = 12 4 = 16
12 0
For matrix A3 ,
2
2 1 0
0 4 0
|A3 | = 4 + 4 = 8
2 1
0
-9-
1.
Ri Rj
2.
kRi
3.
kRi + Rj
-10-
0 1
0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
1
0
0
1 0
1 0
0 1 0 1
0 0
0 0 1
-11-
-12-
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0
0 1
0 0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0 0
matrix is
Unique solution.
No solution.
-13-
Example 3
Solve the following
x +y +z
a.
3x y + 2z
x + 2y + 3z
-14-
Example 3
Solve the following
x +y +z
a.
3x y + 2z
x + 2y + 3z
0
1
1 1
3 1 2 1 ,
1
2 3 5
-14-
3R1 + R2 ,
1
1 1
0
3 1 2 1 1R1 + R3
1
2 3 5
1 1 1
0 R
2 + R1 ,
1
14 R2 0 1 14
R
+
R
0
2
3
4
0 1 2 5
0
7 R3
1 0
0 1
0 0
3
4
1
4
1
1
1
0
0 4 1 1
0
1
2 5
0 34 14
1
1 14
4
0 74 21
4
3
4 R3 + R1 ,
1 0 0
2
1
R3 + R1 0 1 0
1 ,
4
3
0 0 1 3
14
1
4
x =2
y =1
z = 3
-15-
x +y +z
b.
x y +z
x y z
= 1
= 2
= 3
-16-
x +y +z
b.
x y +z
x y z
= 1
= 2
= 3
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 2 ,
1 1 1 3
-16-
1
1
1 1 R
1 + R2 ,
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 2 R1 + R3 0 2
0 1
1 1 1 3
0 2 2 2
3
1 R
2 + R1 ,
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
12 R2 0
0 12
1
0 12 2R2 + R3 0 1
0 2 2
2
0 0 2
1
3
1 0 1
1 0 0
2
2
1
2 R3 0 1 0 12 R3 + R1 0 1 0 12 ,
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
2
2
x =2
y = 0.5
z = 0.5
-17-
x1 2x2 + x3 = 0
-18-
x1 2x2 + x3 = 0
2
4 2 10
3 1
4 12 ,
1 2
1 0
-18-
2
4 2 10
1
3 1
4 12 12 R1 3
1 2
1 0 1
3R1 + R2 1
5
2 1
1
0 7
7 3 7 R2 0
R1 + R3
0
0
0
5 0
1 0
1 29
7
2R2 + R1 0 1 1 37 .
0 0
0 5
Therefore, this equation system has no solution
-19-
2 1 5
1
4 12
2
1 0
2 1 5
1 1 37
0
0 5
d.
x y +z
3x + y 2z
4x + 2y 3z
= 10
= 17
= 7
-20-
d.
x y +z
3x + y 2z
4x + 2y 3z
= 10
= 17
= 7
1 1
1 10
3
1 2 17 ,
4
2 3 7
-20-
1 1
1 10 3R
1 + R2 ,
1
1 2 17
4R1 + R3
0
4
2 3 7
0
R2 + R1
10
1 1
1
0.5R2 0
1 0.5 23.5 2R2 + R3
0 2
1
47
1 1 10
2 1 47
2 1 47
1 0
0.5 13.5
0 1 0.5 23.5
0 0
0
0
x = 13.5 0.5r
y = 23.5 + 0.5r
z =r
-21-
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1 No solution.
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1 Unique solution.
0 0 0 0
1 0
0 1
Example 4.
Solve the following equation systems using reduction method:
2x 5y + z = 7
3x + y 2z = 7
a.
x + 2y + 3z = 14
x + 3y 4z = 25
-23-
Example 4.
Solve the following equation systems using reduction method:
2x 5y + z = 7
3x + y 2z = 7
a.
x + 2y + 3z = 14
x + 3y 4z = 25
Sol.: Solving the equation system is equivalent to reduce the
following matrix:
2 5
1
7
3
1 2 7
,
1
2
3
14
1
3 4 25
-23-
1
7
2 5
1
7
1 52
2
2
3
1 3
1
2
7
1
2
7
R1
2
1
2
3
14
2
3
14
1
1
3 4 25
1
3 4 25
3R1 + R2 ,
1 52
R1 + R3 ,
0 13
2
R1 + R4
9
0
2
0
1
2
1
2
12
5
2
72
7
2
7
2
21
2
43
2
-24-
1 52
0
2
13 R2
0
0
1
9
2
1
2
1
2
1
13
5
2
72
7
2
7
13
21
2
43
2
1 52
0
0
0 1
13
28 R3
1 0
1
9
2
1
2
1
2
1
13
5
2
72
9
13
1
13
0 0
0 0
46
13
7
2
7
13
21
2
43
2
28
13
7
13
5
2 R2 + R1 ,
92 R2 + R3 ,
R2 + R4
2
9
13
R3 + R1 ,
1
13 R3 + R2 ,
46
R3 + R4
13
276
13
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
13
1
13
28
13
46
13
28
13
7
13
168
13
276
13
0 2
0 1
6
1
0
0
x = 2
y = 1
z=6
-25-
3x + 5y + 2z
x +y +z
b.
2x + 3y
3x 2z
=
=
=
=
5
2
2
6
-26-
3x + 5y + 2z
x +y +z
b.
2x + 3y
3x 2z
=
=
=
=
5
2
2
6
3
1
2
3
5
2
1
1
3
0
0 2
-26-
5
2
,
2
6
3
1
2
3
5
2
1
1
3
0
0 2
2
R1 R2
2
6
1
3
2
3
3R1 + R2 ,
1
1
1
2
2R1 + R3 ,
0
2 1 1
R2 R3
3R1 + R4
0
1 2
2
0
0 3 5
-27-
1
1
5
2
3
0
0 2
2
5
2
6
1
1
1
2
0
1 2
2
0
2 1 1
0
0 3 5
R2 + R1 ,
1
1
1
2
2R2 + R3 ,
0
1
2
2
3R2 + R4
0
2 1 1
0 3 5
0
1
0
3 R3 0
0
3
1 2
0
1
0 11
1
0
0
0
0
3
4
1 2 2
0
3
3
0 11 6
3R3 + R1 ,
1 0 0
4
2R3 + R2 ,
0 1 0
2
11R3 + R4
0 0 1
1
6
0 0 0
-28-
1
0
1
5
3x + 2y + z
2x + 43 y + 23 z
c.
9
x + 3y + 32 z
152
5
2 x + 5y + 2 z
=
=
=
=
6
4
9
15
-29-
3x + 2y + z
2x + 43 y + 23 z
c.
9
x + 3y + 32 z
152
5
2 x + 5y + 2 z
=
=
=
=
6
4
9
15
9
2
4
3
2
3
3
2
5
2
,
9
15
2
3
5
-29-
15
9
2
4
3
2
3
3
2
5
2
4
1 2
2 R1 9
9
2
15
2
2R1 + R2 ,
92 R1 + R3 , 1
0
15
R1 + R4
0
2
0
5
2
3
0
0
0
15
15
2
2
3
4
3
3
5
1
3
2
3
3
2
5
2
15
1
3
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
x = 2 23 r 13 s
y =r
z =s
-30-
-31-
1
adj(A),
det(A)
-32-
Example 5.
1
0 2
a. A = 4 2
1 .
1
2 10
b. A =
3 2
6 4
-33-
1
4
1
12 R2 0
0
2R3 + R1 , 1
R3 + R2 0
2
0
0
2
2
0
1
2
0
1
0
4R1 + R2 ,
0
0 R1 + R3
1
2
1
0 0
92
2 12 0 2R2 + R3
8 1
0 1
0
9 2 2
4 29 .
0 41
2
1
0
0
2
1
10
0
1
0
9 2
Therefore, the A1 = 41
2
9
2
5 1
-34-
1
0
0
0
2
2
92
2
9
8
1
4
1
0
0
1
0 0
21 0
1 1
0
1
0
b.
3 2 1 0
6 4 0 1
1
3 R1
1
6
2
3
1
3
0
0 1
-35-
6R1 + R2
1
0
2
3
1
3
0
0 2 1
Example 6.
Repeat the above example by using the cofactor method.
1
0 2
a. A = 4 2
1 .
1
2 10
-36-
Example 6.
Repeat the above example by using the cofactor method.
1
0 2
a. A = 4 2
1 .
1
2 10
Sol.: Using Sarruss rule,
det(A) =(1)(2)(10) + (0)(1)(1) + (2)(4)(2)
(2)(2)(1) (1)(1)(2) (0)(4)(10)
=20 16 4 2 = 2
-36-
18
41
10
A1 =
5 1
adj(A) = AT
C = 41 8 9
10 2 2
AC = 4 8 2 ,
4 9 2
1
adj(A)
det(A)
18 4
1
=
41 8
2
10 2
9 2 2
41
= 2 4 92
18 4 4
9
2
-38-
b. A =
3 2
6 4
-39-
b. A =
3 2
6 4
Sol.:,
det(A) = 12 12 = 0.
Since det(A) = 0,
1
det(A)
-39-
Properties of Inverse
A must be a square.
The inverse of A must be the same dimension of A.
A is invertible if and only if det(A) 6= 0.
A is invertible if and only if A is linearly independent (i.e. no
multiples) rows and columns.
(AT )1 = (A1 )T .
An invertible matrix is called nonsingular matrix; a
non-invertible matrix is called singular matrix.
-40-
-41-
Example 7.
x1 2x3 =
4x1 2x2 + x3 =
x1 + 2x2 10x3 =
-42-
1
0 2
x1
1
A = 4 2
1 , X = x2 , B = 2 ,
1
2 10
x3
1
9 2
9
2
5 1
, the solution is
1
7
9
2 = 17
2
1
4
1
-43-