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Drug Abuse PDF
Drug Abuse PDF
TERMINOLOGY
DEPENDENCE:
Psychologic dependence emotional and mental
preoccupation with drug acquisition and use to
receive positive reinforcement
Physical dependence an altered physiologic
condition caused by chronic exposure to a drug
- causes abstinence or withdrawal
syndrome
OPIOIDS
- bind stereospecifically to opioid receptors
- possess morphine-like activity
- therapeutic uses: relieve pain, treat diarrhea and suppress
cough
- includes: naturally occurring - morphine and codeine
semisynthetic - heroine (horse, smack, junk, H)
oxymorphone
hydromorphone
synthetic meperidine
methadone
pentazocine (Ts)
propoxyphene
Psychologic
dependence
Physical
dependence
Opioids
Barbiturates
Antianxiety Agents
Ethyl Alcohol
X
X+
X+
X+
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Nicotine
LSD
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X~
X~
Phencyclidine
Cannabinoids
Inhalants
X
X
?
X
X
X
X~
X~
X~
Drug Category
Psychotogenic
Characteristics of Abuse:
- euphoria ((peace and contentment) and sedative effects
- central nervous stimulation activation of the chemoreceptor
trigger zone nausea and vomiting
Heroine most widely used opioid
- enters the brain more rapidly
- thrilling sensation in the lower abdominal area (sexual
orgasm
- sedation (sleep and vivid dreams)
- depress respiration
- marked miosis
- no mental or physical deterioration
- (+) psychological and physical dependence
- psychological tolerance dictates continued use and recidivism
- tolerance lessens sedation, euphoria and respiratory depression
Medical Problems:
- street heroin 2-5% opioid + adulterants \
OVERDOSE
- withdrawal
/
Signs and symptoms of overdose:
1. respiratory depression
2. central nervous system depression
3.miosis
Death secondary to respiratory arrest or noncardiogenic pulmonary
edema.
Naloxone (Narcan) reverses apnea nd coma
- can precipitate a full abstinence syndrome
Medical Problems:
- cirrhosis of the liver (+/- portal hypertension)
peripheral neuropathy
alcoholic gastritis
Korsakoffs psychosis
Wernickes encephalopathy
- interferes with the immune function
- prenatal exposure to alcohol developmental defects in
the brain (motor dysfunction, hypotonia, cognitive
deficiencies and microcephaly)
- fetal alcohol syndrome 2% of babies
III. Cocaine
- local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor
- naturally occurring in the leaves of the coca plant,
Erythroxylon coca
- 1986, 15% of The US population had tried cocaine
- sniffed, injected IV or smoked
- affordable to the impoverished and the young
- toxicity: extreme agitation, restlessness, confusion, chest
pain, anxiety, palpitations and headache paranoid
thinking, hallucinations, CVA, convulsions, MI and
cardiac arrhythmias depression and possibly
medullary paralysis and respiratory failure
- extremely dangerous
- ischemic necrosis and perforation of the nasal septum
Treatment of dependence:
III. Methylphenidate
IV. Nicotine
V. Caffeine
- coffee bean (Coffea arabica), tea plant (Thea sinensis) and
seeds of
the chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao)
- most widely used central nervous system stimulant
- increases alertness and elevates mood
- no casual relationship with health problems
- (+) psychologic dependence
- little if at all physical dependence
- withdrawal: headache, irritability, nervousness and
lethargy
HALLUCINOGENS
I. Lysergide
- synthesized from alkaloids of ergots (Claviceps purpurea) found in
fungus that attacks rye and other grains
- psychotogenic and physiologic effects that lasts for 8 12 h
- unique and altered sensory experience, feelings of altered reality
and perceptions of understanding hidden truths
- trip: initial feelings of depersonalization and loss of body
image, altered sensorium, altered perceptions of colors, shapes
and distances and frank hallucinations, synesthesias
- ecstasy profound despair
- slight increase in BP and CR, mydriasis, hyperreflexia, muscular
incoordination, salivation and lacrimation
- dissociative reactions, acute panic reaction or psychotic episodes
- paranoid and suicidal, may worsen underlying psychosis
II. Mescaline
- tops of the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii)
- physiologic and psychotogenic effects similar to LSD
- thousand times less potent than LSD
- slow onset of action associated with nausea, profuse sweating and
tremors
- vivid and colorful hallucinations
- last for 8 12 hours
- (+) tolerance and psychologic dependence
- (-) physical dependence
III. Psilocybin
IV. Phencyclidine
- 1st developed as a veterinary anesthetic
- misrepresented as LSD and marijuana
- central nervous system depressant, stimulant and
hallucinogenic properties
- low doses: euphoria, disinhibition, intoxication and
increased emotional lability
- larger doses: dissociative state, analgesia, delirium, stupor,
and hallucinations
- hostile and bizarre behavior with unprovoked aggression
- tachycardia, hypertension, flushing, sweating, and miosis
- hyperreflexia, nystagmus, ataxia and rigidity
convulsions, status epilepticus, hypertensive crisis, cardiac or
respiratory arrest and coma
- (+) tolerance and psychologic dependence
- treatment of overdose: treat symptoms
CANNABINOIDS
- weed, pot, hash, maryjane, smoke, reefer, dope
- found in marijuana from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa)
- highest concentration found in the flowering tops (hashish)
- sedative, euphoric and hallucinogenic effects
- THC
- used medically to decrease nausea and vomiting occurring with
chemotherapy
- increased well-being, altered perception of space and time
- sleepy rather than aroused
- short term memory, motor skills and performance of goal-oriented
and complex tasks are diminished
- higher doses: hallucinations, delusions, and depersonalization,
paranoid ideation
- anxiety, fear and panic reactions
- dry mouth, tachycardia, increased/decreased blood pressure and
reddening of the conjunctiva
- impair spermatogenesis, inhibit testosterone, suppress LH and FSH
production
INHALANTS
- Anesthetics agents, volatile nitrates, hydrocarbon solvents and
fluocarbon aerosol propellants
- Nitrous oxide: most abused general anesthetic
intoxicating effects and pleasant sensations
death hypoxia
- Volatile nitrates: amyl nitrite and isobutil nitrite (poppers,
snappers)
relax smooth muscles
transient euphoria, lightheadedness and
perceptual distortions
thought to enhance sexual performance
headache, dizziness and flushing
large doses: profound hypotension, nausea,
vomiting, glaucoma, decreased respiration and
unconsciousness
- (+) tolerance to vasodilating effect
7.
8.
9.
Spoil them.
When they do wrong, you may nag them but never spank them.
Foster their dependence on you, so drug or alcohol can replace you
when they are older
Protect them from your spouse and from all those mean teachers who
threaten to spank them. Sue them if you wish.
Make all their decisions for them.
Criticize their other parent openly, they, particularly as the other
parents same sex offspring can lose their own self respect and
confidence.
Always bail them out of trouble so they will like you.Never let them
suffer the consequence of their actions
Always step in and solve their problems for them.
Take lots of prescription drugs yourself.
1 John 2:14 I write to you young men, because you are strong, and the word
of God lives in you, and you have overcome the evil one.