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If N is a submodule of an R-module M, the annihilator of N in R is defined to be Ann(N) = {r¢R| rn = Oforall ne N). Prove that Ann(WV) is a 2-sided ideal of R. Ifn€ N, then rn € Nn € N,r € R by the second part of the submodule criterion. So if rn = O¥n € N, then for such r and arbitrary r’ € R, we have rr’n = rn! = Qand r'rn = r'0 = 0, So for allr € Ann(N),r’ € R, rr’ € Ann(W) and r'r € Ann(NV), so Ann(NV) is closed under multiplication by arbitrary elements of the ring. Now ifr,’ € Ann(1V), we have (r-+r’)n = r+r'n =0-+0= 0 forall ne N, so Ann(.V) is closed under addition, and cS itisa (2-sided) ideal of R va‘ Problem 4. Let A be any Z-module, let a be any element of A, and let n be any positive integer. (a) Prove that ya : Z/nZ — A given by y(k) = ka is a well-defined Z- module homomorphism if and only if na = 0. (b) Prove that Homz(2Z/nZ, A) = nA, where »A = (ae A|na = 0}. Answer: (a) Suppose first that ¢ is well defined Z module homomorphism. Then y(b + nk) = y(b + nl) for any k,l € Z. Since ¢ is a homomorphism 4(0)+4(n)4(2) = 4(0)+4(n)o()). This can only be the case if (n)6(!) = $(n)¢(k). As this must hold even if ! # k, @(n) = na = 0. Now suppose na = 0. Note first that ((b + nk) + Z/nZ) = a(b + nk)+ = ab+ ank = ab = 4(b +Z/nZ). Thus, the mapping is same given different coset rep- resentations on Z, meaning the mapping is well-defined. Furthermore, 9(b + nk) + o(b + nl) = ba + ba = (2b)a = (b+ b+ n(k +0), im- plying addition of elements in Z/nZ. is preserved under this mapping. Furthermore, for any x € Z, 6(2(b+nZ)) = 2bk = 26(b+n2Z), implying scalar multiplication is preserved, concluding the proof that ¢ is a well defined homomorphism if na = 0. (b) Since Z/nZisa cyclic group, given a homomorphism ¢ ¢ Homz(Z/nZ, A), ¢ is completely determined by the value of ¢(1+nZ). Therefore, all ho- momorphism in Homz(Z/nZ, A) are of the form 4(k(1 + nZ)) = ka, or the form described above. Thus, define a map f : Homg(Z/nZ, A) +n A, by (p(k-+nZ) > ak) + a, where a €, A. Note first that this mapping is well-defined over all of the domain of f by the previous argument. Secondly, note that given a,b En A, (da + Gp)(k + NZ) = alk + nZ) + de(k + nZ) = ak + bk = (a +b)k. Thus, f(¢a + $0) = f (Paso) =a +b = F (ba) + f(dp). Furthermore, given 2 € Z, rdq(k + nZ) = x(ka). Thus, (tba) = 2a = xf(dz), concluding the proof that the mapping is amodule homomorphism. This mapping is surjective since for alla € na, a is a homomorphism in Homg(2Z/nZ,A, meaning that f(¢.) = a. Now let (#2) = f(¢y). Since f(¢.) = @ and f(y) = b,a = b. Thus, 4b = ¢a, concluding the proof that f is injective and thus and isomor- phism between Z modules, meaning Homz(Z/nZ, A) = nA.ey ye hove QUA Yome (Zln2 9, 21 2)2 a Ann (21m2) re i) lee de acd Cm jn) od wite meag deed fer om (TEE 207 Be aAan(Zewa) db. Now, wey (ad)b> & 782 we Kou wr Y yu 2 ern aie vaibtoler wm Fe oo Fahy print thleges w Hi EH aoa (2/2) by (l= won’ mergnae, Since DE nr Aan (2lm2), is (Aly svcete (ery chwe i wwrf igh of VY) .MET) UR IMlige eb = SME REIT US = (4) = 9D 80 by he Fast iaomergisea 0 Aon (2m 2) Z 2/y)% Herm) ,v0 by Xb), eee Ain joy & Wag (21n24; Z/m2) . ID gora.Challenge 6, Assume Ris commutative: Prove that R" = R” if and only if ¥t* n= m, ie,, two free R-modules of the same rank are isomorphic ifand only 7 if they have the same rank. (See Exercise 2 on p.356 for a hint.) Recall that R"/IR™ = (Rx Rx x R)/(I x Ix +++ 1) = (RAALx (R/T) x +++ x (R/I) (n times). For I a maximal ideal of R, this means we have a field F x F x --. x F (n times). 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