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Assignments for One Year MBA

Semester - 2

SUBJECTS
1.
2.
3.
4.

International Law
Strategic Management
Business English
Management Information System

SUBMITTED TO
COURSE COORDINATOR

SUBMITTED BY
SIJU MATHEW
ROLL NO: N14NOV/326
ENROLLMENT NO: MBA1/MAY14N/5028F
CHALUMKARAYIL HOUSE,
VENMONY P O, IDUKKI
MOBILE: +919539136992, +919961034541

MBA SECOND SEMESTER

ROLL NO: N14NOV/326
ASSIGNMENT-01
SUBJECT: International Law
1.

International Law

What are your perceptions on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Would you
like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration?
Introduction
Human beings are essential part of the universe, each and
every persons right to be protected, very one is created with different kind of character
and ego, hence more often one will not compromise to another, there occurs the trouble it
is just like the survival of the fittest so each one will fight for their own existence,
especially in the present world. Human right violations was happening previously in
between the countries but now it started within the countries itself. So it is very essential
to create a particular and powerful agency to monitor all the human right violations and
guard human being.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a
declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at
the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the
Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human
beings are inherently entitled.
During World War II, the Allies adopted the Four Freedomsfreedom of
speech, freedom of religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from wantas their basic
war aims. The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and
dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member states to promote
"universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion".
The Declaration was commissioned in 1946 and was drafted over
two years by the Commission on Human Rights. The Commission consisted of 18
members from various nationalities and political backgrounds. The Universal Declaration
of Human Rights Drafting Committee was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, who was known
for her human rights advocacy.
Canadian John Peters Humphrey was called upon by the United
Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal
drafter. At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human
Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. The Commission on Human Rights, a
standing body of the United Nations, was constituted to undertake the work of preparing
what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights. The membership of the
Commission was designed to be broadly representative of the global community, served
by representatives from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Byelorussian Soviet
Socialist Republic, Chile, Republic of China, Egypt, France, India, Iran, Lebanon,
Panama, Philippines, United Kingdom, United States, Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia. Well-known members of the Commission included

Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who was the Chairperson), Ren Cassin of
France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, P. C. Chang of the Republic of China, and Hansa
Mehta of India. Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the
Commission.

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On 10 December 1948, the Universal Declaration was

adopted by the General Assembly by a vote of 48 in favor, none against, and eight
abstentions (the Soviet Union, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, People's Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, People's Republic of Poland, Union of South Africa,
Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Honduras and Yemenboth
members of UN at the timefailed to vote or abstain. South Africa's position can be seen
as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid, which clearly violated any number of
articles in the Declaration. The Saudi Arabian delegation's abstention was prompted
primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has
the right "to change his religion or belief"; and Article 16, on equal marriage rights. The
six communist nations abstentions centered around the view that the Declaration did not
go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism. Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the
abstention of the Soviet bloc nations to Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to
leave their countries.
The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was
introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by Ren Cassin. Cassin worked from
a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey. The structure was influenced
by the Code Napolon, including a preamble and introductory general principles. Cassin
compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four
columns, and a pediment. Articles 1 and 2 are the foundation blocks, with their principles
of dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood. The seven paragraphs of the preamble
setting out the reasons for the Declarationrepresent the steps. The main body of the
Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 311) constitutes rights of
the individual such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. Articles 6 through 11
refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their
defense when violated. The second column (articles 1217) constitutes the rights of the
individual in civil and political society (including such things as Freedom of movement).
The third column (articles 1821) is concerned with spiritual, public, and political
freedoms such as freedom of association, thought, conscience, and religion. The fourth
column (articles 2227) sets out social, economic, and cultural rights. In Cassin's model,
the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure
together. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the
prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations
Organization.
The adoption of the Universal Declaration is a significant
international commemoration marked each year on 10 December, and is known as
Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed
by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments,
governments, and the United Nations. Decadal commemorations are often accompanied
by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights. 2008 marked
the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities
around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us".

The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of

notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it "an
international document of the first order of importance", while Eleanor Rooseveltfirst
chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration
stated that it "may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere. In
a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration "one of the
highest expressions of the human conscience of our time". In a statement on 10
December 2003 on behalf of the European Union, Marcello Spat fora said that the
Declaration "placed human rights at the center of the framework of principles and
obligations shaping relations within the international community."

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However, in 1948, Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on

the Declaration, claiming that it violated Sharia law. Pakistanwhich had signed the
declarationdisagreed and critiqued the Saudi position. In 1982, the Iranian
representative to the United Nations, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, said that the Declaration
was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition" which could not be
implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia. On 30 June 2000, members of the
Organization of the Islamic Conference (now the Organization of Islamic Cooperation)
officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, an
alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in
accordance with the Islamic Sharias", without any discrimination on grounds of "race,
color, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other
considerations". Turkeya secular statesigned the Declaration in 1948.
A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns
with the Declaration's alleged Western bias. These include Irene Oh, Abdul-Aziz
Seceding, Riff at Hassan, and Faisal Kitty. Hassan has argued: What needs to be pointed
out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or
sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the
Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the "universality" of the assumptions
on which it is based is at the very least problematic and subject to questioning.
Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and
religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an
unbiased way.
Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the
perspective of comparative (descriptive) ethics. Kutty writes: "A strong argument can be
made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural
structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to
acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative
conceptions of human rights."[35] On the other hand, others[who?] have written that
some of these "cultural arguments" can go so far as to undermine the very nature of
human freedom and choice, the protection of which is the purpose of the UN declaration.
For example, typical versions of Sharia law forbid Muslims from leaving Islam under the
penalty of capital punishment. Islamic legal scholar Faisal Kutty argues that existing
blasphemy laws in Muslim countries are actually un-Islamic and are a legacy of colonial
rule.[36] Mohsen Haredy, an Islamic scholar, states that Muslim countries have their own
views of Sharia and blasphemies are the internal issues of those countries.
Ironically, a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014 are
among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs, played an invaluable role
in the creation of the Declaration, with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been
strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to selfdetermination.
"The Right to Refuse to Kill

Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have

advocated for "The Right to Refuse to Kill" to be added to the Universal Declaration. War
Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military
service is primarily derived frombut not yet explicit inArticle 18 of the UDHR: the right
to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right
more explicit, but to date (2015) those steps have been limited to less significant
United Nations documents. Sean MacBrideAssistant Secretary-General of the United
Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureatehas said: "To the rights enshrined in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is
'The Right to Refuse to Kill'

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Bangkok Declaration
During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held
in 1993, ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, reaffirming their
governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their view of the interdependence
and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality, objectivity, and
non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the
principles of sovereignty and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis on economic,
social, and cultural rightsin particular, the right to economic development over civil and
political rights. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of
the Asian values perspective, which offers an extended critique of human rights
universalism.
International Federation for Human Rights
The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) is nonpartisan,
nonsectarian, and independent of any government, and its core mandate is to promote
respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
Amnesty International.
In 1988, director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators,
musicians, and producers created a 20-minute video for Amnesty International to
celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration. The video was to bring to life
the Declaration's 30 articles.
Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th
anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the "Fire Up!"
event.
Unitarian Universalist Service Committee.
The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC) is a non-profit,
nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of
Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It works to
provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world.
Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee
The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service
Committee work on many human rights issues, including improving education on the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have developed a Curriculum to help
introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
American Library Association.

In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed

Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Along with Article 19, Article
18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and
the Library Bill of Rights.[50] Censorship, the invasion of privacy, and interference of
opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA.
When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became apparent after
the war, the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter
did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred. A universal declaration that
specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter's provisions
on human rights.

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The Declaration consists of thirty articles which have been

elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments,
national constitutions, and other laws. The International Bill of Human Rights consists of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966, the General Assembly adopted the two detailed
Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights. In 1976, after the
Covenants had been ratified by a sufficient number of individual nations, the Bill took on
the force of international law.
International human rights law is the body of international law
designed to promote and protect human rights at the international, regional, and
domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily
made up of treaties, agreements between states intended to have binding legal effect
between the parties that have agreed to them; and customary international law, rules of
law derived from the consistent conduct of states acting out of the belief that the law
required them to act that way.Other international human rights instruments while not
legally binding contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of
international human rights law and have been recognized as a source of political
obligation.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is generally agreed to be the
foundation of international human rights law. Adopted in 1948, the UDHR has inspired a
rich body of legally binding international human rights treaties. It continues to be an
inspiration to us all whether in addressing injustices, in times of conflicts, in societies
suffering repression, and in our efforts towards achieving universal enjoyment of human
rights.
It represents the universal recognition that basic rights and fundamental
freedoms are inherent to all human beings, inalienable and equally applicable to
everyone, and that every one of us is born free and equal in dignity and rights. Whatever
our nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, color, religion,
language, or any other status, the international community on December 10 1948 made a
commitment to upholding dignity and justice for all of us.
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no
distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status
of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave TRADE shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.

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Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection
of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts
violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him.
Article 11.
Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until
proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees
necessary for his defense. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of
any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or
international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be
imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or
correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to
the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13.
Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each
State. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his
country.
Article 14.
Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from

nonpolitical crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
Article 15.
Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16.
Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion,
have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to
marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with
the free and full consent of the intending spouses. The family is the natural and
fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17.
Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

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Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with
others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice,
worship and observance.
Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom
to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20.
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
Article 21.
Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through
freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in
his country. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this
will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and
equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedure
Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with
the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights
indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23.
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable
conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any
discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the
right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence
worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social
protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his
interests.
Article 24.

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working
hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of
himself and of his family, including food, clothing, and housing and medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment,
sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances
beyond his control.Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance.
All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary
and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and
professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be
equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Education shall be directed to the full
development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and
friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of
the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Parents have a prior right to choose the
kind of education that shall be given to their children.

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Article 27.
Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy
the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. Everyone has the right to
the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or
artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms
set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.
Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his
personality is possible. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be
subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of
securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of
meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a
democratic society. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to
the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person
any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of
the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

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SUBJECT: Strategic Management.

2. Strategic Management
Select an appropriate generic strategy to position your printing
business unit in its competitive environment (map the environment primarily as a pattern
of competitive pressures from rivals, suppliers, buyers, entrants and substitutes).
Introduction

its not how many hours you work nor is it how many hurdles
you must overcome, rather business is about getting from point a to point b in the
quickest manner possible while maintaining product quality and healthy margin,
often, when starting a business, entrepreneurs think too much about small,
unimportant details. Since time is our most valuable asset, this carries a high
opportunity cost.
As a matter of fact, a business can be up and running in a much more timely manner
than most think. Here are 7 steps to get you there:

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1. Determine your offering and market demand entrepreneurship is not about
hitting a home run; trying to create the next big thing has a very poor risk / return
rate. Instead of long shot, pick a job. Think, what do you want to do for a career?
Determine what you want to sell based on what youre passionate about rather than
what you think will make money If you love what you do, youll find ways to monetize
it. Conversely, if you chase money, youll end up unhappy and worn-out.
2. Determine your pricing If youre a newcomer, dont be afraid to price yourself
under market. You could always raise your pricing in the future, but when youre
green youre a risk to a client so give them some motivation to use your services.
The most profitable businesses that exist today (Walmart, Costco, Amazon) all
compete on price while maintaining quality. When I started recruiting, I would
severely uncut other staffing companies. At first, worry about living expenses and
getting through the first few months and obtaining those initial clients. Once you get
some work under your belt, become more concerned with how much you can charge.
3. Determine how long it is going to take to make your 1st sale If it is going to take
6 months to initiate a sale, have a years worth of income to live off of. When it comes
to budgeting, always play it cautious as shortage of money and chasing after
unrealistic goals will lead to significant stress which hurts performance.
4. Determine your differentiators -Besides price, how does your product or service
differ from competitors? The nice thing is in a service based business, if you learn
how to sell and become an expert at what you do, you can be the differentiator. Ive
come to realize that in any service based business, self-assurance and trusting ones
intuition is a differentiator in of itself. In time, youll learn what aspects of the product
or service are important and secondary to the client. Until then, think price and
quality.
5. Determine marketing (figure out how to get leads) Make it simple and put up a
website. Read about PPC and SEO. If youre selling business to business services,

social media will help your search engine efforts, however youre not going to be
directly making money off of it.
There are some great blogs to get you started on the topic.
6. Learn how to sell The best salesmen / saleswomen dont sell. Instead, selling
can be broken down into two different parts:
a. Listening Too often, sales professionals think about what they are going to say
next rather than focus on what the other individual is saying. Ive come to learn that
keeping your mouth shut and ears open is about 70% of sales.
b. Knowing what youre talking about Running a recruiting FIRM, Ive learned the
difference between the average and wealthy sales professional or entrepreneur is
that they can create realistic expectations for the client through gaining the clients
trust via your expertise.
The entrepreneurs who Yes to death end up letting their clients expectations get
out of whack and, in turn create a relationship where only arguments, not money
exchange hands.
c. Learn how to execute the steps needed to take project to completion Finally, put
a set, organized process in place to take the service or product from start to finish in
a predictable manner that yielding the desired results.

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The Entrepreneurial Process

An entrepreneur must find, evaluate and develop an
opportunity by overcoming the forces that resist the creation of something new. The
process has four distinct phases.
Identify and evaluate the opportunity
Development of the business plan
Determination of the required resource
Management of the resulting enterprise
Identify and Evaluate the Opportunity
Identify the Opportunity
1. Consumers and business associates
2. Members of distribution channels
3. Technical people
Evaluate the Opportunity
Creation and length of opportunity
1. Have to understand the cause of opportunity (technological
change, market shift, Govt. regulation, competition)

2. Time period available for creating the new venture

Real and Perceived Value of Opportunity
Risk and Return of Opportunity
Opportunity verses Personal Skills and Goals
Competitive Situation
Development of the Business Plan
A good business plan is not only important in developing the opportunity but also
essential in determining the resources required, obtaining those resources and
successfully managing the resulting venture.

Determination of the Required Resource

Existing Resources of Entrepreneur
1. Critical resources must be distinguished from the helpful one.
2. Care must be taken not to underestimate the amount and variety of
resources needed.

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3. The risks associated with insufficient or inappropriate resource should
also be considered.
Resource Gap and Available Supplies
1. Acquiring the needed resources in a timely manner while giving up as
little control as possible.
2. Alternative suppliers of those resources along with their needs and
desires must be identified
Access to Needed Resources
1. Structure a deal that enables the resources to be acquired at the lowest
possible cost and the least cost control.
Management of the Resulting Enterprise
Management Style
Key variable for Success
Identification of Problems and Potential Problems
Implementation of Control System.
To Get a Successful Starting (Business Success) following things has to be followed
Financial Records
Experience
Condition of the business (if purchased)
Competition
Inventory Management

Demography
Stages of Action for Starting a Small Business
Selection of Industry
Arrangement for know how
Selection of location and acquisition of premises
Entire Economic Variability including Marketing and Pricing Strategy, Financing,
Staffing etc. should be worked out at this stage implementation comes at later
stages
Prepare a Project Report
Apply to financial institutions for assistance for fixed assets and working capital
inclusive of export finance if warranted.
Apply for NOC and permission
Recruit Staffs
Apply for quota of raw materials
Apply for power connection
Procurement of raw materials
Connect Machinery

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SUBJECT: Business English
3. Business English
Write a letter to the Chief Election Commissioner, expressing your views on the
disqualification of party candidates exempted from fighting elections. Express your views
on the moral code of the candidates. How criminals or other offenders can be kept out of
the pulling fray. What should be done to amend the laws on this by the parliament? (Your
letter will belong to which category of communication

To,

Date: 25/05/15
The Chief Election Commissioner,
New Delhi, India,

Sub: Letter to disqualify the Candidate from participating in the upcoming election
Reference: Name of the Candidate: Mr. Robert Richard, Constituency: Delhi North
Respected sir,

I would like to bring your kind attention on the above said

matter that, kindly make the above mentioned candidate ineligible for contesting in
upcoming election as a candidate, I have strong objections against him and it is not
an allegation or propaganda . I here by submitting the solid proof, his mode of
conduct listed below here.
1. The first and prime accusation against him is, he is not belongs to this
constituency.
Since he is not the right person of this particular constituency, he is not aware
of about the cultural and geographical situation of the constituency, so it may
hinder him to reach to the people and places where the development have
not reached
2.

He is the candidate who gave bribe to get this constituency seat.

With his money power he had influenced the political party leaders and party
members in order to gain this party seat, so that his first intention is to retain
the money if he win.

3. He had distributed gift and money to the poor people for vote
The main allegations is he and his followers were distributing the money and
gift during the election campaign

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4. False stamen about his property and other financial sources

While submitting the nomination he had submitted the false statement about
his personal properties and financial sources, he had lot of other illegal
business like money laundering and other financial sources.
5.

Have the criminal records

He had been accused of a political criminal case and still he is suspected of
the another political leader murder case

6. Financial Allegation
He was working as president of the cooperative society in the constituency,
there lot of financial mishandling were happened so that the society had gone
to the loss, and he imported some the machineries which were easily
available in local market. And used the government and other NGO grant
were used for some other personal purpose like world tour and other
unnecessary study tour

In order to avoid such false and corrupted leaders election commission has to be
more rigid and strong to protect the poor people rights, there should be particular
agency to inquire about the candidate who is going to participate in the election,
Hopefully looking forward for your kind consideration on this matter

s/d
Yours faithfully
Naik , Delhi North

NB: all the supporting document and witness statements are attached here with

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SUBJECT: Management Information System
4. Management Information systems
How will you plan a Management Information System in marketing
information system taking into account the actions of antecedents or consequences of
consumers, competitors, employers, institutions, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers, govt.
bodies and NGOs(Note you must also take into account the physical, technological,
economic factors, beside legal and social taboos) (Take an example of your choice).

Definition of Management Information System

Management Information System can be defined as a formal
method of collecting timely information in a presentable form.in order to facilitate
effective decision making and implementation, in order to carry out organizational
operations for the purpose of achieving the organizational goal. A management
information system is a system design to provide selected decision orientation
information needed by management plan, control and evaluate the activities of the
corporation. It is designed within the frame work that emphasizes profit, planning,
performance planning and control at all levels. It complements the ultimate

integration of required business information sub system both financial within the
company.
According to Philip kolter- A marketing information system consist of
people, equipment and procedures together, sort, analyses, evaluate and distribute
the needed timely and accurate information and marketing decision makers.
Professor Allen S. Lee states that research in the information system
field examines more than the technological system, or just the social system or even
the two side by side in addition it investigates the phenomena that emerge when the
two interact.
An information system can be any organized combination of people,
hardware, software, communication network and data resources that collects,
transforms and disseminates information in an organization.
Purpose of Management Information System
Information processing is a major social activity. A significant part
of an individuals working and personal time is spent in recording, searching for, and
absorbing information, as much as 80% of a typical executives time is spent on
processing and communication information. Their duties involve the production and
use of information outputs documents, reports, analysis, plans, etc.
The system provides information on past, present, and project
future and on relevant events inside and outside the organization in the society. it
may be define as planned and integrated system for gathering relevant data,
converting it in to right time. The main purpose of Management information systems
is to provide the right and correct information to the right people at right time.
Another important purpose of management information systems is
that it is needed by all business organization because of increased complexity and
rate of change of todays business environment for example marketing manager
needs information about sales performance and trends financial manager needs

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Information on returns, production manager needs information analyzing resources
requirement and workers productivity and personnel manager needs information
analyzing resources requirements and workers productivity and personnel manager
needs information concerning employee compensation and professional
development. Thus effective managers with the specific marketing, financial,
production and personnel information, and products they require to support their
decision making responsibilities.
Management Information system concept is a vital to effective computer use in
business of two or major reason:
1- It serves as a system framework for organizing business computer applications.
Business application of computer should be viewed as interrelated and integrated
computer based information system and not as independent data processing job.

2- It emphasized the management orientation of electronics information processing in

business the primary goal of computer based information should be the processing of
data generated by business operations.
Advantages of Management Information System
1. Management Information System helps the managers to make planning and
control decision.
2. Facilitated planning- management Information systems improves the quality of
plants by providing relevant information for sound decision making due to increase in
size and complexity of organization managers have lost personal contact with the
scenes of operations.
3. Minimize information overload- Management information system changes the
larger amount of data into summarized form and thereby avoids the confusion which
may arise when manager are flooded with detailed facts.
4. Bring coordination- Management information systems facilities integration of
specialized activities by keeping each department aware of the problem and
requirement of their department. It connect all decision centers in the organization.
5. Make control easier-it serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It
improves the ability of management to evaluate and improve performance. The use
of computers has increased the data processing and storage capability and reduces
the cost.
6. Management information System assembles, processes. Stores, retire, evaluate,
and disseminate the information.
7. It insure that appropriate data is collected from the various sources, processed,
and sent further to all the needy destinations.
8. Management Information system helps in strategic planning, management control,
operational control and transaction processing.
9. It helps the clerical personnel in the transaction processing and answer their
queries on the data pertaining to the transaction the status of a particular record and
reference on a variety of documents.

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Objectives of Management Information System
1. Management information system main objective is to attain the transaction
processing of data of an organization effectively. Transaction processing is applied in
conversion and analysis of raw data.
2. Management information system is the management of marketing, fianc,
production, and the personnel becomes better trained which result in his efficiency.
3. Management information system is in making the forecasting and long term
prospective planning more effective.
4. It tries to create a structured database in knowledge base for all the people in the
organization.
Characteristics of Management Information System

Management Information System and top management - Management Information

System is a comprehensive and coordinated set of information subsystems which are
rationally integrated and which transform data information in a variety of a ways to
enhance productivity in conformity with the managers style and characteristics on
the basis of established quality.
1. Management oriented - the system is designed from top to bottom. This does not
mean that the system will be geared to providing information directly to top
management rather it means that the system development starts from an appraisal of
management needs and overall business objectives it is possible that top
management is the focus of the system such as their needs cornerstone on which
the system is built for example- a marketing information system basic sales order
processing the shipment of goods to the customers and the billing of the goods are
fundamental operation control activities. however if the system is designed properly
this transaction information can be traced by salesman, sales territory, size of order,
geography and product line furthermore if designed with strategic management
needs in mind external competition market and economic data can be created to give
a picture of how well the companys product are faring in their marketing environment
and to serve as a basic of new product or marketplace introduction the initial
application can be geared to the operational and management control areas but in
such a way as not preclude its integration into a strategic planning subsystem for
upper management.
2. Management directed - because of the Management Information System it is
imperative that management actively directs the system development efforts to
determine what information is necessary to improve its control of operation it is rare
to find an Management Information System where the manager himself or a high
level representative of his department is not spending a good deal of time in system
design it not a non-time involvement for continued review and participation are
necessary to ensure that the implemented system meets the specification of the
system that designed therefore management is responsible for setting system
specification and it must play a major role in subsequent trade off decision that
inevitably occur in system development. An important element of effective system
planning is the process for determining the priority of application development.
Management must control this process if a management information system is the
objectives.

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A company without a formal application approval cycle and a management steering
to determine priorities will never develop a management information system.
3. Integrated - integration is significant because of the ability to produce more
meaningful management information for example in order to develop an effective
production scheduling system we must balance such factors as:
A. Set up cost.
B. Work force.
C. Overtime rates.
D. Production capacity.
E. Capital requirement
D. Customer service.

4. Common data flows - Because of the integration concept of Management

Information System there is an opportunity to avoid duplication and redundancy in
data gathering storage and dissemination for example customer orders are the basic
for billing the customer for goods ordered setting up the ACCOUNTS receivable
initiating production activity sales analysis sales forecasting and so on it is prudent to
capture this data closest to the source where the event occur and use it throughout
the functional area it is also prudent to capture it once and thus avoid the duplicate
entry of sources data into several system.
5. Heavy planning elements - Management Information System do not occur
overnight they take from three to five years and longer to get established firmly within
a company a heavy planning element must be present in Management Information
System development the Management Information System designer must have the
future objectives and needs of the company firmly in mind. The designer must avoid
the possibility of system obsolescence before the system planning is an essential
ingredient to successfully the Management Information System provides meaningful
direction towards which one strives.
6. Sub-system concept - In tackling a project as broad and complex in scope as a
management information system, one just avoid losing sight both the forest and the
trees. Even though the system is viewed as a single entity, it must be broken down
into digestible sub-system that can be implemented one at a time. The breakdown of
management information system into meaningful subsystems set the stage for
prioritized implementation. The subsystem analysis is essential for applying
boundaries to the problem, thus enabling the designer to focus on manageable
entities that can be assigned and computerized by selected system and
programming team.
7. Flexibility and ease of use - Despite a careful analysis of the future management
information needs it is impossible to predict what is desire there to five year hence.
This is true in most industries and especially in industries with rapid change patterns,
it is nave to think that if anyone possesses the omniscience to predict the future with
this aa a premise, the next best thing an management information system developer
can do is to build in the flexibility to incorporate as many manufacture nuances as
possible.

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8. Data base - The data is the mortar that holds the functional system together each
system requires access to a master file or data covering inventory, personnel,
vendors, customers, general ledger, and work in progress and so on. If the data is
stored efficiently and with common usages in mind one master file can provide the
data needed by any of the functional system. It seems logical to gather data once,
properly validate it and place it on a central storage medium that can be accessed by
any system. However it is not unusual to find a company with multiple data files, one
serving one functional system and another serving another system.
9. Distributed data processing - The majority of the companies implementing
management information system have a geographic network of sale office,
distribution channel, manufacturing plants, division ,subdivision and so on some of

these entities are operated in a completely independent fashion and therefore may
not be part of the integrated Management Information System more often than not,
the remote site to have the connection with each other and with a host of operation in
order to create a effective with geographical boundaries some form of distributed
data processing is necessary. Distributed data processing can be thought of as the
delivery system, placing information in the hands of those who need it when they
need it.
10. Information as a resource - Providing the entire organization must be a concept
that information is a valuable resource particularly in the management control and
strategic planning areas must be properly managed. This is a subtle but important
change in thinking. It was a common in the past to view the data processing.
Models/ Types of Management Information Systems
1. Accounting management information systems - All levels of accounting managers
share all accounting reports.
2. Financial management information systems - It provide financial information to all
financial managers within an organization include the chief financial officer. The chief
financial officer. The chief financial officer analyzes historical and current financial
activity.
3. Manufacturing management information systems - More than any functional area
great advance in technology have impacted operations, as a result manufacturing
operations have changed. For instance, inventories are provided just in time so that
great amounts of money are not spent for warehousing huge inventories in some
instance raw material are even proceeds on rail load cars waiting to be sent directly
to the factory thus there is no need for warehousing.
4. Marketing Management Information System - A marketing Management
Information System support managerial activity in the area of product development,
distribution, pricing decision, promotional effectiveness and sales forecasting more
than any other functional area.
5. Human resource management information system - It concern with activity related
workers, managers and other individual employed by an organization because the
personnel function relates to all other areas in business the human resource
management information system playa a valuable role in ensuring organization

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System include work-force analysis and planning, hiring, training, and job
assignment.
6. Structure of management information system - The management information
system has been described in terms of support for decision making management
activity and organization functions.
7. Conceptual structure - The conceptual structure of a management information
system is defined as a federation of functional subsystem each of which is divided
into four major information processing components transaction processing,
operational control information system support, managerial control information

system, managerial control information system and strategic planning information

system which has some unique data files which are used by only that sub system.
8. Physical structure - The physical structure of an Management Information System
would be identical to the conceptual structure of all applications consisting of
completely separate programs used by only one function but this is frequently not the
case substantial information can be achieved from
1 - Integrated processing
2 - Use of common modules
Integrated processing is achieved by designing several related applications as a
single system in order to simplify the interconnection and reduce the duplication of
input. A good example is an order entry system. The recording of an order initiates a
sequence of processing. Each step using new data but also most of the data from
prior processing. In other words, an integrated order entry system crosses functional
boundaries.
Management Information System Planning, Controlling and Limitations
Planning - The top level management is mainly concerned with strategic planning for
example the strategic planning activities of top management involve future interaction
between the organization and its external Environment.
Computational support for planning:
1. An Analysis of historical data to obtain relationship useful for projection.
2. Various projection and forecasting techniques to estimate future value.
4. Computations internal to the plan and computation required for outputs.
5. Output of the results in a meaningful planning format.
Historical data analysis techniques
Historical data analyzed to discover pattern or relation that will be useful in projecting
the future value of significance variables. Even when the quantitative relations are
not sufficiently stable to use in forecasting data analysis is useful for input into the
judgmental forecast.

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Historical extrapolation techniques
Historical data describes the past planning that involve the future estimating is
generally based on analysis of past history combined with various technique to
generate data for planning purposes.
Financial planning computation
Models that involve financial plan need to provide for various computation and
analyses commonly required for measuring or evaluating profitability example are

depreciation computation rate of return analysis and break even analysis.

Depreciation is a significant computation in most financial planning it affect profit
computation because it is an expense and it effect cash flow because of its impact on
taxes. There are several methods for computing deprecation all of which should be
available to the planner. These methods are straight line double declining balance
sum of the year digits and production or use basis.
Controlling - At the middle level management, information is management control.
Middle level managers such as departmental heads are concerned with the current
and future performance of their units. Therefore they need aggregate information on
the sales, profit etc. Of their units such information is available from both within the
organization as well as outside the organization, for example, financial data for
budgets and ratio analysis are available from the companys records. However
market data can be collected through special surveys and reports from outside the
organization. Top level managers also require management control information. But
these information must be more detailed narrower in scope and more accurate than
information required for strategic planning. It should also generate at more frequent
because the time horizon of decision is shorter.
At the supervisory level of management operational control is exercised production
scheduling, cost and credit control, etc. are examples of operational control.
Therefore a detailed report on a daily and weekly basis is required, inventory report,
operating cost, production rate, etc. are examples of such information. Such
information available from within the organization.
The control feedback loop is basic to system design. The computer can improve the
control process in several ways:
1. The standard can be complex. Computational simplifications are not necessary.
2. The computation of deviation and identification of cause can be more
sophisticated.
3. Reporting with computers can use irregular time interval which is very difficult with
manual processing and can be done more frequently.

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Limitation
1. Aggression - The people may hit back at the system and may even sabotage it by
using equipment incorrectly by putting incomplete information into the system or buy
actual destruction of hardware or software.
2. Projection - It is a psychological mechanism of blaming difficulties on someone or
something else. When employees blame the Management Information System for

problems caused by human error or other factors unrelated to the system, projection
is taking place.
3. Avoidance - It occurs when individuals defend themselves by withdrawing from or
avoiding a frustrating situation. Managers may avoid the system by ignoring its
output, in favor of their own information sources.
Management Information System Planning - Management Information System
general business planning initiates from the following concepts:
1. Mission of the corporate.
2. Objectives and goals for the corporate in all key performance areas. These are in
line with the mission of the corporate.
3. Strategic planning for general approach on how to achieve long term objectives.
4. Operational planning for specific guideline on how to transverse short term
milestones.

(END)