SCIENCE REVIEWER

HEART
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a
closed fist that functions as the bodys circulatory
pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through
the veins and delivers it to the lungs for
oxygenation before pumping it into the various
arteries (which provide oxygen and nutrients to
body tissues by transporting the blood
throughout the body).
ANATOMY OF THE HEART

Atria

The two hollow chambers at the top of the heart

are called the atria. Individually, they are named
the left atrium and the right atrium, based on
their position in the heart.
-

Ventricles

The two hollow chambers at the bottom of the

heart, the ventricles, receive blood from the atria.
-

Valves

Valves separate the various parts of the heart

from one another. They allow blood into places
its supposed to be and keep it out of places its
not supposed to be.
-

Left Atrium

The now-oxygenated blood returns from the lungs

and enters the left atrium. When the left atrium is
full, the mitral valve opens to allow blood from
the left atrium to flow into the left ventricle.

What Is Digestion?
Digestion is the complex process of turning the
food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses
for energy, growth and cell repair needed to
survive.

Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive

system, and, in fact, digestion starts here before
you even take the first bite of a meal. The smell
of food triggers the salivary glands in your mouth
to secrete saliva, causing your mouth to water.

The Pharynx and Esophagus

Septum

The septum is a thick muscular wall that runs

down the middle of the heart. It separates the left
atrium and ventricle from the right atrium and
ventricle.
-

Right Atrium

The right atrium fills with unoxygenated blood

from the body. When the ventricle is full, the
tricuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from
the atrium into the right ventricle. When the
pressure in the right ventricle gets too high, the
tricuspid valve closes to shut off blood flow into
the ventricle.

Also called the throat, the pharynx is the portion

of the digestive tract that receives the food from
your mouth. Branching off the pharynx is the
esophagus, which carries food to the stomach,
and the trachea or windpipe, which carries air to
the lungs.

The Stomach and Small Intestine

The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong

muscular walls. In addition to holding food, it
serves as the mixer and grinder of food. The
stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes
that continue the process of breaking the food
down and changing it to a consistency of liquid or
paste. From there, food moves to the small
intestine.

Made up of three segments -- the duodenum,

jejunum, and ileum -- the small intestine also
breaks down food using enzymes released by the
pancreas and bile from the liver. The small
intestine is the 'work horse' of digestion, as this is
where most nutrients are absorbed.

The Colon, Rectum, and Anus

The colon (large intestine) is a five- to seven -foot

-long muscular tube that connects the small
intestine to the rectum. It is made up of the
cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the
transverse (across) colon, the descending (left)
colon and the sigmoid colon, which connects to
the rectum. The appendix is a small tube
attached to the ascending colon. The large
intestine is a highly specialized organ that is
responsible for processing waste so that
defecation (excretion of waste) is easy and
convenient.

Pancreas
Among other functions, the pancreas is the chief
factory for digestive enzymes that are secreted
into the duodenum, the first segment of the small
intestine. These enzymes break down protein,
fats, and carbohydrates.

Liver
The liver has multiple functions, but two of its
main functions within the digestive system are to
make and secrete an important substance called
bile and to process the blood coming from the
small intestine containing the nutrients just
absorbed.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a storage sac for excess bile.
Bile made in the liver travels to the small
intestine via the bile ducts. If the intestine
doesn't need it, the bile travels into the
gallbladder, where it awaits the signal from the
intestines that food is present.

The rectum is an eight-inch chamber that

connects the colon to the anus. The rectum:

Receives stool from the colon

Lets the person know there is stool to be

evacuated

Holds the stool until evacuation happens

The anus is the last part of the digestive tract.

The pelvic floor muscle creates an angle between
the rectum and the anus that stops stool from
coming out when it is not supposed to. The anal
sphincters provide fine control of stool.

Respiratory

Accessory Digestive Organs

The respiratory system, which includes air

passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and

breathing muscles, aids the body in the exchange

of gases between the air and blood, and between
the blood and the bodys billions of cells.

Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the main

respiratory muscle that contracts and
relaxes to allow air into the lungs.

In addition to air distribution and gas exchange,

the respiratory system filters, warms, and
humidifies the air you breathe. Organs in the
respiratory system also play a role in speech and
the sense of smell.

Upper respiratory tract: Composed of the

nose, the pharynx, and the larynx, the organs of
the upper respiratory tract are located outside
the chest cavity.

Nasal cavity: Inside the nose, the sticky

mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity
traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called
cilia help move them to the nose to be
sneezed or blown out.

Sinuses: These air-filled spaces along

side the nose help make the skull lighter.

Pharynx: Both food and air pass through

the pharynx before reaching their
appropriate destinations. The pharynx also
plays a role in speech.

Larynx: The larynx is essential to human

speech.

Lower respiratory tract: Composed of the

trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the
bronchial tree (including the alveoli), the organs
of the lower respiratory tract are located inside
the chest cavity.

Trachea: Located just below the larynx,

the trachea is the main airway to the
lungs.

Lungs: Together the lungs form one of the

bodys largest organs. Theyre responsible
for providing oxygen to capillaries and
exhaling carbon dioxide.

Bronchi: The bronchi branch from the

trachea into each lung and create the
network of intricate passages that supply
the lungs with air.

Circulatory

Combined with the cardiovascular system, the

circulatory system helps to fight off disease,
helps the body maintain a normal body

temperature, and provides the right chemical

balance to provide the bodys homeostasis, or
state of balance among all its systems.

The circulatory system consists of four major

components:

The Heart: About the size of two adult

hands held together, the heart rests near
the center of the chest. Thanks to
consistent pumping, the heart keeps the
circulatory system working at all times.

Arteries: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood

away from the heart and where it needs to
go.

Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood to

the lungs where they receive oxygen.

Blood: Blood is the transport media of

nearly everything within the body. It
transports hormones, nutrients, oxygen,
antibodies, and other important things
needed to keep the body healthy.

Systemic circulation: This is the part

that carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart and to other parts of the body.

Coronary circulation: This type of

circulation provides the heart with
oxygenated blood so it can function
properly.

Oxygen enters the bloodstream through tiny

membranes in the lungs that absorb oxygen as it
is inhaled. As the body uses the oxygen and
processes nutrients, it creates carbon dioxide,
which your lungs expel as you exhale.
The circulatory system works thanks to constant
pressure from the heart and valves throughout
the body. This pressure ensures that veins carry
blood to the heart and arteries transport it away
from the heart.

Nervous System

There are three different types of circulation that

occur regularly in the body:

Pulmonary circulation: This part of the

cycle carries oxygen-depleted blood away
from the heart, to the lungs, and back to
the heart.

The nervous system consists of two main parts:

the central nervous system and the peripheral
nervous system:

The central nervous system is made up of

the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system is made up

of the nerve fibers that branch off from
the spinal cord and extend to all parts of
the body, including the neck and arms,
torso, legs, skeletal muscles and internal
organs.

The brain sends messages through the spinal

cord and nerves of the peripheral nervous system
to control the movement of the muscles and the
function of internal organs.

The basic working unit of the nervous system is a

cell called a neuron. The human brain contains
about 100 billion neurons. A neuron consists of a
cell body containing the nucleus, and special
extensions called axons and dendrites.

Neurons communicate with each other using

axons and dendrites. When a neuron receives a
message from another neuron, it sends an
electrical signal down the length of its axon. At
the end of the axon, the electrical signal is
converted into a chemical signal, and the axon
releases chemical messengers
called neurotransmitters.

The neurotransmitters are released into the

space between the end of an axon and the tip of
a dendrite from another neuron. This space is
called a synapse.

The neurotransmitters travel the short distance

through the synapse to the dendrite. The
dendrite receives the neurotransmitters and
converts them back into an electrical signal. The
signal then travels through the neuron, to be
converted back into a chemical signal when it
gets to neighboring neurons.

Motor neurons transmit messages from the brain

to control voluntary movement. Sensory neurons
detect incoming light, sound, odor, taste,
pressure, and heat and send messages to the
brain.

Skeletal System

The skeletal system includes all of the bones and

joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living
organ that is made up of many cells, protein
fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a
scaffold by providing support and protection for
the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body.

ANATOMY OF THE SKELTAL SYSTEM

Skull
The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused
together except for the mandible. These 21 fused
bones are separate in children to allow the skull
and brain to grow, but fuse to give added
strength and protection as an adult.

Vertebrae
Twenty-six vertebrae form the vertebral
column of the human body. They are named by
region:

Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae

Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae

Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebrae

Sacrum - 1 vertebra

Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra

Ribs and Sternum

The sternum, or breastbone, is a thin, knifeshaped bone located along the midline of the
anterior side of the thoracic region of the
skeleton. The sternum connects to the ribs by
thin bands of cartilage called the costal cartilage.

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

The pectoral girdle connects the upper limb
(arm) bones to the axial skeleton and consists
of the left and right clavicles and left and right
scapulae.

The humerus is the bone of the upper arm. It

forms the ball and socket joint of the
shoulder with the scapula and forms the elbow
joint with the lower arm bones. The radius and
ulna are the two bones of the forearm. The ulna is
on the medial side of the forearm and forms a
hinge joint with the humerus at the elbow. The
radius allows the forearm and hand to turn over
at the wrist joint.

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Formed by the left and right hip bones, the pelvic
girdle connects the lower limb (leg) bones to
the axial skeleton.

The femur is the largest bone in the body and

the only bone of the thigh (femoral) region. The
femur forms the ball and socket hip joint with
the hip bone and forms the knee joint with the
tibia and patella. Commonly called the kneecap,
the patella is special because it is one of the few
bones that are not present at birth. The patella
forms in early childhood to support the knee for
walking and crawling.

Microscopic Structure of Bones

The skeleton makes up about 30-40% of an
adults body mass. The skeletons mass is made
up of nonliving bone matrix and many tiny bone
cells.

Types of Bones
All of the bones of the body can be broken down
into five types:

being very thin in one direction. Because

they are thin, flat bones do not have a
medullary cavity like the long bones

Irregular. Irregular bones have a shape

that does not fit the pattern of the long,
short, or flat bones. The vertebrae,
sacrum, and coccyx of the spineas well
as the sphenoid, ethmoid, and zygomatic
bones of the skullare all irregular bones.

Sesamoid. The sesamoid bones are

formed after birth inside of tendons that
run across joints. Sesamoid bones grow to
protect the tendon from stresses and
strains at the joint and can help to give a
mechanical advantage to muscles pulling
on the tendon.

Different Forms of Energy

Sound Energy - is produced when an object is

made to vibrate. Sound energy travels out as
waves in all directions. Sound needs a medium to
travel through, such as air, water, wood, and
even metal!

Long. Long bones are longer than they are

wide and are the major bones of the
limbs.

Short. Short bones are about as long as

they are wide and are often cubed or
round in shape. The carpal bones of the
wrist and the tarsal bones of the foot are
examples of short bones.

Chemical Energy - is really a form of potential

energy and is the energy stored in food, gasoline
or chemical combinations.

Flat. Flat bones vary greatly in size and

shape, but have the common feature of

Examples: Striking a match, combining vinegar

and baking soda to form CO2 Gas, breaking light
sticks releases chemical energy.

Examples: Voices, whistles, horns and musical

instruments.

Radiant Energy - is a combination of heat and

light energy. Light energy, like sound energy,
travels out in all directions in waves.
Examples: A light bulb, the glowing coils on a
toaster, the sun, and even headlights on cars.

Electrical Energy - Energy produced by

electrons moving through a substance is known
as electrical energy. We mostly see electric
energy in batteries and from the outlets in our
homes. Electrical energy lights our homes, run
motors, and makers our TVs and radios work.
Examples: CD players, TVs and Video games.

Atomic Energy - is produced when you split

atoms. A tremendous amount of energy is
released when this happens.
Examples: Atomic bombs, nuclear power plants,
nuclear submarines, and the sun.

Mechanical Energy - is moving energy. It is the

form that we most see around us. All moving
objects produce mechanical energy. The
movements within machine is also mechanical
energy.
Examples: People, a rolling bicycle, moving gears,
and running cars.

This means that there is a natural tendency of

objects to keep on doing what they're doing. All
objects resist changes in their state of motion.

The Law of Acceleration

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a

mass. The greater the mass (of the object being
accelerated) the greater the amount of force
needed (to accelerate the object).

Everyone knows that heavier objects require

more force to move the same distance as lighter
objects.

However, the Second Law gives us an exact

relationship between force, mass, and
acceleration. It can be expressed as a
mathematical equation:

FORCE = MASS times ACCELERATION or F =

MA

The Law of Interaction

For every action there is an equal and opposite

re-action.
PHYSICS

The Law of Inertia

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted

on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion
continues in motion with the same speed and in
the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

This means that for every force there is a

reaction force that is equal in size, but opposite in
direction. That is to say that whenever an object
pushes another object it gets pushed back in the
opposite direction equally hard.

VELOCITY:
Velocity = Distance divided by time
ACCELERATION:

Acceleration = Velocity divided by time

WEIGHT:

Tornadoes are violent, rotating, funnel-shaped

clouds that usually extend from thunderstorms to
the ground and have wind speeds of between 50
and 300 mph.

Weight = Mass times gravity

MOMENTUM:
Momentum = Mass times velocity
FORCE:
Force = Mass times Acceleration

Extreme Temperatures

Extreme temperatures caused by a heat wave or

cold wave are one of many climatological
hazards. A heat wave increases the temperature
in a certain region and pushes the human body
beyond its limit.

Avalanches

An avalanche is a geophysical hazard caused by

a large amount of snow sliding down a
mountainside. It is a common sight in some
mountains in winter.

NATURAL DISASTERS
Droughts
Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events
caused by environmental factors that injure
people and damage property. Earthquakes,
windstorms, floods, and disease all strike
anywhere on earth, often without warning.

A drought occurs when a region doesn't receive

enough rainfall which leads to a severe deficiency
in the water supply.

Wildfire
Floods

When an expanse of water overflows, it

submerges land and destroys everything that
gets in its way. This is a flood. Floods are usually
caused when the volume of water within a lake,
river, or other body of water exceeds the total
capacity of the body. Sometimes, the water level
rises and causes it to overflow its channel.

Tornadoes

In the United States, over 90% of wildfires are

caused when people leave campfires unattended,
discard cigarettes carelessly, etc., but longlasting lightning bolts can also start a fire in wild
lands.

Tsunami

Usually caused by a powerful earthquake,

underwater explosions, landslides, or volcanic
eruptions under the ocean floor, a tsunami is one
of the deadliest types of natural disasters and
can affect millions of people.

Volcanic Eruption

A volcano is formed when magma from the

earth's upper mantle moves to the surface. It
takes the form of a pool filled with molten rock. A
volcano erupts when pressure builds. This can
cause hot ash flows, lava flows, lateral blasts,
falling ash, and avalanches.

Hurricanes

thick under the oceans (oceanic crust) and about

25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under the
continents (continental crust).
The Mantle
The mantle is the layer located directly under the
sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800
miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot,
dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like
asphalt under a heavy weight.
Outer Core
The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot
metals. (4000 degrees F. to 9000 degrees F.)
The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are
all in the liquid state. The outer core is located
about 1800 miles beneath the crust and is about
1400 miles thick. The outer core is composed of
the melted metals nickel and iron.
Inner Core

Cyclones, tropical storms, typhoons, and

hurricanes describe the same disaster type.
Basically, these types of natural disasters refer to
a closed circulation system in the atmosphere
that consists of strong winds and low pressure.

Earthquakes

Earthquakes are one of those types of natural

disasters that strike without an early warning. An
earthquake is the result of the sudden break
within the upper crust of the earth, which may
also break the surface and lead to the vibration of
the ground.

The Earth's Layers

The Crust
The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is
very thin in comparison to the other three layers.
The crust is only about 3-5 miles (8 kilometers)

The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and

pressures so great that the metals are squeezed
together and are not able to move about like a
liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place as a
solid.

ENGLISH REVIEWER
A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT is
the adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows
a linking verb. The following verbs
are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be,
am, is, are, was, were, has been, are
being, might have been, become, and seem.
These true linking verbs are always linking verbs.
Ex. Brandon is a gifted athlete.
Brandon = subject; is = linking verb; athlete =
noun as subject complement.

A DIRECT OBJECT will follow a transitive

verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can
be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses.

Demonstrative adjectives point out pronouns and

nouns, and always come before the words they
are referring to.

Ex. Zippy and Maurice played soccer with a

grapefruit pulled from a backyard tree.

Examples:

Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb.

Zippy and Maurice played what? Soccer = direct
object.
LINKING VERBS do not express action.
Instead, they connect the subject of the verb to
additional information about the subject.
Ex. Keila is a shopaholic.
During the afternoon, my cats are content to
nap on the couch.

Examples:

I used to buy this kind of shirts.

When the old man tripped over that wire,

he dropped a whole bag of groceries.

4. Possessive Adjectives
Obviously, this kind of adjectives shows
ownership or possession. Aside from that,
possessive adjectives always come before the
noun.
Examples:

1. Descriptive Adjectives
Among the different kinds of adjectives,
descriptive adjectives are probably the most
common ones. They simply say something about
the quality or the kind of the noun or pronoun
theyre referring to.

I cant answer my seatwork because I

dont have a calculator.

Trisha sold his dog.

5. Interrogative Adjectives
Interrogative adjectives ask questions and are
always followed by a noun.

Erika is witty.

She is tired.

What movie are you watching?

Jakes reflexes are amazing.

Which plants should be placed over here?

Examples:

2. Adjectives of Number or Adjectives of

Quantity
Three (3) Genres of Literature
As the name suggests, this kind of adjective
answers the question, How many? or How
much?
Examples:

Twenty-one students failed the exam.

The plants need more water.

PROSE

Consists of those written within the common flow

of conversation in sentence and paragraphs.
Prose is a form of language which applies
ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow
of speech rather than rhythmic structure (as in
traditional poetry). It is commonly used, for
example:

3. Demonstrative Adjectives
-

NOVEL

This is long narrative divided into chapters. The

events are taken from to life storiesand spam
long period of time.
-

SHORT STORY

It is a narrative involving one or more characters,

one plot and one single impression.

Is Report of everyday events in society,

government, science and industry and accidents,
happening nationally or not.
-

ORATION

A formal treatment of a subject and is intended to

be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to
the will or to the emotions of the audience.
2

This is presented on stage, is divided into acts

and has many scenes.
-

LEGENDS

These are fictitious narratives, usually about

origins.
-

FABLES

These are also fictitious, they deal animals and

imitate things that speak and act like people, and
their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children
to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.
-

Poetry

PLAYS

ANECDOTES

Comes from the Greek poiesis with a broad

meaning of a "making", seen also in such terms
as "hemopoiesis"; more narrowly, the making of
poetry. It is refers to those expressions in verse,
with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has
a more melodious tone.
Two types of poetry:
- NARRATIVE POETRY - describes important
events in life real or imaginary.
- LYRIC POETRY - refers to that king of poetry
meant to be song to the accompaniment of a
lyre, but now this applies to any type of poetry
that expresses emotions and fillings of the poet.

A merely product of the writers imagination and

the main aim is to bring out lessons to the
readers and attitudes.

ESSAY

This is expresses the viewpoint of the writer

about a particular problem or event.
-

BIOGRAPHY

It is Deals with the life of a person, which may be

about himself, his autobiography or that of
others.
-

NEWS

Types of Narrative Poetry:

-

EPIC

An extended narrative about heroic exploits often

under supernatural control. It may deal with
heroes and gods.
-

METRICAL TALE

A Narrative, which is written in verse and can be

classified either as a ballad or as a metrical
romance.

BALADS

Of the narrative poems, this is the shortest and

simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a
single incident.

COMEDY

It is comes from the Greek komos meaning

festivity or revelry. This is usually light and
written with the purpose of amusing, and usually
has a happy ending.

Types of Lyric Poetry:

-

MELODRAMA

FOLKSONGS (AWIT NG BAYAN)

These are short poems intended to be sung. The

common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy,
hope and sorrow.

It is usually used in musical plays with opera. It

arouses immediate and intense emotions and is
usually sad but there is a happy ending for the
principal character.

SONNETS

A lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion,

a feeling of an idea.
-

ELEGY

This is a lyric poem, which express feelings of

grief and melancholy and whose theme is death.
-

ODE

A poem of noble feeling, expressed with dignity,

with no definite syllables or definite number of
lines in a stanza.
-

TRAGEDY

Involves the hero struggling mightily against

dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without
success and satisfaction obtained by the
protagonist in a comedy.
-

FARCE

Exaggerated comedy, situations are too

ridiculous to be true; and the characters seem to
be caricatures and the motives undignified and
absurd.

PSALM (DALIT)

It is a sound praising god or the Virgin Mary and

containing a philosophy of life.
-

AWIT (SONG)

Measures of a 12 (do decasyllabic) and slowly

sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or
Banduria.
-

CORRIDO

Genres of Fiction:

Have measure of eight (octosyllabic) and recited

to a martial beat.
3.) DRAMA
Drama is the theatrical dialogue performed on
stage, it consists of 5 acts.
Types of Drama:

Drama is the genre of literature thats

subject for compositions is dramatic art in the
way it is represented. This genre is stories
composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical
performance, where conflicts and emotion are
expressed through dialogue and action.

Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with

imagery that evokes an emotional response from
the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in
composition, written or spoken. This genre of
literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful,
imaginative, or elevated thoughts.

Fantasy is the forming of mental images

with strange or other worldly settings or
characters; fiction which invites suspension of
reality.

Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is

amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and
excitement which meant to entertain. This genre
of literature can actually be seen and contained
within all genres.

Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and

proverbs of a person of folk that was handed
down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of
literature that is widely held, but false and based
on unsubstantiated beliefs.

Historical Fiction is a story with fictional

characters and events in a historical setting.

Horror is an overwhelming and painful

feeling caused by literature that is frightfully
shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which
events evoke a feeling of dread in both the
characters and the reader.

A Tall Tale is a humorous story with

blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do
the impossible with an here of nonchalance.

A Fable is a story about supernatural or

extraordinary people usually in the form of
narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In
Fables, animals often speak as humans that are
legendary and supernatural tales.

Legend is a story that sometimes of a

national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but
also includes imaginative material.

Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of

folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about
fairies or other magical creatures, usually for
children.

Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals

with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of
secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains
unexplained or unknown.

Science Fiction is a story based on

impact of potential science, either actual or
imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of
literature that is set in the future or on other
planets.

Mythology is a type of legend or

traditional narrative. This is often based in part
on historical events, that reveals human behavior
and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often
pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of
myths, as that of a particular people or that
relating to a particular person.

Short Story is fiction of such briefness

that is not able to support any subplots.

Realistic Fiction is a story that can

actually happen and is true to real life.

Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot,

subplots, themes, with major and minor
characters. Fiction of verse is one of the genres of
literature in which the narrative is usually
presented in blank verse form.

Types of Pronouns

A Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a

sentence.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause

or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they,
we, and you. Ex: They went to the store.
-

Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns are often (but not always)

found at the beginning of a sentence. More
precisely, the subject of a sentence is the person
or thing that lives out the verb.
Ex: I owe that person $3,000. I am living out
that debt. is the subject pronoun.

Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some,

anything, and nobody.
Ex: Everyone is already here.

Relative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to connect a clause or

phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who,
whom, which, whoever, whomever,
whichever, and that.
Ex: The driver who ran the stop sign was
careless.
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Intensive Pronouns

These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or

pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself,
themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and
ourselves.

He and I had a fight. This sentence has two

subjects because he and I were both involved in
the fight.

Ex: He himself is his worst critic.

- Object Pronouns

There are five demonstrative pronouns: these,

those, this, that, and such. They focus attention
on the nouns that are replacing.

By contrast, objects and object pronouns indicate

the recipient of an action or motion. They come
after verbs and prepositions (to, with, for, at, on,
beside, under, around, etc.).
Ex: The guy I borrowed money from showed me a
crowbar and told me to pay him immediately.
-

Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns do not point to any particular

nouns, but refer to things or people in general.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Ex: Such was his understanding. Those are

totally awesome.
-

Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to begin a

question: who, whom, which, what, whoever,
whomever, whichever, and whatever.
Ex: Who will you bring to the party?