MGW 06 CIT CORPS CASE - VOLUNTEER TRADEOFF - PREP HIGH NOW ~ TRAINING UNNECESSARY - CIVIC PARTICIPATION INCREASING - DISABLED INCLUDED ~ TRUST INCREASING - FUNDS INCREASING - MANAGE/ORGAN FAIL, - FED FUND FAILS - PSA FAIL = PUBLIC CONFIDENCE - DISASTER SIMULATIONS BAD - LIABILITY RAILS -CITCORP DOESN'T SOLVE = PREP BAD ~ TERROR NOT COLLAPSE ECONOMY = CAN'T SOLVE BIOTERROR ~ AT: TERROR PREVENTION - ALL HAZARDS BAD = FIRES GOOD NEG INDEX wi OFF CASE - SPENDING - COMPASSION FATIGUE - FEM/VICTIMIZATION -DHS TRADEOFF : ces STATES CP -MODEL - ACCOUNTABLE - DIVERSITY - SOLVES BEST (NCS REORGANIZATION © 70-71 R15 7680 81-85 87 38.90 91-100Mean Green 1 Citizen Corps 7 NEG Velenteer Trudec$E Tern Current programs like AmeriCorps already solve emergency response ~ drawing attention to new, smaller programs undermines unified effort Scrocea - 2004 ‘ and aviation tainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, ¥o faculy 0 : ii Conclusion 7) ‘As has been shown, ther eae CHT BAGG national service \ organizations and nationally sponsored volunteer progrargsAlT oF whose missions are at least partially dedicated to homeland security. While it is important to understand at least partially dedicated to homeland secur." vet the overall capabilities of America’s national service and nationally sponsored - i rec SS <} | yolunteer resources, with so many diverse orgdinizations and programs dedicated to corer the employment of the America’s citizenry in volunteer efforts, itis easy foran —* i ae hel Shoorver, or perhaps an interested citizen, efeTlosbin th€ mazOot avaiable : bo Each of these programs has its own unique benefits and costs, and each has care _zole to play contributing to America’s homeland seourity. However, the question lack sf” comains as to whether this is the best organization and employment of vol tization and employees hee EZTEE resources for homeland security. ‘The figure below is a simplified pictorial —eeoerer ve representation of how this intricate network of national service and nationally sponsored homeland security volunteer organizations and programs are organized and structured.Mean Green Citizen Corps Nee Volunteer rede Ty ...continued.. .| Of these organizations, AmeriCorps, Senior Corps, and Neighborhood Watch programs are by far the most numerous, and with VISTA, the most well know of these-programs, and while CERT programs are growing very quickly, none of these programs have yet reached the level of national recognition the Peace Corps has, enjoyed since the 1960s. The presence of a great variety of national service and awide recognition and impact of the programs & a unified whole. : ‘Additionally, the presenee of such a wide variety and diverse set of volunteer opportunities could lead to the diypcation of servic if not properly organized, managed, and coordinated at the national, state, and local levels. For the full capabilities of volunteer resources to-be maximized in homeland sccurity, itis vital that these resources be thoroughly coordinated, as well as promoted, to take full advantage of America’s desire and willingness to assist with its own homeland security. fo| No: ob web Servig ian © specifically Mean Green / Citizen Corps ‘nk Nauntter tele Ben Other national service programs that address disaster response are 7 sufficiently funded and solving now Serocea - 2004 = ; : [Joseph F., M.A. in Public Affairs fiom UTA, afimy experience as leader of platoon, company command _ 3 vation ner, Professional Report the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty o ‘and aviation trainer, Professional ofall o the LBS School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Sear Pa Present and Future,” May, pg. 104-5, found online at http/Irekcenter.utexax edu/researeh/articles/seroc pepdt), J funding Volunteers in Homeland Security {nan attempt to bring citizens together within their communities and promote olunices "sm in support of homeland security, USA Freedom Corps and Citizen Corps were created to provide opportunities for those who want to serve to do so in «an organized, effective, and efficient manner. Federal funding for national service Programs, volunteerism, and homeland security has also increased substantialh hme frenetic ae A last two years, However, the CEP of funding streams and sources for these programs is complicated. In 2001, the CNCS bud ‘oximately $428.5 million, In 2285 million. In Pee 2002, the CNCS budget increased fo $786 million, of which $29 million was committed to fund security programs that involved a total of 37,560 AmeriCorps members and Senior Comps votuntees in publie saf{ public heal AmeriCorps members and Senior Comps vot and’ Gisaster preparedness. Yn addition, CNCS required that $0 percent of al 2002 AmeriCorps*NCCC programs focus on public safety, Public health, and disaster Preparedness activities.” « Soak Special Volunteer Programs (SVPS), a 50 percent increase over fiscal 2004, to EA” support 23,000 volunteers in homeland security programs in public safety, public ahi - aoe health, and disaster reli and preparecness."* In addition, President Bush requested ee et $401 million for the Péace Corps, whose 2004 budget was $323 million, the largest ® ' lest ever for the agency.” : a at aa ny Citizen Corps Cameiro Gi co Volunlece Vskeafe Tain oni Anti-terror eivil defense programs damage civil protection from other disasters Alexander, David. Journal of International Affairs, Spring/Summer 2006, Vol. 59 Issue 2 In response to the demonstrable futility of preparations for nuclear war, increases {in detente and the pressing need to manage-natural disaster impacts efficiently resulted in civil protection, involving a more democratic, community-based form of organization, gradually eclipsing defense. However, in the 2000s the rising threat of {international terrorism has led to a resurgence of civil defense in a new guise." As a result, in many countries the two systems are developing in a state of uneasy coexistence. For example, the U.S. federal government's first reaction to Hlurricane Katrina was rigidly to follow standard procedures and send materials more appropriate for a terrorist attack than a major storm, Commentators have suggested that the response to major flooding in New Orleans would have been more efficient if a terrorist had blown up one of the levees, rather than the levees being breached by natural forces.9* This illustrates the danger of concentrating on new and emerging risks, such as biological terrorism, while neglecting to tackle well-established ones.MGW 06 CIT CORP: Nee a 4 READY CAMPAIN HAS BEEN EXTREMELY SUCCESSFUL RIDGE 2004 [SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY TOM RIDGE, Copyright 2004 States News Service, November 22, 2004 Monday, Accessed through Lexis-Nexis October 26, 2005) : It's not an exaggeration to say that Ready has truly taken off and greatly exceeded expectations, In the short time since its launch, the simple message - make a plan, get a kit. be informed - has reached millions of American families mis pas year we've tit on te iii campaign with the Inch of Ready Business and the developnent of Ready Kids, hich wl ik ff wihin a ew weeks. In September we were joined by moe than 80 partners aod al 56 sates, and temores in marking car fist anual Nasonal Preparedness Month ~ 2 month in which aay 60 min poople heard the prepucioess mesage. Yet the most important measure of accomplishment can be found in the number of Americans who have not only heard the messagebut taken action, From coast tocoast, 58 percent of American houscholds have taken at least one step to are their homes and families - whether putting together an emergency kit, workin out a family communication plan or searching for information on what to do in the event of a disaster. That number is the result of a lot of hard work by people in tisicon.MGW 06 CIT CORP Prep: rohvess High new CL Ey NEG fi 4 Efforts are already being taken to raise bioterrorism preparé levels for the public sector Migliore — 2003 ' [Matt, managing editor-of Contingency Panning & Management, Contingency Planning & Management, “Preparing Business for Bio-Chemical Attacks: The Necessity of Private-Sector Planning,” pg. 48, found online at _http://www.contingencyplanning.com/archives/2003/mayjun/2.aspx]. iom Davis, executive vice president for General Physic, says recent grant programs passed through Congress have spurred new demand for bio-chemical preparedness in the government sector. In April the Department of Homeland Seeurity announced $165 million in grants designed to help state and local governments better prepare for a range of hazards, including bio-chemical events. The new funding was made possible due to an increase in the fiscal year 2003 budget for the agency's Emergency Management Performance Grants program. According to Davis, the grants have proven particularly helpful to hospitals and county public health organizations as they attempt to bolster their perational processes for bio-chemical outbreaks, /MGW 2006 CitCorps __Freparedaess Hidy Now NG The Ready Initiative, National Preparedness Month, ARC Campaign, and the i America Prepared Campaign increase education and preparedness of the public «Pally Director of the National Center for Disaster Patedness and Berman, Senior Policy Analyst @ the National Center for Disaster Preparedness, i SpringSummeé Andon of International Affairs; 59:2; “National Preparedness Planning: The Historical Context and Current State of the U.S. Public's Readiness, 1940-2005" i TT, Mitouah DHS's Ready.Gov initiative for disaster preparedness, FEMA and Citizen Corps programs, the institution of a "NaWORa pr (September), Gimpaigns by ARC and the America Prepared Campaign, US7papie readiness was expected to increase. Each of these efforts wat aacompamedtby Page with lists of emergency provisions that each family should stock and guides o-— how to form an emergency plan, Press releases were issued ighT gE the-avail- ability of the materials and to direct the public tb the Web sites while ads were taken Out on buses in major cities. ‘The America Prepared Campaign placed a three-page , ‘or Gamiles to undertake In addition to national engagement efforts, sate and teat ors—targly funded by DHS—echoed the national messages and also inclurc the development of Web sites and medtia campaigns > tt —_ vi : ap leh 4UG i MGW CitCorp_1 Pre Paredness Vial now ‘The Hurricane Belt is well prepared for the next hurricane season Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michae!, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelarid Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] : This graphic provides a comparison, by EOP Basic Plan and Functional Annex, of the Nationwide Plan Review results for States in the Hurricane Belt and the balance of the Nation. The hurricane-prone States in the Hurricane Belt possessed emergency plans and functional annexes that were mote likely to be rated Sufficient by the Peer Review process than other States. The Resource Management, Health and Medical, and Communications Annexes were noticeably stronger. Other planning elements associated with hurricanes, such as Evacuation, Mass Care, Warning, and Emergency Public Information, were also more likely to be judged as Sufficient in the Hurricane Belt, although the difference was not as pronounced.U ries Gheery Se tel PA i ‘in an emer feor7/64 The inital feat instilled in citizens in_an_emer even ey a ae ‘qetcely sul as they sr woo Yo Took i wits ways WO seem a OTE est pron Mean Green Citizen Corps NES ee Citizens respond well to disasters and terrorism even without training Helsloot and Ruitenberg — 2004 [Ira Helsloot, Director of the COT Institute for safety Security and Crisis Management, and Amout Ruitenberg, Joumal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, v. 12, no. 3, “Citizen Response to Disasters: a Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications,” pg. lov , found online] GONE ACTONG ago as the runcteen-eighis. HOW. SEES these yt sil prove to be the asi for governmental preparation on disasters. fyth 1: Citizens Panic in a Disaster : en to be qelaves or other people who happen present. Others make suze that they lave the EisastrTocation ina rection they deer safe t the time. In contradiction to images provid asts only & smal Bee DT people, and it lasts only & reer of tne Wen te Lingell, 2005; Queran- ‘el, 1999; Dynes, 1954).MGW 2006 CitCorps NES Lwte Paccip. 4 ~ There is no shortage of public health/medical volunteers now James G. Hodge, Jr. nt and of Contemporary Health Law & Policy, the experience of New York Ci Lance A. Gable n2 and Stephanie H. Calves, Joumal , Fall, 2005 22 J. Contemp. Health L. & Pol'y 5 ity hospitals during the September L1 tragedy Credentials. Administrators were unable to confirm the identitice of voluriteer physicians or thei basi licensing or credentialing information, including training, skills, Disruptions to standard [10] telecommunications Prevented hospitals from contacting competencies, and employment, wuld have provided veri ernie a peblications led Congress to authorize DAMS ta fiacd antares id territories To develop, emer; ency systems for the advance re; istration oF volumtecr professionals (ESAR-VHP). 12 Through vance ena TT sistration at the state level, VAPS ‘canbe vetted, ined, and mobilized when needed for the benefit of idual and commanity health. Led by the Health Resoarces ‘and Services Administration (HRSAY, a ivisi assess and register thousands of i ap ap rt 4 skiffed | rasta ion of DHHS, states and territories inning to medical professTonals willing to ‘Guin their fe aciiciNEG MGW / CitCorp eee ( es paczip i Civil defense is on the rebound with almost 2000 CERT teams formed Civil defense is on the rebound with almost 2000 CERT teams formed Marks — 08/16/05 [Alexandra, Staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor, Christian Science Monitor, “Civil defense makes a comeback in US,” http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/08 16/p02s01-usse.html] NEW YORK - The ongoing threat of a terrorist attack is spurring a civil-defense comeback reminiscent of the “duck and cover" drills of the early days of the cold war. In communities from Los Angeles to Manhattan, citizens are being trained to help in the case of a terrorist bomb or natural disaster before police and firemen atrive. Prior to the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, only 100 communities, ‘mostly in earthquake and hurricane zones, had such citizen emergency response teams, or CERTs. Today there are almost 2,000,Mean Green Citizen Corps 7 NEG Civic _pavWoperin byl new Civic participation strong now due to Bush’s national service speeches Scrocca - 2004 (uh Mc i tis om a ay aan aden cy cone ‘nd aviation trainer. Professional Report for the-Degree of Master of Pubic Affairs, presented to faculty th LB Seo! of Public Aas of TA. “Noto Seve nnd Vohmtecr a Homan ecw. Psy Present and Future,” May, pg. 175, found online at http://rgkcenter utexax.edu/research/articles/scrocet- Pepa] Ce war on terrorism brought a new age to volunteerism and national service jin America. The reality of America’s vulnerabilities brought new tequirements for * homeland security, which cannot be fully provided for by the federal or state Pr2F8t governments, Asat the nation’s founding, volunteers have again been called on to one dt be i Boy response. President George W. Buish cfcated USA Freedom Corps and Citizen Corps: Opin provide the essential services required for public health, public safety, and emergency as an organized means for citizens to donate their time and skills to aid the fation in Ep TIRE Presents call fo somvice, and theleVel of civic participatiowy: America has sison-tofS highest level since the 19608.MGW 06 a 7 cr coun (uc fibre ip. 4 ord GROWTH IS ALREADY EXPONENTIAL FOR CITIZEN CORPS Taylor and Brudney 2005 : (VOLUNTEERS AND THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: HELP OR HAZARD?, Heather Getha-Taylor, MPA, doctoral candidate Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Department of Peblic Administration, Jeffiey L. Brudney, Ph.D University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs Department of Public Administration and Policy, E:\pmra.gethataylor.brudney2005,doc] fot k sem tt mny states Caught that wave of volunteer mobilization for homeland security Purposes. In fact, growth among Citizen Corps programs is exponential inmates: Guile paccip. 4, MGW 06 ' 7 crrcorr, NO INH: CERT Increasing In Pa Nee CERT WS growing Marks, staff writer; Aug 16, 2k5; Christian Science ‘Monitor; vol. 97, iss. 184; “Civil Defense Makes A ‘Comeback in US” On $111, most of the 100 or so CERT teams operated mostly in the West and South. Today, the greatest growth is taking place in New York and New Jersey - the two states most directly affected by the attack on the World Trade Center. “I's grown up and down the East Coast," says Karen Marsh, the program director for Citizen Corps, the divison of ne Dopartot et Homcland Secor rooserebi oy SoS a Ce ee were hove foam on toro becavee ti’ peconea voce saan eSNe,’ Mesh “s Mean Green ee « tp 7 (eC Parcip. Citizen Corps Cte a e NE Neishberrad tnich bh. engl, Lonck No funding needed for Neighborhood Watch — it is growing fast already Scrocea - 2004 {Hoseph E, M.A. in Public Affairs from UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, conipany commander and aviation trainer. Profsional Renort for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Public Affairs oF UTA, "National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Secusty: Past, Present and Future,” May, ps. 67-68, found online at hitprgkcener texas edu researeWartcleecroeea Pepa] (// $2002, the number of registered Neighborhood Watch programs doubled from 7,500 to nearly 15,000 nationally, and as of April 1, 2004, there were 19,118 om 7,500 to nearly 15,000 nationally, and as of April 1, 2004, there were 19,118 _—eistered Neighborhood Watch groups in America.” The ultimate goal is to establish a Neighborhood Watch program in every community throughout the country (© help citizens protect themselves and bring citizens together through a process of new coordinated civic Participation, ' 'for response plan Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelanid Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report"] As demonstrated in Figure 22, the percent of total funding that States and urban areas have allocated toward planning activities rose substantially from FY 2004 to FY 2005, indicating that planning has become e greater priority for Review participants. Most participants used initial funds to test existing plans. As that was accomplished, Review participants proportionally increased the amount of funds dedicated to planning to address challenges uncovered through training, exercises, and assessments conducted during the first finding year.Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelaiid Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] In July 2004, President Bush signed Executive Order 13347, Individuals with Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness to strengthen preparedness with respect to individuals with disabilities. This Executive Order calls for a coordinated effort among Federal departments and agencies to ensure that the Federal Government appropriately supports safety and security for individuals with disabilities in all hazard situations by: 1) Considering during emergency planning the unique needs of agency employees with disabilities and individuals with disabilities whom the agency serves; 2) Encouraging consideration of the unique needs of employees and individuals with sill exist — Cored Ti€ro0t cause Sf this problem was the intent of Citizen Corps to recreate an Gigehe organizational infrastructre atthe national and state levels which already existed in 1S an ert CNCS. By placing Citizen Corps under ‘FEMA, two parallel volunteer management |. cae “and organizational stuctures were created, when only one was necessary a Some . heot > respects, this caused Citizen Corgs ” create&confusionamons feegee? FO ase e citizen volunteers, and placed state and local emergency managers in unfamiliar volunteer territoryMGW 06 Auf der He Marge {04 Cail nteers flood disaster sites and need to be coordinated ide, 2004 Erik, Ph D, Medical Officer for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US. Department of Health and Human Services,, “Common Misconceptions about Disasters: Panic the ‘Disaster Syndrome” and Looting” The First 72 Hours; A Community Approach to Dis Preparedness + Belief in the “disaster syndrome” also catches local authorities off guard because they do not expect, nor have they made provisions co deal with, the flood of vol- tumteeréd assistance that is offered in disascers. The United States has a long his- tory of volunteerism, This cradition is exemplified by the number of volunteer ambulance services and fire departments char exist in chis country and numerous social, religious, and philanchropic organizations that volunteer their time, This altruism does noc vanish in disasters; if anything, i becomes steonger-(2, 13, 25) In fact, within the stricken area, more potential volunteers become available ‘when schools and nonessential businesses close down.(18, 25) In cooteat co vol uunteer organizations that participate in the routine zesponse to emergencies, many disaster volunteers are unsolicited and unexpected, (2, 13, 125) As dis cussed previously, most search-andL-restpie operations, as well as casualty trans port is carried out by untrained bystander volunteer. Disasterscricken communities ae often deluged wich offers of volunteered assistance from wained individuals and outside emergency response organiza- tions. Others respond to requests by the media or other unofficial sources +o “send everything you've go.” In addition, local officials may issue public appeals for assistance without any appreciation for how successal their requests will be Once initiated, hese appeals are very diffcue to rescind. (2) ster,MGW 06 i. Manaag | cm, Gail MORE PEOPLE IN CITIZEN CORPS IS NOT ENOUGH TO SOLVE, BETTER MANAGEMENT IS NEEDED Brudney and Gazley 2002 {The USA Freedom Corps and the Role of the States, Foresight and Emerging Trends: ‘Volunteerism, Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, hitp://stars/osg.ore/spectrum/ 2002/Fall/Fall 2002 spectrum 34 38.pd Extensive academic and professional literature supports the rather obvious argument that successful volunteer programs require more than a call for warm bodies. Volunteer programs also require an infrastructure and a sct of management tools in order to place the right volunteers in the right positions, involve them effectively and retain them, ‘Thus, if.a call for more volunteers is not Jinked to the means for placing and involving volunteers using appropriate management tools. its effectiveness is greatly diminished. wit ; pa a ' feel oyMGW 06 g | 1 Crt. CORP Manage Jorg. a nes Citizen Corp don’t follow their proposed guidelines or the recommended best practices for volunteer management- studies prove. Thompson, Masters of Public Administration @ ‘Texas State University San Marcos; Deo 2k4; “An Assessment of Local Citizen Corps Council” ‘There are two purposes of this research. The first purpose is to develop two best practice models. One concentrates on the establishment of Citizen Corps Councils and the second focuses on the management of volunteers by the Councils. The second Purpose is to assess the establishment of Citizen Corps Councils and the management of volunteers using these best practice models. The research methods used for this applied research project included survey research, focused interviews, and content analysis. Survey research gathers information on how the councils were established and how they manage volunteers. Focused interviews are used to closely examine the management practices. Content analysis is used to examine documents developed. The results from the examination of the data collected from these research methods showed that Citizen Corps Councils did not follow the proposed guidelines for their establishment. The results also indicated that the Citizen Corps Councils do not follow the recommended best practices for volunteer management,Nee i : MGW i i CitCorp Ties ail Resource management, especially the usé of volunteers, is inadequate Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelatid Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] Resource Management Large-scale disaster response requires an enormous resource commitment of personnel, equipment, facilities, and consumables. Law enforcement, fire, and emergency medical service providers require resources and ongoing assistance to sustain operations during major crises. While many jurisdictions maintain MAAs, even resources provided from other governmental agencies can prove insulficient and specialized materials and services may be in short supply. The Citizen Corps team evaluated this issue from the perspective of identifying existing non-governmental resources within the jurisdiction and stand-by contracts, the use of volunteers (pre-identified and pre-trained, as well as spontaneous volunteers), and the management of donated goods and services.; anaged Org. Fall — rnan{Ory. Fl Citizen Corps RARER Seg. _NEG eee Citizen Corps Councils can’t manage volunteers even if volunteer numbers incre: Scrocea - 2004 [Joseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs Hom UTA, afimy experience as leader of platoon, company commander ‘and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Publie Affsirs of UTA, "National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 149-150, found online at bngp/rgkcenter.utexax.edu/research/articles/serocea-pr pf] hey? x bs ce 1, cihtoups Ciwnell oe eapetily a ane Capacity: Volu teer Management, Recruitment and Retention ae Capacity refers to the many elements involved in an agency or program's ability to handle, reeruit, retain, and coordinate volunteer efforts. The Brudney and Gazley survey noted that almost one-third of the respondents stated that effective volunteer managetnent would be a major challenge, and that 62 percent of ie respondents had not yet established guidelines for volunteer management.* The : survey report also described three issues of concern regarding volunteer management in America today: The isolation in which certain political decisions about volunteerism have been made; the over-emphasis on volunteer recruitment without paying, sufficient attention to what occurs next; and inconsistencies among agencies or levels of government in volunteer policy Research for this study confirms the Brudney and Gazley findings and indicates that the same i ues are still a concern among volunteer coordinators and emergence management officials in hy y This section will address volunteer capacity issues as they pertain to four separate but related factors: volunteer management and infrastructure, capabilities and perceptions, recruitment and, reténtion, and sustainability. alMean Gree a. : Citizen Corps r hae! I Wiese Varveness evidene Procedural issues are critical to determining the desirability of counter- terrorism issues. Federal-state and funding technicalities issues are especially key. Brunet — 2005 [Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southem California, Create Report, “Grant Funding fo State and Local Governments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” June 21, found online Mary Franke and David Simpson, Center for Hazards Research and Policy Development at University of Louisville, Quick Response Research Report 170, “Grant Funding to State and Local Governments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnetability,” pg. 29, found online] Ney mile legislative proposals soek to redesign the funding formula to address inefficiencies deg, © Whe orm adn gee TON TE arto any allemative wn AO, T]shat i the role of sate and focal governments in providing ea Tity to prev ‘ fepare for, an ‘ven the roles of the respective ZORA: yexpare for, and respond to acts of terrorism, and 2) TMI Sais to align the THOEMTIVESOT preetenl jovels of government Ww ESC Federal, state and local actors? ‘in adition, qnice the ‘Brant mechanism has been selected, eZTikea] is proper targeting in place fo make certain that the grant reaches the targeted “need”? {asens of This chapter addresses these topics from a public finance/public economics pespecngMean Green ‘| Citizen Corps NEG Geber\ Fork Salo! foe eqn e vagueness of the plan funding grants to the n’s Corps Serocea - 2004 {Joseph F., M.A. in Public furs ftom UTA, afimy experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer. Professional Report fr the Degree of Master of Public Affais, presented to faculty of the LBY School of Public Affairs of UTA, ‘National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Pas, Present and Future,” May, pg. 130-131, found online at bntp:/rgkeenter.atexas slscroeca-pr pa] Tn sun iIthough goal clarity is emerging in both CNCS and Citizen oa igh goal clarity is emerging ‘tigen Corps with respect to their mission in regard to volunteers in homeland security, ich remains to be accomplished toward achieving effective program oversighTagd the proper analysis of program effectiveness. While itis clear states are beginning to pet realize what is expected of federally funded service programs and nationally yo \437* sponsored volunteers in homeland security, the appropriation af funds without a cleat bre Cyadig Uiderstanding of how to accomplish these goals, and without a means of measuring, a fen eae eee Fain Cseel.Mean Green ! Citizen Corps NEG FON Gunde) Sadly! byremtucnisy Federal funding for izen Corps fails because of bureaucratic complexity, unaccountability, waste and lack of coordination Serocca - 2004 {loseph E, M.A. in Public Affi from UTA, siny experience as leader of platoon, company commander aviation trainer. Professional Report forthe Degree of Master of Public Affair, presented f faculty of the LBI School of Public Airs of UTA, "National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Secu: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg 106-7, found online at hip /rgkcenter utexaxedesearchartiledscrocea. pep. - A portion of all CNCS funds are dedicated to supporting programs that contribute to homeland security, and all Citizen Corps funds are direéted to homeland security efforts. However, the federal funding streams for each of these agencies and i its supported programs is very complex. CNCS funds are distributed to programs through a number of different methods: challenge grants, i national, state and local programs, prograks grants to VISTA, Learn and Serve uation grants, grants to America, and Senior Corps, and Special Volunteer Grants that concentrate on specific areas, such as homeland security. Citizen Corps funding is equally complex. In the past, Citizen Corps funding was spilt between CERT and Citizen Corps as a whole, Ne but federal funding will be combined in 2004, and only designated to Citizen Comps e? asa whole. However, additional funding and support for Neighborhood Watch Pasty This complex network of funding and administrative streams makes it ok, CeRTFSTTERSTITECAIEDS Organize a coordinatsDvolunteer effort nationally and within nd a o ae eer ee the states, Although, redundant streams of funding help guard against cuts ina i specific area, the separate funding and administration of Citizen Comps from CNCS as well as VIPS, MRC, and Neighborhood Watch programs within Citizen Corps el nyMean Green / Citizen Corps Nec Geer’ Gutinn GAG’ shales sles i) Federal funding fails ~ lots is siphoned off at the state level Serocea - 2004 [Joseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs from UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer, Professional Report for the-Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 135, found online at http://rgkcenter.utexax.edu/research/artieles/scroceae prpdi] AS weather issue, related to multiple funding streams, is that of “perception,” and ae ee str ashen luheasle aie et La the souning al terviews with local emergency and volunteer management officials reveal that many local officials helicve federal funds (especially Citizen Compe isproportionately siphon§TOEDM the state and county level, before they make it to local municipalities where they can have the greatest ye e immediate effect, While Citizen Cofps fukiding requirements stipulate that 80 percent peste elect of appropriated funds be distributed to local municipalities, there is still the ; perception at the local level, that states are withholding available funding from counties and local jurisdictions which request them, Rescarch has not proven this to the misperception is sil present, be the case, howeverMean Green / Gitizen Corps Nee Feter\ fading GAs vabaibibhy Federal funding for national service fails: doesn’t permit state and local flexibility Serocea - 2004 ; Uoseph EMA. in Public Affairs from UT, ariay experience a leader of platoon, company commander 8nd aviation trainer. Professional Renart forthe Degree of Master of Pblic Affairs, presented te evi of the LBJ School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Futite,” May, pg, 136-137, found ontine at Intp:/iakcemerutexax.edufesearehvarticeslserocea:pr pal] Funding Flexibility and Guidelines This type of public choice analysts isi ssablisheDM both theoretical (Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnen 1981) ad empirical (Faith, Leavens and Tollison 1982) literature and for executive and legislative branch behavior (Anderson and i : : ‘sal actors are seen as buying votes with the public, Tollison 199}a). In both cases po! Purse in the pursuit of reelection, The richness ofthis approach is apparent in its robust ‘esults, especially in explaining the pursuit of electoral votes in presidential polities (Wright 1974) ae‘Sener iatloence wi Congress Fes ponskebu) FORE VUMTETADTTITY To TerTORTSTH receTve Fewer Achat erm. (nstenicey what TFrent homeland secuti f focal and state government? Finally, if the current on Keodicg formula were to be redesigned, whht sing risks and Vulnerabilities? ‘Tis report aims to, Mean Green Citizen Corps , Mes Conyretsond\ Fertig Gils washes] Congressional counter-terrorism fun ig causes wasteful distribution Brunet — 2005 [Center for Risk and Economic Analy : r alysis of Terrorism Ev University of Southem Calor, Create Rep “Gran Funding to State an Ls Govern and Systematic Assessment of Vuerability.” Ine 21 found online Ma Fanke and David impson, Centr for Hazards Research and Policy Development at ville. sponse Research Report 170, °G s and Local Government: Syst ssi Wg aes eee anata ents and Systematic Assessment of Vulnevability,” pg. 1, found tak 7 the rs m is that, similar to a State's representation in Congress, the grant formula is @ ft Palitical solut > to funding counter-ferrorism needs, and does not explicitly address Congressin ara vulnerabilities for terrorism across States TIS POT ie That States with more Fee CTBTESS PEEVE more Funds, and Sates WAth Tess THTTENCE AN BETES everat questions emerge. For TunTds- programs? What is accomplished? What is the role 0 ii are the necessary criteria for the development of a lly ass, methodology for systema addcess these timely questions,Mean Green f Citizen Corps Wee Filing Gly Norn ontiny — waste Normal means for Department of Homeland Security funding is badly proportioned in favor of regions that don’t need money Brunet — 2005 [Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southern California, Create Report, “Grant Funding to State and Local Govemnments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” June 21, found online Mary Franke and David Simpson, Center for Hazards Research and Policy Development at University of Louisville. Quick Response Research Report 170, “Grant Funding to State and Local Governments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” pe. 53, found online] (7 Conclusion #1: Any proposed risk-based solution to allocating fundi 12 Wi dias, nation-wide systematic assessment of risk and Vulnerability, The curren formula used sttocaie the DHS/SLGCP homeland security formula ane ee 1 Toes not explicitly provide a POON Mateay. nor does TIME SpEM % “Gepessments oF} ‘example, DHS directs states and Tocal governments 10 Consider GFilical infrastructure (specific facilities) gs,any system or asset tha, if attacked, would, result in catastrophic loss of life and Gausd éatastrophic economic loss:' however, funding Za is not linked to state of local endowments of critical infrastructure. st Serer eTa One study comparing current grant allocations to allocations based on a risk-based eet formulation, finds that the current formula for allocating funds to first responders “implicitly prioritizes population over other targets such as pipeline miles, population fensity,1wrertare MET feTaT COURS, public Water Use, universities, confine ing facilities, power generation, chemical manufacturing TESTIS Fecomnfends aTierinig the formula to allocate Tunding based pir assessment of risk across several factors, including, but not limited to, population”Mean Green : Citizen Corps diy Sais jneleyebe in brsrwebrd Current lack of infrastructure causes misuse of federal fundin: Serocea - 2004 Lose Ey M.A. n Public Af om UTA, my expen a der f platoon, onpany commande and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the-Degree of Master of Public Afiaits, presented to facul the LI School of Public Alun of UTA, "Nationa Sesice and Veluteesm in Holand Secuty as, Present and Futut,” May, pe. 179-180, found online at ee htp/rgheenterstexax edu esearcharticlesscroece-pr:pdf] a not enough to simply fill grant requests and ensure grant compliance at Ceres the sate level. Without the infrastructure in place to manage volunteers effectively at fe ened itt: FFCTocal level, funds may be-easify squandered} on KHeoordinates and wifamanaged > ate ol eX programs which have“ittle impac?on the overall homeland security ofthe Fniy oreo community, In addition, consideration must be also given to local municipalities community fie without the personnel capabilities to evel request or manage funds. While the premature funding of programs in these areas would be wasteful, grant consideration , must be given to establishing the infrastructure which will allow these communities to become active partners with the state in homeland secuiy,Mean Green Citizen Corps : Nee Sebwed Gndicg GS" snpraletlitey vaste / Federal funding for Citizen Cory es de: n stat si for Citizen Cor oses deadlines on si ies, causins Seroeca - 2004 Loscph E, M.A. in Publi Atfans om UTA, afin expesionce a leader of platoon, company commander ad viton ane, Profesional Report forte Degree of Master of Public Afi, presented to uly of be LBJ Schoo! of Public Affuirs of UTA, “National Service and Volunterism in Homeland Security P Pr and Future,” May, pg. 137-138, found online at aan hitpy/rgkeenterutexex.eduesearchartilowscrocca-pe pa] % S, Finally, related to the issues of funding flexibility GimosP Ee ppstate Citizen Ra Corps coordinator involved in this study expressed concer regarding the 60-day Funky fn window required to distribute appropriated fund 4 wppropy atow Pads: municipalities, While it is certainly commendable that the federal government would ee eeeeeEeeees_scseaw—esseseseses like'to see these furids passed down to the local level as quickly as possible, this at reel bent or the limited staffs of many staté Citizen." ei ee hee a eae q Corps offices (the Citizen Corps coordinator by themselves often) to adequately cetera ee evaluate grant applications and distribute funds effectively and efficiently to the municipalities where they are most needed or will have the greatest effect. requirement makes Numerous state Citizen Corps officials expressed the desire not only to have more time to evaluate grants and distribute funds, but also the need for more flexibility in fimding requirements. Coordinators expressed the desire to hold more funding back at he sate level, thus enabling targeted distribution of funds where and as needed throughout the year, rather than the immediate distribution of funds which may ¥é the coordinators hand®yfor the rest of the year, and not allow for the application of additional dollars to municipalities or programs which show fear ‘<—promise in the araof homeland seourity2, ep Hey \ faa Mg yee aay ‘Citizen Comps Cameiro UNT 2006 Rock nec Psa 2G) “ Structured service like AmeriCorps does not increase civil engagement John J Kirlin, Mary K Kirlin. Public Administration Review. Washington: Sep 2002. Vol.62 pg, 80, 6 pgs, Strengthening effective government—citizen connections through greater civic engagement Invitations to join broader networks and to seek ways of becoming more broadly engaged appeared only later, and then in the form of service, often through nonprofit entities, reinforcing the message that nonprofit organizations are the most appropriate place for citizens to be involved in their communities. However, the kinds of structured service emphasized by President Bush-in AmeriCorps, for example-may not result in increased civic engagement. Eatly research on the impact of AmeriCorps has shown that participants have increased feelings of empathy and desire to help others, but those attitudes have yet to translate into civie engagement (Perry and Katula 2001).MGW 06 cr corr ost © Lack of funding isn’t the problem with CitCorps, public complacency is. Malone; March 31, 2k5; The Atlanta Journal and Constitution; “Citizens Corps Takes On Disasters” But the volunteer movement, while growing, has been uneven. For instance, despite the success of the Alcoa team, the Fulton County Fire Department has trained only about 40 people. if “We've got enough federal money to do some classes," Harris said. "We just don't have people." Lt. Robin Booth, public information officer for the department, said the problem is public complacency,crcore Ost 26) (NEG) CITIZEN CORPS HAS FAILED IN ENGAGING THE PUBLIC ETZIONI 2002 [Amitai Etzioni, Mobilize America's foot soldiers, July 25, 2002 Copyright 2002 The Christian Science Publishing Society Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA), Accessed from Lexis-Nexis LOAD-DATE: July 24, 2002] ‘More disconcerting, the Citizen Corps_has been slow to get rolling, Ithas a tiny staff in Washington, even fon grants that homeland protections lergely tees attr, People who write seeking to volunteer get a form letter six months Later tanking them for their avait, !aS not caught the eye or imagin:Mean Green Citizen Corps Nee Robe GAS! inempuuty Public service announcements don’t solve: main problem is lack of capacity to properly manage volunteers Serocca - 2004 1 [Joseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs fiom UTA, afi Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Pul a eee Pepa, ‘Volunteer Management and Infrastructure fo Brudney and Gazley survey noted that while applications for the Peace Comps and AmeriCorps have inereased, there is still concern that federel policy is Pat assumptions about what volunteers nin ane loee ef eat: bane vols prone to reoccurring problems due to misplaced can accomplish and the number of volunteers local agencies can accommodate.”* 1a Current research indicates, that althoulh guidelines have now been established in Jic, Though Hurricanes Katrina and Rita were natural disasters, the prevalence of the all-hazards approach to public preparedness would allow one to conclude that the region’s lack of readiness for'a natural disaster would also mean that same popula tion is even less likely to be prepared for a terrorist attack. Our data suggests that nationally, those prepared for a tersorist event are actually fewer than those who con: sider themselves as prepared for a natural disaster ot emergency weather event. This calls into question the effectiveness of the allhazards message as a means for engag- ing the public to prepare for an international thr rat a _MGW 06 (T CORP, psh will not gain PSA ek O® attention oF the Publre, Redlener, Director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness and Berman, Senior Policy Analyst @ the National Center for Disaster Preparedness; Spring/Summer 2k6; Journal of Intemational Affairs; ; 59:2; "National Preparedness Planning: The Historical Context and Current State of the U.S. Public's Readiness, 1940-2005” 'n essence, the federal government's central message was to prepare for low prob- ability high consequence events. However, by the second anniversary of September 11h, there was low public attention to terrorism preparedness. While people believed terrorism was likely to occur in the United States in the near future, they also believed it was unlikely to affect them personally This belief, coupled with the need to make Preparedness practical for more frequent events such as regional weather emergencies, led toa refining of the national message toward “all-hazards preparedness. All-hazards preparedness emphasizes that effective disaster planning allows indi- Viduals and families to literally be ready for “ail hazards,” from low probability events like terrorism to cyclical and periodic events like natural disasters and pro- Neapons of mass destruction in Iraq and the absence of further domestic rere attacks, holding public attention to prepate for terrorism was eroding.’ All-hazards Preparedness has been most prominently ———_ Ghampioned “by the Department of The all-hazards approach Homeland Security (DHS), its predecessor to preparedness has and “current subsageney, the Federal fai _ ; i failed to 2 Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), to gain traction Citizen Comps, also a division of DHS, and With the public.MGW 06 " 1 conn Public eon fidence NEG i not Lack of public confidence and reaainess us affected by government and media message Redlener, Director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness and Berman, Senior Policy Analyst @ the National Center for Disaster Preparedness; Spring/Summer 2k6; Joumal of International Affairs; 59:2; “National Preparedness Planning: The Historical Context and Current State of the U.S. Publie’s Readiness, 1940-2005” “In the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, when asked if in general they felt personally prepared for a natural disaster or emergency weather event in their community, ust over half (53 percent) of survey respondents described themselves as prepared. When asked about a terrorist attack in their community, only a thitd (85 percent) felt personally prepared. However, there is an important discrepancy between “self-identification as prepared” and having actually taken steps that trans- tate into “actually being prepared.” Less than half (43 percent) reported having a family emergency preparedness plan that all members of the family knew about, Of those who reported having a plan, less than a third (31 percent) reported having all {he major elements that are part of an emergency plan, (i.c., two days food and water, 4 flashlight, a portable radio and spare batteries, erhérgency phone numbers and a meeting place). When we consider knowledge of local and regional plans, including * : evacuation plans, we find an uninformed public. Only a third (34 percent) reported being familiar with emergency or evacuation plans in their community in the event of @ natural disaster or emergency event. When asked about a terrorist attack, less than a quarter (22 percent) reported being familiar with emergency or evacuation plans in their community. It is worth noting that having a family emergency pre- paredness strategy, yet lacking knowledge of community evacuation plans, is likely to diminish the effectiveness of even the best family plan. All of the above respons ¢s were unchanged or only slightly changed from just prior to Hurricane Katrina, suggesting that these events elong with government and media messages on public Preparedness have done little to stimulate individual and family readiness, jie eneCitizen Corps Cameiro UNT 2006 Rock NES Disaster simulations for specialists corrode society. A political solution is necessary. Bill Durodie, Facing the possibility of bioterrorism, International Centre for Security Analysis, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2004, 15:264-268 As the public are the real first responders in any emergency ot disaster, itis vital that they be fully integrated into, and engaged by, a set of broader social aims and values [48_]. The confidence derived from having a sense of purpose or mission, developed over a long-term, active, political engagement in society, cannot be short-circuited by technical means or information campaigns. Hence, although specialist simulations and exercises for dealing With bioterrorism incidents may be of benefit to emergency responders and political leaders [13,16,52,53], they are unlikely to achieve any broader resilience across society. Worse, by failing to address the cultural presumptions and concerns that underlie the emergence of such issues, they may serve to truly corrode society from within, Restoring an appropriate and robust sense of confidence to deal with these matters will need to be a political, not a technical, project. !Mean Green 1 : Citizen Corps NEO Lily semrey paheote Alternate causality: a key defect in Citizen Corps is volunteer Ii which aff doesn’t address Serocca - 2004 : Lloseph E, M.A. in Public Affi fom UTA, my expetionce a leads of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer, Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to fac the LBY Schaal of Public Afus of UTA, “Nationa Service snd oluntetiom im amslana Secon Pes Present and Future,” May, pg. 165-166, found online at aan hitp:/rgkcenter.utexax.edwresearch/articles/serocca-pr.paf] Volunteer Liability Jie this chapter has been modeled oa the 2002 Brudney aid Gazley Citizen Comps survey, which identified key factors for the successful implantation of the Citizen Corps program, there is one additional factor, which interviews have alk indicated to be extremely pertinent to the successful implementation and utilization of ae all volunteers in homeland security missbins, but did not necessarily fall into ay of * civeo7" the categories previously described. The liability of volunteers working in homeland.” * vet security missionsis« sigy(Scent obstacl 1 the successful implementation of Citizen eb. ——— ' why “Comps and other programs utilizing volunteers in homeland security missions. Bee ‘he liability issue has three aspects which will be dealt with separately in this eo section: personal liability to volunteers for injuries incurred while volunteering, liability for damage eaused by volunteers to persons or property while volunteering, and medical malpractice liability for volunteers or retired medical personne! and the —————— licensing and accreditation of volunteer medical perome// eat 7MGW 06 / CIT CORP lS @ Wee CitCorp is about the SELLING of civil defense, not actual civil defense, The average person has no expertise in responding to nuclear, chemical, or biological attacks. Malone; March 31, 2k5; The Atlanta Journal and Constitution; “Citizens Corps Takes On Disasters” Federal spending for the volunteer efforts is modest. Citizen Comps grants totaled $13.5 million divided among all 50 states this year. Even so, Andrew Grossman, an associate professor of political science at Albion College in Michigan, has doubts that the effort is worthwhile. "This is really about the selling of civil defense --- not real civil defense," said Grossman, the author of the book "Neither Dead Nor Red: Civil Defense and American Political Development During the Early Cold War," which chronicles the homeland defense program in the 1950s. Grossman said the new civil preparedness effort is essentially a retread of old programs. “If you're really talking about a biological, radiological or chemical attack, trust me, the average citizen wouldn't be a whole lot of help," he said.Mean Green ZaXS) ’ Citizen Corps a We Cee Sails? peor coordinehion Evidence proves that CERT teams are ineffective: they aren’t trusted. and work poort other aid workers Helsloot and Ruitenberg— 2004 [Ira Helsloot, Director of the COT Institute for safety Securit . : 7 ity and Crisis Management and. Amout Ruitenberg, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, v. ie no. a Citizen Response to Disasters: a Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications,” pa. 105 Yound online] a se teams are foundTwith the thought that : es t disaster, those aid workers arriving fit wil note able (0 ales the great demons (Gr help, The pumber of victims, communicato problens and blocked roads obstruct aid. Citi- zens must be able to rely on each other for the immediate Iie saving tasks. Under these circum= jy stances, relatives, colleagues and neighbours will ° offer help to each other spontaneously. This happened directly following the earthquake in Shem? Mexico City, where untrained citizens voln- CRT tered and saved 800 people. However, 100 dency? ae people died asa result from trying to save others ee Fe tosh price can be greatly prevented by “EEE : : training and preparation, oF so brochures about 515. : the team lain. With recruitment texts based on guewiny the above, and an appeal to patriotic feelings US vee meet eee Ccnooarged ta uke part insick” TErosked and aMINETEMATII Re Research on the effectiveness of such teams, Gaver scum wt- OBE ABSENT RESTS OF SOT swenty fteriews wil ai fx Virginie), Washington, D'C. and New York in Janwary 2002, conducted ty ane of the authors of this article indicated however that there asc Tal lack BE co-Gperatigh ahd bust rom t ie of professional aid workers towards such Warisaah eon nee ane fal ike Coe ¥ aseiee Mean Green . en Corps Co ©) 1 ; INC Soler FL ci Hast Corps ssurthbes first, it’s unknown despite previous promotion aigns: second, its affiliate programs all succeed in their missi eed in thé despite Citizen Corps’ failure caaeee Serocea - 2004 z Lose, MLA. nPulse om UTA, amy experi ede fplton, com cs and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of | represented to faulty 0 AH LB) Sol Pale a oF TA tol Seve and Volutci in Hotelanl Sear Ps resentand Fane” May. pp. 1, fund one at hip ghceter wena aueseurcharleerocea. Pesan resenrharileterocea- we the Brudney and Gazley survey noted promotional activity as an jimportant factor in program implementation, i failed to make an assessment es (0 whether Citizen Comps had been successful in this area during its frst year of implementation. Current research indicates that Citizen Corps has met with mined results in this area in the last two years ‘tthe most disturbing findings are fromthe 3003 Citizen Corps survey of American houscholds (referred to inthe previbus Chapter), which reported that almost two years after its creaiga Only & percent “American households interviewed had ever heard of the Citizen Corps initiative. be This would indicate that the President's program to involve citizens in homeland _sevurty, noreasecivig awareness and participation, and answer his cal to service is ang to get the word oaDio most American citizens. However, interviews __ Sonducted for this study, show that response to Citizen Corps programs, namely the ERT program, has been extremely positive, and that in host cases, ppgrams are tinable to meet the citizen demand for education and trainingCitizen Comps, Carneiro Ue 2008 Pree. bud tock Preparedness exercises reveal systemic weaknesses and do not serve as a deterrent Christian W. Erickson and Bethany A. Barratt, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Volume 1, Issue 42004 Article 413 Cold War preparedness exercises were of a double-edged nature, What we mean by double-edged is that, while thev reveal problems in civil defense or homeland security mobilization that institutional innovation, adaptation, and resource distribution can address, they also reveal these same problems to the citizenry. ‘The public ideally should be not be panicked, but should be reassured by, preparedness exercises. The exercises, especially if conducted in the public domain, may also provide any potential enemies with information about vulnerabilities for possible exploitation. This is especially the ‘case if the enemy is a terrorist or criminal network with no responsibility for providing for the civil defense of its territorial and supporter bases. In such a case there is no immediately apparent logic of deterrence that would prevent the exploitation of exposed. vulnerabilities.Citizen Corps ii Cameiro UNT 2006 re Rock WEG Reap. Preparedness exercises do not serve as a deterrent, Russia proves. Christian W. Erickson and Bethany A. Barratt, Journal of Homeland ‘Security and Emergency Management, Volume 1, Issue 4 2004 Articte 413 President Eisenhower: - concluded by reflecting aloud on the deterrent effect of a test of this nature on the’ Soviet General Staff. ‘War seen in this light would reveal itself Jo anyone as only an unmitigated catastrophe. Onr test would probably not impress the Russians, but if they, knowing full well that we would hit them back in the event of such aggression upon us, ran such a test of their own, their eyes would be opened. If they should ever play out any of these problems for themselves, as we have done, such an exercise might well give them pause (as cited in Oakes 1994, 157-8. President Eisenhower's explicit assumption was that while the Soviets might not be deterred by the efficacy of the US civil defense response, they would be deterred if they altempted to carry ont a preparedness exercise of their own. In the early 21st century security environment, itis unlikely that a terrorist cell or network would be deterred from the use of a CBNRE weapon due to a realization that they might have to deal with the potential aftermath of a counter-strike. There is rarely territory in iyhich a terrorist network would have the responsibility of managing the consequences of a CBNRE attack. We will return to this theme in a discussion of the deterrent effect, or lack : thereof, of Dark Winter and TOPOFFS | and 2.es MGW 06 Cit. Corps Aree Osigesa mp NE Terrorist attacks generally have no negative impact on the stock market Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 Cin broad event study for 14 terroristimiltary atacks, returns on the US capital market _ fe analyzed (Chen and Siems 2004). Empirically, deviations of the Dovt Jones Industrial stock index returns from past average returns (30 to 11 trading days before the event) are studied for different time frames. Milizary attacks in the past, like the invasion of France (May 1 1940), or the one in North Korea (June 25, 1950), led to substantial negative cumulative abnormal returns when measured over 11 trading days. In contrast, there are ; ai ‘no abnormal retur oven ‘on the actual day of he event of terrorist bombing attacks on" Pan Am (December 1988), the World Trade Center (February 26, 1993), Oklahoma aan? —&—— City (April 19, 1995) or the US Embassy in Kenya (August 7, 1998). The single recent ‘errorist event, that even after six trading days.showed statistically siginieantly negative cumulative abnormal returns, was September 11, 2001)MGW 06 CIT CORP. NEG weaPon cant be © fete He eaapnECREELES Sere have no immunity sye: State and Local Responses to Biological weapons can Kill ‘everyone because we Kayyem, Juliette N. and Robyn L. Pangi, eds. First to Arr Terorism, Cambridge, Mass. ZGhi< spent on programs to ensure the most effective and efficient utilization of homeland Corre Coccci|s Security volunteer program dollars. Interview results indicate that most states, Jtzrview results indicate that most states, howe eran’ especially those utilizing a competitive grant process for the distribution of Citizen ——————___—____—_r ere ae Corps fiands, have generally developed effective meanéyf ensuring program, Shing eee % sccataby nr Proven the grant making process. be By 27 While it is extremely difficult for the small number of personnel dedicated to Citizen Corps within each state fo visit and adequately assess each funded progran wwithifThe state, most states are making a determined effort at applying funds to pfograms which are required to produce measurable outputs, such as: the creation of gpg esse aU Ee sees ee Cifizen Corps Councils, specific numbers of outreach or educational events, CERT classes conducted, volunteers trained, or volunteers recruited, This is certainly a first step toward effective accountability and oversight, however, interviewees also acknowledge that funds are being distributed to counties, communities, or programs, which at least in the past, have shown very little progress or results from dedicated funding. VOMean Green / Gitizen Corps NEG Syores (Bi divest States are better than the Feds for Citizen Corps: a one-size fits all roach to emergency response fails Scrocea - 2004 [Joseph E., M.A. in Public-AfTars ftom UTA, afiny experience as leader of platoon, company commander axl aviation trainer, Professional Report for ihe Dearee of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of ‘he LBI School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, ps 168, found online at hp/ipkeenterstenay edu/esearchiatclesiserocea- meet]. ae chapter may have appeared to bring up more barriers than best practices for the future of volunteerism in homeland security. Unfortunately, research has shown this to be the case throughout much of the country. This is not to say some states and local municipalities are not accomplishing great things with volunteers in this area though. In fact, as interviews have shown, a study of best practices alone would easily outweigh this study. However, if volunteers are to be utilized on amass ———e 7 scale across the country in homelarid security missions, it is vital that the key " CO obstacles to their employment and utilization be identified and overcome in the near- term, while programs are still young, rather than after programs have been established and structural arrangements solidified which may lead to inefficient management or greater problems in the long-term. Pv next chapter will seek to offer some recommendations for a number of the issues brought up in this chapter and offer some further examples of best practices identified by interviews for this study. Before continuing, it is important to stress however EDGIABDof this study, tha is one size does not tall when it comes to voluntectism in homeland security. ‘The individual strengths and weaknesses of cach state and local municipality make it iGperaiive, that programs and < organizational structures,4F¢ fitted to the situationPFathe? than a national model which may riot apply in each circumstance. a 7 eee, —— my 7 —_——— vyMean Green ! Citizen Corps NEG Nales 6: desk Sor erupeny Seip ence sensi Overwhelming survey evidence proves that states must be the predominant actor for national service relating to emergency response Scrocea - 2004 ; Uoseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs from UT, atfay experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation tainer, Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBJ Schoo! of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 163-164, found online at bitp:rgkcenter utexax.eda/teseareh/atclesfscrocea pepe] State Role in Volunteer Management , 6 oad AC in and implementers of volunteer policy in homeland security. States are in the $ we! = “snow only postion to identify state and local vulnerabilities and apply coordinated >) shat “ech, _ YoTtiniegr@fort homeland security preparedness and emergency response at the archon, sarees Prereeeeec aaa eee | Gas 7 y fee iMean Green ! Citizen Corps Ake Sades © desk Ser ererengy peyperne HAT ...continued..«.] F acter state and local level. Federal policy.governing volunteerism in homeland security Ue oft Tails consider the Giversity Df the nation and tperTadividual need apd enhanc core xy " capabilities of local communities. Interviews indicate that state governments and se Sree ees vane oo er state service and volunteer commissions want to take on this role and act as the link for _——_—__—_——_ XE vetween the federal government and local homeland security volunteer programs.MGW 06 STATES Stoser bert f& C wrercanes PQS Pore Service Nee NATIONAL PROMOTION OF CITIZEN CORPS AT THE STATES IS KEY Brudney and Gazley 2002 (The USA Freedom Corps and the Role of the States, Foresight and Emerging Trends: Volunteerism, Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, http://stars/csg.org/spectrum/ 2002/Fall/Fall_2002_ spectrum _34_38.pdf] nou view, a disappointing aspect in the development of the USA Freedom Corps policy to date has been the lack of attention to the state role. In Citizen Comps: a Guite for Local Ofciats 200m, states are described as supporters and advocates in the principally local task of developing Citizen Corps Councils. The Citizen Corps publication reflects what scholars have observed: that states are often overlooked actors in federal policy implementation, but nonetheless important since they exercise_adminjstrative' discretion over implementation, 27 Siaes ae sometime promoter. of ‘volumes pole, creators of pat of the inasractxre on which implementation depends, respients and distributor of fedora) voluneeism funds. States are also potentially in the best position to understand and communicate local needs upwards, and to provide leverage to help build and connect local Citizen Corps Councils. States already have developed an increasingly sophisticated network of resources to implement volunteer programs, including the Points of Light Foundation, the «National Assocition of Stte Service Commissions, and the America’s Promise Ongenizaion, AS we have observed. federal promotional messages have largelly been ‘directed at individuals and localities rather _than states. Emphasizing the states’ role may help to strengthen the results of volunteerism promotion, :Mean Green ! Gitizen Corps FEMA solves best Serocea - 2004 Closeph E.,. M.A. in Public Affairs from UTA, arihy experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation tines, Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Afaits, presente to faculty of {he LBI School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security. Pest, Present and Future,” May, pg. 159-165, found online at hutp:/reftcenter-utexax.eduitesearel/articles/serocca-pr. pa] P: we iia structure of volunteerism varies from state to state. For the yer: — en IN From state to sta organi most part there are two basic models in place, with some variations on these models COO re (so, bork in specific areas Each state has a governor appointed commission on service and whe ~ we volunteerism, The state commission is responsible for coordinating and managing the eNcs ees cect rat J state volunteer management plan, to include AmeriCorps*state programs, Th additign in pera heres —— “er on, a state CNCS office exists which coordinates and manages to the state commis the other CNCS programs, such as Senior Corps and AmeriCorps*VISTA. In some states (about half those interviewed) the Citizen Corps coordinator is located in he —_— —— rrr office of the state commission on service and volunteerism. In others the Citizen — Cotps coordinator is located in the office of the state's emergency management fe geese eee agency. This structure does not include management of the Peace Corps, Learn and Serve America, or AmeriCorps*NCCC which are coordinated separatly In terms of the placement of the state's Citizen Corps coordinator, as the Brudney and Gazley survey report stated, Both of these offices bring advantages and disadvantages: emergency ‘management officials are well placed to understand gaps in preparedness efforts that Volunteers might fil, but are often unaccustomed to volunteer management, while state volunteer service commissions understand the (+ Volunteer resouree network but in some states are less centrally involved in emergency preparedness, understaffed and incapable of taking on much ey expansion in responsibilities without help from state legislatures 2? Wye} Ube Ns ersMean Green Citizen Corps & ONES eeseining CP Slip Interviews indicate that the model which appears to be most effective and efficient isi managing and coordinating the volunteer utilization in homeland secutity eee sg CHESTER RCE ESPPSEEEPEEEEEreree eee missions is the one in which the Citizen Corps coordinator is located in the office of the state commission, thye Consolidating ranagement of volunteer activities and providing for a afore coordinated state effort, Tes €dministrativeland inizational}p more efficient Po locate the Citizen Corps coordinator with the state office, in this way, the coordinator can take advantage of an already existent volunteer management infrastructure, ties with local communities, faith-based TE ne ec ommties, faith-based organizations, and civic groups. This organizational model is especially effective ‘when there are strong ties between the state commission and the states emergency management office. While emergency management officials are on al state Citizen Corps Councils, they do not generally have the expertise to manage and recruit Volunteers effectively. In addition, there appears to be duplication of effordynd services when the Citizen Corps coordinator is located outside the state commision Cun'h |Mean Green Citizen Corps yee eee Ce see There are of cours, variations to these two models; in California and Texas for instance, the states divided their volunteer management infrastructure up even farther. In California, Go Serve isthe functional arm of the Governor's Office on Service and Volunteerism and in Texas, the Govemor dissolved the Texas Commission on Volunteerism and Community Service on January 1, 2004, and in its Place, the OneStar Foundation was established as the fimetional am of the state in ‘managing and coordinating volunteer activities. In addition, Texas out: uurces the administration of Citizen Corps and its CERT Programs, which are managed and Coordinated by the Texas Association of Reffional Councils (TARC). TARCs work with Texas? 24 regional Councils of Governments (COGs) to administer CERT throughout the state.’* This lack ofa single portal of entry, and the digided managemer Grading) (rersigh i, and odertin DS of volunteer efforts is an issue which was brought up in more than half the interviews conducted for this report. Divided managemen ean Work is some instances though, as for example in New Jersey, where the New Jersey State Police, rather than the state's commission on voluntecrism administer Citizen Comsand CERT. New Jersey holds the distinction of being the only state in the nation where Citizen Corps Council have been established in every county.” While New Jersey has an extremely well organized and efficient Citizen Corps program, and although, there is no direct evidence, it is very possible the division of. volunteer ‘anggement in homeland security missions in New Jersey, and most especially otherhundreds of state and local programs, ll of which have different names, and Mean Green Citizen Corps WEG ENES Ree etnatiog EF Seley continued. sales in which Citizen Corps is not co-located with the state’s commission on \olunteerism, can easily lead to duplication of services, mismanagement of volunteer funds, and confusion among citizens wishing to volunteer Federal Role in Volunteer Management On the nat fagued Guplicative infastructurs) When analyzing volunteerism and national service in > 7 ais ‘America, one capréesily get io3t and é&nfuged tn theaanze of national organizations, non-profits associations, commissions and foundations. For instance, there is USA = or Freecom Corps, the Corporation for National and Community Ser vice, Citizen Corps, the President's Council on Service and Civie Participation, the Points of| Light Foundation, state commissions on service and volunteerism, AmeriComps, Senior ; Cotps, Learn and Serve America, CERT, VIPS, Neighborhood Watch, the Medical eserve Comps, state CNCS offices, the American Red Cross, NCCG, VISTA, Foster Grandparents, RSVP, Senior Companions, faith-based organizations, “ity Corps, and sometimes, but not always, different missions. Interviews with citizens, volunteers, and state officials reveal that thepe7S Significant confusions to who administers what, how each programs is funded, and most important fio should take the lead iyofganizing, cogrdinatin}, and matTaging volunteers)Mean Green 7 : Citizen Corps NE ENCS Perrrncninn CP Solu continued.. There are, of course, political sind partisan reasons for the current ‘organizational structure of volunteer management in America, The question remains though, has the time finally come toésiructure his organization into a more user- ee eC uctuce Shis organization into a more user friendlier and efficient format? Interviews suggest that the national service and see are ea nationally sponsored volui ement structure should be narrowed, not nd the-diplication Bservices and management infrastructure. There is evidence to suggest that fille Citizen Corps is still youn>ythe 2Giivdecioned >’Mean Green / Citizen Corps NEG CNES Per Quinn CP Sateen Placing the Citizen Corps under the NCS is key to eliminate waste and improve coordinate with other national service programs Serocea - 2004 {loseph E, M.A. i Public Affairs from UTA, afmny ; fom UTA, afmy experince a leader of platoon, company commande ane aviation waint. Pyofessional Repoc! forthe Degree of Maver of Public fay mato fcely the LBI School of Public Afars oF UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Hoveleed Seance Present and Future." May, pg, 177-178, found online x eeeeees Inprgkcenter.utexax edulresearchertile/scrocenp pa] Consolidate Volunteer Management This study conchides that the dispersed nature of volunteer management at the national and state levels is a significant impediment to the most efficient utilization of national service members and nationally sponsored volunteers in homeland security missions. Furthermore, the divided management and Iack of coordination of national service and volunteer programs leads to Wuplication of services and under- . representation in some of the most vulnerable and needy areas. Therefore, there is a need for consolidation and increased coordination among all national and state volunteer programs in homeland security. The predominance of interviews indicate that at the national level Citizen Corps should be organized under CNCS to maximize exploitation of the existing volunteer management and coordination infrastructure, At the national level, management of Citizen Corps should be removed from DHS and ODP and placed under-the control of the Corporation for National and Community Service. At the state level, all Citizen Corps funding, management, and program coordination should be conducted by the governor's state commissions on service and volunteerism, In addition, the management and oversight of Senior Corps and AmeriCorps*VISTA, curreritly the role of the CNCS state offices, should also be co-located with the governor's state commissions to coordinate the overall CNCS strategie plan arid Jplunteer utilization withi~ preparedness and repenie au Mean Green Citizen Corps MEE CNS Rermnmetin op Soben > et ...continued... Ohio serves as an excellent example of a successful co-location of the state's NCS office and Citizén Corps with the state's commission on volunteerism, While not under the control of the Ohio Community Service Council, the state's CNCS office is co-located with the Couneil and works hand-in-hand with Citizen Comps and state CNCS program managers.' ‘This allows for the well-organized coordination of Senior Comps projects with AmeriCoxps*VISTA, AmeriCorps*State, and Citizen Corps programs, and helps ensure the most effective and efficient application of volunteer and national service resources across-the state tion of services, reduce confusion for This restructuring will help avoid dubii citizens who want to volunteer, and maximize the effectiveness and efficiency ofthe overall volunteer services delivered to local communities. In doing this, it is also imperative that the governor's state commissions foster close ties with the state's emergency management agencies, and be an active participant in the state’s emergency management planning and coordination in homeland security and emergency preparedness and response, Overall, the consolidation of national service and nationally sponsored volunteers under one organization, CNCS, will help to alleviate duplication of services and establish a single portal of entry for volunteers, thus helping to reduce citizen confusion, and allow for the most efficient and coordinated utilization of volunteer resources in the areas of public health, public safety, and emergencyMean Green Citizen Corps Wee ENCE Reve), CP So ICS reorganization key to efficient utilization of volunteers Scrocea - 2004 Uoseph E., M.A. in Public Aftaits from UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer, Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBY School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in I Ps Present and Future,” May, pg, 180-181, found online at hnp//rekcenter.utexax.edwresearch/articles/serocea-pr.paf] jomeland Security: Past, Con ate Federal Funding and Increase Funding Flexibility ths study showed that the complicated maze of multiple streams of federal national service and nationally sponsored volunteer funding is counterproduetive to the most effective and efficient utilization of volunteers in homeland security ions. Likewise, many of the funding resirictions and requirements placed on mi states deter the most effective and efficienj use of scarce federal volunteer dollars in homeland security missions as well i In addition to consolidating the mariagement of nationally sponsored volunteers and national service members, fimding for these programs should also be consolidated. Funding streams for all state CNCS programs and all Citizen Corps programs should be combined to maximize resources and ensure the most efficient application of volmteer funds within the state. ODP, DOJ. and HHS funds applied to Citizen Corps should be also rolled into the CNCS budget for application of Citizen Comps programs within the state and the ‘most efficient management and coordination of the state’s volunteer management plan in homeland security missions. In addition, more attention should be given to ensuring that states are more involved in the distribution of federal funding to local 7 a Cord > 7 Ta, yiMean Green Citizen Corps _NEG ONS kan OF Selene continued. community programs to ensure funded pfograms are coordinated with the state’s overall unified plan for volunteer management and coordination. While itis possible the consolidation of national volunteer and national service funding may decrease the overall funding of nationally sponsored votuntecrs, savings and increased efficiency in the overall coordination and oversight of volunteers management, at both the national and state levels, should easily make this a worthwhile effort, 7; : Citizen Corps Ne CRS pamyrinbor OP saweney Bureaucratic reorganization counterplan solvency (CP text should do something like have congress pass legislation reorganizing national service by taking Citizen’s Corps out from under FEMA and placing it under the CNCS, along with AmeriCorps and other service programs) Serocea - 2004 Uoseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs fiom UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 108-9, found online at http://gkcenter.utexax.edu/research/articles/scrocca- prpat] Its clear from survey analysis, that public education and eitizen awareness of ( t) oO their responsibilities to ensuring their own safety and security, as well as that of their Fate ucighborhoods and communities, iseeBfimary deficien’y in America’s homeland ey security strategy. Likewise, the full dissemination of volunteer opportunities also wet : ee naeee Grayeo appears to be a challenge. While the opportunities for volunteerism are present, there appears to bea Significand yack of citizen understand in how individuals can contribute and make themselves available to serve in homeland security missions. As will be discussed later, to maximize the utilization of citizen volunteers, it is eee are ee imperative that citizens agettade awale of the opportunities available to them for volunteerism. One key to the successful and efficient utilization of volunteer Volunteerism. One key to the successful, station of votunie resources in American homeland security is the education of citizens on both the sau vaS the ecucahon ofurzens ial various aspects of homeland security, as well as the multitude opportunities for volunteerism available. In this way, citizens may recognize thet their individual and —<——— unique skills are critical to the safety and security of their families, n communities, especially in times of erisis. ‘To accomplish this task, it is important that the maze of information and volunteer organizations previously described be n removed for clearly mapped out, and that obstacles in the path to volunteeris "| citizens to become fully engaged in their own homeland security >: ii : ck pone geen ae