MGW 06 CIT CORPS INHERENCY = CIT. CORP -CERT -MRC AND VIPS - WILDFIRES - GENERIC AND THEORY - FUNDING KEY TO INCREASING PERSONS. - TRAINING KEY TO INCREASSING PERSONS = NORMAL MEANS - VOLUNTEERS MORE INHI ENCY = NOT ENOUGH VOLUNTEERS ADVANTAGES PREPAREDNESS LOW = GENERIC - TERRORISM -BIOTERROR - WMD TERROR -INFO. - EVACUATIONS NATURAL DISASTERS - HURRICANES COMING = GENERIC |ATURAL DISASTERS INEVITABLE TERRORISM = DOMESTIC TERRORISM LIKELY ACQUIRE WMDs = BIOTERROR LIKELY - NUCLEAR TERRORISM = EXTINCT - BIOTERRORISM = EXTINCT - BIOTERROR = PSYCHOGENIC ILLNESS ‘TERRORISM AT: = CAN'T PREDICT TARGETS - RESPONSE USELESS - TECH SOLVES BIOTERROR - WAR ON TERROR SOLVES RISK ADD-ON DEMOCRACY -2AC ADD-ON - EXT- CIVIC ENGAGE STRENGTHENS ~ EXT: TERRORISM COLLAPSES AFF INDEX 12 3 67 9-10 21-22, 23.30 31.35 36.37 38.39 40-42 8 44-46 47.48 80 ECONOMY -2AC ADD-ON - EXT- DISASTERS -EXT- TERROR -EXT SOLVES BUSINESS -EXT- PREP SOLVES - EXT. US KEY WORLD ECONOMY HAZMAT ADD-ON TRUST/CONFIDENCE = 2AC ADD-ON -EXT- LOW NOW -EXT- SOLVES WILDFIRES = 2AC ADD-ON -EXT- INEVIT. - EXT- SPILLOVER - EXT- BIO-D/SPECIES INTERNAL - EXT- BIO-D IMPACT - EXT: CITCORP SOLVES - EXT- AT: FIRES GOOD FOR BIO-D + EXT- AT: FIRE RESPONSE ISN'T CITCORP SOLVENCY MODELLING FEDERAL GOVERNMENT KEY - STATE BUDGETS - FUNDING PREPAREDNESS, = MOTIVATION, -GOAL CLARITY SOLVES TERROR- GENERIC = INFO/ BIO PREPAREDNESS - WMD. = DRUGS AND INFO ANXIETY - EDUCATION - PARTNERSHIPS SOLVES TERROR- SPECIFIC = TRAINING - FREE UP FIRST RESPONDERS - RESPONSE SMALL BIX INCENTIVE = CERT/MRC - CITCORP - CERT -MRC - NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH 2 83.87 88.94 95.97 98 99 100 101-102 103-104 105-106 107-108 109-110 11 2 13 14 115 116 7 18 19 120 1 122 123.5. 125 126 127 128 129 130 11132 133-134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141-143, 144-145 146-147MGW 06 AFF INDEX CIT CORPS SOLVENCY Cor SOLVES CRIME = NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH 148 - COMMUNITY POLICIING 149-153 - VIPS 154-155 - CRIME O/W 156 = CIECORPS 137 ~ VOLUNTEERS 158-159 SOLVES DISASTERS ~ CERT 160-167 -MRC 168-171 - CITCORP HURRICANES m = CITCORP SOLVES MULTIPLE DISASTERS | 173- 182.6, GENERIC SOLVENCY - VOLUNTEERS KEY 183-189 - VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT 190-193, ~ TRAINGING 194-198, = COLLABORATION 199-201 ~ LIABILITY, 202-205 - PREPAREDNESS 206-207 - ALL HAZARDS 208-210 - MEDICAL 214-212 =INFO 213 = MINDSET 214.215 PSA 216-218 (CITIZEN/COMMUNITY/PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT KEY 219.230 ‘SPECIAL NEEDS 231-247 EYI 248-249 AT:ON CASE ARGs ~ ALL HAZARDS GOOD 250 - CAN'T SOLVE REGIONAL 251 - CERT FAILS 232 - CITCORP LACKS CLEAR MISSION 253 - CITIZENS PANIC 254.257 = CITIZENS WON'T COMPLY 258 GOOD SAMARITAN SOLVES LIABILITY 259 ~ ONLY EXPERTS HELP 260-262 ~ TIPS BAD 263 ~ TOPOFF BAD 264 UNDERMINES TRADIT VOLUNTEERS 265 -X NOT PART OF CITCORP 265 = WON'T VOLUNTEER 267-268 OFF CASE - STATES CP PERM - STATES CP CAN'T SOLVE - FISM, = POLITICS - SPENDINGIECONOMY - TRADEOFF DAs - EMS CP - READY CAMPAIGN CP 269-275 276-279 280-282 283-284 285-288 289-290 291 292MGW 06 . He srates___ Fundy, Weel Foo. Cex (eee The Citizen Corps, if adequately funded could greatly increase emergency Dory, 2003 Amanda J.,Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow at CSIS, Homeland Defense Office within the Office of the Secretary of Defens Washington Quarterly, “American Civil Security: The U.S. Public and Homeland Security” Public opinion surveys since September 11, 2001, consistently show that a significant portion of the U.S. population is concemed about terrorism, According to an August 2003 survey, 76 percent of the respondents were concemed about the possible occurrence of additional terrorist attacks; the figure was even higher in New York City. n14 This level of concern was matched by a strong sense of community and a desire to help in local emergency planning. Yet, new initiatives such as the Ready campaign and the Citizens Corps are still largely unknown to the U.S. public, and few individuals, families, and communities have developed recommended emergency plans. For example, the Columbia University survey found that only 23 percent of respondents had a basic emergency plan and supplies, while a DHS-sponsored survey showed that 20 percent considered themselves prepared for a terrorist event. n15 The civil security approach proposed here secks to bridge two gaps: the gap between idle concer and useful action by Americans and the gap between rhetoric about the importance of the citizen stakeholder in homeland security and the tangible results to date, Efforts to improve risk education, preparedness : warning, and protective actions and to recognize the linkages between these components can strengthen the ability and resolve of individuals, neighborhoods, and communities to endure and prevail against adversarics who deliberately scck_ to instill fear and undermine Americans’ confidence in themselves and in their government. Civil security also provides an outlet for individual participation inand contribution to homeland security. Several existing programs described here can serve as building blocks for a civil security program. IF linked together conceptually and adequately funded, these measures could improve the population's resilience and ability to respond in the event of future terrorist attacks on the United States Congress is not willing to give more funding for Citizen Corps Fire Engineering — 2005 [October issue, pg 52] | © Citizen Corps. Funded bythe House at $40 million; the Senate provided $25 million. ®M ‘The President had requested $50 million,MGW CitComp Furntings Corer Citizen Corps is under funded Etzioni ~ 01/27/03 [Amitai, Profesor at George Washington University, Christian Science Monitor, “How not to squander the volunteer spirit”, http://peacecorpsonline.orgimessages/messages/2629/101 1404.html] WASHINGTON — I hope President Bush, in Tuesday's State of the Union address, doesn't repeat his call on Americans to volunteer to help their country. The last thing we need is another moving, compelling call todo good - with so little follow through that it does a disservice to the whole cause of volunteerism. When Mr. Bush called, a year ago, for Americans to commit at least two years or 4,000 hours of service to neighbor and nation, he was widely applauded. After Sept. 11, Americans had rushed to find ways to help - to the point that the Red Cross had to turn away donors, and Salvation Army warehouses in New York City overflowed into the streets. This public desire to address our national vulnerabilities was just waiting to be tapped. But in the weeks and months that followed, the administration faced a problem known to every itinerant preacher: All the charisma in the world will do little good if you get people all riled up and then have no church for them to join To be fair, Bush hired some very good people to head his new drive. The USA Freedom Corps set up a tiny headquarters, published a brochure, and created a neat website. Many observers claim that the main difficulty was that Congress appropriated only about $25 million for the new drive instead of the $230 million the White House requested. Local organizers complain that they could get little seed money and what they could get was slow in coming. Hall, staff writer; Jan 27, 2k3; USA Today; “Bush's ‘Volunteer Plan Takes a Hit: Citizen Corps Loses Fight for $200M in Funds” ‘Congress approved $25 milion in seed money last year. With it, administration officials say, 303 local Citizen Corps councils have been established and 200,000 volunteers have been trained, ‘The White House sought $200 milion more for the program this year. But despite having Republican majorities, the House approved only $30 million, the Senate $1 million, Negotiations aren't expected to produce much more, budgetary “losers” this year as Congress sought to reduce spending. "We have a scaree amount of resources, and the program was never well-defined," he said, John Scofield, spokesman for the House Appropriations Committee, said Citizen Corps was one “|Mean Green ! Citizen Corps Finding key te CERT 2fwrness Lack of funding, not public interest, is the key problem for CERT. Scrocea - 2004 [Joseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs ftom UTA, atmy expetience as leader of platoon, company commander ‘and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public A¥fairs, presented to faculty of the LBI School of Public Affaits of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 70-71, found online at http:/ingkcenter-utexax.edu/researclvarticles! : prpdi] 2 27 TERT volunteers maintain their skills through refresher training classes, advanced training, organized drills (with and without first responder support), competitions, meetings, and other training exercises. Response to CERT trainin: throughout the nation has been Gaormous Rather than having difficulty filling slots mot Lee's program, most training classes arg booked for the entire year, and as a result, $s he ~ =MGW 2006 i CitCoxps cradling’ CE RT. t Federal funding for CERT training programs is inadequate. State's distribution of homeland security money occurs at a snail's pace. New York Amsterdam News; Oct 30, 2k3; Vol. 94, Issue 44; “Fields Calls for More Homeland Security Funds and Training” Recently Manhaitan Borough President C. Virginia Fields said the Federal government's inadequate funding sedlihe state's snailike pace In distributing homeland seculty money ig preventing New York City from Se ne a er reopondors and waning ciizen volunteer groups a part of Cillzen Emergency Response Teams (CERT) Next month, the city’s Office of Emergency Management (OEM) is scheduled to begin training five groups, pa irom each borough, 9s part of a CERT pilot project. Fields said this is not enough, as there were 16 Grgenizatens throughout Manhattan that apple for this training, She believes thal 2 much-needed jacrease Seeegeral funding and a timolier distribution by the state of funds earmarked for this purpose would allow ‘GM to train the 49 additional organizations ftom Manhattan, as well as the organizations from other boroughs who were not selected “in looking at the high number of organizations from Manhattan and the other boroughs which applied for CERT training, | believe itis quite obvious that there are New Yorkers concemed about the safety and Secutity of thelr family, fiends and neighbors, and we should do everything within our power to encourage ‘and support them," said Fields. "To provide training for only one organization from each borough is Unacceptable. Itis critically important that OEM be given the funding to train all organizations who request i” aeCitizen Corps i Cameiro UNT 2006 Funiy, Cert Rock The only thing stopping CERT is lack of funding Marks, Alexandra , Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, 8/16/2005, Vol. 97 Issue 184 Emergency response experts contend the biggest problem with CERT now is the Jack of funding. This year, the Citizen Corps budget, of which CERT is only one part, ‘was $15 million for the entire country, “an absolute trickle," in the words of Ms. Tierney. Indeed, all that the Battery Park City team got from the federal program was 100 green emergency back packs, worth about $35 each. On its own, the team has raised more than $10,000, which it has spent on items like radios, fire extinguishers, and emergency medical equipment. "At this point, DHS is at the level of lip service in dealing with public preparedness," says Tierney. "Relative to the huge resources they have and the benefits that could be derived from involving the public, DHS has nowhere near taken advantage of the capabilities that are out there."boMGW 2006 CitCorps Funding MRC, VT 05 Funding for the Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteers in Police Service are modest- more federal funds for Citizen Corps are required, at ate Atlanta Journal Constitution, March 3 1, 2005 They ate one division of an army of police Volunteers that has gone from 27.000 members in 2003 to nearly 75,000, according to federal government gatimates. The goal isto relieve the police offices ce some routine tasks 50 they can focus on enforcement. The:national effort, dubbed Volunteers in Police Service, held a conference in Atlanta this month to show police departments hen to make greater use of civilian help, ‘At the same time, more than 160 communities have recruited more than 30,000 Physicians, nurses and other professional volumeree for Medical Reserve Corps mae Which could be activated in the event of a disager terrorist attack. James Carafano, a homeland security special ae Hetitage Foundation, a Conservative research group, lauded the federal outreach, "The CERT teams, for example, are a fine investment,” he said. "These are Pennies that are going to pay dollars.” Federal spending for the volunteer etfs is modest, Citizen Corps_grants ‘tated $13.5 million divided among all 50 states this year.Mean Green ' Citizen Corps Vesper uaderbabeh CERT is well-funded, but VIPS and MRC are under leveloped Serocea - 2004 [Joseph M.A in Public Afr from UTA, amy experins wie Afais fom UTA, any experience a ads of platoon, company commander and aviation rane, Pralestonal Reps fore Dac of Waster of Pui Ann, present to uly of the LBI School of Public Afairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Pa Present and Future,” May, pg. 140-141, found online at ea ae iipvighoenertexax edeearbfaretesroceap a] Education ‘While the success of CERT is promising, the program’s tremendous cert : expansion in the last year is greatly attributable to the prGdoninaticy of Citi vs Well faded, bel funds being dedicated to thifone programa 2003, Unfortunately, Citizen Corps eX Councils, VIPS programs, and especially MRCS are lagging Gr behind DERT in thei n Corps ndicated they would Corps survey also reported that 40 percent ofthe respondents in volunteer if opportunities were made availablMGW 06 sa ; crrcorp__F wndly Wild irs ‘There is a lack of funding for wildfire suppression programs. Donovan and Brown, US Forest Service; July 2k5; Natural Hazards Observer; vol. xxix; num. 6; “Wildfire Management in the US Forest Service: A Brief History” <7 In'tecent years, appropriated dollars for fire suppres- (2 sfon have falien far short of total suppression expendi- EG? tures In addition, emergency appropriations, which take fous Place after final appropriations bills have been teased, 7 often failed to make up the shortfall. As a result, agencies have often been forced to borrow money from other pro- ramps to fund their suppression activities, /”3‘unk Fe i, preeee Mean Green Citizen Corps | Finding low now —GCeneene Funding for preparedness low now mermann et al — 2005 [Tom Zimmermann (Ph.D.), Amauld Nicogossian (MLD.), Rosann Wise (MA) Critical Infiastructuro Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Warning,” Jun 24, pg. 67, found online] (Pur findings svegest that despite the im. portance ofthe community and schoo! aided portance of the Jense preparedness, allocated resources remain i from the December 2003 Fadeauate, The findings i Sr Bc yeport *Tyust for America Health concludes ust for America Health" concludes“. ‘hat afier two years and nearly S2 billion of fed "health emergencies than before Sep ptember 11, nds that oVer wort ‘achieved a score ol Ss : le prepare! Hicators, 4MGW ; CitCorp__ Fundy Port — We Pork-barrel security is skewing funding allocation Diaz — 09/11/04 : [Kevin, Washington Bureau Correspondent, Minneapolis Star Tribune, “Pork-barrel sécurity”] While 9/11 appeared to change everything, it didn't scem to change Congress’ penchant for spreading around government largesse for maximum political benefit -- a practice often called pork-barrel spending. ‘The national 9/11 commission, in its final report in July, criticized the formulas for distributing homeland security money, warning that members of Congress should look beyond the interests of their home states. “Congress should not use this money as a pork barrel,” the report said. Under the 2001 Patriot Act, every state is guaranteed 0.75 percent of total state grants, accounting for nearly 40 percent of the spending, The rest is parceled out according to state population. Some urban areas also are eligible for additional security grants. North Dakota, with a population of about 634,000, got more than $19.4 million in federal counterterrorism grants this year. That works out to $30.59 per person, third highest in the nation, Minnesota, with a population more than 5 million, got $39.2 million this year. That's double North Dakota's allotment, but it has to cover almost eight times as many people. The Twin Cities did receive an additional $20 million for homeland security. Such disparities have not gone over well back east, where they're even more pronounced. "This is pork-barrel politics at its worst," New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg told the 9/11 commission this spring. "It's the kind of shortsighted ‘me first’ nonsense that gives Washington a bad name.”/ MGW 2006 rete » CitCorps Finding Key fo “increasing nvrber of yeraony Long-term federal funding is key to training Citizen Corps volunteers. continues cuts in federal funds will obliterate the programs. Hall, staff writer; Jan 27, 2k3; USA Today; “Bush's Volunteer Plan Takes a Hit: Citizen Corps Loses Fight for $200M in Funds” isco teat ee choecuastarge Semaine Ravens a charica ga ae Bom hep “There is so much we can do and so much the president wants to accomplish," Brown said, Without more a a ieee mone) we. mont be able to expand," Detractors say the goverment cannot afford another Program that “promotes volunteerism. They say would-be voluntee, Brome Fs have other options, including programs run by non- Same Otizen Corps leaders in the slates said cuts in federal funds could obliterate thelr programs “The money will keepin. involved."/said Heather Handyside, Anchorage, which has train iuntears. "After 9/14, there these people motivated throug fats long-term. ThMGW 2006 FE i ae H CitCorps Fontig Key te. Orgqination fraling Sustained funding is key to the organizational capabilities and training activities of the citizen corps. Congress continues to underfund. Door yse 2003 eee reece ee Amanda J.,Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow at CSIS, Homeland Defense Office within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington Quarterly, “American Civil Security: The U.S. Public and Homeland Security” The second existing program, the Citizens Corps initiative, is an umbrella structure with distinct community-based functions: fostering volunteer service, which regroups well-known existing programs such as Neighborhood Watch and Community Emergency Response Training, and facilitating education and outreach. ‘The latter involves establishing a new structure altogether -—- Citizens Corps Councils -- at state and local levels. These councils mirror similar efforts used to mobilize and reach Americans during the Cold War civil defense days. Tn a short period of time, the Citizens Corps initiative has managed to attract a healthy number of federal and nonfederal partners nl that share the goal of American Civil Security: helping communities prevent, prepare for, and respond to disasters. To date, 50 state and territory councils and 770 local councils have been formed. n12 These councils, with a grassroots flavor that can give them relevance and credibility within local communities, can serve as two-way conduits in the risk education and risk communication process. For the program to succeed, however, administrations must propose and Congress must approve the nominal funding . required over time to supplement and sustain the organizational capabilities and suman resources provided by dedicated local volunteers and the educational and, training activities they sponsor in the community. Unfortunately, the initiative did not receive congressional funding for fiscal year 2003, despite ‘The administration's request for $ 100 million. For FY 2004, the administration requested $ 181 million; in September 2003, Congress approved $ 40 million.Mean Green i Citizen Corps y Pads ey te “imurtesing The nme of pens ontinued. As Dante Gliniecki, the Missouri State Volunteer Coordinator stated, “before additional volunteers are recruited, there is a clear need for state and local eee eee EEC ETP governments to address the issue of volunteer management. Volunteer management skills and training need to be taken seriously and promoted.” This requires both =a prviews show that there is a distinct need for additional personnel to be hired and educated to help manage and train volunteers at both the state and local level. Several interviews revealed that, while local program managers are fighting to keep up with the demand for trai a step back needs be taken to concentrate on organization, coordination and infrastructure improvement, | —~ 4Citizen Corps Fras key te Finereass ns > > the # of pes Infrastructure im ovement is 2 pret it ' Solimteses requisite for recruitment of new Serocea - 2004 sep M.A. in Public Uogph M.A. in Pub i fm UTA, ar aperines adeof oncmpny amma ner. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Pu fete ance te LY Schoo oF Pub Aa of UTA, ital Servca ead Vokuueeiny a HonlandSccatie Pe prpaf] Develop Volunteer Management Infrastructures ST ris study reveals that one of the greatest challenges facing ihe effective employment of volunteers in homeland security missions is the lack of adequate volunteer management infrastructures at both the slate and local levels, Especially in ——. rural and under-represented areas, the lack of a sufficient volunteer management infrastructure impedes the application volunteer grants and the effective management of volunteer programs. Interviews for this study suggest that, to alleviate this problem, states and . Infrashere, local municipalities should concentrate their effort on developing the volunteer is 4 PER mumegement ‘and emergency response infrastructure required to implement effective S cement volunteer and national service programs in homeland security arcas, Local 5, infrastructure requirements must be identified at the state evel so maximum assistance can be dedicated to improvement and trainings volunteers are recruited and projects implemented,Mean Green i Citizen Corps 7 Faking Vey be Sinerty phe nonin of pete ‘olunteer numbers cannot be increased without raising funding lev. Serocea - 2004 Qoseph ., M.A. in Public Affairs fiom UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degeee of Master of Public Affaits, presented to faculty of the LBJ Schoo! of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 132-133, found online at Iuipy/rgkcenter.utexax eduiresearehvarticles/scrocea-pr-pdf] Funding When questioned about the possibility of expanding the utilization of volunteers in homeland security missions, the great majority of officials indicated that this was not a priority. Volunteer directors and program managers are most | concerned with ensuring the sustainability of current programs at a minimum level, rather than the expansion of effective programs into other areas or parts of the state 2 which they may be unable to sustain long-term. Specifically, officials do not want to ” dedicate time and eneray to the development of a program that may or may not be § sanded again the next year. Officials also appear to be reticent, and rightfully so, of eas expanding or overextending programs wher Tuture funding is tmeesain. Therefore, even if. state develops an effective program that is well received by the citizens, there appears to be apprehension about the long-term capability to implement the program on a larger scale, despite the positive effect it may have on homeland security 4 iMean Green ! Citizen Corps Faking “uy bo Miners Ye mene of pees” Lack of funding and capacity is the key problem, not public interest — funding is a prerequisite for the expansion of the Citizen’s Corps Serocea - 2004 [Joseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs from UTA, army experience as lexder of platoon, company commander and aviation tainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affairs, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 151-152, found online at http: /rekeenter.utoxax.edwresearchiarticles/scrocea-pr.paf] Ji local level, while Citizen Corps Councils have been formed in ‘humerous counties, many of the members of these councils, especially in the emergency management field have little background working with or managing Volunteers. In addition, police departments and fire stations attempting to initiate VIPS or CERT programs are finding that citizen detfiand for trainipy ig far greater >) then their ability, inctimé, personnel and funding, train citizens. In other words, the interest and desite of volunteers in homeland security voluntecrist@ far out measure the yotlinieer management capacity/of the states and communities charged with, administering these rennn While officials overwhelmingly agree that Citizen Corps is an extremely worthwhile program, with the capability to provide demonstrable results in homeland security, at its inception, little consideration was given to building the infrastructure to support this program prior to its implementation. Successfull volunteer programs requite more than just a call for warm bodies. Volunteer programs also require an infrastructure and a set of management tools in order to place the right volunteer in the right positions, involve them effcctively and retain them...ifa call for more volunteers is not linked to the means for placing and involving volunteers using appropriate management tools, its effectiveness is greatly diminished. \ Coot dTMean Green 1 Citizen Corps eae Gonting Yep be “mig the meter ob pom ontinued...] Adis is also concen, especially in more rural areas, and less populous states, eee eaEEeee—eeeeeeeeee Jenpeslly Fo chat tne ting infiusteuetny GE aN 10 sustain an/faflys af volunteers ot the one ches expansion of eurentpromanng er the current funding eve tn ation, r Chieerp, interview results indicate that since most states utilize a competitive grant provess, val a i ufo many municipalities, most of which are rural and in perhaps the greatest noed of rei. ek Supportand funding, are not capable of winning grants, and thus unable to even get tends slarted in the development of effective homeland security programa 4/7) ‘The consensus of respondents repeated that the development of volunteer ‘management and emergency response infrastructures is the greatest priority, at both the state and local level. Once the infrastructure, training, and management capabilities are in place to sustain programs; then states and local municipalities will [ols pase emmy wee mi requires the long-term dedication of funds as well as the foresight to concentrate on the development of local resources to manage volunteers, before volunteers are recruited and programs implemented. ae! Citizen Corps 2 TTrnsning ih hy “inertoses te th of poreens” Citizens unprepared for terrorism and disasters, but people are willing to get prepared if training options are available Scrocea - 2004 {Joseph F., M.A. in Public Affairs ftom UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, company commander dni aviation wainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affi, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Publie Affairs of UTA, "National Service and Volunterism in Homeland Security: Pas, Present and Foture,” May, pg 98-99, found online at http/ngkeenterutexax edutesearchlaticle/setocea- prpat] D2 Chizen Corps survey of U.S. households revealed that 33 percent of eS eeusaz atone SESEISUIUUTEISTEWEDTEPETSoeTrere sesso Americans are the most worried about terrorism.? While terrorism was the greatest concern for the citizens surveyed, Americans are, in general, more worried about threats other than terrorism, Of the households surveyed, the other greatest concem: for Americans were: emergencies and disasters, 26 percent; fire, 23 percent; and crime, 21 percent. If the concem for hurricanes, stor s, floods, fire and earthquakes are combined, the total percentage of citizens most concerned about natural disasters would be 6: percent of U.S. households, almost double those concerned about terrorism. However, given this great concem for safety and security, the same survey K jndicated that the number of households prepared for emergencies was only 20 ndicated that the ander ose 2 ‘cent of citizens reported having a neighborhood disaster Cabeans 1) petoont and only 13 percent o p wer” plan. In addition, while 87 percent of those: surveyed believed it was important for Gor me pero duals to be trained in emergency preparedness, fewer than half the respondents ae OO > (as percent) felt confident in their abilities to aid someone in a life-threatening, aeet am situation. However, 35 percent of those surveyed did indicate they had improved ye Poa their preparedness in the lst two years. More importantly, 63 pereent of the respondents felt it was important that their neighborhood has a way to work together, and 70 percent indicated they would be more likely to develop a neighborhood plan if © ee 2 PSD, Sivoo ‘and guidance were provided,Mean Green Citizen Corps Normal means for Department of Homeland Security funding programs requires congressional appropriation: Brunet — 2005 [Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southern California, Create Report, “Grant Funding to State and Local Governments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” June 21, found online Mary Franke and David Simpson, Center for Hazards Research and Policy Development at University of Louisville. Quick Response Research Report 170, “Grant Funding to State and Local Governments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” pg. 21, found online] hat must he passed by Cor ed into law by the President each year cmtatioisby DHS. Legislation introduced in the House and Senate in the NEES ‘and approved in the two chambers, was never signed into law. Both Legislative bills pending in Congress and the fiseal year 2006 budget propose changes to the allocation of grant programs addressing these concerns: ow = Gs programs for homeland security originate fiom levislative acts or appropriations © How should the federal government will award future DHS” first responder grants to state and local governments? Principally, should there be a “small state minimum”? ‘© Where should awards go -- to states, to the nation’s metropolitan areas, directly to 1isdictions with targets, or to all of the nation’s states and 3,066 counties?_-—~MGW i CitCorp @ [\olanieer Q)- "where +2 go People are ready to volunteer, but don’t know where to Volunteers are needed Etzioni - 01/27/03 [Amitai, Profesor at George Washington University, Christian Science Monitor, “How not to squander the volunteer spirit”, hitp://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/2629/1011404.htmi] Reoruitment of volunteers, then, becomes a blanket approach as if in the anticipation of new terrorist attacks - it makes no difference if you're asked to serve as a teacher's aide or a firefighter, patrol a classroom or patrol the town's water resources. Federal Emergency Management Agency representatives explicitly argue that it makes no difference if people are asked to stand by to help whether i's for a flood, an earthquake, or a bunch of terrorists Americans volunteer much more than the citizens of uny nation in the world. To get them to volunteer stil! more ~ on the homeland security front - requires channeling whatever is left of that special motivation generated by the spotlight Sept. 11 put on our vulnerabilities. Citizen Corps was created to do that - a worthy idea that ought to be pursued more seriously. Americans need to be trained as volunteer firefighters and medies, and asked to give an evening each week and one weekend day a month to patrolling the main resources of their city, from electricity plants to harbors. Homeland protection needs millions of people to protect vital assets; we simply cannot afford to pay to protect all areas of our nation the way we do for our airlines. Bush would do well not to call again on Americans to rise, but rather order the new homeland protection department to tell us where to line up, what to do, and how to follow through.MGW I CitCorp _Volon eer (D- MWeeded Volunteers are needed Etzioni ~ 01/27/03 [Amitai, Profesor at George Washington University, Chri ence Monitor, “How not to squander the volunteer spirit", http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/2629/1011404.him!] Recruitment of volunteers, then, becomes a blanket approach as if - in the anticipation of new terrorist attacks - it makes no difference if you're asked to serve as a teacher's aide or a firefighter, patrol a classroom or patrol the town's water resources. Federal Emergency Management Agency representatives explicitly argue that it makes no difference if people are asked to stand by to help whether it's for a flood, an earthquake, or a bunch of terrorists. Americans volunteer much more than the citizens of any nation in the world. To get them to volunteer still more ~ on the homeland security front - requires channeling whatever is left of that special motivation generated by the spotlight Sept. 11 put on our vulnerabilities. Citizen Corps was created to do that - a worthy idea that ought to be pursued more seriously. Americans need to be trained as volunteer firefighters and medics, and asked to give an evening each week and one weekend day a month to patrolling the main resources of their city, from electricity plants to harbors. Homeland protection needs millions of people to protect vital assets; we simply cannot afford to pay to protect all areas of our nation the way we do for our airlines. Bush would do well not to call again on Americans to rise, but rather order the new homeland protection department to tell us where to line up, what to do, and how to follow through.Citizen Corps Cameiro UNT 2006 Volunfeer (aH, Not Wortly nay Rock Response programs and terrorism are not attracting volunteers now. John J Kirlin, Mary K Kirlin, Public Administration Review. Washington: Sep 2002.Vol.62 pg. 80, 6 pgs, Strengthening effective government-citizen connections through greater civic engagement ‘Current Responses Are Not Likely to Increase Civic Engagement Galston (2001) appropriately asks whether the patriotism following 9/11 could be tumed into civic engagement. ‘The evidence is not compelling that the answer can be affirmative. Horrific as it was, a single act of terrorism may not provide the sustained pressure to unite, nor did the responses to it by government leaders provide opportunities for civic engagement, Examining the sector responses using the civic-engagement model (motivation, resources! skills, and network connections) is illuminating, For many people, the events of 9/11 were a powerful motivator and sparked heightened interest in government, at least in the short tenn. Attitudes toward government became more positive, but research has consistently demonstrated that strong, positive attitudes about public affairs do not automatically equate to strong civie engagement, as, measured by civic behaviors (M. Kirlin 2002; Perry and Katula 2001; Putnam 2002),MGW 06 CIT CORP Caniversal weakn Pre eaceha lene pew — genre ‘The US lacks preparedness to deal with large disasters and evacuations Washington Post, 2006 By Staff Writer Spencer 8, Hsu, June 17, pg.A02, “ Readiness” The Washington Post The nation's states and major cities remain unprepared for catastrophe nearly five vears after the ‘Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, having failed to develop warning systems, evacuation plas or information for the public, according to a comprehensive report issued yesterday by the Department of Homeland Security. HS Report Faults Disaster The department called fora "fundamental modernization” of disaster plans forthe fist ime since the end cof the Cold War, citing President Bush's post-Hurricane Katrina declaration that detailed emergency ‘lanaing must become "a national security priority." The report said the plains must be improved so ‘they can be(Goordinated and tied to federal funding> “The current status of plans and planning gives grounds for significant national concern," the 174-page Nationwide Plan Review states. "The threats and hazards we fave are already sufficiently difficult. We should not have to fight our own plans and planning processes to prepare for or to perform our missions." ‘The report was ordered by Bush during a Sept, 15 visit to New Orleans, The department conducted a two- ‘month review of plans by 50 stats, the Distt, five U.S teritories and 73 urban areas, confirming systematic failures at all levels of government uncovered by the flawed response to Hurricane Katrina, ‘The majority of state and local plans are not adequate, according to the report. They fail to set lear chains of command, provide for public warnings. communicate intemally in crisis, or care. ‘for people with special needs, such as the poor, disabled, elderly or non-English speaking, ‘The District and New York City fared about average; 31 percent of Washington's plans and 29 percent of ‘New York's were rated sufficient. But the broader national capital region ~ defined as 12 jurisdictions, Maryland and Virginia ~ did less well, meeting just 13 percent of requirements, Its catastrophic planniag capability was deemed "not sufficient,” ‘Ten states were rated as having overall aeceptable catastrophe plans: Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Vermont Nationwide, emergency operations plans were found inadequate in three-fourths of the states and 20 percent of urban areas. Mass evacuation plans remain inadequate and "ate an area of profound concern,” the report stated. They are inadequate in nine out of 10 cases. 1ess" and national "Achill he report said, Zhe management of supplies and resources. a critical failure in Katrina efforts last y esheel ‘Nearly two-thirds of states and cities lacked basic “concept of operations” plans, failing to Provide for instances when key managers, records, facilities or equipment are put out of action, Plans to communicate to "custodial institutions" such as joo!s. nursing homes, itals and prisons are lacking, and fewer than one-third of state and local plans have information to help the ®MGW CitConp Repacedness Jot now ~ Deneric We are not prepared for large scale ters Chertoff - 06/16/06 : [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelarid Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] ‘Most Review participants have demonstrated that they are able to suecessfully manage commionly experienced incidents, yet are not fully prepared for a catastrophic event. The results of this analysis should not be construed as indicating that areas with a higher propensity for hurricanes are by and large fully prepared for catastrophic events. While certain planning elements and mechanisms are in place, many of these do not rise to the catastrophic level. State and urban areas generally shape their plans in accord with known hazards. Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report] Regarding the adequacy of their EOPs, most Review participants (73% State, 90% urban area} were rated either Partially Sufficient or Not Sufficient to respond to a catastrophe. In many instances, planners reported a lack of confidence in the adequacy of theit EOP in the area of preparedness and response capabilities to manage a catastrophic event. Planning assumptions are validated based on the hazards identified for mitigation and planning purposes. Many Review participants acknowledged that catastrophic planning exceeds this planning baseline. Most processes and procedures tend to be described in general terms, following the approach to planning that seeks to build globally transferable functions across all hazards.MGW 06 STATES Preparedness low new- gente re ‘The country has a low level of preparedness, cities are at significant risk LA Times, 2006 June 17, From Times Staff and Wire Reports, “Cities Not Ready for Catastrophes” http://www Jatimes,con/news/nationworld/nation/la-na- disaster] Zjun17,1,2250423 story?coll=ls-headlines-nation WASHINGTON — New Orleans is stil] woefully unprepared for catastrophes 10 months after Hurricane Katrina, and the two cities attacked on Sept. 11 don't meet all guidelines for responding to major disasters, a federal security analysis concluded Friday. Ten states were rated in a Homeland Security Department scorecard as having sufficient disaster response plans. But the analysis found the vast majority of America’s states, cities and territories are far from ready for terrorist attacks, natural disasters or other major emergencies. "Frankly, we just have not in this country put the premium on our level of catastrophe planning that is necessary to be ready for those wide-scale events,” Homeland Security Undersecretary George Foresman told reporters. City and state plans for emergencies such as localized fires, floods and tomadoes "are good, they're robust," Foresman said. But plans for catastrophes "are not going to support us as they should."MGW 06 STATES pce Pacodoe low now =g2oaci All levels of government lack disaster preparedness BBC NEWS, 2006 Published: 2006/06/17, “US ‘unprepared for catastrophes’: Many cities and states in the US are not prepared for a major disaster, a new report has warned.” hitp://news.bbe.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/americas/5089548.stm, Department undersecretary George Foresman said that despite grants of $18bn to prepare for disasters since the 11 September 2001 attacks, "very little of it has gone to planning, training and exercise”. "The current status of plans and planning gives grounds for significant national concer." the report says. States and cities need to co-ordinate their planning and need a clearly defined command structure, the report said. It called for federal as well as state government involvement. “ATL evels of government across the country need to improve emergency operations plans for catastrophic events such as a major terrorist attack or category five hurricane strike,” it said.MGW 06 crrcorr_____ ce garedness low now -gergciea Gitzens are not prepared for disaster now, despite Katrina and Rita Redlener, Irwin, and Bermin, David A. Journal of international affairs; National preparedness planning: the context and current state of the US public's readiness 1940-2005, Spr 1. Possession of resources such as food, water, medications, radio and other staples useful under evacuation or sheltering conditions; 2. Formation of family plans such as meeting points, phone numbers and other pre-established decisions when faced with uncertain reunification and contact; and 3, Knowledge of local and regional plans such evacuation routes, shelter locations and other variables under government mandate. Our surveys indicate that the public is deficient in all of these criteria." In the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, when asked if in general they felt personally prepared for a natural disaster or emergency weather event in their ‘community, just over half (53 percent) of survey respondents described themselves as prepared. When asked about a terrorist attack in their community, only a third (35 percent) felt personally prepared. However, there is an important discrepancy between “selF-identification as prepared” and having actually taken steps that trans- late into “actually being prepared.” Less than half (43 percent) reported having family emergency preparedness plan that all members of the family knew about. Of those who reported having a plan, less than a third (31 percent) reported having all the major elements that are part of an emergency plan (i.e., two days food and water, a flashlight, a portable radio and spare batteries, emergency phone numbers and a meeting place). Yfhen we consider knowledge of local and regional plans, including evacuation plans, we find an uninformed public. Only a third (34 percent) reported 1 being familiar with emergency or evacuation plans in their community in the event rol a natural disaster or emergency event. When asked about a terrorist attack, ess than a quarter (22 percent) reported being familiar with emergency or evacuation plans in their community. It is worth noting that having a family emergency pre- paredness strategy, yet lacking knowledge of community evacuation plans, is likely to diminish the effectiveness of even the best family plan. All of the above respons- es were unchanged or only slightly changed from just prior to Hurricane Katrina, suggesting that these events along with government and media messages.on public preparedness have done little to stimulate individual and family readiness.] ‘ing, 59,2, 2006MGW 2006 \ . CitCorps pre Pace nas: eee Me gehen Re ardless of the threat the US public s unprepared for response to federal warning ‘ay Redlener, Director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness and Berman, Senior Policy Analyst @ the National Center for Disaster Preparedness; Spring/Summer 2k6; Journal of Intemational Affairs; 59:2; “National Preparedness Planning: The Historical Context and Current State of the U.S. Public's Readiness, 1940-2005” Ici imporané to disdngulsh between nationally ed cals to prepare centered on ictisSopal Wicks oeou tele pede aaa hae a et eae or emergency weather events, such as earthquake drills in California or tornado shel- ter constructions in the Midwest. Taken as a whole, the period of 1940 to the pres- cent represents what can be viewed as a federal government: public preparedness di logue born out of national security. This is unique from natural disaster preparcd- ness efforts, which are typically led by state and local governments. Such efforts lack neha ghiteed induce Sescnal en ean oae tT aoaaaai eer ———— in which the American way of life is perceived to be at Regardless of the site tthe nation including the publiois noufficent, threat, the U.S. ly prepared. During this nearly continuous sixty-five year public has been — Petied—vwitha notable gap from the early 1980s, through the collapse of the Soviet Union, until the mid-1990s unprepared fee eae ae ea logue has been led by federal agencies—some now defunct, like the Department of War—the succession of White House administrations, and a host of non-govern- mental organizations, most notably the American Red Cross. We fin less ef the atmisigrtion ror. of the theathe US, public has egandad lel unprepared when called on by the federal government to take measures In Teapavse to or in anticipation of international threats. In other words, the failure of the U.S. public t be prepared for ceerorism in ZOOS Beats little difference to the state of pub- Tic preparedness during other periods in which national calls were issued, ‘The same holds true, as it wens out, For public preparedness with respect to natural disasteicone 4, low now generic CitCorps Pre Paces ARS on 9. u Boils show he. public 6 not prepared Sor disasters ‘The Annual Survey of the American Public by the National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; 2005; “Snapshot 2005: Where the American Public Stands on Terrorism and Preparedness Four ‘Years after September 11”; tpn mailman cumbia edlesNCDP 2005 Annual Surcy Seer Less than half (43%) of the American public reports having a family emergency Preparedness plan that all members of the family know about. However, this is an improvement from 37% in 2004 and 35% in 2003 OF those that report having a plan, less than half (43%) ~only 29% of the total population including those that do not have a plan ~report having all or some of the major elements that are part of an emergency plan (e.g. two days food and water, a flashlight, a portable radio and spare batteries, emergency phone numbers, and a meeting place). However, this too isan improvement from 36% in 2004 and 34% in 2003. ‘Those that have a complete family emergency plan are more likely to be familiar with the emergency or evacuation plans at their children’s schools (71% vs. 28%); be familiar with their community’s evacuation plan in the event of a natural disaster or emergeney weather event (55% vs, 29%); and feeling prepared for a terrorist attack (62% vs. 24%). Disaster preparedness has improved, but it isn’t enough Raducha-Grace and Bischoff, 2006 ‘Tim and Theresa, CEO American Red Cross in Greater New York, Associate Director, New York University’s Center for Catastrophe Preparedness & Response. “New Yorkers Say They Are Better Prepared For Emergencies, But Much More Still Needs To Be Done” Results of a by Princeton Survey Research Associates survey “However, our findings indicate that many citizens still lack critical emergency supplies, training, and well practiced plans.” “This survey shows that preparedness messages are reaching, educating and helping New Yorkers, yet it tells us that additional activities, programs and communications are needed to reinforce the 'be prepared’ message and to help the remaining residents understand the importance of emergency planning,” added Ms. Bischoff. “More good news is that most New Yorkers expressed a desire to receive information that explains effective emergency planning and we will continue to expand our efforts to provide them with clear, easy-to-follow preparedness instructions for individuals and families.”MGW 06 if CIT CORP Pepa ol le ow = aw2ei There is no comprehensive local response to disaster now Kayyem, Juliette N. and Robyn L. Pangi, eds. First to Arrive: State and Local Responses to Terrorism. Cambridge, Mass.:The MIT Press, September 2003. fire horrific events of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent deaths ‘from anthrax-contaminated mail have left an indelible mark upon the US. psyche. Americans are fearful, angry, and committed to bringing to justice the perpetrators of the terrorist attacks, especially members of the al Qaeda terrorist organization. Thus far, government efforis have fo- cused on identifying, locating, and apprehending suspected terrorists; strengthening borders; funding security planning and first responder training at the state and local levels; protecting critical infrastructure; prosecuting the war against al Qaeda; and gathering intelligence world wide in support ofall these efforts. What has not yet happened, or atleast has not been publicly discussed at any length, is the creation of a compre= hensive, localized program that seeks to engage one of the nation’s most Valuable counterterrorism resources-the American people)Grr CORP. Pre pared nes low new (tector) The public's lack of disaster awareness disaster McGinnis, 2004 Patricia, President & CEO: The Council for Excellence in Government, “Homeland Security from the Citizens’ Perspective: Leaders Speak Out” increase the severity of a Despite their fear that another terrorist attack will occur, tigst Americans have not yet taken basic steps fo prepare themselves and their families. Progress has been made but significant challenges remain, Four in ten (41%) have assembled an emergency kit with food, water, batteries, first aid, and other supplies. Significantly fewer have looked for information about what to do (34% developed a plan for communicating with thei s in the event of an attack. Three in ten (30%) have taken a taining class in civil preparedness, first aid, or CPR. Audience members in our town hall meetings echoed these findings when asked about their own levels of preparedness, While many organizations have existing emergency plans and other preparedness information to the public on ‘websites and in publications, these plans are often not well-known or rehearsed. Furthermore, plans are generally not linked to one another. This lack of awareness and coordination is likely 1o lend to confusion Jn the event of ay actual emergency. The Public is rot Grepared Soe a terror aback ‘The Annual Survey of the American Publie by the National Center for Disaster Preparedness, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; 2005; “Snapshot 2005: Where the American Public Stands on Terrorism and Preparedness Four Nears ater September 1175 ae nnen.atn iim luna wn (White nearly six out of ten (592%) fect personally “very prepared” or “prepared” for a natural disaster or emergency weather event in their community, only about a third (36%) express being prepared when asked about a terror attack. With respect to community plans, more than half of the American public (51%) thinks their community has an adequate response plan in place for natural or emergency weather events and 37% are “very familiar” or “familiar” with that plan. Conversely, only 37% believe their community has an adequate response plan in place for a terror attack and only | 23% are “very familiar” or “familiar” with that plan, =MGW i CitCorp _ Ore cocedaess ont _0. ew ~(tettor) foc. ‘The general public is unaware and unprepared for a domestic terror attack Copeland ~ 11/14/04 (Larry, USA Today, “Domestic terrorism: New trouble at home,” ittp://www.usatoday.conv/news/nation/2004-1 1-14-domestic-terrorism_x.htm] ATLANTA — Since Sept. 11, the nation’s attention has been focused on possible threats from Islamic terrorists. But home-grown terrorists have been steadily plotting and carrying out attacks in unrelated incidents across the nation, according to federal authorities and two organizations that monitor hate groups. ‘None of the incidents over the past few years matched the devastation of 9/11 or even the 1995 bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building, which killed 168 and remains the deadliest act of terrorism against the nation by aU. citizen, But some of the alleged domestic terrorists who have been arrested had ambitious plans. The people and groups range from white supremacists, anti-government types and militia members to eco-terrorists and people who hate corporations. They include violent anti-abortionists and black and brown nationalists who envision a separate state for blacks and Latinos. And they have been busy. "Not a lot of attention is being paid to this, because everybody is concemed about the guy in a turban, But there are stil plenty of angry, Midwestern white guys out there," says U.S. Marshals Service chief inspector Geoff Shank. Shank, who is based in the Chicago area, says the concems about domestic terrorism range from anti-abortion extremists who threaten to attack clinics and doctors to some violent biker gangs that may be involved in organized crime. And the FBI said in June that eco-terrorism — acts of violence, sabotage or property damage motivated by concem for animals or the environment — was the nation’s top domestic terrorism threat. The bureau said then that eco-terrorists had committed mote than 1,100 criminal acts and caused property damage estimated at least $110 million since 1976. Alleged terrorist plots by U.S. citizens are not new, but many of the recent conspiracies were overshadowed by 9/11 and the hunt for terrorists abroad. Most of the foiled plots didn't get very far. And few got much publicity, But there were some potentially close calls, such as the scheme by William Krar, an east Texas man who stockpiled enough sodium cyanide to gas everyone in a building the size of a high schoo! basketball gymnasium before he was arrested in 2002 Shank, whose unit mainly searches for fugitives, including some wanted on domestic terror-related charges, led the manhunt for Clayton Lee Waagner, 48, of Kennerdel], Pa, Wagner was convicted in December of mailing hundreds of threat letters containing bogus anthrax to abortion clinics in 24 states. During his trial in Philadelphia, prosecutors documented Waagner's ties to the Army of God, an extremist group that believes lence against abortion providers is an acceptable way to end abortion.MGW 06 i CIT CORP, Ore paced, peti Hae tector ) People are not ready for the next terror attack or disaster but are ing to plan willing to plan “Redlener, 2003 Irwin, Associate Dean Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Dir rector ‘National Center for Disaster Preparedness, American Academy of Pediatrics’ Taskforce on Terrorism, Survey Conducted by The Marist Institute for Public Opinion, “HOW AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT TERRORISM AND SECURITY:TWO YEARS AFTER ol? There is widespread and persistent concern that there will be another terrorist attack, coupled with a strong perception that the country is ill-prepared to protect its citizens or respond to any form of bioterrorism. Many people are not aware of or familiar with emergency plans in schools or at the workplace and very few Americaiis have made. adequate emergency plans for their own families. Yet there is a great willingness among the public t_help by participating in emergency planning for theit own communities, tis essential that the general public be more informed about and participate in preparedness planning. Individual, family and community-based strategies would be empowering to ond well accepted By the public and should be part of disaster planning at every level Inclusion in preparedness planning of existing local imin Fesource antag community leaders, social workers, teachers, concerned religious leaders and@olunteers will strengthen overall efforts to enhance home front readiness and restore confidence in leadership,MGW 06 CIT CORP Preparedness low now — (error) Our emergency preparedness system is in shambles- the majority of Americans would be unprepared if an attack occurred today. Uncertainty in out lines of communications breeds fear and distrust, as well as making Us more vulnerable to attacks. A new focus on civil security is needed. Dory, Former Fellow @ the CSIS end Currently Working in the Homeland Defense Office; Winter 2k3; The Washington Quarterly; 27: 1; “American Civil Security” ‘The stakes are too high to rely on a patchwork of cumulative learning from events still to come. Deficiencies in Americans’ emergency preparedness have been made sufficiently apparent. Evacuation plans are lacking at every level, from families and businesses up through state governments, A comprehensive ‘warning system does not exist by which to reach the public to provide guidance ‘on what to do in an emergency. Individuals have little basis for making informed decisions in the face of an event involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) effects. Procedures to undertake mass vaccinations or to distribute medical countermeasures have not been rehearsed. Perhaps most ominous, the U.S. public lacks confidence in information provided by authorities. As evidenced by the federal "Ready" campaign's devolution into a duct-tape frenzy that coincided with raising the homeland security threat level to orange for the first time in the spring of 2003, the public's capacity to absorb unfamiliar information in a stressful environment is not optimal. The communication of uncertain threats and equally uncertain response plans, combined with media treatment long on hype and short on science, breeds the kind of public fear and confusion that undermine the public's confidence in itself and in the U.S. government, thus furthering terrorists’ goals. Renewed attention to individual Americans and their contribution to and . participation in domestic security might best be called "civil security," a term that harkens back to the Cold War U.S. civil defense effort but is firmly grounded in the current homeland security context. Civil security refers to measures undertaken to reduce the U.S. public's vulnerability to the physical, psychological, and economic impacts of terrorism as well as measures to enable individuals to minimize damage and recover from terrorist attacks in the United States. Civil security thus parallels the Bush administration's broad definition of homeland security n1 but with particular emphasis on the U.S. public. Civil security requires increased efforts by the full range of homeland security players: individuals must participate in civil security on their own behalf, while governments pursue it for their constituents and businesses address it with their employees. By enhancing individual understanding of terrorism's risks as well as effective, specific protective action responses, a comprehensive approach to civil security can further steel Americans against future terrorist attacks.MGW 06 CIT CORP. _piepaced low aw Et taco) America is still unprepared for 4 terrorist atta becoming complacent Hart and Rudman, 2002 Gary and Warren, Report of an Independent Task Force Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, “America Still Unprepared — America Still in Dange1 http//cis. state. mi.us/mpsc/reports/AmStillUnprep.pdf. A year afier September 11, 2001, America remains dangerously unprepared to prevent and respond to a catastrophic terrorist attack on U.S. soil. In all likelihood, the next attack will result in even greater casualties and widespread disruption to American and Americans are es. and the economy. The need for immediate action is made more urgent by the prospect of the United States going to war with Iraq and the possibility that Saddam Hussein might threaten the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in America, The Task Force recognizes that important and generally salutary measures have been undertaken since September 11 to respond to the risk of catastrophic terrorism, including pending islation to create the Department of Homeland Security, which should be enacted on an urgent basis. Yet, there is still cause for concer. After a year without a new attack, there are already signs that Americans are lapsing back into complacency.Mean Green / Citizen Corps Preparedness oy now Cincy Bioterrorism preparedness is low now due to poor health literacy and education for the public. Civilian integration key. Zimmermann et al — 2005 [Tom Zimmermann (Ph.D.), Amauid Nicogossian (M.D.), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Warning,” Jun 24, pg. _7_, found online) 75. New itoniiei¥ Wilizing promising technology to educate the public on the dangers of bioterroris need to be developed. This information should be disseminated and reach a larger and more diverse audience in a timely fashion. A + campaign focused on stinuies and practices Her>® of preventive measures to reduce vulnerabilities h TOUTe Be UNdETaRER. Taformation carbs BIC f&iation and the means to protect against them.” Byobewrecey Categories that can be utilized are: airborne and or Pree inhalational; blood borne; food and water trans- ae be missions (see Figures 8 and 9 on page 26). 7 7, So fe few effsishave been systematically directed toward the preparedness and training Of je residents oF communities and thelr integration info the overall emergency response aI Prepare ess programs, Major barriers inelude a FSources and tiform si Las the Tow level of health fiteracy./ MGW 2006 CitCorps Preparediyse Low now -( Bie deat) us US unprepared for a biochemical attack now Migliore — 2003 [Matt, managing editor of Contingency Planning & Management, Contingency Planning & Management, “Preparing Business for Bio-Chemical Attacks: The Necessity of Private-Sector Planning,” pg. 48, found online at bpy/www.contingencyplanning.com/archives/2003/mayjun/2.aspx]. A recent survey conducted by the National League of Cities found that 82 percent of ‘major metropolitan areas in the United States are worried about the threat of a biological attack, while 81 percent fear chemical threats. But these concems aren't necessarily translating into better planning efforts, as just 29 percent of the surveyed local governments said they had preparedness strategies in place to protect against the threat of abio-chemical terrorist attack.Mean Green Citizen Corps Pregarcheess baw BY uno leeyin| We're not prepared for WMD terrorism now due to lack of “first response” personnel et — 2005 (eae for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southem California, Create Report, “Grant Funding to State and Local Govemments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” June 21, found online Mary Franke and David Simpson, Center for Hazards Research and Policy Development at University of Lonisville. Quick Response Research Report 170, “Grant Funding to State ‘and Local Governments and Systematic Assessment of Vulnerability,” pg. iii, found online] ee df z a a The events of 9/11 highlighted the fact that first responders.-- police officers, giters, ks personnel, and-emergeney management F against acts of terrorism.” Nearly three Mop Tat respondeTsTepUrly put their ives onthe fine to save the pregumed lives of others and make our country safer. Yet, while the provision of public safety is - the core function of state aud local governments, the events of 9/11, demonstrated that Wave public safety is 9-Sordinatio) oftederal, state and local efforts.’ The task of properly a fae Training and exercising the nanonS ommunity is critieal as, coe ‘well as formidable. While trained and equipped first responders have the greatest ue potential to prevent and prepare for terrorist attack, to save lives and limit casualties (as fess and after a terrorist attack, first responder capabilities vary widely across the “fray country. A report issued in July, 2004 by th al. Fire Protection Association Rinse fftle or no gapabiljiy to respond To a terrorist Personne | (NFPA) stiggests that many areas hi attack that uses weapons of mass destruction,Mean Green Citizen Corps 2 : Preparehniss low new CWMD tecrertom WMD preparedness low now Zimmermann et al—2005 [Tom Zimmermann (Ph.D.), Amauld Nicogossian (M.D.), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Warning,” Jun 24, pg. 7, found online] hu arciopulmonary resus te Unlike training in cardiopulmonary resuscitae {eID tion and frst aid, standards tor n ‘sponse toa rare’event such as tentgrist Ope cna mactear mae ir insect Sihuel ELT, chemical? and maw mons HOUDICDIOTORTaT agents ave not been Ca $e dnve not bec Fly veloped or agreed upon, A eds to be developed, adopted and adapted for different sezMGW / CitCorp ree. low now - Gato. ‘The ability to spread and respond to lnformadion during disasters needs to be improved Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelahd Security, “Nationwide Pian Review: Phase 2 Report”] The ability of States and urban arcas to give the public accurate, timely, and useful information and instructions throughout an emergency period needs to be strengthened. The analysis of the Emergency Public Information function identified shortfalls in the ability of States and urban areas to effectively establish, operate, and routinely exercise Joint Information Center (JIC) or Joint Information System (JIS) capabilities. In particular, regular exercise of the Public Information Annex or function addresses some noted weaknesses, such as the lack of trained public information personnel, the documentation of public information procedures and protocols describing duties during an emergency, and validation of the efficacy of emergency communications for all segments of the population. Although most EOPs included roles and responsibilities for public information, backup procedures and plans were limited. These included the identification of backup public information personnel and pre-incident identification of JIC locations. Although most Review participants have developed comprehensive public outreach and education programs, few have adequate feedback mechanisms in place to effectively determine the public’s state of preparedness or response—or to measure if the public is taking appropriate action. A majority of the Review participants” plans were assessed as Partially Sufficient or Not Sufficient regarding the existence of feedback mechanisms that determine to what degree the public is taking appropriate actions consistent with the disseminated messages. Some of the most common mechanisms currently used by Review participants to measure the public’s response are ground truth reports from personnel in the field, rumor control phone banks, and traffic monitoring techniques, ' However, many Review participants lacked additional feedback opportunities to determine the public’s immediate responses during a real-time eventMGW / CitCorp - peep. low nov = (into. Procedures for spreading information are lacking Chertoff — 06/16/06 : [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelatid Security, * Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] General Findings. Public preparedness education is not sufficiently addressed in emergency planning documents. Less than one-third (27% of State and 30% of urban area plans) identified specific information or procedures to increase the public’s ability to prepare for and respond to the jurisdiction's high-risk hazards or for a catastrophic event. While approximately one-third of all jurisdictions have procedures that address communications with the public, these communications focus mainly on providing urgent information to the public during the response and recovery phases, virtually excluding pre-incident education on prevention and protection measures. In general, EOPs rated Partially Sufficient referenced the importance of public preparedness education but failed to provide information regarding specific initiatives. In addition, these plans did not consistently focus public education programs on the jurisdiction’s high-risk hazards. As indicated in the above analysis of the Waming Annex, jurisdictions often did not include provisions to ensure that citizens could be provided information quickly and efficiently during electrical power outages. These plans did not effectively target emergency public information toward distinct populations.MGW i CitCorp fceP low_ now - (info, ) ‘The public’s lack of knowledge about disaster procedures séverely limits response Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michae!, Sceretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] Discussion. Emergency public information is critical to reduce loss of life and property and to facilitate emergency response operations. Government at all levels does not adequately address pre-incident public ‘education on preparedness measures, alerts and warnings, evacuation, and shelter procedures, Most Review participants do not have a process to evaluate the effectiveness of public education in these areas or for outreach to people with special needs. The National Preparedness Goal inchudes a National Priority to Strengthen Planning and Citizen Preparedness Capabilities. Warning systems are severely lacking Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] Based on Peer Review Team analyses, timely forecasts of all hazards requiring emergency actions are not adequately disseminated to all segments of the population and appropriate government officials. In general, the weakness most often identified in this area was the inability of a jurisdiction to contact populations in custodial institutions (i.e. confined populations that may not be reached by mainstream media).MGW CitCorp __ Pre faced, SS OW = Lack of planning and mass transportation hinder evacuations Chertoff — 06/16/06 : [Michacl, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelatid Secu Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] y, “Nationwide Discussion: Both the nationwide Review by DHS and Gulf Coast reviews by DOT identified serious shorteomings in evacuation planning. DOT assessed current guidance, plans, and exercises as not adequately reflecting requirements for Federal, State, and local coordination to effectively execute a mass evacuation. DHS Peer Review Teams rated less than 20% of State and 10% of urban area plans as Sufficient in providing time estimates and planning for use of multiple modes of transportation for evacuation of people in different risk zones. Both DHS and DOT found that plans do not adequately address evacuation for the most socially vulnerable population segments. Some participants expressed the belief that they will never experience a catastrophic event as defined in IB197 and mass evacuations were not considered a plausible scenario. Current evacuation planning and provisions severely impair mass evacuation capabilities Chertoff — 06/16/06 : {Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] Findings ‘Three cross-cutting issues and findings emerged from the DOT study: (0 Current evacuation guidance, plans, and exercises do not adequately reflect requirements for Federal, State, and local coordination to effectively execute a mass evacuation from a catastrophic event. 0 Evacuation plans and operations focus primarily on evacuations by private vehicles and do not adequately address the use of other safe and practical modes that could be used to evacuate persons, especially those with special needs. C Plans generally include provisions for communicating information on evacuation routes, what evacuees using personal vehicles should take with them, and where shelters are located. However, plans for communicating essential information to those who do not have access to an automobile and to those with other special needs generally are not as well developed. Mass evacuation capabilities are lacking Chertoff — 06/16/06 (Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] Current Capability for Mass Evacuations ‘A majority of State and urban area self-assessments were rated as Partially Sufficient (see Figure 2). Many States are in the process of developing formal plans to strengthen evacuation capabilities and are establishing mechanisms for coordinating mass evacuation across local and surrounding jurisdictions. State assessments were rated as marginally more Sufficient than those of urban areas (13% versus 7%). 2MGW : / CitCorp QreP- low now ~ di Sif ce: Lack of clear resource distribution guidelines and ihadequate resource inventories and Lack of clear boundaries for resource inanagement politically and geographically destroy resource management Chertoff — 06/16/06 [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] 14, Resource management is the “Achilles heel” of emergency planning. Resource Management Annexes do not adequately describe in detail the means, organization, and process by which States and urban areas will find, obtain, allocate, track, and distribute resources to meet operational needs. U Discussion, Resource management is a systemic problem. In general, plans made little distinction between the resource requirements of smaller, regional disasters and the requirements of large-scale or catastrophic disasters, even though experience demonstrates that it is not feasible to accomplish assigned tasks within required timeframes when the resource base is inadequate. Only 36% of States and 19% of urban areas had Resource Management Annexes that were rated as Sufficient. Many lack resource tracking systems, have not adequately prioritized resource lists and pte-identified vendor support, and do not have adequate resource inventories. The means to manage transactions for resources across jurisdictional boundaries and levels of government is inadequate. Review participants” experience with catastrophic events generally correlated to more specificity in resource planning. This finding reinforces the observation that some Review participants expressed the belief that they will never experience a catastrophic event and this was reflected in their approach to resource requirements, U Desired Outcome. State and urban area capabilities and corresponding resources available internally or through mutual aid should be inventoried, placed into an appropriate management system, and operational procedures should be developed for integration and employment. Plans should clearly define required resources, routine inventories should be conducted, available resources should be matched to planning requirements, and shortfalls should be identified and resolved. : 15, Plans should clearly define required resources, inventories must be conducted, available resources must be matched to requirements, and shortfalls must be identified and resolved. 1 Discussion. Adequate resource inventories and tracking systems do not currently exist at any level of government. Procedures and systems for multi-jurisdiction management and coordination of resources are inadequate. If plans are not matched to specific resources, then feasibility camnot be assumed. U Desired Outcome, Capabilities and corresponding resources available internally or through mutual aid are inventoried, placed into an appropriate database, and operations procedures are developed for integration and employment.MGW i CitCom__Brep- low now = edica \fpesources Medical responses are def nt Chertoff — 06/16/06 (Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelaiid Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report” State and urban area plans have limited existing processes for patient tracking (9% State, 14% urban area) or licensing out-of-State medical personnel to facilitate their rapid deployment and employment (18% State, 8% urban area) under emergency or disaster conditions. More State and urban area plans were assessed as Sufficient for mortuaryrelated tasks (32% State, 45% urban area). These responses confirm that the homeland security and emergency management structure is beginning to incorporate the health and medical community into its routine planning and preparedness activities. However, most EOPs lack a robust and comprehensive Health and Medical Annex. Areas that need to be addressed by the health and medical community include: surge capacity and unaffected hospitals sharing their resources both inter- and intra-State; out-of-hospital tredtment areas and alternate standards of care for mass casualties; and interoperability of communication and equipment among health providers. Mass care al ies he lacking Chertoff — 06/16/06 ae : [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report] Most States and urban areas wore assessed as Partially Sufficient or better across all three ‘Mass Care Annex questions. However, animal care and control issues were identified as problem areas for States, with 21% of States assessed as Not Sutficient compared to only 4% of urban areas. In general, the ability to receive large numbers of evacuees and provide mass care services is inadequate. fiMGW fi CitComp ep. = (madicn | ceSOulces. Resource mahagement is deficient Chertoff — 06/16/06 : {Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelarid Seourity, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] The majority of State and urban area plans were rated as Partially Sufficient on their Resource Management Annexes. Thirty-six percent of States’ annexes were assessed as Sufficient in the area of finding, obtaining, and distributing resources and resoures priorities while only 19% of urban areas received the same rating, Only 2% of States? plans were assessed as Not Sufficient in this area while 12% of urban area plans received a Not Sufficient rating, Generally speaking, Review participants that have historically faced or planned for large-seale, or catastrophic events have addressed resource management in greater detail—when risk is perceived to be high, there is a corresponding increase in the level of resource planning specificity. Many of the plans reviewed do not distinguish between the resource requirements of smaller, regional disasters and the requirements of large-scale, catastrophic disasters. As such, most Review participants lack prioritized lists for resources and suppliers and do not have adequate resource tracking systems. Most States and urban areas need more effective solutions for addressing suppliers of last resort for catastrophic events. Plans that are Sufficient for commonly experienced events cannot be assumed to be expansible for catastrophes, particularly if they are not regularly tested under exercise conditions that represent the demands of catastrophic incidents,MGW ‘I : CitCorp ew now- (EORs EOP’s do not integrite volunteers properly leading to surge capacity failure Chertoff — 06/16/06 : [Michzel, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homelaid Security, Plan Review: Phase 2 Report") lationwide General Findings. Because wiformed emergency responders make up less than one percent of the total U. 'S, pansion a. emergency planners should recognize that volunteers can serve-a Crucial “force multipliers suring emergency response and recovery operations. Emergency managers must be able to efficiently and reliably draw upon pre-identified reserves to supplement operations beyond MAAS with other governmental agencies. Volunteer organizations provide emergency response services to support nearly every ESF and annex. However, only 27% of State and 5% of urban area plans sufficiently integrate volunteer surge personnel. The management of unaffiliated volunteers received the poorest average ratings in this Review: 40% of State and 72% of urban area plans were rated Not Sufficient because they did not include detailed strategies, policies, and procedures to manage and train unafliliated volunteers during response/recovery operations. Training for unaffiliated volunteers was identified as a serious and pervasive weakness in current emergency planning documents.MGW Coty cep. dows ae ~ (EOS ‘The nations current EOP’s are inadequate and lack feasibility and acceptability Chertoff — 06/16/06 : [Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department Plan Review: Phase 2 Report" {Homeland Security, “Nationwide Discussion. Only 27% of State and 10% of urban area plans were rated as Sufficient in terms of adequacy to cope with a catastrophic event. No single plan or resource base in a State or urban area is expected to shoulder the entire burden of a catastrophic event. However, when collaborative planning is inadequate, and plans lack specificity, the States and urban areas that experience the catastrophic event are penalized by the time consumed in correcting misperceptions with partners at all levels of government about roles, responsibilities, and actions. Twenty-one percent of State plans and 9% of urban area plans were rated as Sufficient in terms of feasibility; this corresponds to a prevailing belief discounting the likelihood of catastrophes and the lack of resource inventories and tracking systems. When planning assumptions and resource management are inadequate, plans cannot be assumed to be feasible. Longstanding practices in planning have resulted in functions and resources that tend to be described in general terms, following an approach that secks to build globally transferable functions across all hazards. The lack of specificity and poorly defined resource bases hinder the timely identification, deployment and employment of commodities, equipment, personnel, and other resources to support emergency or disaster response efforts. If a plan is unable to meet the anticipated requirements of a catastrophic event, cannot be implemented within costs und timeframes that senior officials and the public can support, and laws and authorities are inadequate, it cannot be assessed as fully adequate, feasible, or acceptable. , Current EPO’s ensure slow providing of information to those affected by disasters ensuring minimal emergency preparedness Chertoff ~ 06/16/06 (Michael, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security, “Nationwide Plan Review: Phase 2 Report”] Discussion. Only 18% of State and 11% of urban area plans were rated as having Sufficient feedback mechanisms to ensure the public is taking appropriate action as directed in disseminated forecasts and messages. The experience of Review participants in establishing and operating a JIC as part of a JIS was generally observed to be limited. Many Fmergeney Public Information Annexes and associated operational documentation did not contain checklists, phone lists, and other operational references. In addition, procedures identifying backup P1Os, altemate JIC locations, or other components of a JIS were observed to be inadequate. Although advances in technology (e.g. Internet, cell phones, pagers) have provided several avenues to ‘communicate to the public, many participants have not effectively employed those resources to expedite or expand the provision of emergency public information.MGW 2006 ; CitCorps Disasrers (Qi Hurricanes More “major” hurricanes are’ coming in 2006 NOAA, National Oceanic zt Spivnctaorwsnsteofsaretiattiog Pet Administration, May 22, 2006 NOAA PREDICTS VERY ACTIVE 2006 NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON Residents in Hurricane Prone Areas Urged to Make Preparations May 22, 2006 —NOAA today announced to America and its neighbors throughout the north Atlantic region that a very active hurricane season is looming, and encouraged individuals to make preparatioas to better protect their lives and livelihoods. May 21-27 is National Hurricane Preparedness Week. (Click NOAA illustration for larger view of Hurricane Katrina aftermath in Biloxi, Miss. Click here for high resolution version. Please credit “NOAA.”) During a news conference at the NOAA National Hurricane Center, Deputy Secretary of Commerce David A. Sampson noted, "Preparation is the key message that President Bush ‘wants to convey during National Hurricane Preparedness Week. The impact from these storms extends well beyond coastal areas so it is vital that residents in hurricane prone areas get ready in advance of the hurricane season." "For the 2006 north Atlantic hurricane season, NOAA is predicting 13 to 16 named storms, with eight to 10 becoming hurricanes, of which four to six could become ‘major’ hurricanes of Category 3 strength or higher," added retired Navy Vice Adm. Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. ‘On average, the north Atlantic hurricane season produces 11 named storms, with six becoming hurricanes, including two major hurricanes. In 2005, the Atlantic hurricane season contained a record 28 storms, including 15 hurricanes. Seven of these hurricanes were considered "major," of which a record four hit the United States. "Although NOAA is not forecasting a repeat of last year's season, the potential for hurricanes striking the US. is high," added Lautenbacher. "Whether we face an active hurricane season, like this year, or a below-normal season, the crucial message for every person is the same: prepare, prepare, prepare," said Max Mayfield, director of the NOAA National Hurricane Center. "One hurticane hitting where you live is enough to make it a bad season.”MGW 06 : : : circorp___[)j sastecs (> Genenic Natural disasters are becoming more intense and frequent Pelling, Mark, Ozerdem, Alpaslan, and Barakat, Sultan, Geography and Politics professors, The ‘macro-economic impact of disasters, Progress in Development Studies 2, 4 2002 Disasters serve as reminders that progress is not linear and that development is? acterized by discontinuities and dislocations of order Emergencies prov igte NaEIPIss of development, supposedly benign that has gone arty (Norgay, Nafaiger ef al, 2000), Increasing interest in disasters is justified by the rising,” Ruth which disasters are taking place. Reported disaster frequency haw d4q7 Een Yeats since 1960 with 96% of all deaths from natural disesters occurrie”9) South (International Federation of the Red Cross andi Red Crescent (["6ay The annual average financial loss caused by natural disasters, acid —2ccidents and urban fires, estimated between 1991 and 2000 in USS mills S100 prices, was 234 in Africa; 21 293 in the Americas; 40 346 in Asia; 17930 in Burope; and 1178 in Oceania (IFRC/RC, 2001). Individual annual losses fluctuate greatly, with 1995 being the worst year on record when 0.7% of global GDP was lost to ratural sisesters. ll disaster loss estimates need to be viewed with caution, They are compiled rom government reports and insurance statements with no common methodology and Ile fronsparency in their calculation. Moreover, they account only for lose of physical assets and indicate nothing of the full scale of personal loss and livelihood disruption, Which is proportionately higher in less developed countries. Low human development countries average more than 1000 deaths per disaster but less than US$100 million loss, compared with high human development countries that average less than ten deaths but over US$600 million in losses per disaster (IFRC/RC, 2001). Such losses are difficult ' fof any economy to absorb but, for developing countries, they con be devastating, DoD A Mite is said to have set back development in Nicaragua by 20 years (Day, 2000). - 2MGW 06 : : Cit Cops Didasex (D-_inevitiie Disasters are inevitable — Only planning and prepared minimize the cultural impact Look, 2001 David W, Historical Architect and Chief Cultural Resources Team Pacific Great Basin Support Office “Disaster Preparedness, Planning and Mitigation” CRM No. 8 = y ie fanning for a disaster is planning forthe inevitable; a master of “when,” not “if” As individuals and 25a community we accept thac disasters will occur, we come co terms with theit impacts, and we try co minimize chem through planning, It is the priority thar often. wil suddenly shift—from las co first, Culeural resources cake their greatest losses during or after disasters, when portions and sometimes even centre objects, buildings, structures, and ditties ace lost. Therefore, disaster preparedness and planning should be inextricable cements of out cultural resource stewardship. The articles in this second issue of CRM on disaster management focus on disaster preparedness, planning, and. mitigasion.| beforehand canMGW 06 i circorr_—_ 0 isasyer D iney Disasters, whether natural or human-made are a normal event, not just worst-case thinking. Clarke, Rutgers Univ; Jan 2k5; Natural Hazards Observer; vol, xxix; num. 3; “Worst-Case Thinking: An Idea Whose Time Has Come” otsaster ts Normal Start with the claim that disester is normal, not spe- cial, Disasters, and even worst cases,-are patt of and not separate from the normal ebb and ‘Now of social life ‘That's how Pitirim A. Sorokin, W. I. Thomas, E. L. ‘Quarantelli, Russell Dynes, and others approached disas- ter, and that's what we need to get back to. Sadly, “disas- ter studies” is offen viewed narrowly. That's unfortunate because studying disasters. is an excellent way t0 learn important things about how and. why people think and behave as-they do. Seeing disaster as special also fosters bad policy by pushing policy makers to operate on incor- rect assumptions about human behavior. T think that we are at greater risk for worst-case dis- asters today than in the past, even in wealthy societies. This is because of hubris, interdependence, and popula- tion concentration. An example of hubris is the atempts by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to control the Mis- sissippi River, actions that in part set the conditions for the Great Flood of 1993. The dangers of interdependence are apparent in the SARS outbreak, the significance of Which is not its morality rate but how quickly ft spreads. Finally, the issue of concentration i well demonstrated by Airbus Industries’ new A380, a four-aisle, tvo-story be- hemoth that will carry 555 people. The first time one CFITS (Controlled flight into terrain) into a mountain, we'll call iba worst case,Terror Nove MGW CitCorp lomestiC- Teme Likely! Domestic terrorist networks are thriving Copeland — 11/14/04 : (Larry, USA Today, “Domestic terrorism: New trouble at home,” hitp://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004- 1 1-14-domestic-terrotism_x.htm] ATLANTA — Since Sept, 11, the nation’s attention has been focused on possible threats from Islamic terrorists. But home-grown terrorists have been steadily plotting and carrying out attacks in unrelated incidents across the nation, according to federal authorities and two organizations that monitor hate groups. None of the incidents over the past few years matched the devastation of 9/11 or even the 1995 bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building, which killed 168 and remains the deadliest act of terrorism against the nation by a US. citizen, But some of the alleged domestic terrorists who have been arrested had ambitious plans. The people and groups range from white supremacists, anti-government types and militia members to eco-terrorists and people who hate corporations. They include violent anti-abortionists and black and brown nationalists who envision a separate state for blacks and Latinos. And they have been busy. “Not a lot of attention is being paid to this, because everybody is concemed about the guy in a turban. But there are still plenty of angry, Midwestern white guys out there," says U.S. Marshals Service chief inspector Geoff Shank. ‘Shank, who is based in the Chicago area, says the concems about domestic terrorism range from anti-abortion extremists who threaten to attack clinics and doctors to some violent biker gangs that may be involved in organized crime. And the FBI said in June that eco-tetrorism — acts of violence, sabotage or property damage motivated by concern for animals or the environment — was the nation's top domestic terrorism threat. The bureau said then that eco-terrorists had committed mote than 1,100 criminal acts and caused property damage estimated at least $110 million since 1976, Alleged terrorist plots by U.S. citizens are not new, but many of the recent conspiracies were overshadowed by 9/11 and the hunt for terrorists abroad. Most of the foiled plots didn't get very far. And few got much publicity. But there were some potentially close calls, such as the scheme by William Krar, an east Texas man who stockpiled enough sodium cyanide to gus everyone in a building the size of a high school basketball gymnasium before he was arrested in 2002. Shank, whose unit mainly searches for fugitives, including some wanted on domestic terror-related charges, led the manhunt for Clayton Lee Waagner, 48, of Kennerdell, Pa. Waagner was convicted in December of mailing hundreds of threat letters containing bogus anthrax to abortion clinics in 24 states. During his trial in Philadelphia, prosecutors documented Waagner's ties to the Army of God, an extremist group that believes violence against abortion providers is an acceptable way to end abortion &Terror Atv MGW 7 / CitComp Donecht fecror likely Many incidents prove that the likelihood of terrorism is increasing and that terror networks are thriving ‘ Copeland — 11/14/04 (Larry, USA Today, “Domestic terrorism: New trouble at home,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-11-14-domestic-terrorism_x.htm] Among the incidents since 9/11 + Last month in Tennessee, the FBI arrested a man who agents say hated the federal government and was attempting fo acquire chemical weapons and explosives to blow up a government building. Demetrius "Van" Crocker, 39, of MeKenzie, Tenn., pleaded not guilty Nov. 5. His attomey, public defender Stephen Shankman, did not retum calls. + In May, Krar, 63, of Noonday, Texas, was sentenced to more than 11 years in prison after he stockpiled enough sodium cyanide to kill everyone inside a 30,000-square foot building, Krar, described by federal prosecutors as a white supremacist, also had nine machine guns, 67 sticks of explosives and more than 100,000 rounds of ammunition, Investigators and the federal prosecutor said they didn't know what Krar intended to do with the potentially deadly chemicals. Krar's common-law wife, Judith Bruey, 55, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to possess illegal weapons and was sentenced to nearly five years. + Last month in Utah, two men described by the U.S. attomey there as “domestic terrorists" pleaded guilty to setting separate arson fires related to eco-terrorism. Justus Ireland, 23, admitted starting a fire that caused $1.5 million damage at a West Jordan lumber company and spray-painting "ELF" atthe site. The Earth Liberation Front has been connected to dozens of acts of vandalism and arson around the country since 1996, Joshua Demmitt, 18, of Provo, pleaded guilty to starting a fire at Brigham Young University's Ellsworth Farm, where animal experiments are conducted, in the name of the Animal Liberation Front. A third man, Harrison Burrows, 18, also of Provo, pleaded guilty earlier + In May, the FBI's domestic terrorism unit charged seven members of an animal rights group with terrorism alter investigating what they said was a marked increase in crimes to stop the use of animals for product-testing. The activists, arrested in New York, New Jersey, California and Washington state, are members of Stop Huntingdon Animal Crbety. The group secks to shut down Huntingdon Life Sciences, a New Jersey product-testing company. Prosecutors allege that the activists set fire to Huntingdon employees’ cars, vandalized shareholders’ homes and threatened their families. They are charged with conspiring to commit terrorism against an enterprise that uses animals for research and could face up to three years in prison if convicted. + In May, a Brookficld, Wis., man labeled a domestic terrorist by federal prosecutors received an eight-year prison sentence for interfering with Madison police radio frequencies, Rajib Mitra, 26, had blocked police radio signals and later broadcast sex sounds over police radios. His attorey argued that the transmissions were an accident.Tenge Adv: MGW : CitCorp ween teveor li ‘Terror attacks are on the Coker — 08/06/06 [Margaret, Mideast correspondent for Cox News, Cox News, “Arrests in Canada Kindlés Fear of Doinestic Terrorists,” http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/BC_TERROROS_COX.html] Although examples of al Qaida-inspired attacks are rising, security experts warn that castigating local Islamic communities as the scourge of evil on the home front hurts efforts to fight terrorism because such actions could cut off the greatest source of intelligence against extremists. "[Jihadists} aren't the only threat, but they clearly are the most severe threat facing the U.S. homeland right now," said Gary Ackerman, the research director at the University of Maryland's center for the study of terrorism and responses to terrorism. "Law enforcement has had little success infiltrating these groups — which means that the best hopes [for curbing threats] will come from the community itself." The likelihood of domestic terrorism is increasing Coker — 08/06/06 (Margaret, Mideast correspondent for Cox News, Cox News, “Arrests in Canada Kindles Fear of Domestic Terrorists,” http://www.coxwashington.com/hp/content/reporters/stories/C_TERRORO8_COX.html] This fear, lurking in the back of Americans’ minds since the Sept. 11 attacks, has become a wider global concern in the wake of the homegrown terrorist attacks in London last year and the arrests of members of an alleged domestic Islamic terrorist cell in Canada last week. ‘These two cases are the latest to show that terrorism doesn't necessarily come masked in a foreign accent and provide an unwelcome dash of ambiguity for communities and law enforcement agencies trying to come to grips with what a terrorist is, where a threat may arise and what should be done to try to stop itTeerar Abu: MGW 2006 CITCORPS Wend ocqnisition by termnits Wikely Iraqi terrorists will acquire WMD’s and pose a serious threat Drogin — 2005 Be i iter, “The We fay Incit : B ae eat a Lou Iraq War May Incite Terror, CIA Study Says; Think Tank sees a yr militants. It says the risk of germ attack is rising.” Proquest, pg 1-2 Jan 14] Te “dispersion of the experienced survivors of the conflict in Iraq” to other countries will create a new threat in the corning 15 yeats, Especially as the Ni Caeda network mutates io a volatile Brew Or ndersencerl exrarist Groups, Sails and individuals, according to the report by the National Intelligence Council. 7 “David B. Low, the national intelligence officer for tansnational threats, sai those who survived the raq war would pose 4 tyeat wien they went home, "ever ‘under the best of scenarios.” > Butbroader trends are likely to overshadow terrorism on the world stage, Most important, India and China increasingly wil flex powerlul politcal and economic muscles as major nev global players by 2020, said the council, which fikened the rise of the two countries to the emergence of the United States 35 ‘aworid power a century ago. “The two nuclear-armed Asian giants — one a vibrant democracy, the other a one-party state — will “transform the geopolitical landscape" because of their robust economic growth, expanding military capabiliies and large populations, the council predicted. “The rise of these new powers is a virtuel certainty," the council said in the report, tited “Mapping the Global Future." Partly as a resuit, the counell expects the world economy to be about 80% larger than in 2000, and per capita income 50% higher. i Che bed news: The United States “wil see its relative power position eroded! and the world wil fece a "more pervasive eee neocaTily”trom terrorism, the spread of unconventional weapone and paliical upheaval thal could reverse SSS eee pas Gains in paris of Central and Southeast Asia. > “Weak governments, lagging economies, religious extremism end youth bulges wil align to create a perfect storm for internal conflict in some areas,” the authors warned<*Our greatest concem is that terrorists might acquire biologicel agents, or ess likely, a nuclear device, either of which could cause mass casualties." z aeTerror Adv: ercoae Terrcists Mu ee capabilities 4 is into the country It is easy for terrorists to get nuclear weapons int Hecker Shed §, Los Alamos National Laboratory Director, Nuclear Terrorism, High Impact Terrorism, p. 151, 2002 ee SS eee eee P Although nuclear devices have a distinct radioactive signature that can ee ote a py sophisticated tensor, th signature is tenuate sigiicany by distance cy -and by shielding. Moreover, the number of entry points into the United States or ee encore ce [TERI tos cave cde clea plane whe scold ae _ unacceptable damage. Hence, our government must remain ever vigilant to pre “vent muclear weapons or weapons-usable materials from falling into the wrong "hen eat Terrorists can build nuclear weapons because weapons-grade material is widely ailable. ce Hecker Siegfried S, Los Alamos National Laboratory Director, Nuclear Terrorism, High Impact Terrorism, p. 150, 2002 Teccwins Car Git) a clear Weapons [Rithongh mctear weapons ate complicated technological devices itis gem erally agreed that « determined, weltined subnational group coud ie hae build a crude nuclear device with yields on the order of a few to tens of kilotons. j ‘The atomic bombs dropped on Hoshi and Nagasaki ure ese han 20 le tons. They devastated these eitiss and caused several hundied theurend eas ‘The most dficak par of building such bombs is acquiring onthe enter of he teas of kilograms of highly enriched uranium or plutons esned @ tay them, The dificlies thats determined adversary such ae Soddes osc pesionced despite the expenditure of bllns of della isa good raoc we pas However, the dissolution ofthe Soviet Union with the conequent fon of | ‘order and central government control, especially in the carly 1990s, raised the | Specter of theft or diversion of nuclear Weapons or wesposs aatle wanese from the nuclear complex of the former Soviet Union Although he ote rukes” concer received much play inthe Armerican mein spree oon Down, There is no evidence that Russa as low contol of any weegore one ar arsenal. Unfortunately, we do not have similar confidence about the tential oss of weapons-usnble nuclear inatrals. fa fact, several high vsibi cases in the middle 1990s demonstrated tht weapons-usble platonium or highly cnriched uranium were trafficked illicitly from Russia and other states of ie former Soviet Union, These incidents provided a “wake-up” call for Russia, ince that time, Russia has greatly enhanced the security ofits weapons-weble Frome with mich of he ert being financed bythe US. govermentTerra Adve MGW 06 CIT CORP Bioferror likely There are a number of reasons terrorists can use bioweapons. We are horribly underprepared. Morenkov, Oleg, S. Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Cell Biophysics, Bioterrorism: A View from the Side p. 107 2005 7 easy 4a 9A bioweaoytfugteetaced e currently seeing the explosive development of biological science, logy, and pharmacology. Increasing numbers of people arc x fields, and they have the knowledge and qualifications neces- Joping and manufacturing bioweapons. There are also increasing laboratories and biological and pharmacological production facilities ‘vonditions necessary for the production of biological weapons. 4 free access to information concerning the manufacture of bio- e culture of viruses and microorganisms, the production of toxins, (this sort of information has become much simpler withthe devel- Intemet. Even with minimal specialized knowledge, such infor- easy to find. wufacture of biological weapons is relatively easy and cheap. If possessing facilities for work under sterile conditions. Such con- sy enough to create, even at home. blem of obtaining a pathogenic strain of a microorganism or virus Gtured. A pathogenic viral or microbial strain could be transferred to fs by another terrorist group. The important point to remember is that temational borders are completely open for the movement of patho- leo retent ea eee ace an the form of an : t He : q 8 ie BR 2 LE uses Gan be transported in tis form of a dried nuclei®’scid; whith presenig’ “= albsolutely no danger tothe person transporting the virus. Once atthe destination, cells are transfected with the nucleic acid andthe full-fledged virus multiplies ‘Thus, a pathogenic strain could be obtained in one place and biomass produced from it in somewhere clse, even in another country. If bioterrorists were to develop their own strain using current molecular biological methods, it would requite substantial expenditures, and at present I believe this to be unlikely, although possible. ° Continued.MGW 06 CIT CORP Riotettor li@ly , NerenKov Continuer’ 5. Bioweapons are effective in very small doses. The ease of concealing the Presence and use of bioweapons, the ack of exteral evidence at the moment of their use, and the relative ease oftheir production make it highly unlikely that they could be found and suppressed, 6. Biological weapons make it possibie to carry out both individual terrorist ‘cts and mass infections of people, animals, and plans 7. In my view, the task facing bioterorists is substantially easier than that faced by the developers of military bioweapons for use under battle conditions. ‘An act of bioterrorism is unexpected. No one is taking countermeasures against it, and i is carried out openly, aimed at unprepared and unprotected péople. L believe thatthe demands made of bioweapons by bioterrorists are significantly lower than the demands made of military bioweapons. Considered ineffective lunder battle conditions, bioweapons could be very attractive for bioterorists Bioterrorists have no need to resolve the problem of stabilizing biological agents or cultivating enormous quantities of them. Even “nonmilitarized” pathogens ace sufficient for carrying out an act of bioterorsth, 8. At present, there is practically no technology for protecting against bio \weapons that would make it possible to detect and identity a pathogenic micro- organism or toxin before it began taking effect. Thus, the fact that an act of bioterorism had been committed could be discovered only after the vietims began to get sick and the illness was identified, which could take a fairly long time, daring which a large aumaber of people, animals, or plants could already have become infected. 9. A difficult point in uncovering @ case of bioterrorism isthe fact that after an outbreak ofa certain disease is discovered, itis very hard to say anything about the Extiaction A terrorist attack would result in a full blown nuclear catastrophe, causing human extinction Johnson — 2003 [Reed, writer @ LA Times “The Bomb is Back” http://www.latimes.com/la061802nukes story Jan 18] But in the bleak months since Sept. 11, tht tom me of nuclear cat 6 has coms jitha yenceance—stalking our imaginations, confounding our leaders, confronting us with a host of atomic lerrors hitherto barely imagined: hilacked airliners rammed down the throats of nuclear power plants; "dirty bs" spraying lethal radiation and rendering huge aths of cities uninhabitable for years t9 come. i wer these | Istror is thre n actual fear weapons attack. After the lull of the ‘80s, we're feaming to start worrying and fear The Bomb all over ‘again. Only now America must face the possibility of dealing with more than just one or two mega-adversaries ‘capable of sending our entire country up Ina ‘mushroom cloud. Now we're conjuring up visions of a suitcase bomb detonated at Times Square, a 10-kloton dose of megadeath delivered in a truck to downtown Los Angeles or Chicago. Or a regional conflict, like the present. ‘one pitting India against nuclear rival Pakistan over the disputed Kashmir territory, escalating into global Asmaggddan. On the one hand, we're being confronted anew with the sublime terror of extinction: ter yon the other, with the banality and ridiculousness of @ threat to our lives and our civilization from something that may be lurking in a briefcase, a pair of Hush Puppies or, as in the new Hollywood blockbuster "The Sum of All Fears," 6 cigarette-vending machine.Terror Adv, MGW 2006 crrcorrs Nuclear Tere AHock= Fit'a chan Nuclear terrorism will spark a full-scaled, nuclear conflict with every nuclear state, leading to global extinction Beres— 1987 {Louis Rene, professor of political science and intemational law @ Purdue. “Terrorism and Global Secutity: The Nuclear Threat” pg 42-43] Like Cama Caligula, who kills because "there's only one way of getting even with the gods...to be as cruel as they," @ ‘umber of terrorist aroups could tum to nuclear weaponry as a promising new instrument of vengeance. Faced with such threals, governments would find it. ‘Tecessaty to choreagraph their own macabre dances of death, meeting savagery with savagery in a quest for security that might reveal only impotence, in the wake of such widespread dislocation, madness would be celebrated by all sides as the liberating core of survival and sanity would dissolve into insignificance. itis not a pretty picture, The record of human history reveals not ‘only the most extreme manifestations of deliberate: evil, but also the most bizarre and inexplicable attraction to that evil, Living, as we must, with both the memory and the expectation of holocaust, the “pomography of death” that lies latent in the prospect of nuclear terrorism carries not only the dark vision of cosmic disorder, Dut also the deformation of the human spirit through successive imitations of excessive violence, Nuclear Terrorism and Nuclear War Nuclear terrorism could even spark full-scale war between states. Such war could involve the entire Spectrum of nuclear conflict possibilities ranging form nuclear attack upon @ non-nuclear state to systen wide nuclear ‘wa. How might such far-reaching consequences of nuclear terrorism come about? Perhaps the most likely way would involve a terrorist nuclear assault agains: a state by terrorists hosted in another stale, For example, consider the following example: Early in the 1990s, Israel and its Arab-state neighbors finally stand ready to conclude a comprehensive, muftileteral peace settlement. With the Interests of Palestinians —as defined by the PLO — seem fo have been lef out. O the eve f the proposed signing of the peace agreement, half a dozen crude nuclear explosives in the one-Klloton range detonate in as many Israel cities. Public grief in israel over the many thousands dead end maimed is matched only by the outcry for revenge. In response to the public mood, the government of Israel initiates selected slifkes against terrorist strongholds in Lebanon, whereupon Lebanese Shiite forces and Syria retaliate against Israel. Blefore long, the entire region is ablaze, conflict hes escalated to nuclear forms, and all counties in the area have suffered unprecedented destruction. Of course, such @ scenario is draught with the makings of even wider destruction. How could the United States react to the situations in the Middle East? What would be the Soviet response? Itis certainly conceivable that a chain reaction of interstate nuclear conflict would emerge that would ultimately involve the superpowers or even every nuclear weapons state on the planet, ‘What exactly would this mean? Whether the terms of assessment be statistical or human, the consequences of Duclear war require an entirely new paradiqm of death. Only euch a paradigm would allow us a proper Jramework for absorbing the vision of scar-total obliteration and the outer limits of human destructiveness. Any nuclear wer would have effectively permanent and irreversible consequences. Whafever the actual ‘extent of injuries and fatalities, stich @ War would entomb the spirit of the entire species in a planetary casket strewn with shom bodies and imbecile imaginations. ‘This would be as true for a “imited” nuclear war as for an “unlimited” one. Contrary to continuing Pentagon commitments fo the idea of selected “counterforce” strikes that would allegedly reduce the chances for escalation and produce fewer civilian casualties, the strategy of limited nuctear war is inhorontly unreasonable. There Is, Infect, no clear picture of what states hope to gein from counterforce altacks. This understanding is reflected by ‘Soviet military strategy which is founded on the idea that any nuclear contict would necessarily be unlimited, SsTerror Adv, Aucleae Teeroe d Hack =Erhiaction MGW 2006 CITCORPS Nuclear terrorism carries out the possibility of atomic apocalvpse and threatens the survival of all. Beres — 1994 ; [Louis Rene, professor of political science @ Purdue, “On International Law and Nuclear Terrorism” L/N] ing nuclear terrorism must thus be seen as one an even larger that is geared tion of all forms of international violence. 171_itwould be futile to try to tinker with the prospect of 895535 nuclear terrorism without affecting the basic structure of modem olitics, This structure is integral to all possibiliies of an atomic apocalypse, and ils revisioning and reformation are central to al possibilifies for survival,Tern Adv, MGW N a t a CieCorp _Bioterroc= Extinction Biological terrorism threatens extinct ion Singer — Spring 2001 [Cliiford E., professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, “Swords and Ploughshares”, ace oeeeeteeee te esnae eaces nee J, There ar er, two technologies currently under development that may pose a moré‘Serious threat to (Seta andnost immediie is biological warfare combined with genetic engineerin, aUIpOX 1s We-Tiost Featsome of natural biological warfare qgenis in existence, By the end of the next decade, global immunity to s*rallpax wiikey bea ‘opportunity fori ions such as nuclear war ni epidemic, developed countries may respond with, quarantine and vaccination to limit the damage. Otherwise Sein Er eer Te Ce en /MioPexpected in unprepared developing countries. With respect to genetic engineering using currently available knowledge and technology, the simple expedient of spreading an ample mixture of coat protein variants could render a vactnation responce largely ineffective, but his would atherwise not be expected to substantially increase overall mortality rates. With development of new biological technology, how possibilty that variety of infectious agents nay Be engineered for combinations of greater than natural yecather than just to overwhelm cu jaccines. There fSn0 a> family may be in question when and if this is achieved.Terror Adu: MGW 2006 I. CITCORPS B ink Mor= x tact) 4 Bioterrorism will cause ext Steinbruner — 1997 (ohn, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Foreign Policy, December 22] That deceptively simple observation has immense implications. The tse of a manufactured weapon is a singular event. Most of the damage occurs immediately. The aftezetfects, whatever they may be, decay rapidly over time and distance in a reasonably predictable manner. Even before a nuclear washead is detonated, for instance, it is possible to estimate the extent of the sitbsequent damage and the likely level of radioactive fallout. Such predictability is an essential component for tactical military planning. The use of a pathogen, by contrast, is an extended process whose scope and timing cannot be precisely controlled, For most potential biological agents, the predominant drawback is that they woitld not act swiftly or decisively. ‘enough to be an effective weapon. But for a few pathogens - ones most likely to have a decisive effect and therefore the ones most likely to be contemplated for deliberately hostile use - the risk suns in the other direction, A lethal pathogen that could etficiently spread from one victim to another would be capable of initiating an intensifying cascade of disease that might ultimately threaten the entire world population, The 1918 influenza epidemic demonstrated the potential for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit. ctionTerror Adv: MGW 2006 / CITCORPS & (1 ! Batinchi A biological terrorist attack will wipe out an entire population Grenier — 1998 [Richard, writer at the Washington Times. “The Silent Weapon,” Oct 6 L/N] Microoraanisms, it should be noted, are a ve ensi exterminate entire populations. Above all, Inigroorganisms can be cheaply arown, each havin iN unique USES. As stressed by. Carl Yaeger f Utah Valley State College and Steven Fustero, [ACEP Director of Operations, this is a great advantage in deciding the effect wished to be brought about on the section of the population at which the attack is directed. Since the organisins are capable of rapid juction, only a small amount is re fo infect a very large area But possibly more interesting than the large area to be infected is the selactivity. With the development of biochemistry and genetic engineering, it might be possible to target ethnic groups - which, once itis announced to the ‘general public, should cio wonders for the harmony of America's various ethnic and racia! groupings. Judging by ‘some recent events, there are not a few extremist groups in the United Stetes that would give litte thought to wiping out thousands of “undesirables.” ‘This kind of germ weapon would be highly orized in the hands of terrorist ‘9TOUDS, and in the hands of these ferrorisis could well be more lethal than tactical nuclear weapons, A Jerrorist can accomplish his agenda in many ways with biological weapons. Terrorists are creative and use varying tactics, as is spelled out in Yonah Alexander's book “international Terrorism” The book gives an alarming lst of different styles of terrorism in different parts of the world. Contributing to the problem is the easy availabilty of Information for anyone who would mix up a bag of anything toxic from recipes readily accessible on the intemct. As Fred Reed points out in his essay “Publishing Do It Yourself Munitions Books Inereases the Risk of Terrorism," much of this information is nat that hard to get, Even nerve gas has a patent that makes the formula public, Biological weapons do not have a single, unique effect. Human beings along with other animals are constantly being atiacked by disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Biolozical weapons, for the most part, create the same effects 4 any of the wide variety of naturally occurring diseases, which makes tracking them down so baffling, Thess attificial agents could be used merely to weaken the targeted population, to intimidate it wilh no intention of inflicting wide scale casualties, or simply to wipe it out. The options are marly. Biolagical agents can also bé selective in another wey, as they could be used f tergot crops and cattle or to start an epidemic of a highly dangerous disease such as smallpox. Furthermore, i an agent were released in the proper way, it could be months before anyone even knew how the epidemic had started, And there are many other advantages of using biological weapons. Terrorists do not necessarily need or want a weapon of mass destruction. A simpler biological weapon might be more controllable: and kill enough people to suit the terrorists’ purposesMGW 2006 Teh toe Adve area aie Bio tems Extinction Biological weapons poses risks of extinction Steinbruner — 1997 [John, Senior Fellow @ Brooklings Institute “Biological Weapons: A plague upon all houses” Foreign Policy, ‘Winter, Iss. 109, Proquest] More than 70 years later, revulsion persists and the Geneva Protocol has been strengthened, but the sense of threat of biological warfare hes intensified. It is widely recognized that. as potential instruments of destruction, biological agents are inexpensive, readily accessible, and unusually dangerous. Of the thousands of pathogens that prey upon human beings, a few are now known to have the potential for causing truly massive devastation, with mortality levels conceivably exceeding what chemical or even nuclear weapons could produce. Nature provides the prototypes without requiring any design bureau or manufacturing facility. Medical science provides increasingly useful information, whieh by its very nature is conveyed ia open literature, A small home-brewery is all that would be required to produce a potent threat of major proportions. At least 17 countries are suspected of conducting biological weapons research- including several, such as Iran and Irag, that are especially hostile to the United States. Itis a considerable comfort and undoubtedly a key to our survival that, so fer; the main lines of defense against this threat have not depended on explicit policies or organized efforts. In the long course of evolution, the husnan body has developed physical barriers and a biochemical immune system whose sophistication and effectiveness exceed anything we could design or as yet even fully understand, But evolution is a sword that cuts both ways: New diseases emerge. while old diseases mutate and adapt. Throughout history, there have been epidemics during which luman immunity has broken down on an epic scale. “An infectious agent believed to have been the plague bacterium killed an estimated 20 million people over a four-year period in the fourteenth century, including nearly one-quarter of Western Europe's population at the time. Since its recognized appearance in 1981, some 20 variations of the HIV viras have infected an estimated 29.4 million worldwide, with 1.5 million people currently dying of AIDS each year. Malaria, tuberwulosis, and cholermonce thought ta he under control-are sow making a comeback. As we enter the twenty-first centur changing conditions have enhanced the potential for widespread contagion. The rapid growth rate of the total world population, the uapreeedented freedom of movement across internatioual borders, and scientific advances that expand the capability for the deliberate manipulation of pathogens are all cause for worry that the problem might be greater in fhe fume than it has ever been in the past, The threat of infections pathogens is not just an issue of public health, buta fimdamental security problem for the species as a whole.Citizen Cor Terror Adv. a Carneiro UNT 2006 Rioterrar= mychagenc ill Ness Rock Bioterror causes mass psychogenic illness Bill Durodie, Facing the possibility of bioterrorism, Intemational Centré for Security Analysis, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2004, 15:264-268 Another of these is sociology. In his latest book, Furedi, explores the roots of a growing sense of social and individual vulnerability in what he coins ‘therapeutic culture’ (32__]. By increasingly framing problems through the prism of their emotions, people are actively incited to feel powerless and ill. Accordingly, ‘the spirit of stoicism and sacrifice’, along with ‘a sense of common purpose, unity or a commitment to fight” are now rarely in evidence. A powerful consequence of this, along with distorted perceptions [33] and an increase in reported rates of depression, is provided by the phenomenon of mass psychogenic (or sociogenic) illness [22_,27__], numerous instances of which became evident in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks (31_,34].MGW Teewer. Apu / CitCop ALT. Can'h predict fererist bel We have the ability to predict likely terrorist targets Diaz — 09/11/04 7 [Kevin, Washington Bureau Correspondent, Minneapolis Star Tribune, “Pork-barrel security”] The 9/11 attacks caused more than $30 billion in insured losses, according to Jack Seaquist, a senior manager at AIR Worldwide, a Boston company that has developed a probability-based model to calculate potential losses from terrorist attacks. The company's "landmark database" consists of more than 300,000 potential targets around the nation, including commercial, industrial, medical and govemment facilities -- as well as "trophy targets" that carry a higher probability of attack. Examples include the Mall of America, the Empire State Building, the Washington ‘Monument and the Space Needle in Seattle, Seaquist said that no computer model can prediet where the next attack will take place, But he said it can analyze trends and patterns, "Ie the same kind of thing that’s been going on in the military for a long time,” he said. "You try to assess the capabilities and preferences of your adversary.”Terre Adve ALT: Response “ieless far WO nbtades MGW 2006 é CitCorps _ ‘Treatments for WMD attacks are possible as long as emergency responders are prepared oe Ronald W. Perry and Michael K, Lindell, Understanding Citicen Response to Disasters With Implications for Terrorism, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 11, pp. 49-60, June 2003 More specifically, the unique agent demands arising from biological, chemical and radiological threats also complicate incident management, All of these agents potentially require special treatments for victims and special protections for both the public and emergency responders, Hence, for nerve gas attacks, stores of drugs such as atropine, 2-pam chloride and diazepam are heeded as antidotes or treatments for symptomatic patients, and substantial personal protective equipment is required for emergency responders, Similarly, with some biological agents, antibiotics must be available both for symptomatic victims and non-symptomatic but exposed members of the publie, Particularly with contagious biological agents, emergency responders’ needs for protective clothing for are stringent. While radiation exposure is not considered a medical emergency, emergency responders working in such environments require protective garb, some prophylactic drug therapies (e.g., potassium iodide) may be used for both re and the public, and effective treatment of severe radiation exposure is medically complex. Furthermore, if radiation exposure is achieved via an explosive device, traumatic injuries and contamination can arise. Inall three classes of WMD. ency > ders) equipment, vietims and exposed population segments may require extensive decontamination,Mean Green Tetrac Adu. i Citizen Corps auc ALT i Tech. @_birleror prepaneiwers Technologies too new and costly to be widely effective — trained individuals are the key il et al— 2005 : fia ian (PhD), Amnauld Nicogossian (M.D), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Warning,” Jun 24, pg. 7, found online] Aye AC Angilable bio-sensor technologies for real time monitoring of bioterrorist events iS SUIT ISTE * dech, @ sancy- Eric Lipton of the New York Times, Teports biekeersr ite May 9, 2005 issue that the US government Fyre t is planning to replace, at an extraordinarily high cost- mast of the antiterrorism monitoring devices, 4 especially those used for radiation and air sam- pling. New technology and monitoring equipment me, ECSU willbe routed in order fo create a virtual defense fy be” Seana pea cece — SDE, GH Duin the focSeeable future Beanery eat ciained individuals will remaing{he best resouTty ee wee Tor doteuting, evaluating, reporting. and ii hanating of ears vent cluding ist id and TE AGE rm s Het “esses by the federal government should be made |vaiable for wining and ecation purposes,Terr Advantage ' AZT War on tem ghes isk. Citizen Corps International war on terror key to security ’t enough lomestic counterterrorism Serocea - 2004 [HosephE., M.A. in Public Affairs from UTA, anmiy experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Mast of Public Atfais, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Public Affairs of UTA, "National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Secuity: Past, Present and Future,” May, pe. 85, found online at htplgkcenterutexax.eduvtesearchlartcles!scrocca prepa] Lf The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 awoke both the federal ACT: Wwe government and the nation to the indisputable fact thatthe United States was no lob) wer ienit fromeske longer protected by its isolation or defended by nuclear deterrence. Although the Cold Wer is now over, and the United States remains the world’s last superpower America’s vulnerability to non-state threats and terrorism, both international and Coonkerlorrwimy domestic, has spurred a war thé€ may last decades: No longer can the United States ey communities, and its citizens from the new threats the 21* century has brought on the — nation. As Secretary Tom Ridge stated in his remarks (o the Leadership and Values, Forum at the Harvard Business School in February 2004: As recent events continue to show, we have passed into a far more menacing frontier of warfare — with far more potentially horrifying consequences. International terrorism has become “the new totalitatian threat.” For the first time in the history of humankind, @ small number of people with weapons of ‘mass destruction can wreak untold damage. ‘These perpetrators sek to use chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons...and before them lays a map of the world, While terrorism is not a ngw phenomenon, we must recognize that, inthe 21% cena, its titeMGW 2006 Gicme Democency Apo-On Neighborhood Watch builds strong civic communi into other core areas of civic life, like votin: Serocea - 2004 [Joseph E.,M.A. in Public Affairs ftom UTA, army experience as leader of platoon, company commander and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public AMTais, presented to faculty of the LBJ School of Public fairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future," May, pg. 67, found online at hitp:/rgkcenter.utexax.edu/researchiarticles/scrocea- prpdf] Neighborhood Watch programs ere also a foundation for bringing neighbors and communities together in a civic fashion, Ata time when Americans are eae ae aopping out in dDYes, not merely fom politcal life, but from organized ————EOrr——E—rr a community life more generally.” Neighborhood Watch programs provide'a means for neighbors and communitis 4oFésonmeDw ith one another, join forces with public agencies, and become involved again.” Individuals who volunteer are also more likely to participate in other civic activities, help neighbors in need, to vote, and to contribute or take part in other community programs ae eee Democracy solves nuclear and environmental destruction Diamond — December 1995 [Larry, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,” http:/Awww.camegie.org//sub/pubs/deadly/diam_rpt-html // iological warfare, genocide and Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons continue to proliferate. ‘The very source of life on Earth, the global ecosystem, appears increasingly endangered. Most of these new and ‘unconventional threats to security are associated with or aggravated by the weakness or absence of democracy, with its provisions for legality, accountability, popular sovereignty and openness The experience of this century offers important lessons. Countries that govern themselves ina truly democratic fashion do not go to war with one another. They do not aggress against their neighbors to aggrandize themselves or glorify their leaders. Democratic governments do not cthnically "cleanse" their own populations, and they are much less likely to face ethnic insurgency. Democracies do not sponsor terrorism against one another. They do not build weapons of mass destruction to use on or to threaten one another. Democratic countries form more reliable, open, and enduring trading Partnerships. In the Jong run they offer better and more stable climates for investment, ‘They are more environmentally responsible because they must answer to their own Citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. They are better bets to honor international treaties since they value legal obligations and because their openness makes it much more difficult to breach agreements in secret. Precisely because, Within their own borders, they respect competition, civil liberties, property rights, and the tule of law, democracies are the only reliable foundation on which a new world order of intemational security and prosperity can be built.Democency ExXt~ Carte Exeacement Smsustpens MGW 06 i Cit. Corps Civic engagement strengthens democrae rh : Kirtin 2009 Regs Waiv. Perdue © tpe¢9 Thenag Citizen Coarections. hh Greater Civie Eagagement” Pia 5@0.9009 09, X01) ‘Beyond its specific contibutions io responses to the 9/ | terrorist attacks, increased civie engagement would strengthen democracy, the foundation of our society. The horrific terrorist attacks of 9/11 created heightened inter. est and trust in government among citizens. Lacking intel. lectual frameworks that encompass citizen engagement, Policy instruments to that end, and political commitment ‘o that goal, pubic leaders have, so far, responded in ways that will not increase civic engagement. Those committed to increasing civic engagement must be more effective in shaping policy debates, in devising policy instruments, and in mobilizing political capital toward their ae ‘MGW 06 circonr__Dennocercy EET- Teproozem Covempses Nuclear terrorism destroys democracy Hecker, Siegfried S, Los Alamos National Laboratory Director, Nuclear Terrorism, High Impact Terrorism, p. 149, 2002 clear weal possels“4n Eoormous destuctive force. The immedincy ind Sele of destruction are unmatched. In addition to destruction, ovis sd sms to create fear among the public and povemments ete sso, siciat weap. ons a unached. The public's ear of nuclear weapons--or, for that mater of I adioatvig—is intense, To some extent, this fear arises from a sense of [balimited vulnerability. Thats, radioactivity s Seen as unbounded in thee 6, mensions: distnce—it is viewed as having unlimited each; quanity.itis viewed as having deadly consequences in the smallest doses (the public is often {lold—incorrectly, of course—that one atom of plutonium will kifl); and time—if Ue doesnot il you immediatly, then twill cause cancer decades hence. Pe Fred Ie! recenly stated that “the morning fer --- a nuclear weapon has "been used, the rules of warfare throughout te world wil be profoundly trans “Yormed.” He added, “Democracy cannot survive if a nuclear bomb can be deto- nated in Pais o Manhattan.” Democracy would be even wore vulval if hucleat weapons were exploded in democracics with shallower rots ch a8 E na. Nureler tren oe moracy F explosion almost anywhere on Earth would seriously impact the affairs of all nations] those in Russia or India, for example. Hence, the consequences of a nuclear ijGicoms ___Etannanyy Addu > Teor i ecomny rorism undermines small business, destroying the economy v1 Te Zimmermann et al — 2005 [om Zimmermann (Ph.D.), Amauld Nicogossian (M.D), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical {pifastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citins Biodefense and Early Waring,” Jun 24, pg. 13, found online} 7 Small businesses are Vitgi4o the U.S. reaseats _ economy. There are about 23.4 million non-iaim iim inthe U.S, according to 2001 data. Small, businesses represeprnrore than 99-perceat of all employers. They also employ 5-percent of pri- Vate-secior workers, 51-percent of workers Om 7 pUBIC assISTANCE, and 38. peor in Jhighctech jobs. Small businesses account for ‘early all We SeIReMplayed, WH SOMpTSE s€¥en percent of the work force (15)._ Small busi- ‘nesses in the United States produc 7&-percel allnew jobs. They provide almost 70-percent of te ‘workers with their fist jobs and initial onthe job 2 training, and account for nearly 50-percent of all & sales in this country (16). Su csarethe Syma} , Gloss Mike Anesicanssonoiny Of pricier — Dey, Significance for the National Capital Region, small Ged businesses obtain 33.3- percent of federal prime rhe and subcontract doltars. The private non-farm see. OS € €a, tor share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1999 was $2-percent. Small businesses are pct, aE, Pe 0 Mase Tore He TT erent aTAEK. Michigan State University reports the vul- ‘Rerability of small businesses to adverse events and the failure to prepare a response plan (17) * Most businesses do not have an ey Fecovery plan even though they know it is impor- tant 47% of businesses that experience a fe or a eomipanie ha ase ers as ter never resume busines * 93% of companies that experience a signifi- ant data loss are out of business within five years.Economy Add-on Lmact of y economy MGW Economic decline leads to nuclear war Lewis - 1998 [Chris H., Professor at UC Boulder, "The Coming Age of Scarcity" p. 56] Most critics would argue, probably correctly, that instead of allowing underdeveloped countries to withdraw from the global economy and undermine the economies of the developed world, the United States, Europe, and Japan and others will fight neocolonial wars to force these countries to remain within this collapsing global economy. ‘These neocolonial wars will result in mass death, suffering, and even regional nuclear wars. If first world countries choose military confrontation and political repression to maintain the global economy, then we may see mass death and genocide on a globel scale that will make the deaths of World War I pale in comparison. However, these neocolonial wars, fought to maintain the developed nations’ economic and political hegemony, will cause the final collapse of our global industrial civilization. These wars will so damage the complex economic and trading networks and squander material, biological and energy resources that they will undermine the global economy and its ability to support the carth’s 6 to 8 billion people. ‘This would be the worst case scenario for the collapse of global civilizationMean Green Economy Abb-on EX Citizen Corps Hurricanes destroy the economy Zimmermann et al — 2005 He DESTES be oe [Tom Zimmermann (Ph.D.}, Amnauld Nicogossian (M.D), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early “Warning,” Jun 24, pg. Y. found online] 7 The 2004 hurricane season severely im pPacted_résidents and small Gadieaas Teste Herre SFFforida. Over 2 million insurance claims were — R_—Fled okUTing approximately $18 billion. One in” eton. Te tehoibe nas severely amazed and 75,000 destroyed. One million individuals re- ‘Guested assistance and 9,500 jobs were lost. State. catastrophic funds wer d. and insurance ‘form was required to extend the policy renewal deadline until the state of emergency was over, 5 Tre overall cost fo the insurance industey was esfmated tobe between $20-25 billion, with arseoage TSE olin eater et > Bion, The res OF the count Fas Telrthe impact ofthis Tsastor wir the rise of ‘he cost oF Tving for Tams suchas Food; insur ~ hoe cnaidy (coupled with the Midae Fast prob ‘Teins), construction materials and other commodi- “tig, This rise in he cost of Tving has impacted “small business operations and reserves while pre- venting them from acquiring bioterorism protec- tion insurance, aEronpmy Addon EXT eee Disas tots if Feomny Natural disasters collapse the economy- they trigger an increase in interest rates, capital flight, and create crises in the balance of payments. Burkle, Senior Scholar, Scientist, and Visiting Professor @ the Center for Refugee and Disaster Response @ John Hopkins Univ; Spring/Summer 2k6; Journal of International Affairs; 59:2; “Globalization and Disasters Issues of Public Health, State Capacity and Political Action” // Natural disasters can also trigger an increase in interest: rates, catalyze capital flight and este bs nthe balance of pena ayments, ultimately compromising a country's {yo participate further in the global economy. The “reserve carrying capacity,” acrit- ical buffer in state capacity, suffers in the aftermath of a disaster when a government ‘obliged to meet budgetary pressures increases the money supply, draws down foreign- exchange reserves or increases borrowing, All place future strains on an already fragile coonomy7 Additional studies discuss “demographic entrapment” whereby nation- states suffer over-consumption, particularly of natural capital and environmental degradation. In time, their overall reduced reserve capacity risks devolving into region- al conflict (often due to regional competition of available resources, such as water and oil) and increased frequency and sensitivity to natural disasters.18 | @4¢Economy Add-on ex car CORP Diensters 3% Eonyny Disasters destroy insurance companies; losses are increasing in the status quo Frey, Bruno 8. Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Statzer, Alois, ll Swiss economists, Caleulaing ‘tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Papet No. 1341, Novernber, 2004 “~The insurance industry is similarly facing a period of uncertainty in the face of growing disaster losses (Salt, 2001). The Finance Guardian (1999) reported losses to the indusiry of US$22b in 1989; US§33b in 1992; US§23b in 1994 and US822b in 1999, Such Blobal losses are concentrated for insurers specializing in high risk areas; Hurricone Inild lead to the insolvency of Hawaii's largest insurer. This has forced a rethink in eeeigeY with some companies pulling out of high risk areas such as hurricane-prone Caribbean and Pacific (IFRC/RC, 1998). Options for reorganization inehicle spreading tosses by working with goverment insurance funds (one exists in Flovida, USAS Geanehs the reinsurance industry, publicly traded catastrophe futures and options designed to spread risk beyond insurers to the wider capital markets improved mitigation by building code enforcement and enhanced catastrophe forecesting and improved vulnerability assessment ((Insurance Services Otfice (180), 1994). Reasons for increasing insurance losses are unclear, but reflect changing ‘dynamic pressures’ including increased vulnerability as a result of greater technological dependency, urbanization, population growth and economic growth in hazard-prone areas as well as the possibility of increasing risk from the effects of global climate change and El Nifio events, environmental degradation and technological hazard (Lloyd's List, 1993; Legget, 1994; Rubin, 1998). eetEconomy Add-pa ey circonr Disasters B Ecotomy Disasters lead to inflation because they affect key market components Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 Disasters have inflationary potential through their capacity to interrupt all components of a market economy: production, distribution, marketing and consumption. But inflation is often only a tansitory effect. Its spread over time and space has a number of determinants. In open economies demand for building materials, food, energy and water increases, damage to infrastructure (agricultural or industrial) causes domestic production to fall; transportation, marketing and communication is disrupted reducing the ability of goods to circulate; there is an inadequacy in the supply of imported goods because of capital scarcity or damage to transportation; and there aze high levels of demand for skilled labour forcing wages and prices io increase. In Fiji, a 6.8% increase in annual food prices was attributed to Cyclone Kina (1993) (Benson, 1997b). Local commodity price increases can also be felt as a direct result of government policy in more centrally planed economies. In Kenya and Ethiopia, banning trade in grain between districts during periods of drought and famine was used to prevent speculative trading, However, without sufficient government supplies of food. in Grought districts food availability decreased and local price inflation set in, causing greater hardship (Dréze and Sen, 1989). -MGW 06 CIT CORP Economy AUN ERT Dicntees Eons Disasters destroy production and business Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 The extent of economic disruption caused by a disaster is greatly affected by the degree to which the disruptions can spread through economic networks. For example, in the short- to medium-term, manufacturing production and the service sector may be threatened through the loss of power supplies, labour and communications infrastruc~ tute, even when productive capital (factories and inputs) are undamaged. Thus, in the energy sector, whilst hydroelectric power (HEP) is seen as a cost-effective alternative to oil importation, in drought-prone countries this must be traded off for incteased potential macro-economic vulnerability. For instance, the Philippines has pursued a Geliberate policy of increased dependence on HEE, exposing it to severe power shortages during the 1989/90 drought. In consequence, the annual rate of industrial growth fell from 7.4% in 1989 to 2.5% in 1990 (Benson, 1997a). The structure of a productive system influences the distribution of impacts within it as the impact of disaster is diffused into the wider economy. Following the Kobe earthquake in Japan, direct damage caused production stoppages in some large corpo- rations such as the Kobe Steel Corporation and Kawasaki Heavy Indusiries Ltd, as well as in many smaller enterprises. Some 350 out of 450 plastic shoe makers suffered damage. However, for other major producers such as Toyota Motor Corporation and Mitsubishi Motor Corporation who used a ‘just-in-time’ stocking approach, where parts are manufactured on demand by subcontractors, it was damage to subcontractors and delays in receiving inputs that held back production, In these cases the major producers were able to locate alternative sources of inputs within a few days and risk was passed on to the local subcontractors who had to cope with a double burden of disaster impacts and lost contracts. Many faced bankruptcy as a result (United Nations Centre fo Regional Development (UNCRD), 19952). 3Mean Green Et Consmy Addo" ' Citizen Corps 1 error Z Eronomy > Small businesses completely unprepared for bioterrorism now Zimmermann et al— 2005 [Tom Zimmermann (Ph.D.), Arnauld Nicogossian (M.D.), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Waring,” Jun 24, pg. 14, found online] Bimal businesses have a long way to go in navigating the steep learning curve ‘of coping with Seo “Spe planting Tor— adverse events, partioularty be. bibterrorist eventge Were at about zert" stares Toit T Silberman, member srvise canter man age for Mi Ata Eas a ie Feral Credit Union in "Gaithersburg, of ier company's emergency prepar- EE"WE have diaster planing for our data rPierdy ant occasionally havea fre dil, bu all ofthe SThpec toed omer gency preparedness isin my departnent. | Fer» have a battery-powered radio in my office, but 1 vorster??” can't buy water for everyone” (19)Economy Ads-on MGW 06 CIT CORP “Tertar % Etonomy Terrorism hurts the stock market Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Caleulating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Workitig Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 inancial markets 16. Stock markets. In the aftermath of spectacular attacks, the impact on ;is usually widely discussed in the media, Stock prices are potentially informative measure of the economic damage of terrorism. Stock prices reflect expected future gains of a company, as well as the likelihood that these expected gains materialize, Terrorist attacks influence both: (i) Expected profits are lower if security measures increase the costs of production and doing business, and if consumers’ fear reduces demand, like in the airline industry. (ji) The risk premium is higher when terrorism leads to increased uncertainty about a firm’s prospects on the market.'' Empirically, the difficulty is in disentangling investors’ decentralized evaluation of a firm's costs from terrorism, as reflected in the stock price, from a host of other factors. When looking for @ contra factual market capitalization, one has, for example, to take into consideration that stock prices already reflect expected terrorist attacks before any event actually occurs. Previous research, therefore, has concentrated on single unexpected events or intensifications of tetris etivitedEtommy dd-on cr cone Terror & Eeommy Terrorism kills economic growth Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 @. Foreign direct investment (FDI). Terrorism affects the allocation decision of firms nvesting money in real foreign assets. Terrorists can quite easily attack and damage foreign owned firms, seriously disrupting their activities. As the foreigners have a large choice of countries to invest in, even quite mild terrorist activities tend to considerably reduce the inflow of capital to a terror-stricken country. This has been well documented in the case of Spain and Greece, again using VAR methodology and quarterly terrorism data (Enders and Sandler 1996). In Spain, terrorism is estimated to have reduced annual FDI inflow by 13.5% on average for the period 1975+ 1991. This translates into a decline in real FDI of almost 500 million dollars. In a similar period of time (1976-1991), Greece was plagued by two major terrorist organizations, the 17 November and the Revolutionary Popular Struggle, Both are extreme left-win movements. The reduction of FDI was estimated to be, on average, 11.9% annually. This translates into a loss amounting to almost 400 million dollars. As FDI is an important source of savings, investment and economic growth are negatively affected. Moreover, the transfer of technological know-how into the country is reduced, again putting a damper on growth. Thus, the economic costs are substantial}ae Economy Add-on : 06 CIT CORP Petr wf Economy ‘ hu i ‘iated costs i foreign trade by increasing associated ec Cates eleeebenetiee se and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, oe rey, Bruno S., , Simon, s, Stuer re assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, (2. Foreign trade, Terrorist activities can affect foreign trade in several ways. First, the costs of doing business are raised by a general increase in insccurity as a result of terrorism, Second, augmented security measures in response to a terrorist campaign increase transaction costs. Third, there is the risk of a direct destruction of traded goods. The repeated attacks on oil pipelines in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein, which temporarily paralyzed oil exports, are a recent example of the latter risk. Another example is the attack launched on the French supertanker “Limburg” off Yemen's coast in October 2002. In many countries one of the largest export industries is the tourism. industry. As already discussed, this industry is dreetly affected by terrorism]Economy Add-on MGW 06 CIT CORP Ter fOr Economy f Terrorist attacks are horrible for the airline industry + Toupasm Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 [Two recent studies look at the effect of an inten: fication of extraordinary terrorist events on US tourist receipts and US airline demand, Sloboda (2003) uses ARMAX methodology to analyze annual time series of the number of terror attacks on US interests and US tourism receipts for the period 1988 to 2001, and estimates the effect of the Gulf War in 1991 and the accompanying increase in anti-American altacks dn tourism revenues. In 1991, the number of incidents on US interests roughly doubled; this shock had @ temporary negative impact on the tourism industry, which lasted until 2000. Aggregating the annual impacts of this initial shock (i.e. the impact of the increase in terrorism in later years is not included), total losses in revenue are approximately $57 billion (1996 present value discounted at 5%). Ito and Lee (2004) assess the impact of the September 11 attacks and the imposition of stringent new security requirements on domestic airline demand in the USA. The authors estimate a reduced form model of demand for air services with monthly time-series data since 1986 and model the post- September 11 period as an attenuating shock process, that has both a transitory and an ongoing component. After controlling for cyclical, seasonal and other unique events impacting the industry, the initial demand shock is estimated to be more than 30% measured in revenue passenger miles (RPMs), and 7.3% measured in yields. ‘The decline in yield is smaller because a large number of airline tickets are purchased well in advance. In addition (o the transitory shock, there is an ongoing downward shift in the demand of 7.4% measured in RPMs and of 10% measured in yields. The decline in demand is especially pronounced in the short-haul market, where more substitution possibilities are available. On the basis of a counterfactual demand prediction the authors conclude that the terror attacks and security measures account for roughly 94% of the decline in RPMs from the historical pealEconomy Add-on Cir coRP Tettor Bf Econom Terrorist attacks on tourists can hurt economies Frey, Brno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the cosis of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 © Tourism. Tourists have become a frequent target of terrorist activities in recent years, generating huge resonance in the media. Examples ate the Luxor massacre in 1997, in which members of an Egyptian Islamic group shot dead 58 foreign tourists visiting the tctiple of Queen Hatshepsut in the Valley of the Queens, and the bombing of a disco in Bali in 2002, costing the lives of almost 200 tourists, There is a simple rationale for these attacks. Individuals planning their holidays are less likely to choose # destination with a higher threat of terrorist attacks, Host countries providing tourism services, which can be easily substituted are, therefore, negatively affected by terrorist attacks to a substantial extelit. The expected reactions from consumers make the bombing, shooting and Kidnapping of tourists attractive strategies for terrorists who want to inflict economic damage, when pursuing their politcal goals. There is a fast growing literature evaluating lhe effects of terorism on tourism, focusing on the number of tourists and lost revenues in the industry. Special attention is given to substitution issues and the temporal structure of the effecis]MGW 06 El conn Add-on Cit. Corps _ Terror Econom y rove terrorism decreases tourism Frey, Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alois, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, Calculating tragedy: assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 2004 Stu {ran early, influential paper, Enders and Sandler (1991) study the relationship between international terrorism and tourism in Spain. They use monthly data on terrorist incidents ® and combine it with the number of foreign visitors in Spain between 1970 and 1988, applying VAR methodology. It is estimated that a typical terrorist act in Spain scares away over 140,000 tourists, when all the monthly impacts are combined. In 1988, 5.392 million foreigners visited Spain and 18 international terrorist incidents took place. Hence without these incidents, 1.5 times as many tourists would have visited Spain in 1988. Careful econometric analyses reveal similar repercussions from terrorism on other tourist destinations. In a time-series analysis based on quarterly terrorism data and the ARIMA technique, Enders ef af. (1992) quantify the present value of loss in tourism revenues for a sample of European countries. According to their calculations, Austria, Italy and Greece lost $4.538 billion, $1.159 billion and $0.77 billion respectively between 1974 and 1988 (in 1988 terms, using a real interest rate of 5%). For comparative purposes, total revenues in these countries in 1988 amounted to $11.149 billion, $19.311 billion and $3.29 billion respectively. For the same period, continental Europe as a whole lost $16.145 billion due to terrorism (total tourist revenues in 1988 were $74.401 billion). Fleischer and Buecola (2002) estimate a supply and demand model of the Isracli hotel industry to assess the impact of terrorism. Foreign demand and equilibrium prices are allowed to be influenced by a monthly index, capturing the severity of the terrorist campaign in Israel. The annual revenue shortfalls between 1992 and 1998 in the market with foreign visitors sum up to approximately $50 million (1998 present value discounted at 5%) or 1.27% of total revenues in this petiod. Though these revenue losses are relatively modest, they increase with a deterioration of the situation. In 1996, a year of Middle East unrest, the revenue shortfall amounted to 2.55%. Further, it is claimed that, due to inelastic local demand, hotels could not casily compensate these losses by cutting prices)ECooomy Add OA MGW cs t CitCom Business Wetch orevents Business Watch prevents damage to business Docobo — Summer 2005 : [lose, served with the Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office, graduate of the FBI National Academy, the Senior Executive Fellows Program at Harvard University, and the Secret Service Dignitary Protection School, Homeland Security Affairs, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Article 4, “Community Policing as the Primary Prevention Strategy for Homeland Security at the Local Law Enforcement Level,” http://www hsaj.org/?fullarticle=1.1.4] ‘Managers and business owners make risk management decisions for their businesses every day. These risks encourage them to seek new opportunities to profit. Allowing crime an opportunity to exist is not one of these risks, since no chance for profit exists when crime is present. Crime results in monetary loss, inventory loss, and a Joss to the reputation of the business. Most importantly, crime can impact the personal safety of employees and their customers. This makes crime prevention good for business from both a human and financial standpoint, The Business Watch Program is modeled after the Neighborhood Watch Program and establishes a formal ‘communication network between law enforcement and businesses countywide, Business members are alerted to the potential of crime and are encouraged to look out for the community. Law enforcement can provide members with training to educate owners, managers, and employees to be able to recognize and report any suspicious activities or crimes. Such training ranges from preventing shoplifting and robbery to learning how to be a good witness, and many other topics. The key focus of each deputy is the delivery of proactive crime prevention and homeland security services to the business community.patie Economy Add-on Busines, photon fag tv Wvsiress pews) Educating businesses ab isasi ponse enables them to survive ut disaster response enab| Scrocea - 2004 {sinh EMA. in Pui Ais om UTA my xperine seer of platoon, compan comma and aviton waiver. Profesional Report fr the Degres of Master of Public Afr, presented ofc 0 ie Li Schoo Pb Ale of UTA, atonal Seve dine Hfopsland Seen: Fase Pre ,” May, p. 146, found online a pipet nay edeenrharilesicroce, 7 Second, caching out to local businesses is critical fo ensuring their survival hued and continued service to the community following a major disaster, Businesses, like business. : ising ‘abet iscker communities, must develop disaster plans ino yen a ey that vital resources are available to the community following @ disas\ sand ensure In Florida, pres rears erage ary Sao Chee | cata indicates that 40 percent of businesses that do not have an established and Aiea te Ze al disaster readiness plan fail to reopen following a major hurricane.”” The services these Jocal businesses provide may be critical to the recovery and survival of T community following a disaster, thus outreach and education is vital to preparing Tmmployees and business leaders in emexgeney response and homeland securityEconomy Add-On Creo wsiness Watt Moikled Ae “business watch is modeled after neighborhood Watchnwes/d. cutgiaerrerenteownows Docobo — Summer 2005 [Jose, served with the Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office, graduate of the FBI National Academy, the Senior Executive Fellows Program at Harvard University, and the Secret Service Dignitary Protection School, Homeland Security Affairs, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Article 4, “Community Policing as the Primary Prevention Strategy for Homeland Security at the Local Law Enforcement Level,” http://www hsaj.org/?fullarticle=1.1.4] Managers and business owners make risk management decisions for their businesses every day. These risks encourage them to seek new opportunities to profit. Allowing crime an opportunity to exist is not one of these risks, since no chance for profit exists when crime is present. Crime results in monetary loss, inventory loss, and a loss to the reputation of the business. Most importantly, crime can impact the personal safety of employees and their customers. This makes crime prevention good for business from both a human and financial standpoint. The Business Watch Program is modeled after the Neighborhood Watch Program and establishes a formal communication network between law enforcement and businesses countywide. Business members are alerted to the potential of crime and are encouraged to look out for the community. Law enforcement can provide members with training to educate owners, managers, and employees to be able to recognize and report any suspicious activities or crimes. Such training ranges from preventing shoplifting and robbery to leaning how to be a good witness, and many other topics. The key focus of each deputy is the delivery of proactive crime prevention and homeland security services to the business community,MGW 06 Economy Add-90 1 Cat CORP Prepare nees hele minim iZe ecomnic inect of deaser redness inimi: of natural disasters Preparedness helps minimize economic impact ay Bruno S., Luechinger, Simon, and Alvis, Stutzer, Alois, all Swiss economists, hm tragedy assessing the costs of terrorism, CESifo Working Paper No. 1341, November, 200+ ~_ Direct losses have been the focus of much of the mitigation effort and preparedness is a key to reducing direct impacts. If direct losses can be minimized then indirect and secondary effects may be prevented or reduced. The influence of preparedness is shown by contrasting the experiences of the housing and small business sectors in Jamaica during the disaster caused by Hurricane Gilbert. Resiclential loss was a major damage inflicted by the hurricane with 30 235 homes destroyed, whilst many small businesses were able to return to operation with only minimal delays and output losses, Losses in the housing sector have been blamed on poor preparedness; partly as a result of structural adjustment policies that encouraged poor maintenance of rental property and noncompliance with building regulations (Ford, 1987, quoted in Blaikie et al., 1994), and also because the National Building Code of Jamaica (1983) was inappropriately modelled on UK standards (Clement, 1990). In contrast, many small businesses were well prepared and consequently contained direct impacts, for example: the Magic Toys company was able to unpack secured stock and fill ali export orders with no delay, and in Afasia Knitters 80% of employees retumed to work on the afternoon of the hurricane to clear up and resume the completion of overseas orders (Brown, 1994). res \Economy Adg-04 Cicons Tinech of ¥ economy A collapse of the US economy would collapse the global economy Mead, 2004 ‘Walter Russell, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy, “America's STICKY Power” Foreign Policy Mar/Apr2004, Issue 141 Similarly, in the last 60 years, as foreigners have acquired a greater value in the United States- government and private bonds, direct and portfotio private investments-more and more of them have acquired an interest in maintaining the strength of the U.S.-led system. A collapse of the U.S. economy and the ruin of the dollar would do more than dent the prosperity of the United States. Without their best customer, countries including China and Japan would fall into depressions. The financial strength of every country would be severely shaken should the United States collapse. Under those ‘circumstances, debt becomes a strength, not a weakness, and other countries fear to break with the United States because they need its market and own its securities. Of course, pressed too far, a large national debt can tum from a source of strength to a crippling liability, and the United States must continue to justify other countries’ faith by maintaining its long-term record of meeting its financial obligations. But, like Samson in the temple of the Philistines, a collapsing U.S. economy would inflict enormous, unacceptable damage on the rest of the world. That is sticky power with a vengeance.Harner hep-Ony CitCorps respond to hazmat emergencies. Malone; March 31, 2k5; The Atlanta Journal and Constitution; “Citizens Corps Takes On Disasters” MGW 06 CIT CORP Ina little-noticed and low-budget response to the terrorist attacks, the Bush administration set up an organization known as the Citizen Corps, an effort to foster a national network of neighbors helping neighbors. Among those in the movement are three workers at Alcoa Home Exterior Inc., a vinyl siding manufacturing facility in a section of Fulton County, just west of Atlanta. The three volunteered last May to take a 20-hour Community Emery Response Training course on the basics of disaster response, ust two months later, they were called to use those skills, Toxic plastic materials overheated in the production line, and gray-black smoke began filling the area. Andre Singleton, a distribution clerk and one of three CERT team members on the shift, notified management and began the evacuation of about 70 people. Communities need to be educated about disaster response for an increasing number of chemical spills to mitigate impacts Hsu, 2003 Edberxt B., Cen. For Intemational Emergency Disaster and Refluge Studies Dept's. Of Emergency Medicine and International Health “Effects on Local Emergency Departments of Large-Scale Urban Chemical Fire with Hazardous Chemical Spill” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine April 2003 pg. 196 = Some official warnings were widely misinterpreted or Jgnored. Public education on potential hazards and disaster Preparedness targeted to populations at-risk should receive é ‘high priority, Geographic information systems (GIS) can bie used to identify and demographically describe popula- tions at-risk which would benefit from increased disaster awareness, Furthermore, ¢ composite of the demographic Populations st-isk ducing an event could provide more accurate estimates of resources or special needs required in evacuation efforts, Careful assessment of the impact on local emergency departments and measures to disseminate lformation regarding disaster preparedness should be con sidered in future city accident and chemical disaster plan- ning. Emergency releaso of hazardous materials continues to occur with a frequency that requires vigilance and active planning. Improved linkages and coordination between emergency personnel, hospital, communities, ard local, State, and feleral agencies will form a cornerstone of emer ‘gency planning and response to the future,MGW 06 4) congidenee App oN cr Cone Trust] confi denee People don’t trust the government's disaster response Redlener, 2003 ; Irwin, Associate Dean Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia Unive ty Director National Center for Disaster Preparedness, American Academy of Pediatrics "Taskforce on Terrorism, Survey Conducted by The Marist Institute for Public Opinion, “HOW AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT TERRORISM AND SECURITY:TWO YEARS AFTER on? a pervasive lack of confidence in government's ability to protect local here eral from acs of terrorism. We emphasize that this is a perception and may not reflect federal, state of local government's actual ability to do so. 1tdoes, however, Indicate 7 uproved disaster communication and leadership thanspires confidence and trus\) While people may tend to trust high government officials, when it comes to preparedness for possible acts of terrorism or bioterrorism, they have a higher level of confidence for those with specific health expertise. Tease Zw Laws Eweorcement Ts fey G Swrping A Macsene, Citenzone , og Broveczean Atrace . One Te? Mwy fevent Aw | Canis wed + Entree OF LAW Arccack. Kenpexce, Tp Canzoate © Cow Sonnac; Sere 2EY) YR How CT 982) “Acrewmae Basis + p Undcten adie Weon es , Optimally, law enforcement would not rely on racial profiling techniques. Not only is racial profiling violative of our notions of equal protection, but racial profiling has been shown to be an ineffective technique. In spite of this, racial profiling is not likely to disappear anytime soon. As a result, there should be legal recourse for victims of racial profiling, In the past Aistrust of the police may have meant that the robbery of the local convenience store may go unsolved or the murderer of the little girl next door may never be found. After September 11th, distrust of the police may lead to a biological. shemical, or nuclear attack. This is not to say the robbery or murder are not important and that they do not need to be resolved; this is only to argue that distrust may have a global, or at the very least, national effect. In a world where opening the mail isno longer safe, 277 we, as a society cannot afford not to trust the police. One tip may prevent another attack and people will not reveal information if they believe the recipients cannot be trusted, ‘This is especially true given the ethnic underpinnings of our "War on Terror." Right now the target is members of Al-Qaeda. If law enforcement continues to alienate the Muslim and Middle Eastem communities by arresting, detaining, and questioning of men with no legitimate cause, it necessarily follows that ‘when law enforcement needs the help of those communities, they will not be willing to help. And it is this refusal to help that may prevent law enforcement officials from thwarting the next "September 11th,”MGW 06 trust] onfidencl fadon / CIT CORP ‘CCorp is key to restoring trust cooperation with law enforcement. Kendrick, JD Candidate @ Howard and Editor of Law Journal; Spring 2k4; 47 How L J 989; “Alienable Rights and Unalienable Wrongs” Itis important to note that distrust of the police causes concrete harms to séciety, not just theoretical harms to those wi do not trust the police. Protecting the constitutional rights of the accused is central to fighting the "War on Terror." 1267 Just as it takes a village to raise a child, it is going to take a village to capture terrorists that have cells all throughout the world. If, as the President, the Attomney General, and the various heads of "National Security” say, the terrorists are living among us, and itis up to the community to be as vigilant as [*1033] law enforcement, and more importantly for the community to be cooperative. 268 The only way the community is going to cooperate with law enforcement is if it trusts law enforcement. In the past few decades, there has been an increasing trend toward community policing. The goal of community policing is to bring both the community and law enforcement together, in a collaboration to combat crime. 0269 Neighborhood Watch, community meetings, and foot and bicycle patrol are all ways that this is accomplished, but, in order for community policing to be effective, the community must trust that the police are working with them and for them, not against them. After the September Ith attacks, a program called " Citizen Corps " was created. 270 The purpose of the program is to "provide the ‘means for all Americans to participate in making our communities safer, stronger, and better prepared to respond to the threats of terrorism, crime, public health issues, and disasters of all kinds.” 271 The goals of Citizen Corps are achieved through the various programs its sponsors. The Neighborhood Watch Program has been altered from the crime prevention system that was in effect to include terrorism awareness. 0272 The Volunteer in Police Services (VIPS) program is geared to help relieve exhausted and strained police departments by employing civilian volunteers. 273MGW 06 / - how circorr —_-Tfusi/confidence extensions: low dar” Cdisaster’) ‘The public has no confidence in current government disaster response te er, Irwin, and Bermin, David A. Journal of international affairs; National prep ol a c the context and current state of the US public's readiness 1940-2005, Spring, 59.2, planning: Lack of confidence in government officials further highlights the perplexity of why the public does not prepare for emergencies. According to the study, less than, half of the U.S. public (49 percent) had confidence in the government to protect the ~ area in which they live from a terrorist attack. This figure has steadily decreased, from 53 percent in 2004 and 64 percent in 2003. The U.S. public’s expreised con. Adence in the government's ability to protect public transportation is also decreas- ing—only 37 percent reported themselves confident, down from 43 percent in 2004 Beyond the government, public confidence in the health care system's ability to respond effectively to a biological, chemical or nuclear attack is at 39 percent, unchanged from 2004 and down from 46 percent in 2003 and 53 percent in 2002. ‘These low levels of confidence are accompanied by confusion as to who is responsible for preparedness, Thirty-eight percent believed the federal government. is most responsible for ensuring that communities are prepared for a terrorist attack, while nearly another third (31 percent) and a fifth (20 percent) believed the local and state government, respectively, are mainly. responsible. However, when asked about natural disaster or emergency weather events, the responses are completely reversed. Nearly half (45 percent) believed local governments are most responsible {or ensuring communities are prepated while neatly a quarter (23 percent) indicat. ed state governments and less than a fifth (17 percent) indicated the federal gov- ernment. With respect to what the highest national priority should be, the country {s nearly evenly split between preparing for future acts of terror (36 percent) and Preparing for an outbreak of disease and other medical crisis (35 percent). About a fifth (22 percent) said preparing for natural disasters and emergency weather events is the highest prio iolMGW 06 - / 5 Trust leongidence extensions! low now (preparedness People lack confidence in the preparedness of the government and are unprepared themselves MSNBC, 2005 Nov 17, “After Katrina, Americans still feel unprepared”, by Lara Lakes Jordan of the Associated Press http://www.msnbe.msn.com/id/10088752/ A majority of Americans say they are no better prepared for a disaster than they were before Hurricane Katrina and have less confidence in their government to protect them. Yet most people will keep relying on state and local officials in the immediate aftermath of a terrorist attack or natural disaster, according to two polls and an accompanying analysis by New York University’s Center for Catastrophe Prepareciness and Response. ‘The research was obtained Thursday by The Associated Press. “Americans right now are not prepared to last three hours on their own, let alone three days,” said NYU professor Paul C. Light, the report’s author. “They are still as dependent —_——erreraoarws on government, but have less confidence, “You put the complacency with the potential confusion and what you end up with is a recipe for chaos,” Light said in an interview. ‘The report drew its conclusions from two polls, taken before and after Katrina, that were conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates. ‘Among the findings: Fifiy-seven percent of people said they were at about the same level of preparedness after Katrina as before, while 21 percent said they were somewhat more prepared; 12 percent much more prepared. Forty-three percent said the federal government is only somewhat prepared to respond to terrorist bombings and flu epidemics. Also, 46 percent believe Washington is not fully ready for another hurricane or floods, ‘After Katrina hit, 15 percent of people with a high school education or less said they were now better prepared for a disaster; the rate for those who attended college was 7 percent. Light said people with a college education and higher incomes are traditionally more ready for a catastrophe, meaning that Katrina “closed the gap,” he said,MGW 06 CIT CORP. Thust/ congrdence extensions / case Solves ation promote full recovery and Givi rams and pai government trust Kwiet, 2004 Mary G. and Robert W., University of North Dakoti, Dept. of Political Science Chair, “Citizen Participation and Citizen Evaluation in Disaster Recovery” huip://arp.sagepub.comvegi/reprint/34/4/354 ‘The participation that such networks foster may have an effect on citizen evaluation of policy in two specific ways. First, with citizens actively involved, they cam alter the substance of policy Lo be more aceeplable to them. This is the instrumental value of participation, Sec- ond, participation may create conditions that make citizens more accepting of government policies regardiess of their substance. This is the symbolic value of participation. Involve- ‘ment creates. sense of ownership of the policies, which tends to mute political con/licts later and to increase satisfaction with the outcomes (Berke & Beatley. 1997; Berke et al., 1993), ‘The ability to participate in itself may increase citizen acceptance of policy. As one activist? author observed, “What citizen activists want most is to be heard” (King & Stivers, 1998a, p. 200), Research by Tyler supports that proposition, concluding that citizens value the ability {o present their views and to be listened to more than they value specific policy outcomes (Tyler, 1990). Participation may also create higher levels of trust, which may enable citizens to accept with greater equanimity even those policies with which they disagree (Gamson, 1968). Empirical research on the effect of participation on citizen trust has produced conflicting results (Kweit & Kweit, 1981). More recent research has attributed the decline in citizen trust to various policies that decreased citizen participation in the public life of their communities (King & Stivers, 1998b). Putnam also linked trust with civic involvement, although he secog- nized that the causal connections among trust and involvement as well as reciprocity and honesty “are as tangled as well-tossed spaghetti” (Putnam, 2000, p. 137), Ultimately, good government in a democracy depends on positive citizen evaluation. That evaluation may be entirely subjective. A policy evaluated as best using neuteal, technical cri- teria may not beacceplabletocitizens. A recent work reinforces the importance of subjective ‘evaluation of policy success, Iu exainining crisis management, Saundra Schneider (1995) observes that there are two sets of norms that operate in disaster situations: bureaucratic norms and emergent nortas, She angues that the extent to which these two sets of norms are compatible will determine the evaluation of the success of the government's response to cri- cantly, she concludes, “Stated simply, the acknowledged success or failure of the governmental response is almost entirely a matter of public perception” (p. 71}. In Schacider’s conception, following bureaucratic norms not only may not guarantee sue. cessful policy but may create 2 gup tha will lead to the perception thal policy is unsuccessful Lis possible to argue that such a gap between bureaucratic norms and emergent norms could bbe minimized in ways discussed above by the inclusion of citizens in the development of recovery policy. This article will examine participation in decisions concerning recovery of Grand Forks and East Grand Forks following the flood of 1997,Citizen Corps ; Cameiro UNT 2006 pustfeonpidence extenslens: case volves Roy Public confidence and compliance can only be maintained with good risk communication which is poor now. Ronald W. Perry and Michael K. Lindell, Understanding Citizen Response to Disasters With Implications for Terrorism, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 11, pp. 49-60, June 2003 The use of evacuation and protection in place also raise issues of citizen compliance that have been addressed, but not well answered, in connection with nuclear power plant accidents. (Lindell and Perry, 1983) and chemical accidents (Wilson, 1987, 1989). That is, will public confidence in emergency authorities and protective measures be sufficient to insure public compliance? In the case of an infectious biological threat, with visible casualties in a community, will citizens ordered to quarantine in their homes actually believe this measure will be more efficacious than the alternative of putting distance between themselves and the apparent locus of the agent? On the other hand, will citizens asked to evacuate an area to escape a radiation hazard believe that moving apparently unprotected in a vehicle in the presence of radiation is more protective than sheltering at home? In either case, there is considerable potential for public refusal to comply with measures suggested by authorities. Lindell and Perry (2003) have argued that even counterintuitive protective measures can be successfully implemented, but to do so requires substantial pre-event risk communication on the part of authorities. To date, at least in the United States, public risk communication regarding biological, chemical and radiological agents that might be used by terrorists has tended to be sporadic and not well co-ordinated across agencies or levels of government,: Se 2 Wildfires are inevitable because of global climate change. Donovan and Brown, US Forest Service; July 2k5; ‘Natural Hazards Observer; vol. xxix; num. 6; “Wildfire ‘Management in the US Forest Service: A Brief History” ard 2s fe remains unclear. While the recent efforts helping to address the wildfire problem facing U.S. forests, the need for fuels management is staggering and the limited funds available for fuel treatment and the diffi culties of wildfire are hurdles the Forest Service must overcome. Much will depend on future weather condi- tions. The prospects of increased climatic extremes ass0- ciated with global climate change suggest that wildfire eS risk will continue to present a formidable challenge (0 {gq public land managers and the public they serve. Their ‘work i far from done, (y Forest fires destroy plant biodiversity. Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity; Nov 2k1; “Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning”; http://www. biodiv.org/doe/publications/cbd-ts-05.pdf 34, Generally, the ability of post-fire boreal forest to regenerate is high but frequent high intensity fires can offset this balance. Due to the , extreme severity of the 1998 fires in the Russian Federation, more than 2 million hectares of forest have lost the majority of their major ecological functions for a period of 50-100 years (Shvidenko and Goldammer, 2001) On the contrary, in the natural forests of the northern and sparsely stocked taiga and forest tundra, particularly on permafrost sites, surface fires occurring at long-retum intervals of 80 to 100 years represent a natural mechanism that prevents the transformation of forests to shrubland or grassland (Shvidenko and Goléammer, 2001) Exclusion of fire induces the build-up of organic layers that prevents melting of the upper soil and rise of the permafrost layer, resulting in impoverishment of forests, decreasing productivity, and ‘conversion to marshes. Severe fires have had a significant negative impact on plant biodiversity. Souther species that are at the northern edge of ‘their geographic range are particularly vulnerable. l oF For example, in Primorsky Kray (the Russian Federation), the richness of 60 species of vascular plants, 10 fungi, 8 lichens and 6 species of ‘mosses resulted in negative change during the previous decades, mosily due to human-induced fires and fragmentation of foresis (Shvidenko and Goldammer, 2001). _ey Ween Fee fpr ON tal Decreased biodiversity destroys the few foods we depend on leading to famine Nations - 1988 (James D., Director of Research, Center for Human Ecology, Austin, Texas, Biodiversity (1998, compiled by E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter), “Deep Ecology Meets the Developing World” pg. 81] Our food is a good example. Human beings eat a wealth of plants and animals in the home-cooked meals and restaurant dinners that we live on day-to-day. Yet one of the ‘most immediate threats posed by the loss of biodiversity is the shrinkage of plant gene pools available to farmers and agricultural scientists. During the past several decades, we have increased our ability to produce large quantities of food, but we have simultaneously increased our dependence on just a few crops and our dependence on fewer types of those crops. As much as 80% of the world food supply may be based on fewer than two dozen species of plants and animals (CEQ, 1981). We are eroding the genetic diversity of the crops we increasingly depend upon, and we are eradicating the wild ancestors of those crops as we destroy wildemess habitats around the world, ‘The Citizen Corps prevents wildfires Larry Woods, Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman, Valley Voices, May 28, 2006 There are two programs under Citizen Corps offered through the Mat-Su Borough Department of Public Safety that would be help mitigate the impact of a wildfire or other disaster upon our communities and neighborhoods Firewise is a program that helps homeowners mitigate their potential for loss by wildfire. I strongly urge those living adjacent to wooded areas with populations of dead spruce to act before it is too late, and prepare a defensible space around their homes against the possibility of wildfire. The Mat-Su Borough Citizen Corps coordinator can arrange a visit by the Fiewise Coordinator to help you with suggestions as to how you might better protect your property from wild fire. 1 also would strongly urge people to consider taking Community Emergency Response ‘Team (CERT) training. CERT teaches preparation for interruptions of services and disaster response. This training prepares people to act in a disaster to help themselves and their neighbors. The only investment: a few hours. All materials are provided. CERT covers subjects ranging from the home disaster kit preparation, Incident Command System, basic small fire suppression, first aid, triage, search and rescue, moving the injured and hazard awareness. This is an excellent program for ages 14 and up. Colony High School Jr. ROTC has a strong CERT program. aMGW 06 Ur crcorr_Wex frees EXT - Trevi race Climate change makes forest fires in the US inevitable. Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nov 2k1; “Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning”; http://www. biodiv.org/doc/publications/cbd-ts-05.pdf_ 42, Climate change predictions by Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, published in February 2001, concludes that forest fires will become an increasing problem in many forest biomes. The globally averaged surface temperature has increased by 0.6 +/- 0.2°C over the 20th century and average air temperature is projected to rise to 14 to 5.8°C by 2100 relative to 1990 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2000), In Latin America, it is expected that large forest arcas will be affected as a result of projected changes in climate. Climate change could add an additional stress to the adverse effects of continued deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. ‘This impact could lead to biodiversity losses, reduce rainfall and runoff within and beyond the ‘Amazon basin and affect the global carbon cycle. Forest fires are predicted to increase in North American forests. Reduced soil moisture during the summer will increase drought stress and the incidence of wildfires. Flanmigan and van ‘Wagner (1991) and Stocks and Lynham (1996) both underscore the fact that fire may be the , driving force in changing the boreal forest under rising temperature, The severity of fire is also likely to increase as Fosberg et al. (1996) showed that the current worst 10 percent of moderate fires in Russia and Canada would be classified as extreme fire ignition and severity potential in the future, Tropical forests are expected to warm by 2°C above 1970s levels by the mid-21st century, with larger effects in continental interiors (UNEP-WCMC, 2000). Inter-annual variability in large-scale climate events such as El Nifio may act to exacerbate rainfall extremes. Goldammer and Price (1998) predict that land use and climate under conditions of global warming will result in a high wildfire risk in tropical rain forests and tropical dry forests (Goldammer and Price, 1998).MGW 06 = ae crrcorr__Weip trees Gt Tweve-rague Temperate forests in the US are increasingly vulnerable to human made forest fires. Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity; Nov 2k1; “Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning”; http://www biodiv.org/doc/publications/cbd-ts-05.pd Despite the devastating picture evoked by media reports and the Internet in recent years, it is important to remember that fire is a vital and natural part of some forest ecosystems, and that humans have used fire for thousands of years as a land management tool. Similarly, the El Nifio climate event that is often blamed for creating the drought conditions necessary for such largescale fires is not a new phenomenon. Nineteenth century reports describe droughts in South-east Asia with the 1877/78 BI Nifio episode as one of the most severe on record (Kiladis and Diaz, 1986; Allen et al., 1989; Harger, 1995 a, b; ‘Trenberth and Hoar, 1997). However, in the latter part of the 20th century, changes in the manfire dynamic and an increase in El Niflo frequency (Brookfield et al., 1995), have lead to a situation where fires are now a major threat to many forests and the biodiversity therein. Tropical rain forests, in particular, which were once thought to be resistant to fires, are now experiencing largescale fires due to unsustainable management ' practices (Kauffmann er al., 1988; Woods, 1989; Uhl and Kauffmann, 1990; Holdsworth and Uhl, 1997; Cochrane et al., 1999; Nepstad et al., 1999 b). Temperate forests in the United States in which fire was deliberately suppressed for management and political reasons are now experiencing devastating wildfires due to an unnatural accumulation of fuel (Agee, 1993).06 = I Garcon Ween Frees Reiss PLe-LovErR One forest fire leads to others resulting in the destruction of biodiversity. Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity; Nov 2k1; “Impacts of Human-Causod Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning”; http:/worw.biodiv.org/doc/publications/cbd-ts-05.pdf One of the most important ecological effects of burning is the increased probability of further burning in subsequent years, as dead trees topple to the ground, opening up the forest to drying by sunlight, and building up the fuel load with an increase in fire-prone species, such as pyrophytic grasses. The most destructive fires occur in forests that have bumed previously (Cochrane et al., 1999). Many of the forests that bumed in Bomeo in 1982-83, or during the following El Nifio droughts, burned again in 197-98 (Hoffinann ef al., 1999). The consequence of repeated burns is detrimental because it is a key factor in the impoverishment of biodiversity in rain forest ecosystems.MGW 06 crrcorp_Wero Frees xt = Prp-D / Srecres Lnrewnte Forest fires kill flora and fauna as well as species. Secretariat for the Convention on Biological Diversity; Nov 2k1; “Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning”; http://www.biodiv.org/doc/publications/cbd-ts-05.pdf 3.3. Impact of forest fires on fauna in tropical forests 23, There are still few in-depth studies of the effect of fires on tropical rain forest biodiversity. ‘One can draw on a number of case studies that took place after the fires in 1982-83 and 1997-98 in Indonesia. The 1982-83 fires in Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan resulted in widespread mortality of reptiles and amphibians (Leighton, 1984;MacKinnon ef al., 1996). Fruit-eating birds such as hombills declined dramatically and only insectivorous birds, such as woodpeckers were common due to abundance of wood-eating insects. Rabinowitz (Rabinowitz, 1990) reports that bumed dipterocarp forest in Thailand is impoverished of small mammals, birds and reptiles, ‘and that carnivores tend to avoid bumed ‘over areas. In Borneo, the orang utan (Pongo pygmacus) suffered a 33 % decline in its population decline due to the 1997-98 forest fires (Rijksen and Meijaard, 1999). In Sumatra, Kinnaird and OBrien (Kinnaird and O'Brien, 1998) reported fire damage in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park during the fires of 1997. The loss of fruit ' trees reduced the fruit availability to a large ‘umber of omnivorous species, such as primates and squirrels, Sun Bear (Ursus malayarus) and civets as well as ungulates such as mouse deer (Tragulus sp.) and muntjac (Muntiacus sp.). The reduction in densities of ground squirrels and tree shrews suggested that rodent densities in ‘general declined which adversely affected the food supply for small camivores such as the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). The destruction of tree cavities effected birds and mammals such as tarsiers, bats, and lemurs. Finally, the extensive fires destroyed the leaf litter and its associated arthropod community, further reducing, food availability for omnivores and carnivores (Kinnaird and OBrien, 1998), For other tropical rain forests there is a paucity of published we information of the impacts on animal biodiversity. \ Following surface fires in the Brazilian Amazon, there was a decline in slow-moving animals, frugivores and much of the litter fauna (Nepstad et al., 1999a), eeeWe depend on plant Nations - 1988 [ames D., Director of Research, Center for Human Ecology, Austin, Texas, Biodiversity (1998, compiled by E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter), “Deep Ecology Meets the Developing World” pg. 81] ‘THE GLOBAL IMPORTANCE OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS Approximately 119 pure chemical substances extracted from higher plants are used in ‘medicine throughout the world (Famsworth et al., 1985) (sce Table 9-1). At least 46 of these drugs have never been used in the United States. For the most part, the discovery of the drugs stems from knowledge that their extracts are used to treat one or more diseases in humans. The more interesting of the extracts are then subjected to pharmacological and chemical tests to determine the nature of the active components. Therefore, it should be of interest to ascertain just how important plant drugs are throughout the world when used in the form of crude extracts. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the people in We depend on biodivers: Nations - 1988 (ames D., Director of Research, Center for Human Ecology, Austin, Texas, Biodiversity (1998, compiled by E. O. Wilson and Frances M. Peter), “Deep Ecology Meets the Developing World” pg. 81] for numerous reasons We are dependent on biological diversity in ways less visible than the plants and animals ‘we eat and wear. We also depend on them for raw materials and medicines. We depend on the diversity of plants and animals for industrial fibers, gums, spices, dyes, resins, oils, Jumber, cellulose, and wood biomass. We chemically screen wild plants in search of new ‘drugs that may be beneficial to humankind, We import millions of dollars worth of ‘medicinal plants into the United States and use them to produce billions of dollars worth of medicines (OTA, 1984). We use animals in medical research as well, though sometimes with brutal results, We import tens of thousands of primates for drug safety tests and drug production (OTA, 1984), We use Texas armadillos in research on leprosy. When human activities threaten the survival of these animals and their wild habitats, they threaten human welfare as well.MGW 2006 pate i CiCops Wen Frees €xT- Cor Co0ars © CERT increases a community's fire readiness and can stop wildfires Greenberg, Martin Alan, Citizen Police: A Valuable Resource for America's Homeland Security, Journal of Security Administration June 2003 Givjuly of 1997, the Mohave Valley Fie District and the Mohave County Emergency ‘Services Department implemented the first Arizona CERT. In November of 1997, the CERT volunteers were utilized to assist local fie agencies located in Mohave Valley during @ wildland fire within the Lake Havasu Wildlife Refuge. Team members helped with the loading and unloading of supplies for 300 firefighters (FEMA/EME, 1988). The Ewing Township in New Jersey is planning to replace its auxiliary police program with a CERT (FEMA/EMI, 2001). CERT members in Portland, Oregon, ‘worked with the local fre department ioestablish perimeter around downed power lines following an ice storm. This assistance freed fire department persorinel 10 attend to other imminent hazards requiring their specialized training (FEMA/EMI, ag7aly Fire Corps Volunteers take active roles in supplementirig first responde Fire Engincering, 2005 “Bemalillo County (NM) Fire & Rescue institutes Fire Corps program” December, Vol. 158 Issue 12, p47 Fine Corps, Jaunched in 2004, is a national program partner of Citizens Corps. It repre~ Scnts a partnership among the International Association of Flee Chiefs" Volunteer and Combination Officers Section, the Interna tional Association of ighters, the Na- tional Volunteer Fice Couneil, and the US. Fire Administration. 1s mission is to help eareee, voluntees, and combination fire de- partments supplement their resources, The Fire Corps program brings chizens into the tire department in noneperational roles, CERT can help manage wildfire relief and evacuation Deputy Chief Joe Daly, Edgewater Fire/Rescue, 1998, The Connection, Fall 1999-2000 Volume 2 Number 1 We activated the CERT’ and they proved to be a valuable asset to the City of Edgewater. They staffed our phones 24 hours a day. The residents of Edgewater were ‘constantly calling about the smoke from the wildfires. The CERTs assured the people that it was O.K. to stay in their homes and they were in no danger. As the wildfires grew larger in size they caused large volumes of smoke to linger over Edgewater. We established a voluntary evacuation order especially for the people with breathing difficulties, The CERTs provided direction and instructions for the people who needed to evacuate.MGW 200 CitCorps ” Warp fees Sct -— AT Beceerpep Burns Pao Prescribed bums easily escape control and become destructive wildfires. Donovan and Brown, US Forest Service; July 2k5; Natural Hazards Observer; vol. xxix; num. 6; “Wildfire ‘Management in the US Forest Service: A Brief ine realization” that not all suppréssion expenditures 7 could fe economically justified, alongwith an Tacreasing grate" awareness of te ecological importance of wildfire, led the san Forest Service to adopt the Wilderness Prescribed’ Natural Fire Program in 1972. Under the program, some-wildfires (gue in wilderness areas were allowed to burn’ Four years eat lier, in 1968, the National Park Service recognized the “natural role of fire,” and adopted a wildfire use program that debuted in Sequoia Kings Canyon National Park. Since then, several bi scribed burns ands. ee ‘These well-publicized incidents have tempered enthusiasm for wildfire use both within the agency and among the public at large. fyMGW 06 crrcore__Wzio feres EX1- AT: ee Pecponse £ (ot CoeP The Fire Corp works with Citizens Corp. ‘Natural Hazards Observer; Jan 2k5; Vol. XXIX, ‘Num. 3; “New Fire Corps Program Launched” /'n December, Fire Corps was officially launched 10 4 support and supplement fie departments with community Volunteers trained to. handle nonemergency activites, COR ‘Through ts partnerships with fire service organizations 24) and local Cizen Compe Couns sero the county, Fite V4 Corps will actively involve citizens in public education, Ct tesining, and volunteer efforts focused on fire prevention Coe? and safety. Member activites may include assisting fire department personnel with administrative duties, perform- ing education and outreach efforts to encourage fire safety and prevention, supporting community emergency re sponse team taining in emergency preparedness and basic response techniques, and other nonsuppression activites. /"Citizen Corps Cameiro UNT 2006 Modeling Rock US disaster response policy is replicated globally Alexander, David. Journal of International Affairs, Spring/Summer, 2006, Vol. 59 Issue 2 Under the Clinton administration, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) adopted an explicit strategy of endeavoring to shift emphasis from reaction to disasters to prevention of their worst offects, Nevertheless, at the end of the 1990s two-thirds ($2.3 billion) of FEMA's budget was expended on immediate post-disaster assistance. Subsequently the Bush administration quietly dropped FEMA's Project Impact, which aimed to disseminate good practice in terms of cooperative mitigation activities at the community level."S This emphasis is replicated in most, ifnot all, other countries. As a result, itis clear that, despite years of debate on development theory, the world humanitarian network is still strongly reactive and not prescriptive with respect to how it tackles disaster risk.” Other nations have programs to CERT for citizen response Helsloot and Ruitenberg — 2004 : [ira Helsloot, Director of the COT Institute for safety Security and Crisis Management, and Amout Ruitenberg, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, v. 12, no. 3, “Citizen Response to Disasters: a Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications,” pg. (of _, found online} Structuring Citizen Response : LB number of countries have founded organisa- Tions to structure Citizen Response. The English- speaking countries are leading the way in ths In New Zealand, ‘Recovery Managers’ are trained to supervise focal committees recovering from disaster. Tn the US ‘Community Response ‘Teams’ (CERT) are composed. These teams consist of local residents. In the course of a number of meetings, they are trained in the necessary life saving skills, and the doing of “the greatest good for the greatest number’. oS Eins a tented Ravcettden gf CB ther profession aid services and are expected to Eh Proved ad immediaty flowing Ceasers of eteaeng heavy accidents, until the professional aid ser %yeetur ‘viggs arrive (FEMA, 1993). |Mean Green / Citizen Corps gov't Ee geben Baten” seoes Stobe Bbw pad Lack of federal funding for Citizen Corps places huge strains on state budgets Serocea - 2004 [loseph E., M.A. in Public Affairs fiom UTA, armiy experience as leader of platoon, company commander ‘and aviation trainer. Professional Report for the Degree of Master of Public Affaits, presented to faculty of the LBI School of Public Affairs of UTA, “National Service and Volunteerism in Homeland Security: Past, Present and Future,” May, pg. 131, found online at htp:/egkcenter.utexax.edutescarchvarticles/scrocea- prpdt] Resource Availability 7 Resource availability encompasses three distinct issues: the amount of funding, funding complexity, and funding flexibility and guidelines. This section witl address each of these issues as they apply to the funding of national service and nationally sponsored volunteers in homeland security missions. The Brudney and Garley survey reported that 62 percent of respondents “expressed great concem over Lech Sa esas secant tam ei in tse shee ef the inadequacy of funding...and a fow officials... were tapping into tight state SA, emergency management budgets to begin planning activities, but that federal support Pond gs le P pp for Cire. was needed to move forward." Recent indications are that, despite the increased ae funding for homeland security in the last two years, funding difficulties havea hot he Pee aa improved significantly. Of the officials surveyed for this study,y far he greatest Stete | concern for state, and especially local officials, is the sustainability of national service budgets * and volunteer programs amidst ufcertainand @ften varying budget>)MGW 06 CIT CORP Flderal gov't k: Funding Brudney and Gazley, 2002 Jeffery and Beth, Universit ty of Georgia, “The USA Freedom States” Speetrum: Corps and the Role of the The Journal of State Government Fall 200: 12 pp.34-38 aie inipomen: tation studies have pojuted to the pre eminence of fund= ing in poliey study, too, 62 pereent of respon. funding. A” few officials” ted. us tat they were tap nto tight stale emergency management huulgets to begin planning activities, but that fader. al support was needed @ mave foewand. Some respondents complainéd that Chiizen Cons. was smother “unfunded ‘mandate* ofthe federal goveroment,MGW 06 CIT CORP Federal gov't_k : establish cut Corps Gfunding) Brudney and Gazley, 2002 Jeffery and Beth, University of Georgia, “The USA Freedom Corps and the Role of the States” Spectrum: The Journal of State Government Fall 2002 pp.34-38 © citizen Corps, almost one-third of those surveyed siid that effective velumeer ment would be # mnajor ehal- to suczesstul sinplementacion; {out other responses exneessed panic Jar eoscerns about volunteer liability Mofeover, because they were waiting for federal funding t materialize, 62 percent of state officials reported that ‘ey hod aot yet esinblished guidelines for volunteer managemem, and. oily ‘wo reparted that they were adheting {© some professional or national stan- dards Of volunteer management, These results. suggest lack of preparedness sather than lack of interest ia adherence tw stundads.MGW / cre cone Federal gov't K: prepared ness The Federal_government is needed for extended and massi Chertoff, 2006 Micheal, Secretary of DHS, “Hurricanes: Looking Toward the Future”, Speech Delivered to The ‘National Hurricane Conference, April 12 e emergency response ~ Buti an uterly catastrophic disaster like Katrina, the Federal government does have a role to play and a clear "esponsibility to support sate and local response when your ability to deal with a disaster has been clearly over- whined, ‘We have a unique set of capabilities we can bring to bear during a crisis, We certainly saw many of these ca- pabilities on display during the response to Katrina. The ‘Coast Guard rescued more than 33,000 people from flooded streets and rooftops ~ six times the rescues in all of 2004. FEMA also rescued 6,500 people, in partnership with state and local responders. Because of these two Homeland Security agencies, more than 40,000 people are alive to- day.MGW 06 er cone Federal gov't KE: motivation tn able vals. / The central government is essential to motivate and enable volunteers Kirlin, 2002 John J. and Mary K., Indiana Univ. Perdue “Strengthening Effective Government — Citizen Connections through Greater Civic Engagement” Public Administration Review Sep 2002 pg. 80 1} Effective government is critically necessary. This is a sobering message after years of attacks on the competence and necessity of government, of celebrating the promise ‘of being “business-like” ot of nonprofit organizations and philanthropy. Intellectual frameworks that juiged all col- lective action by satisfaction of individual preferences, ‘often defined narrowly, also eroded support for govern- ment. Government must provide the institutional context for societal action, enabling individuals, businesses, and ‘nonprofit organizations to undertake their activities appro- priatcly, and it must retain sufficient capacity for direct action, including use of force, to be effective in crises (J Kirlin 1996, 2001),MGW 06 STATES Cl Federal gov't K: goal adarity GOAL CLARITY FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT JS KEY TO SUCCESS Brudney and Gazley 2002 [The USA Freedom Corps and the Role of the States, Foresight and Emerging Trends: VValunteerisin, Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, hpiistars/osp.ore/spectrum/ 2002/Full/Fall_ 2002_ spectrum 34 38.pdf) What is accomplished when a federal message is sent depends on how positively and learly the message is received at the state and local levels, as well as what kind of . ige of a national “receptivity climate” one finds among implementers. When knowled: ficy and its oF ities is weak, implementation (not surprisingly) is less successful.MGW 06 ; : CIT CORP. info Rue’ KL, Bidlaie) ‘The US needs a civil defense plan with cducated volunteers to respond to a biological attack Kayyem, Juliette N. and Robyn L. Pangi, eds. First zo Arrive: State and Local Responses to Terrorism. Cambridge, Mass.:The MIT Press, September 2003. [the United States needs a new kind of civil defense program—one that has the capacity to reach into cities, towns, individual neighbor hoods, and rural communities and to provide the necessary education ‘and resources to protect Americans from biological terrorism. This pro- gram would be equipped with waming systems against biological agents, would designate safe zones where supplies and equipment would be stored, and train citizens to guide their communities after an attack, Elements of the shelter concept are particularly well designed to meet the demands of a biological attack. First, prepared locations for citizens to report to would be stocked with some measure of basic medical prophy- laxis, Trained volunteers would report to these locations prepared to assist victims and concerned citizens. This would help to provide imme- diate care to untold numbers of citizens. Moreover, the predetermined Tocations would help supplement the nation’s formal medical delivery system, alleviating bed shortages and the lack of trained medical person- nl that would likely occur in@ mass-casualty trauma, ‘Second, predetermined locations would represent one element of public education campaign. These locations would have informational material about possible weapons, their effects, and response options. They would also house communications equipment to keep citizens in- formed. Education and training of the public would save lives, reduce the ' disruption and adverse psychological effects of a biological attack, and aid efforts by emergency workers. Third, the system would provide a sense of unified effort through mobilization. As in any disaster, self-help will laxgely be the rule for ‘many citizens during the first few minutes or even hours of a large-scale altack. Individual and collective measures taken before an attack may give citizens a sense of purpose and direction during and after the attack, inergasing their chances of survival.Mean Green Citizen Corps ieee ee eo La i sete Chisteresand) Citizen integration into crisis response is key to reduce mass panic, enabling effective response to bioterrorism Zimmermann et al — 2005 [Tom Zimmermann (Ph.D.), Arnauld Nicogossian (M.D.), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Infrastructure Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Warning,” Jun 24, pg. Ie , found online} Panic and Civil Disobedience Fear, anxiety: and distrust can be reduced through interactive participation by government agencies with its citizens in times of publie health ‘Crises, Wheh_aulhormies fail To effectively com Flunieate health risks and the means 10 address ‘Ne ETM TES ATE UOC TEpe 0 ents becomes unpredictable (35) ‘The United States ha sulfered from bioterrorism within its territories. Only after the 72001 anthrax-laced mail, did the public become ‘cognizant and concerned with the threat of bioweapons. In 2002, Bedeneck and Holloway pointed out that a “natural state of denial exists at the community level” (36). Psychological prepar- edness programs must he tailored tothe specific needs of each community. Planning, deployment, and exercises must involve the public, media, and education personnel in addition to the medical teams (37) I summary, including the public in emese ency response effort rilieaPin reducing panic and effectively commu: “reg WME pur, Te IGT arate Me BABE TACO Broterrorism preparedness and re- SSeS Far Hae mst be Madelaea gine ia dane as Bptaroniam Second dil organizasieks car py ‘an important role and nist be enttstett tre pattie — FT nS The ea gree ToT Fetes tha anion te needs for caer lene care Nery vesinets 0s fetmede in gebicoateachend communietion statege 3). Fi Cites Tnlegrehioy wie tans eopo rive oe enabliS ee Ae ps bsokerro lly, planning must reflect the ‘main concerns of the affected populations (6), -Mean Green Citizen Corps 1 plunkeeg fawarenes ee = w Joan Desires prapacthevte ae Rai: citizen awa 1 eness helps small business: spi bioterrorism ae Zimmermann et al — 2005 [Tor Zimmermann (Pb.D.), Arnauld Nicogossian (M.D.), Rosann Wise (MA), Critical Jnfrastnucture Protection Program, “Critical Role of Citizens in Biodefense and Early Warning,” Jun 24, pg. 9, found onfine} 77 in summary, the research team finds that within the community, small busingsses are oper ated by citizens and residents. Small businesses ‘arean important clement of the overall economic, rat-CaMturaT and political fife in society. These STOTT To The development and growth of the community. Consequently, the loss (of small businesses can result in community m= poverishment ancVor deinise, In 2003 nearly 24 million small businesses employed an estimated i l 416 million people (26). A recent Wells Fargo! Gallup Survey reports that two thirds of busi- Gal Sot deng heath insurance ad er- a ee puimceoneen, Wile owners eo Sa fal nd Ruan ade” Gisasters. protection against terrorism was raled : ale below other concerns (27). gout 5S Tesearchrieamn recognizes that itis bun ivey important éoinform and prey ‘the public and the aod “small businesses of eacl nity, Tor Terrorist attacks, specially biotérrorisn Rand E20 ay Te out pote roe EARTH to there. ere TOT THT rahe Radiefining Readi- Fre igs dete at a0 perce ofthe raed copie me ene aout apes with government officials because they do not sey Iteration abo onthe re ets to prepare an respon is anton how to assenble ize a ae otae cams, Te esearch ea Fe eaton garding biotrorsm and Fa are lef mesa json difficult to understand: et 10 research and woefully inadequateCicoms Volwntteers © W/O attends Volunteers are key in chemical, biological or radiological responses James G. Hodge, ir. nd Lance A. Gable n2 and Stephanie H. Calves, Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy, Fall, 2005 22 1. Contemp. Health 1. ae Pol'y 5 Volunteer assistance may be integral to augment public health

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