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BS 6399-2 Wind Loading
BS 6399-2 Wind Loading
Welcome
IP51S0LUTIONS
Thank you and welcome to 'BS6399-2 Wind Loading - Practical Design, an IStructE
seminar presented by Alasdair N Beal.
Alasdair N Beal BSc CEng MICE FIStructE is a Member of Thomasons LLP Consulting Civil
& Structural Engineers, Leeds. He has over 30 years experience in practical engineering
design. He has written papers about various aspects of codes of practice and design including
'A Bit Windy? - BS6399-2 in practice' (The Structural Engineer 16th Nov 2004). He has also
served on IStructE committees producing design guidance for reinforced concrete structures
and retaining walls.
Thomasons
Consulting Civil &
Structural Engineers
and Building
Surveyors
12 United Business
Park,
BS6399-2
DESIGN FOR
WIND LOADS
Afasd,.air N. Be-at
BSc CEn"gl MICE FIStructE
Thomasons LlP Consulting Civil & StructuraI Engineers, Leeds
Tholll850nS
The consequences of
getting it wrong can
be serious.
CODE OF PRACTICE
. . _... . 'If:;rt>r
......~
[O~~
IID'1'ft1JlE11 1_
CP3:
V2:
~JV
.~fMo.lqM
~
, A
';01iom.!
.1\
(~odp.of
RS4J!99.2i
1997
BllmSRSTJ\NDAKD
1:,
~ J, h"'; 50
e..m..-J..... lI.Io.l
CanwNd..."J
NPn~ h,..ftMt
design of buildings -
I
I
fOT
wind loads
Chapter V: l.oading-
""'-_.61
.....,
COI'IUIU_"~.""".~U1If
.a
.
"'Si
.
British' Stlfld8rds
,Ohet
~'n(J(e,;;;)s.<uL
VJI"i. ~~
6~.sfG)
'" 5pee..cL ~ s
b~...se..dJ oh Q)
.-0 _ _ '
5/'0'1':"[:6'0-,:1;
-r,c>'fh~
;;i..
h0> pp~~ VI
o~
&...~~
Yes
...
_--- ..
.._
_ !i
~s-....
....
'4-~~! f~ -~c: ,;~ ; :~; : ~.; ~ efI~-z-=-~=~=;r=~=- ~=~d=-~=- -=~=- - "'' -11
;-_n-l
,__ _______L __
.
DlrliCtiona, pressure coeffiCients Cp
1
3.4.2 1
;,; (303)
_._.~L
~:
}.'i
-"
3>
} 014 ~
ALI':TlJd~ ~L pas;~tthn
lf2e>T CD()h~ ~
heW et>Je,
eoJe,
~~
Ht\!
JF
r"
_..
",.,,(1
~._.<+-----~-
"':<'-~~\~
~~
"iiL
:j.lf
f:':-~~1
'~;',\II
{liF,
i:\~
\;Pi'/~
v. =lIi. )( Sa
S. )C
s. x S.
<J
where
1\
S.
S.
S.
oS,
S. = 1 + 0.00148
when
ds
"I,
)C
2.2.2.
NB CP3-V wind
factored up to give
design.
If topography is
summits of ridges or
6 pages of guidance to
be followed.
....
Sa = 1 + O.OOU\S
WMre
..............
~t..,...,
~u.
"'p,.l-
\\~lftmt.,
10 F'~rC) p
hf\:
ReLwcS> 'nt"
is. ~Jocatioafactar.
~---
_.~
~"t/50eth.'w''&- --.I}n~?n
UK
Ih
1.2.2.3 mNetio,,'_ctor
'J.1ae.4inmcm fact.or S. ~ he lIIICKl to aG;lJIt the huic wiDd apeed to prochce wiDd apeeda witll the same
liB af__ aceedeiiD uqr wiDi dinc6oll. Va!u.es aTe Ii'NIl in Taw., 3 for aD. wiJul di.reetiaDa iD. 3Cf
iatervaJs (where tlse1ViDd iirectiaD.ia tIefiaedia tM 0CJI'lWIlti0M11IUlJII*': aaeMt wiDd.is a wiJul clinctiou
= go- IIJli bJowafromtheeuttothe aite). JfdleOl'ierJt8tioD ofthelnWdtncis 'tIDbowa or iporecl the
val. of tile cIirectionactor should_ takeJl.. = 1.00 or all ~
of.,
s,
widt~r.t:adtUtUW a
_ ....... Ol'tU
Dtrfttl...
I.
iliA
M. . . ..,.:
Dinedoa t'acQr S.
mq
0Iler'0QS
45e.>lch
'1f
However it can be
useful sometimes - e.g.
to reduce design wind
pressures for a building
near the east coast. It
can also be useful for
internal pressures from
a dominant opening
(see later).
DV
~~OYdY~ \x.IoY~'--1
GPO.'
'IoIcIIatM
JaIl
O.Be
F_
0.83
0.82
.Mu
1_
2 .....
,0.88
a.-to
0.11
d1U
0.62
10."11
AuK
0.71
0.82
0.85
0,95
JaIl
0.98
O.Wl
[FM
0.83
0.82
I~
Mal"
.~
U~J6
Mv
O.BS
,1. .
4hll
0 .86
Aa.
0.90
0.96
Sep
1.00
Del
New
Dec
1.00
1.00
IU)Q
IJIUl
Felt
0.88
WUIrIl'
year.
Felt
0.83
0.13
0.89
0.83
0.88
OJJ4
IIbr
0.87
0.82
Oci\
.I_
0.98
0.6'1
New
IDee
JI1IDIatIg
0.75
0.
O.te
hp
o.
10,W
J1la
Uq
JIoIlths
----,
........
fI&1'
to
J'IMN
...
'-J-l ~
." -I
~HL- ~h" t:lDII ~Set\Sibl;
pYeSSV~ fV"l
bU\2dth~
feY'
~e.>
BS 63~
rYllvsT be-
~v
I
wnt
..
I
--- --r----l--l
I
.
""
1t--
H.
I-.---~
- - - - __
0.81(.
If
""",r
r,'"
-- -.----- "----
., 'F,
.,
X
.1_.1..,_.................,..
Hr
I
l
--... 1
,/
',.or" '/
G.51
wh...
B.
bl
to
15
~Ohcl pr0SSU re
C,L&ckJ~V\~
-r
<Ill
).:fIr;
1.18
1.86
to
1..90
1.96
1.06
2.12
100
1Nott2
INon,a
1NDtt.
..,.
..
1.36
1.67
1.7'
1.90
I .
1.
L98
2.04
2.12
2..04
1.12
Loa,
=t> -d..O
-l;o-
-t
Ill"
-G,O
1.28
:(.2
1.18
1.41
1.62
1.11
UjO
1.73
10
1.95
15
20
30
50
2~O7
100
t.11
t~85
1,- Z \&/~~
'dYO()'ncL
8
~----a.i
Ina
V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=5 ...
1f. . . lOO . . . . . . . . . . . .l . . . . . ef. . . a.
.s
B.
le
LilO
1.12
1.78
1-85
.~JMl.
n....... d8.................IRantes-!5l.
e.s.TIVh~rf 0 h
X h\~h 1~e1~
I..
1."
30
50
.a:
CIeM...................
li
_ . . . ......,..,.. . . 1 ...........
e2
z:I
"'f:1
11
0.1
DIlNd........
(12)
If'r I ..",' I
Vc = V. S"
101 1/
11.3
sptMMl Ve
Nr~DI
....
0.2
2J1.
hei~
.,
.1
~
dispIacremlInI
s&'h.e;
1
Prolireof
6H.,
h1~'n yTs~
~id~ 1.,~
h~~r.
aOO.J
Sl
jhr\?
\(Iv
le
1.15
1.46
u-
. 1. .
1.07
1.36
1.51
1.11
1.77
1.85
1.90
1112
1.89
1.96
JUN,
2.12
IJJG
1;,$5
1,04
1.95
2.12
2.07
Wind Pressure
2.1.2 Dynamio preanre
=O.613Ve2
where
4'1. is tile dynamic PresRI'e (ill Pa'J);
Ve is tJ1e effective wiDd apeecl from 2.2.3 (in mll).
2.1.2.2 Values of clvnamic presJnUe q. for various values of Ve are RiftA in Tote 2.
..
Ve
10
20
30
40
50
60
61
245
552
981
1530
2210
+1.0
+1.0
14
88
210
1030
297
628
1080
1590
1860
2t80
2360
589
+3..0
+4..
+&.0
+1.0
104
120
138
157
824
353
709
383
414
751
194
1300
1920
2670
668
~~ ~~"
+7.0
177
447
839
1550
1990
2750
+8.8
199
481
88S
1410
2080
2830
+9.0
221
516
932
1470
2130
2920
OLd
'eod~
.51l)~
if} I (!lackJ,,,,~o~
~Bu.~"~..:
~\a~~
~e-Se
G..WBS
,)V)A)J
f\~e
J~0ire
~t, 'vJloh
e) ~1't.. 101k1 on
Jut_.
mdMdHI. .
pr
tIlneer
'(e-SS v
~
=='
.~d_
0.55
oa
10
\01I?o he>
12 d~'O '"
~.-=~~I~~:::
.....
_..............
..
S\M la ecIiIUIt~tIMMt .
1000
'to-t'
a.
,tD.ct'
Ill"
l'to-'" le Ill_
c
IB
> to,
t.
le
;>1iD 10
> toto 11
A
A
B
8
B
A-
le
C
B
>.tJlto!O
A.
>~nollo
A
A
:(;2
>IMHCli80
::0150
A
/l'
A
A
A
=10 X
~voIume of 8tDrey
~edintc)J:'OOJUwithintemal
doors
(IlaI>
ltte'-t..
wh .
or.t
....ta.....cfMIIt ..........to...
'to""
umU
3 tim
pum
thaJl
. . . . . . .win....
Dl.gonII ClImel'llton .. m
14
..
100
IB
B
B
111.
111.
A
A
18
lA
1'8
1.e.
~(!Mr~'?s_JW,~ ~I ~~~~~M~~~eJ ~ ~
10
I'tts
Beam or coil...
..
r4C
..
0'
trfbutsrya,rea
..
tribolary area
Loaded width
Loaded width
..
Diagonal
dimeMion
11
bean-. b
d~~
However influence
lines show that the
load on the beam
actually comes from
twice this area; for
more flexible members
with load sharing (e.g.
joists, purlins) the
relevant area is larger
still.
PlJ~);h ~
6"2.J
d~~~
11
Ove ra 11 Wi nd Force s
2.1.3.8 Owrall loads
Theoveral1loadPon a bUildirag is taken as the sum of the, loads onindividual surfaCN with allowances for
non-simultaneous action between faces and for mildly dynamic response.
The overall horizontal loads are given by
P = O.85(tPfroat - l:Preu) (1 + <;>
(1)
where
tJ>froIlt is the horizontaloomponent of surface load summed over the windward-facing walls and roofs;
t:Paar is the horizontal component of surface load summed over the leeward-facing walls and roofs;
is the dynamic augmentation factor from 1.6.1;
Cr
T.hle5.
r..> foreomribo:tiontofuwalls
be taken as q.CpCoA. where"
ilID
DIH
sI
.2'4
~lf.5
1~
1.0
0.8
~4
1.2
1.2
1.1
,p
0.8
0.8
-l-.-le,o/ Drn~
'Q~02
~ppt~
~ ce~Q)'\ VI erred S .
0.04
12
0"
B
r----.-.--
Io.s.
1-'"
t02~."
._--,
__
:t:
"--{' ....
:t:
..j,
lo.1~~----~--+--+~.,.L ~
,
o.+-.....
L.LL"!
.,._ .....1.
4 , I ..
10
t'
t!
,l:
cot
pi
~
t ,
... .
~d''''''.
".......ei:fIIJCIc......
~ ~:.,.flhst."'anflBc:rhJ...
~;=;?;~.
. .....
If",.
",
2
o.
~MfJ
c.o~~Oh
l/p0
pressures on walls of
building)
Division into parts is
permitted for
_~
l..
'--"'-'-"'-J' i
""'--1.:".
:to
I
""
tD~.. ~!~
I 1:: 2:1
~t
:t:
11) . . . . . . .
""""11
1/~ t bu 72dth%,
Kb
t1e.f! of bU72J1~
"
-iDl il:t
ftpre tl-Divt.Hoa.,
1-+ ~oJ
..B
f)
,...f14
..'. . . . . . .
~....,,..,.< fr.,mhtt~; ..
(.~lMIt
a.,
..#.':;t~:~
9.
,~---...l.,_, __,
100
The dynamic
augmentation factor is
from Ct. 1.6.1 (p. 9),
Fig. 3 (p. 10), Table 1
However it is
(p.
usually 1.05 or less, so
!
I
111
13
s
1
2
~4
.l'.
't.
1-2' .,"~
,~."",
12 '
1,.1 , " ' "
14
"",D
~---~-~
,_J
Wlnd~ I
Wind pressures on
walls are
straightforward. and
the figure and table are
both on the same page
for once (Cl. 2.4.1, p.
Plan
w.o ,
........
co!
W1nd~
ru
~-"""-~~
,- -
.:oL~ll
1IAi
Wind
; C
..
-I ....9.2b '
-'' "' 1
AI
l~
J:
:t
Wmd
c
Butldlng with D S b
':1;....
............T ...
_..... _-
-_.- ~)
Co,",,,,/( oV'
.d~ ?os';T;onS
-................
3::>Vles
=t:r"
DOL>b~
tl
rI'""\VI.--PN
Vi
I'
'I
r'd its
Pc':>~-CS
'F2J)J
~Tr&
0+ I-/I~~
15
"All
a-,.,..
----,1
4h
2h
lablell. Reduction
hetors tor,frreestaDdlne
lwaJl$andparapets
0.3 h
"
Llb
<3
RedudiClll factor
5
10
15
0.7
0.8
1.0
O~8
~h-,e;ablo
fr~
SOJ'6
~\"
~-l ~
'=0.8
h~ W&>10
wan.
Soltlllty
Zoaea
IS
~ClII'
8.4
Ih
_tuna CGnIIIlf'
2.1
1.2
J)
12.1
1.7
11.2
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
.--.ilL
"-:~2 StQrt~rd'
I~
dWrS
~h mnJ ~ (~~~~~;)
-re..~ sheQTeal ~
~~y-~~~_~~~2.d1~~
';.&f~:Loadld,zOlf.
Roofs up to S degree
pitch are considered as
'flat'.
iiJ;lgtength b B or b 2H,
tidtever isthe smaller,
,fr~B:is:the crosswind
. . . ."ofthe b\JitdihQand H
'height of wall, including
-apet.
~'__~'~._,
~;
S
.t~"
...,, A
,~~l!'IIt
'
t
. 'if"'"
WInd
tII\tbltrool
~~4., ...
The B86399-2
Zoae
.-or-
eav
pressure.
-La
-1.0
-0.8
-0.55
eaves
.
-1.8
-1.25
,-0.4
1-0.6
17
...
tl
.1
:1::'1
e",O"
--: ,.11./10
'
,
Plan
-lA
i
~.
Itwp.
~
6=180"
Wlnd_
'
.. ~
.,
'
HlQbIlMM
lA
._,
~
'-I~j
I L.- __ '~I2__
II t I
11./4t
'- - - - _.--..-.-c..--_.. . . .
IJI.IIl
lit
different areas.
. 4. :r~"CJ~
---,.------.-- 0;----:_.-'-
NB there are no
f-!oo
Is Yh
+~I
o'2..1
't ,-~
5 d~~
\) (
Q..
ofloodWbop
YOo
1-+0.8
+0.8
1.1 1-0.1
+0,8
.
.... v
1+0.8
1+0.8
+0.8
1+0.8
+0.45
.......-u...... ~ .... ~,~-,- ...............-.. <11-
18IJ-.:IiMIIW.. . - - . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . , . . . . . .
P..."..
18
r-r~
6o\--rR.; IC1Cl""d
et-
d- \f"&d.S\
-=-r
--------~
no
Plan
~f~
..
..
'------r--L-f..-.. I
..._._..,....
It 12',1,
I> J2
~--
0
~j
,I
8
I
. ~t
!\--.
4'
12
Rt,..
8_0",
z-...... -r
JIhIlII.......
>~ ~f
l-WO
-1...7
r-UJ
-2
-1.0
-1.0
'-:1.2
1-4,)9
1-4,)9
1-0.9
:-4,).8
-t.8
-1~
-0.
+0.0
+0.0
+16'"
.-1.1
[-0.8
+0.2
+0.9
+30"
-0.6
+O.S
i-(lo
+4~
-0.0
...,.
+0.8
-l.tr'
:tf.~
J
~.'
!otV.1I
-to.6
1""',11
l+o.ll
,+o.s
-1.1
1-0.7
1'-'0-'1
.G
i~~
-LO
.:
~%
rU
..
-LU
-0
1-0.8
1-0-7
-V. A
-1.7
-o.~
~~
-o.i
-ZOO
-2.2
-..
:-1.5
-1.0
-0.8
-0,7
-0.3
~
-0."
40
-1.1
-0.'
-o.S
-1.~
:-0.9
-o.~
-l.e
-1,0
-O.IJ
1-0.4
+0.2
i-US
-0.9
-o.~
HU
1-);9
-0.5
-0.5
-1.9
-1.1
1-0.6
1-0"5
-1.2
-1.2
-0.1
1-0.4
1-0.0
-<1;8
-0.7
-0.5
rob
+0.0
-0.9
-0.1
,:-0.4
i-La
-o.a
r
p- dt'ffe,yemI
-0-4
-a6
+0.4
~.9
-0.6
-0.0
+0/7
1-0.4
-O~
-o.~
:-0:.
-0.3
11UI
-0.1'
-0. .
I-U:i
-Cl!
I-u.e
-.1.:4
1-1.2
-0:1
I-~UJ
!-eL!
-1.2
1-1.2
-1.16
. ,",.8 '
~,rdesign.
z..... ,w
Al.: ........
.,'
.
~"'''''''_.~,''''''_
t. . . . . . . .. . , . .. .t1Icr'....... tNMN . , .. . . . . . .
r. .........m-......
,.I
",.,.
+0.6
:-0.0
.B
r-o
+6"
Wfnd . .
B
-eL8
I-W
r-o'
13!
eT
~
_. __ WlndO.
II
l
.'-r._..
i
i
-..:::L:---...i.
Wid..
J ..
.-.
~!
..
soo,
areas.
'-'
-"
v~~ues
I-CUt
<'C'lc+D".
DUVnP~h;\) rPn
ed
.. .sp~~~L, srY~Ke$
~ 7;;2
0-(
c1~ml'"\~
19
ct. 2.5.5, p. 47
multibay pitched roof.
..
~'"'*
ClOIIftici.... . dowu.W~o t ~qcldaopitehanalti.bay
..Fip:re 13.1U7 ~ _1IIbn. to1Ht tU. . . . . . . . ~%OI1i.
roan as debecl
~ ..fG1ItMt:
It) J"oI'......._ nota... .mwaia llJure tIa} ..,.JllQlifiwpr.....ClOf'ffWeDt ~ from. TaW. 9
...-w._nplacM..OIl tlse..-.4. . ...,..
~.,.lye,.=-o.4.
It) Foraat.) Iitch iuopit.dal'GC6. .ul'Olll
cIowa
clthe. .l'1dIalhou1.i.... ueaad_1Miac
tavqW(Jaeptiw)iitdl-.le>. ......
vpwjIul
rWpd . . . . . iIlHpre 231J).lOthat
the1ocalcoeffieieats helBa&Ieac:!l rWce-eiwa."tkeDMlft _ _ A_Beavemnea far DePtift
1dIea.
pitch ......
.u.ro.........
........,.eto....iriclaell(poiiIiftpi_tIJIIJ.>.
. t:NIIIW
e)For..-lpitch~IOOU..
--pc8tiw
(aepti"
...............
BOTE ""'~m.iauafO)""",,""""'1ID_""""'"
)u .....
6eplll:ll
liillllllCtGla.
11.0
lOll ..... ~
ttp;t;i --
IbA.
".awiIul"'.
iII&IlNa7a I
PftDiIft1DII,)'
AD . . . .
i
Wtnd . .
~'''''" '-......,-."'.
~
~ ,./ .,... ' / .
'. \'.
" . ,;;;,~_..'-.-'II
\ ,
.
.
"I
T......
o '
Wlhd,
blows
_net
"
Plgure 23
cyCYoss
tt-,e '{oo~
~.
.1
...",_11I.,".11I"
20
Open-sided Canopies
'PlWIl UC'l.
I..wt!l ....
f1'
all'
,all,
-1.3
1-1.4
2.2
.--0
-1.8
2.6 ( 2.1)
+1.6
-2.1
1-2.,1 t 1.8)
+1.8
-2.6
1-2.8( 1.6)
[+0.4
+0.8
-0,1
-1.4 (-1.2)
-1.1
~1.1
-1.4{:-1.~
-2.6
+0:5
de
+0.8
+1..2
-1.5
-1.4( 1.1)
+1.4
-1.8
-1.5{-1.0)
+1.7
M;!IIi. . . . C=O
-1.8
Minjmpm.( -1
Vjni>muDC - 1
all'
ID"
MjPrim-C=O
. C 1
de
ViJrimmnC =0
MinjmgmC=l
12fT
all'
(,=0
(=1
.ur
C=O
MiaUnum.C =1
. ..,
-0.9
1.4(-1.1)
+0.7
-1.1
-1.5 ~ 1.0)
+I:!
~1.8
Miai.aumC =0
INnTII"1
fH.B
-1.3
I)"
1+00
Hl,fS
..
Bo
~.2
...... .........
-0.6
1.2
MiJrimumC = 0
15
0Mr.u
-.ftIideat.
roofs.
+2.4
'-2.0
-2.6
+S.7
-2."
2~9
+~t9
>+2.1
-1.2
-2.8
1..5 f-0.9)
+1.0
-1.5(-0.1')
+.2.0
-2.9
-2.9
-2.1 (-1.5)
+3.l
+2.3
-us
'-2.&
-3..2
-3.2
-1.4E 0.$
+1.3
-1.4(-0.8>
+2.2
~2..5
~..!
....2 ..5(-1.4)
+2.4
-1.8
-3.0
-1.4f-O~
-1.4(-0.8)
-3.8
-2.0
-2JS(-l.2)
.... _
.......
-3.6
.t ,. _ "..
._~_.-
---r--'j"
Cp > 0 downMIl'd8
~'1
i
1..
_~~10
i
""--1
!
....!
0'
..-,
j ,
-~t+--,.-_ 'r~--'
fk.~w_---J
lii'gure.~
.' ,,\11
goo((''''
~l .....................f=1..fim--il .. ~ . . . . . . . . . . .- -. . . . . . . . . . .
...............................W ......
21
"'.
~otw . .
qtrs o~1.tSJ1i)
Cl. 2.6.1, 2.6.2: internal
pressures are important
for design but poorly
covered by BS6399-2.
Cl. 2.6.1 and Table 16.
OCI~~~
publtcations
recommend shed design
as 'all sides equally
+0.2
-o~3
~::~I~~ claim
.3
2....
"'1ril1ft1111t
tiJaea...
1.2 Where aJl eD1oMd build. . la . .diYi.tled.iDtlO noma with iJItetMl doonwhidt aTe DOt at 1eut
~tlumtlle"""'~taeiDtez...lpre..... ma,y
moms. Thia:
ill n.wiDll
OIl UlteIwJ walls. A 1IIIttlIoi1cR ~dte iJIlemalpnl
ill
"'--I8J.lW
~
...iJItetMl....' JlII.urecoefB
c....Id
_.ei.tJJR-G..3 CIC' +0.2. w1dc:JM,
..'
......coetIicieIlt
dIe
~11ae. .xi_Jlet---..ooet&ciIIftt C.
....,.....
JDIti.roo.aa.lMIiJ,mp,ia
the...... Mt.
i
lwaDaahaald
. . . . . . . 0.5. '11ae releveat c1iatoJsa). . . . . . a_the iJItetMl...... 1MY'"' tlIkea as:
\tfndows
_____/
l\n~ O~G)~<JJhd
div
Also,aUbuildingshave
doors and most have
IhT~YhC3\ PV~SSLJVe., jJ
Cp~
'\femT~ '_I
ODeM\Y\a~
~O~Vol\O~
I.
~-- cJ
') V b u\l., Lrt
Cpe
~);n~\'(o\r\ o+~
Two ~cT~
0\
'vICJ\\S 1< Roof
@
g,rn{)<;)bit~
~:s~~~vents.
~1~n;
...r-
RDamS
. .on)e..ss
r::".
Q\~e.. t)OlJ
UC\)
<J
r , ye.
t \-
an)..
\~hlJ
c.o\'\s,de.Y
D00YS 1/
.~~=::refaces
made. 'All sides
:t:=::~
Generally use
coefficients -0.3/+0.2.
22
---f.--
--1-'"
".."....>'."1' ,.
""'f"""r-'.""''''''~>'--'''i_'
~'C_~~~~
.
~~:;~:'~~""
-:.~,
~:::::r:...-+-~.::r~'._~..
..... _~~':T' ~=- .. ~:= ~=,
..... ............,.,.."l
_
0.55
--~
T--"
--'-"'::: :::::,;"c;
__
-\'-,
."."'==; ''',::
to
100
....
1000
OIIgor111J cstmenIlbn .. m
1fIit. . . . .
~1IIIfItlt
s..
"
:>s.'
>lHo 10'
>0 10 to 15
::. 16,to!O
>JOto30
:> "10 to 60
>DO
U."l.
I ... S
III
il;!
S1 ...1.
C
C
A
A
8
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
i\
A~
UlJocl.
C
A
i\
...
a 3: 10 x
houses: 0.78...().85;
0.8;
0.85;
0.75.
B
B
B
A
1r
A
A
B
8
Flpr.4-St. . . . . . . . C.of. . . . . . . . . . . .
'\fo1.um~
k\
\
"
-ki" _. ..,.--,
'1I1'\e, lt~~~Y 'vr\t, 'YtleVh~~
pvessuve,
(1I:lI9
18... 1..
lit
C
C
iJl
B
....1a..... ~ ~ I I O _
JI
A
A
It InTo 5m(;))\eY
Vh~ts .
Ca = 0.85 is sensible in
most cases but Ca =
0.75 can be used for
internal pressures in
single storey sheds.
23
......................
-.ot.._ .....
.lIdoof
3
1 ..1.3 W1Itn an estel'IIa1 opetrinc. nc:Il . . . door. wnhl ae dnmiDaat . . . . opea 1Nt .<:onaiclencl to De
cla.aiatlMuItimate 'limitatatt. the ccm.f1it.iewit:h cIooropeaahola1cl),e ~ "'~.'
.... (Affe.nd?.x .)
door l.e.(t" opcath CJkWK U,fI ~%
........
wind... ~~e.sSl,)'(e")
l i D D ".
t..
~1YJtJ?4 ':"~
I ..... di
.lllc,teevanl
of.- _
...
.
Ill...
v.-p1e
\
tw
"l
6Ir'
0-........
Loatrw
nar~.l'Wtae
. ...,
ITwe~
TJu.ee ...........
.........
Of7JV:>r:>ALOO,
-II&.
(~I?~/z,A
wall penneabilities, so
how do we know
whether opening is 2x
or 3x? Can only guess:
2x for small doors and
3x for big doors.
Reference to
'serviceability limit
state' in 2.6.1.3 is
confused(serviceability
cannot be OK unless
ultimate is OK). Clause
refers to Appendix D,
which is illogical but
gives sensible outcome
- use 0.71 x normal
design wind pressures.
Internal pressure varies
with a - larger opening
gives smaller internal
pressure but if a whole
building side is open
Table 18 applies, which
gives higher pressures.
Makes no sense.
If dominant opening
faces N or E, wind
direction factor (Cl.
2.2.2.3) may reduce
intemaI pressure. Cl.
2.2.3.3 (distance from
sea) may also help.
24
1 "\
~emal
".
41L.
Sitelftwe,coooUy
"'iDe:
I.5mx lm
AFea
0.2 x O.7S'(Ca)
.
2mx lm
2m:x 1.Sm
3mx'4m
6m,x:8m
lJJmix.l;,6m
':' . :t'~'m,..'.
;,,;1:1:I<
4~.
'V
'4: J.:~,
FJdI1sRfe,opeti
UlPea
OMlJ'ltiiell't
',-,
'\
/.
'\
d:f"'~':C&'lt~41
7 .':0
7+1.
A
- -'c. ,L
\
"'1' )
"
QitG~~~~-:~;:V-.~:~.~/
= O~'t5
=0.37
=0.44
=0.44
=,0.42
......... .
-"0.4:0'"
=10' 3'8.'
.
,.
';'~'.
"
---"
,;-.'
'.
=}g.,.u
A.'I!
~tobD)
pressure from a 2m x
1m opening is the same
as a40m x ISm
opening. From a
common sense point of
view the figures seem
completely wrong.
(0.$3)
According to Professor
N J Cook's book
Designer's Guide to
Wind Loading of
Building Structures,
Part 2 Static structures,
p. 322, 'The variations
in internal pressure
caused by dominant
openings are greater
than for buildings with
open sides ...'.
<8~f6)
(0.51)
(0'.6'2)
(0.62)
(0.60)
(D.57)
However as can be
the opposite result.
25
I~
40
:'1
A single storey shed on level site in open country near Warrington. Main doors face north.
Altitude factor Sa 1.04 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2) => site wind speed Vs = 1.04 x 22.2 23.1 m/s
-=
--
=0.B7kN/m
=0.91 kN/m
\
\
Large door open (dom.) Cp; = 0.9x(+0.66/-0.5/-0.8) (N/SIW) (Table 5). a = 5.8 Ca = 0.99
For wind from north, directional coefficient for wind +1- 45 deg. from N: Sd = 0.87, so
bL = 30m, b w = 40m, transverse wind bJ10 = 3m, bJ2 = 15m, longitudinal wind bvJ10
4m, bvJ2 =.20m.
1. Roof Cladding
(a) Main roof areas (areas C, 0, F & G, Fig. 20, Table 10)
worst case cpe = -0.711+0.02 (longitudinal wind in valley, Zones C, D),
doors closed: combined pressure = -(0.71+0.15)xO.91 = -0.78kN/m2
or +(0.02+0.23)xO.91 = +0.23k~/m2
dominant opening: combined pressure -(0.71+0.59)xO.54xO.91 = -0.64kN/m2
max. pressure +0.23kN/m2/ -0. 78kN/m2
(b) 4m zone adjacent to gable, 3m adjacent to eaves and ridge - worst case Zone A Cp; =
1.96. Combined pressure = -(1.96+0.15)xO.91 = -1.92kN/m2
2. Wall cladding
=0.82Cp; + 0.91 C.Cp; (doors closed), O.54x( 0.82Cp; + 0.91 C.Cp;) (with dominant opening)
-0.58xO.82
~0.48kN/m')
!(.().
-0.91xO.82
75kN/m')
-0.58xO.54xO.82
~.().26kN/m')
!(
-O.91xO.54xO.82
.().40kN/m')
~!
+O.59xO.54xO.91 (+0.29kN/m
doors closed
-0.9xO.8xO.51
-..
+0.95xO.6
-..
-O.95xO.5
+0.01 ~N/m2
~""""'"--~
-0. OkN/m....'
-..
-..
-0.36kN/m2
+0.44kN/m2
7.0
7.0
~I
ME
14
... 8...
15
l{)
(\')
l{)
Altitude = 20m, distance from sea = 1km (NW), 30km 0N& SW), >100km (N, E, 5)
Altitude factor Sa = 1.02 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2) => site wind speed Vs = 1.02 x 22.2 = 22.6m/s
Dynamic Pressure Ch Cl. 2.2.3.3, Table 4, Cl. 2.1.2 (~S\C \JyfnQ)Yn\ C \Xl,.. .
Ha (plant room) = 65m, Sb = 2.06, Ve = 2.06x22.6 = 48.7m/s, ~ = 1.45kN/m2
Direction factor Sb = 0.98 (5), 1.00 (W), 0.87 (N), 0.77 (E). a = 68m => Ca = 0.84 (Fig. 4)
cL P ~tJ re
Tt"
& cl
"\
(c) Check effect of dominant opening-at ground floor level (main door open). Internal
Check Zone A. Total pressure = -0.707(1.3+ O.9xO.85)x1.45kN/m2 = 2.12kN/m2 < 2.25, not
bLe
--.lol!O>')~I~
critical.
4. Internal partitions
~1.s
b~ed
oh
D lr\
e S\r.B O\,
~~.
ref. Cl. 2.6.1.2 cp; = 0.5, CII = 0.85, design pressure = O.85xO.5x1.45 = O.62kN/m2
H,=40
~. ~;~: ao V\ vw...
Sb = 1.07 (Table 4)
t.i I\-.
I\
=> Ve = 1.14x1.07x23 = 28.1m/s
Cl. 2.8.1
I( = 0.6 (Table 21 a)
H~
~.2x
~~eI H
(or~eX'~~ CDLJ~ ~
~ ~~oil2,'l<W
q
N
Vb = 23m/s (Fig. 6)
S. = 1.14 (Cl. 2.2.2.2.2)
H. = 22.0 - (1.2x6 - 0.2x 20) = 18.8m (Cl. 1.7.3.3)
Sb = 1.72 (Table 4)
= 1.25kN/m2 (Table 2)
=>
Cl. 2.8.1
a,
o
ci
N
fO~