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PILharry Roque PDF
PILharry Roque PDF
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u er rle 5g ubje o he o o of ee a
proporo al. he Cour ae he ae o er g 2+
+ % Y ! "here a
pef rule whereb elf-efe e woul warra c
whh are proporo al o he arme aak a eear o repo
o a rule well eablhe uomar er ao al law". Vhe
proporo al pr ple ma hu o elf exlue he ue of
ulear weapo elf-efe e all ruma e. Bu a he ame
me a ue of fore ha proporo ae u er he law of elfefe e mu orer o be lawful alo mee he requreme of
he law applable arme o fl whh ompre parular he
pr ple a rule of huma ara law. he Cour oe ha he
ver aure of all ulear weapo a he profou rk aoae
herewh are furher o erao o be bor e m b Sae
belev g he a exere a ulear repo e elf-efe e
aora e wh he requreme of proporo al.
Y orer o lee or elm ae he rk of u lawful aak Sae
omeme g al ha he poe era weapo o ue elfefe e aga a Sae vola g her erroral egr or
Page + of g *
Page g* of g *
*
"2*
"
32
;CC3
( e uage ha rpe e o er ao al law.
- Y er ao al uma ara Law o o l uomar aure bu
alo ju oge .
( Exemp g of fh g veel wa fou e o o erao of
huma o a poor a urou orer of me a of he
muual o ve e e of bellgere ae whh rel o he
lvelhoo of fh g.
$*!1
- Vhe reae whh eablhe he "="# Y- c-cY.>Y c
4"..". hough
beame $cc$
c
beaue ur g he pero he were g e here were cc
c$
. lo he g aore be g marme ao a be
o ere a $
c$c. Vhe eh que ue b he
our o eablh he orm hrough uomar law a
ubar mea a eve e of he orm.
- 5
?o. lo g a here
weprea a vruall u form ae prae. lhough beaue
of he evelopme e e a eh olog wha ook hu re
of ear before oul ow beome uomar orm over gh.
- Wh are he exemp from be g ake a pre of war Beaue f
he are o proee o o e woul e gage fh g a ha
woul eprve vla populao wh oure of foo.
- Veh que ue b he Cour o eablh he orm
g. Cuomar law
2. Subar mea a eve e of he orm
Vhe Cour hel ha he apure of he fh g veel wa u lawful a
whou probable aue o he grou ha a a rule of er ao al
law fh g veel are exemp from apure a a pre of war. Vhe
Cour orere ha he eree of he Dr Cour be revere a
he proee of he ale of he veel ogeher wh he proee of
a ale of her argo be reore o he lama wh amage a
o.
&
B a a e
uage amo g vle ao beg g e ure ago a grauall
rpe g o a rule of er ao al law oa fh g veel
Page gg of g *
Page g) of g *
.
!2!+32
;A13
: Vhe reparao of a wro g ma o a em
orrepo g o he amage whh he ao al of he jure
ae have uffere a a reul of he a whh o rar o
er ao al law.
- eparao he pe able ompleme of a falure o appl a
o ve o .
- Vak g of proper requre ompe ao . Yf reorao o
poble reme ompe ao o uh amou a o elm ae
all effe of llegal ak g.
$*!
( ) YYY + +Y
+ YY3eparao for he
ak g of proper requre ompe ao . eparao ue whe
here a breah of a oblgao .
- Whe a exproprao he amou of he reparao he
logal value of he proper ake a he me of he
exproprao . owever whe here a c
he
amou of reparao lue he a gble ae (lo of prof).
Vhe Germa empre ha a o ra wh a ompa where he
ompa u erook o eablh for he eh a forhwh o beg
he o ruo of a rae faor a Chorow Upper Slea.
Subeque l Pola a Germa g e a Co ve o o er g
he Upper Slea of Ge eva (Ge eva Co ve o ). Polh wa he
elegae wh he full power o ake harge of he faor hu
au g he e of he o ra bewee Germa a he
ompa e. Germa brough ao behalf of he ompa e
aga Pola for he ak g of he ompa e volao of he
Ge eva Co ve o .
Page g of g *
0 Y&Y+
+Y+
+cY er ao al law
oe o preve o e Sae from gra g o a oher he rgh o have
reoure o er ao al arbral rbu al orer o oba he
re awar o ao al of he laer Sae of ompe ao for
amage uffere b hem a a reul of frao of er ao al
law b he fr Sae.
Y +Y
YYcY a pr ple of
er ao al law ha he reparao of a wro g ma o a
em orrepo g o he amage whh he ao al of he
jure Sae have uffere a a reul of he a whh o rar o
er ao al law.
Y ema g he amage aue b a u lawful a o l he value of
proper rgh a ere whh have bee affee a he
ow er of whh he pero o whoe behalf ompe ao
lame or he amage o e o whom o erve a a mea of
gaug g he reparao lame mu be ake o aou . Vhe
amage uffere equvale o he c - bu o ha oal
o l - of he proper rgh a ere of h Compa ha
u erak g whou eu g lable.
Vhe reparao ue b o e Sae o a oher oe o however ha ge
haraer b reao of he fa ha ake he form of a
em for he alulao of whh he amage uffere b a
prvae pero ake a he meaure. Vhe rule of law gover g he
reparao are he rule of er ao al law fore bewee he wo
Sae o er e a o he law gover g relao bewee he
Sae whh ha omme a wro gful a a he vual who ha
uffere amage. Vhe
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.; a o l affor a $
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c
Y Y
YcVhe ee al pr ple o a e he aual
oo of a llegal a - a pr ple whh eem o be eablhe b
er ao al prae a parular b he eo of arbral
rbu al - ha reparao mu a far a poble,cwpe-ou all he
o eque e of he llegal a a re-eablh he uao whh
woul all probabl have exe f ha a ha o bee
omme.
)Y Y +Y Y Y ceuo k or
f h o poble pame of a um orrepo g o he value
whh a reuo k woul bear; he awar f ee be of
amage for lo ua e whh woul o be overe b reuo
k or pame plae of - uh are he pr ple whh houl
erve o eerm e he amou of ompe ao ue for a a
o rar o er ao al law.
Y +Y YcVh o luo parularl apple
a regar he Ge eva Co ve o he obje of whh o prove
for he ma e a e of eo om lfe Upper Slea o he ba of
repe for he .. Vhe poeo of a ural
u erak g (whh prohbe b he Ge eva Co ve o ) he
volve he oblgao o reore he u erak g a f h be o
poble o pa value a he me of he em fao whh
value eg e o ake he plae of reuo whh ha beome
mpoble. Vo h oblgao vrue of he ge eral pr ple of
er ao al law mu be ae ha of ompe a g lo ua e
a he reul of he eure. Vhe mpobl of reor g he Chorw
faor oul herefore have o oher effe bu ha of ubu g
pame of he value of he u erak g for reuo ; woul o
be o form wh he pr ple of law or wh he wh of he
Page g of g *
ccc
ccc$
wa uffe o fou a lam.
Where wa a queo of a u lawful a omme aga a
ompa repree g foreg apal he ge eral rule of
er ao al law auhore he ao al Sae of he ompa alo e
o exere ploma proeo for he purpoe of eek g rere.
?o rule of er ao al law exprel o ferre uh a rgh o he
hareholer' ao al Sae.
5
!
25+ 32
;DC3
: Vha a orporao ha a jural pero al from
hareholer a ge eral pr ple of law. Cae wa abou
orporae pero ale (Ca aa) v. hareholer (Belgum) m
Belgum ha o ju a ]
- Where o e of he pare volve a mu pal e uh a a
COPOVYO? refere e ma be mae o releva pr ple of
mu pal law.
$*!
( ) Y Y Y +Y
+ Y3"
$ alo
form par of ge eral pr ple of law a herefore a oure of YL.
Vhoe PYL profeor o
k ow a h g abou bo a hare
Vhe BVLPC wa orporae Voro o (Ca aa) for he purpoe of
rea g a evelop g a eler power prouo a rbuo
em Caalo a (Spa ). Y forme a umber of ubar
ompa e of whh ome ha her regere offe Ca aa a
he oher Spa . Some ear afer he fr worl war Barelo a
Vrao hare apal ame o be ver largel hel b Belga
ao al. Vhe erv g of he Barelo a Vrao bo wa
upe e o aou of he Spa h vl war. fer ha war he
Spa h exha ge o rol auhore refue o auhore he
ra fer of he foreg urre eear for he reumpo of he
erv g of he erl g bo . Eve uall he ompa wa elare
ba krup. Belgum fle a applao wh he YCJ aga he Spa h
gover me eek g reparao of amage lame o have bee
aue o he Belga ao al hareholer of he ompa .
2+++Y Y ++cY he fel of ploma
proeo er ao al law wa o uou evoluo a wa
alle upo o reog e uo of mu pal law. Y mu pal
law he o ep of he ompa wa fou e o a frm o
bewee he rgh of he ompa a hoe of he hareholer.
O l he ompa whh wa e owe wh legal pero al oul
ake ao repe of maer ha were of a orporae haraer.
wro g o e o he ompa freque l aue prejue o
hareholer bu h o mpl ha boh were e le o lam
ompe ao . Whe ever a hareholer' ere were harme b
a a o e o he ompa wa o he laer ha he ha o look o
ue approprae ao . a fr g g o l he ompa '
rgh o volve repo bl owar he hareholer eve f
her ere were affee. Y orer for he uao o be ffere
he a ompla e of mu be ame a he re rgh of he
hareholer a uh (whh wa o he ae here e he Belga
Gover me ha elf ame ha ha o bae lam o a
fr geme of he re rgh of he hareholer).
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;D13
: Y eerm g he
ccc'c
he our
looke o he
c of he parpa ae. Y
ge erall reomme aor bu ma erve a a a of orm.
: Dor e of peall affee ae
$*!
( Vhe meho of look g o vo g paer a emplo g he
peall affee ae or e o o full a oall ae
WO? a reoluo b g. Sae Prae + Op o Jur ll ha o
be prove. Sr oe o approve of h meho.
( Vhe ue here o lo ger wheher Lba a ao ale (beaue
oul a reog e a oher ae) bu wheher ae of
exproprao whh law preval (ome or ural) Wh wll
maer o fgure ou Ymag e whe a prvae arpor ow e b a
Germa exproprae b Phlpp e gover me . Wll maer
wheher Paa VC wll have juro or he YCJ Paa wll
aurall have ro ger flue e o o-Flp o. pplao of
Page g2 of g *
Y Y+ Y
Y YY
+- Y YY
Y +Y
Y Y
+-0 Y ++
Y ++
c
5+"!
Y eerm g he
ccc'c
he
our looke o he
c of he parpa ae.
$*!
( Vhe meho of look g o vo g paer a emplo g he
peall affee ae or e o o full a oall ae
WO? a reoluo b g. Sae Prae + Op o Jur ll ha o
be prove. Sr oe o approve of h meho.
( Vhe ue here o lo ger wheher Lba a ao ale (beaue
oul a reog e a oher ae) bu wheher ae of
exproprao whh law preval (ome or ural) Wh wll
maer o fgure ou Ymag e whe a prvae arpor ow e b a
Germa exproprae b Phlpp e gover me . Wll maer
wheher Paa VC wll have juro or he YCJ Paa wll
aurall have ro ger flue e o o-Flp o. pplao of
loal law be efal for he ae. Y veor favore
er ao al law.
BP Explorao Compa (BP) ha a o raual agreeme wh he
Gover me of Lba (Lba) whh allowe BP o operae Lba for
he exrao proe g a expor of peroleum. Vhe area whh
BP wa allowe o operae wa alle Co eo 65. owever Lba
Deember g97g pae he BP ?ao alao Law whh
ao ale he operao of BP Co eo 65 reor g o he
Sae ow erhp of all propere rgh ae a hare he
operao o ue he a area a he ra ferr g hee o
a ew ompa he raba Gulf Explorao Compa . a reul of
he ?ao alao Law (whh wa rapl mpleme e) BP
operao Co eo 65 were brough o a omplee hal a
aff were mmeael exlue from he preme a fale. Vhe
raba Gulf Explorao Compa ha ake over Co eo 65.
%++Y+ YYcClaue 28 of he o eo agreeme
prove ha houl pue are he applable law hall be he
pr ple of he law of Lba ommo o he pr ple of
er ao al law a o l f uh ommo pr ple o o ex
wh repe o a parular maer wll reor be mae o ge eral
pr ple of law. Y he eve ha er ao al law a Lba law
o fl o he ue ge eral pr ple of law houl appl o reolve
he queo .
Vhe gover g em of law wha he laue exprel prove
ha he abe e of pr ple ommo o he Lba a
Y er ao al law ge eral pr ple of law lu g hoe ha ma
have bee apple b er ao al rbu al houl appl.
0Y
Y
Y ++YY YcY he eo of rbu al
whle arbral rbu al a elare awar whh lue he
elarao of pef performa e aga a realra par her
power a juro o o o re arefull o he pare
o e .
Exam e he lgh of ge eral pr ple of law he legal em
a ale here offer ffere oluo o he problem. Vhu hee
mu pal em of law profe allega e o wo verge
pr ple o he queo . Y herefore ?OV POSSYBLE o hol ha
u er ge eral pr ple of law a agreeme fu ame all
abrogae b o e par o ue fore a o be pefall
performe ef el u l he oe par erm ae for
Page g3 of g *
YYY
YYY
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c
ccc
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Vhe ae a a pero of er ao al law houl poe he
follow g qualfao
a) a perma e populao ;
b) a ef e error;
) gover me ; a
) apa o e er o relao wh he oher ae.
' /c,c& cc
g. emberhp he U e ?ao ope o all oher peae-lov g
ae whh aep he oblgao o a e he pree Charer
a he jugme of he Orga ao are able a wll g o arr
ou hee oblgao .
2. Vhe amo of a uh ae o memberhp he U e
?ao wll be effee b a eo of he Ge eral embl
upo he reomme ao of he Seur Cou l.
' /c )c ember of he U e ?ao whh o a member
of he Seur Cou l or a ae whh o a ember of he
U e ?ao f a par o a pue u er o erao b he
Seur Cou l hall be
cc
$
whou voe he
$
rela g o he pue. Vhe Seur Cou l hall la ow
uh o o a eem ju for he parpao of a ae whh
o a ember of he U e ?ao .c
' /c 2c5)8c ae whh o a ember of he U e ?ao ma
c c c
of he Seur Cou l or of he Ge eral
embl a pue o whh a par f aep ava e for
he purpoe of he pue he oblgao of paf eleme
prove he pree Charer.
c
' /c+ 5)8c ae whh o a ember of he U e ?ao ma
$
cc o he Saue of he Y er ao al Cour of Jue o
5
!
2
;DC3
$
/
82
;<;3
$*! Vhe YCJ rejee he or e ha o l ae are or
a be ubje of er ao al law.
Vhe U? G ake he YCJ for a avor op o ubm g he
follow g legal queo
g.c Y he eve of a ccc&
c
he
performa e of h ue uffer g jur ruma e
volv g he
ccc. ha he U e ?ao a
a orga ao he apa o br g a er ao al lam
aga he repo ble e jure or e fao gover me wh a
vew of oba g he reparao ue repe of he amage
aue (a) o he U e ?ao (b) o he vm or o pero
e le hrough hm
2.c Y he eve of a affrmave repl o po Y (b) how ao
b he U e ?ao o be reo le wh uh rgh a ma
be poee b he Sae of whh he vm a ao al
Y
YCompee e o br g a er ao al lam for
hoe poe g he apa o reor o he uomar meho
reog e b er ao al law for he eablhme he
pree ao a he eleme of lam. (.e. proe reque for a
e qur egoao a reque for ubmo o a arbral
rbu al or o he Cour o far a h ma be auhore b he
Saue).
Y Sae a br g a er ao al lam aga
a oher Sae. Suh a lam ake he form of a lam bewee wo
polal e e equal law mlar form a boh he re
ubje of er ao al law. Y eal wh b mea of egoao
a a o he pree ae of he law a o er ao al
juro be ubme o a rbu al exep wh he o e of
he Sae o er e.
!& Y +Y + YYY ! Y Y
Y Vhe U? Charer b gv g he U? legal apa a
prvlege a mmu e he error of eah of ember; a
b prov g for he o luo of agreeme bewee he U? a
ember. Co ve o o whh he U? a par-ha o frme
h haraer of he U? whh oupe a poo era repe
Page gJ of g *
Y YY
YY Y Y !Wherea a Sae
poee he oal of er ao al rgh a ue reog e b
er ao al law he rgh a ue of a e uh a he U?
mu epe upo purpoe a fu o a pefe or mple
o ue oume a evelope prae.
! + Y
YY
Y
Y ++ Y lear ha U? ha he
apa o br g a lam for amage aue o he ere of he U?
elf o am rave mah e o proper a ae a o
he ere of whh he guara . Whe he U? ha ua e
amage reul g from a breah b a ember of er ao al
oblgao mpoble o ee how a oba reparao u le
poee apa o br g a er ao al lam.
Y Y+YVhe meaure of he reparao houl epe
upo he amou of he amage whh he U? ha uffere a he
reul of he wro gful a or omo of he efe a Sae a
houl be alulae aora e wh he rule of er ao al law.
Vo llurae he amage woul lue he rembureme of a
reao able ompe ao whh he U? ha o pa o age or o
pero e le hrough hm a he expe ure repla g a ea
or able age e gage upo a a mo .
! +
YY Vhe
Charer oe o exprel o fer upo he U? he apa o
lue lam for reparao amage aue o he vm or o
pero e le hrough hm. Bu u er er ao al law he U?
mu be eeme o have hoe power whh hough o exprel
prove he Charer are o ferre upo b eear
mplao a be g ee al o he performa e of ue.
$ - YY Y
+ Y
Y Y orer ha he age ma perform h ue afaorl
he mu feel ha h proeo aure o hm b he U? a ha
he ma ou o . Vo e ure he epe e e of he age a
o eque l he epe e ao of he U? elf ee al
ha perform g h ue he ee o have o rel o a oher
proeo ha ha of he U? (ave of oure for he more re a
mmeae proeo ue from he Sae whoe error he ma
be). Y parular he houl o have o rel o he proeo of h
ow Sae. Yf he ha o rel o ha Sae h epe e e mgh
well be omprome o rar o he pr ple apple b rle g00
of he Charer. lal ee al ha wheher he age
belo g o a powerful or o a weak Sae; o o e more affee or le
affee b he omplao of er ao al lfe; o o e mpah
or o mpah wh he mo of he age -he houl k ow ha
he performa e of h ue he u er he proeo of he U?.
Vh aura e eve more eear whe he age aele.
Vhe apa of he U? o exere a meaure of fu o al proeo
of age are b eear e me ou of he Charer.
Whe lam rere for a breah of hee oblgao he U?
vok g ow rgh he rgh ha he oblgao ue o houl
be repee.
! + Y
Y Y
YY
Y !Ff Sae repree g he va major of he
member of he er ao al ommu ha he power
%
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Vh pue relae o Pale e a Bra
wro gful refual o
reog e avromma
rgh aqure u er o ra for publ
work o be o e Pale e. Greee ook up avromma
ae a
a Greek ubje.
c
YY
Y
ef e a a agreeme o a po
of law or fa a o fl of legal vew or of ere bewee 2
pero . Greee aer g rgh b $
c
from
Bra argu g ha Bra reae avromma a ma er
ompable wh era er ao al oblgao whh he are
bou o oberve.
fr he pue wa bewee a prvae pero (avromma)
a a Sae (Bra ). Bu $ccc#
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c
c
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Y +
Y +
+ Y Y Y ae a ake up he ae of
ubje whe jure b a o rar o er ao al law
omme b a oher Sae from whom he have bee cc
c
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c$. So WO? a pue
c
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. Greee he ee of
Bra he +Y+ .
Greee ha he rgh o c$cccc
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Y ubu g elf wh he e bu auall aer g
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(@
82
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Vhe U? G ake he YCJ for a avor op o "Do he reoluo
auhore b he Ge eral embl o over he o of he U?
operao he Co go (O?UC) a of he operao of he U?
Emerge Fore he le Ea (U?EF) "o ue 'expe e of
he Orga ao ' wh he mea g of rle g7 paragraph 2 of
he Charer of he U e ?ao "
mYYY
Y"Expe e" of a orga ao are he amou
pa ou o efra he o of arr g ou purpoe h ae
he polal eo om oal huma ara a oher purpoe of
he U e ?ao .
Expe ure mu be ee b her relao hp o he purpoe of
he U e ?ao he e e ha f a expe ure were mae for
a purpoe whh o o e of he purpoe of he U e ?ao
oul o be o ere a "expe e of he Orga ao ".
Y
Y !Vhe fr wo purpoe a ae paragraph Y
a 2 ma be erbe a po g o he goal of er ao al peae
a eu a fre l relao . Vhe hr he aheveme of
eo om oal ulural a huma ara goal a repe for
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merel gve he lama a
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ouple wh effeve oupao .c
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e.) he our wll freee he pero of he o rover o he ae
whe he o rover beame rpe for ajuao . all he
eve afer uh ae wll be g ore. Cral ae h ae
Vrea of Par (g898)
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From he a po of he ao al legal orer ae overeg
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overeg a abolue. owever he er ao al phere
overeg reale elf he exe e of a large umber of
overeg e uh ha here preval fa o-exe e of
overeg e u er o o of epe e e a equal.
Vhe overeg of o e ae e where he overeg of a oher
ae beg . Vha lmao bul o he aure of ae
overeg u er er ao al law. Vo o eve a u lme a o
egae exe e he o ex of he o-exe e of
overeg e reul g he egao of er ao al ommu
ompoe of jurall equal ae.
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wel aepe op o of Juge uber he
Sovereg he relao bewee ae g fe
epe e e. epe e e regar o a poro of he globe
he rgh o exere here o he exluo of a oher Sae he
fu o of a Sae. Vhe evelopme of he ao al orga ao of
Sae ur g he la few e ure a a a orollar he
evelopme of er ao al law have eablhe h pr ple of
he 1$
c$
$ of he Sae regar o ow error
uh a wa a o make he po of eparure el g mo
queo ha o er er ao al relao .
ga mpora o vew
c
c
c a he
overeg of o e Sae relao o he overeg of a oher
Sae o o of o- exe e.
c
#
$*!
8!7
9
uber Dover o
e ough er ao al law
prerbe ha o o l
!
greeme of he Duh wh he
ave allowe he Duh o
exere overeg over he la
Page )* of g *
he
cc$c
cc
cc
ccc
. parular her rgh o egr a volabl peae
a war ogeher wh he rgh whh eah Sae ma lam for
ao al foreg error. Whou ma fe g erroral
overeg a ma er orrepo g o ruma e he Sae
a o fulfll h u.
c
YY
++
Y Y lhough mu pal
law wh omplee jual em able o reog e abra
rgh of proper a ex g apar from a maeral pla of hem
ha o ehele lme her effe b he pr ple of prerpo
a he proeo of poeo . Y er ao al law he ruure of
whh o bae o a uper-Sae orga ao a o be
preume o reue a rgh uh a VS wh whh almo all
er ao al relao are bou up o he aegor of a abra
rgh whou o ree ma feao .c
Vhe pr ple ha o uou a peaeful pla of he fu o of
Sae wh a gve rego a o ue eleme of VS o o l
bae o he o o of he formao of epe e Sae a
her bou are a well a o a er ao al jurprue e a
or e wel aepe.
a feao of VS aume ffere form aor g o me a
plae. lhough o uou pr ple overeg a o be
exere fa a ever mome o ever po of a error. Vhe
erme e a o u ompable wh he ma e a e of
he rgh eearl ffer aor g a habe or u habe
rego are volve or rego e loe wh errore whh
overeg o eabl plae or aga rego aeble
from e.g. he hgh ea. Y rue ha eghbor g Sae ma b
o ve o fx lm o her ow overeg eve rego uh a
he eror of arel explore o e where uh overeg
arel ma fee a h wa ma preve he oher from a
pe erao of error e.g. he elmao of erla .
Yf however o o ve o al l e of uffe opographal preo
ex or f here are gap he fro er oherwe eablhe or f
a o ve o al l e leave room for oub or f a e.g. he ae of
a la uae he hgh ea he queo are wheher a le
val Y Y he aual o uou a peaeful pla of
ae fu o ae of pue he ou a aural rerum
] of VS.
Y Y ++ regar he queo whh of ffere legal
em preval g a ueve pero o be apple (he o-alle
eremporal law) a o mu be mae bewee he $
c
c
a he 1
$cc
. Vhe ame pr ple whh
ubje he a reave of a rgh o he law fore a he me he
rgh are ema ha he exe e of he rgh .e. o ue
ma feao hall follow he o o requre b he evoluo of
law.
c
Y Y+ Y +YYf o he oher ha
he vew aope ha over oe o reae a ef ve le of
overeg bu o l a hoae le uh a le ex rue
whou exer al ma feao . owever aor g o he vew ha
h
ha prevale e he g9 e ur a hoae le of over
mu be omplee wh a reao able pero b effeve
oupao .
hoae le oul o preval over he o uou a peaeful
pla of auhor b a oher Sae; for uh pla ma preval
eve over a pror ef ve le pu forwar b a oher Sae.c
c
+Y
lhough Sae have era ruma e
ma a e c
c
c$cc
cccc
vrue of her geographal uao mpoble o how
he exe e of a rule of pove er ao al law o he effe ha
la uae oue erroral waer houl belo g o a Sae
from he mere fa ha error form he Y
( eare
o e or la of o erable e). ?o o l woul eem ha
here are o preee uffe l freque a uffe l pree
her bear g o eablh uh a rule bu he allege pr ple elf
b ver aure o u era a o ee ha eve
gover me of he ame Sae have o ffere oao
ma a e o raor op o a o ou e.
m YYY Y
Y Y / Yf he lam o overeg
bae o he $
cc$c
cc.c
he
fa of uh pla mu be how preel relao o he
pue error. Y o eear ha here houl be a peal
am rao eablhe h error; bu a o uffe for
he error o be aahe o a oher b a legal relao o
reog e er ao al law a val aga a Sae o e g h
lam o overeg ; wha ee al uh a ae he o uou
a peaeful pla of aual power he o ee rego .c
c
VY
Y m Y Y +Y Y Y Y+
Vhe a of he Ea Y a Compa vew of oup g or olo g
he rego a ue mu er ao al law be e rel amlae
h
o a of he ?eherla Sae elf. From he e of he g6 ll
h
he g9 e ur ompa e forme b vual a e gage
eo om puru (Charere Compa e) were vee b he Sae
o whom he were ubje wh publ power for he aquo a
am rao of olo e.
Y o eear ha he pla of overeg houl go bak o a
ver far a pero. Y ma uffe ha uh pla exe
g898 a ha alrea exe a o uou a peaeful before ha
ae lo g e ough o e able a Power who mgh have o ere
herelf a poe g overeg over he la or hav g a lam o
overeg o have aor g o loal o o a reao able
pobl for aera g he exe e of a ae of h g o rar
o her real or allege rgh.
Vhe ?eherla ha prove he exere of ome a of Sae
auhor a he exe e of exer al g of auhor (flag oa
of arm). Vhee fa a lea o ue a beg g of eablhme
of overeg b o uou a peaeful pla of ae auhor
or a omme eme of oupao of a la o e form g a par
of he error of a ae; a uh a ae of h g woul reae
favour of he ?eherla a hoae le for omple g he
o o of overeg . Suh hoae le bae o pla of
ae auhor woul preval over a hoae le erve from
over epeall f h laer le ha bee lef for a ver lo g
me whou ompleo b oupao ; a woul equall preval
over a lam whh equ mgh be eue from he oo of
o gu.
c
&"
$
+!+$*4+DD4<0D2ACC03
Y/ccY$
c
CO?VEXV OF VYCLE. Vhe Phlpp e a Y o ea have bee
argu g over who ge o keep he la of Palma; Y o ea pull a
urpre eak aak.
Page )g of g *
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
cc
ccc cc !"c c#$c
%c"c !"c
& ! c'"c c( #ccc c( #c!
c
c
$"c c
c c !"c)
cc%c(c& ! c c!(
c c#c
!
c
cc cc%c ccc c cc c% cc c cc c
!
c!(
"c!!
cc& % c cc c
c*cc +c
,
c!#c c- c
-./c" cc c
"
c(
c0%cc ! c1( +/c
2cc
( c ccc c) "$c) cccc $
ccc
(#$cc 3# c%cc c!#"c c cc! 4
c
5(
c(
c 4( ccc
)
c&$c c c cc
ccc& c( cc &!c c! c&$c
%cc%c)!
!$c5(
ccc c## 6c
c7 #c
8+cc!cc
! "cc2c#(c& c& cc
#
c% )
ccc c!c
cc(!$c 9
c *,
cccc $cc
) "$c) c: !
c(!
c) c 3
c("(c c
c
("c
%c c1c:c#ccc%cc& "cc;) cc c# !c
Page )) of g *
YV YS Y? VE P
S BESV Y?VEESVS VO Y?VY? UVOYV ?D
CO?VOL OME VE PLS E. eao lue
(g)c Mer loe o he raeg ax l k g he Paf a Y ea
Oea . Vhe eare la o Palma Cape Sa gu . Vhe
eablhme of arhpelag ea-la e bewee he wo u er
Phl overeg wll e able he ou r pobl ooperao
wh Y o ea o mo or o rol a ma a urvella e of
e ve marme juro . a of he ou r
major
populao e er ural o e a he por of a
Davao C Ge eral Sa o Coabao Pagaa a
Zamboa ga are rel aeble from he a eala e.
(2)c Cloe o he ral paw g area a paage hghwa of
eo omall mpora fh e.g. ellowf u a. lo he area
ha bee agge a a mar e eo-rego b he WWF ow g o
he area
a oua g bover.
(3)c Vhe warm pool of he worl
oea e ere o Souher
a ao mak g he Davao Gulf Sara ga a Ylla a ba
he oro Gulf he mo uable e for large-ale oea
4
erm al pla .
Vhe heer area of marme error ha he Phl woul loe plu
he forego g reao warra a re-exam ao of he roo of
Y o ea
lam o Palma he Palma rbrao of g928.
YY/cc
c cYccc'
c
VE CSE Y? ?UVSELL. Vhe Sw arbraor ax uber u l
ummare he o fl g lam o Palma whe he a Y le
wh he bou are of he Phlpp e a ee b Spa o he US
g898 (b he Vrea of Par). Vhe pue bega g906 whe
aj. Ge . Leo ar Woo he he mera Gov-Ge of he Phl.
ve Palma a overe he Duh flag hoe o he la .
ave who poke Spa h allegel forme hm of he v of
?eherla ubje o he la .
WV UBE DOES?
V VELL US. Vhe mera were ge erall
hea o purue he lam. Vhe la wa mall a populae b
689 eae a eue haba of low me al who peak a
ala-Spa h ale; a he legal reoure o he lam lu g
reoure o arbrao wa o jufe ow g o he rfl g value
of he la . ?everhele here wa a lo of publ g9gg over
a repor ha Duh auhore ore ow a US flag fou o he
la whh go a lea o e US e aor o ak abou he vera of
he repor.
Vhe US re o prove he pame of Y+ or ree e erfae
axe b he la
haba o he Spa h Gover me a well
a regular v of Spa h aval veel o he la . rhve
Sevlle alo loe eve e ha Spa e a expeo o he
la g7g0 a ha a group of Jeu mo are were auall
e o ele he la wh he avowe goal of o ver g he
Page ) of g *
uber
heor wa whou preee a ma probabl be
erbe a a bol arulao of a ew heor whh u l oa
oe o eem o have bee gve we aepa e. Jurprue e
abou er ao al law repe g aqure rgh or appl g he
law fore a he me of he reao of he rgh. Vhu ae
le
o error aqure a a reul of o que o
ex guhe a a reul of he re of he o emporar orm
forb g he ue of fore he o u of er ao al relao .
&+
c %
$c a voke b he mera gve re ccc
$c
whh mu be $ hrough cc
$
c$c
$
c$
c$$
. hoae
le oul o preval over he o uou a peaeful pla of
auhor b a oher ae; for uh pla ma preval eve over a
pror ef ve le pu forwar b a oher ae.
c Vhe ?eherla eablhe effeve oupao hrough amo g
oher Co ra of Suera wh he loal ruler a rbeme
of he la .
c
:
1 Where ffere legal rule exe over a
pero of me boh he rule a he reao of he rgh a a he
me of exere mu be apple. formulae b uber he
applao of er-emporal law he legal ba for hr ae
(e.g. ?eherla ) o aqure a beer le o pue la o
he ba of ubeque a exeue over a lo g pero of me
from he pe me of over.
c
1 a jual eh que he ue of eve e a more
epeall he exluo of eve e o g of elf-erv g a
of pare a a age whe wa eve ha a pue exe.
JESSUP SOWS W E S OOV COUV COPEVYVYO? ?ED
FVE Y. e ha rm o o l o he proeural ape of
he arbrao bu alo o he uba ve ape of he awar.
Y?VE-VEPOL LW S FOULVED !$!0m V . ume
ha Sae aqure Yla X from Sae B b a Vrea of Peae afer a
war whh he vor... ume ha hol X bu whou
mak g ue of for 200 ear. he e of ha me uppoe ha
he evelopme of er ao al law ] a ha he ew rule
ha o error ma be aqure b a vor from a va quhe a he
loe of a war. U er he heor of er-emporal law a
expou e woul appear ha woul o lo ger have goo le o
X bu mu eure a ew le upo uh oher ba a ]
aora e wh he ew rule. Suh a reroave effe of law woul
be hghl urb g. "c.cc$cccc
$
cc1
c
c
cc$c
cc
c
c
c
cc
ccc$c
cccc$
,cc
c,cc$0
. Yf uh a pr ple were o be apple o
prvae law a prvae le he reul woul be hao.
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
<
cc=-&/
ccc> !">c# cc"(cc!
c!(
"c
cc!
c "c% c
c c(!c ( c%c cc
! !$c !
cc(c!
c% c
c c(!c ( c#cc
c" "!
c #c
c!!c $
cc%c!!$c) c
& c "
cc(+c
Page ) of g *
Y well oume e ha he US wa kee l aware of he exe e
of he ew epe e ae of he Phlpp e a ha Spa ha
lo le o he arhpelago a of he g g of he Vrea of Par.
Y fa wa beaue of hee o erao ha US polmaker
ha o he her mperal age a from hoe who were oppoe
o he a exao of a epe e ao .
+:"
!&"
&
CDY?L ULE Y? BYVVYO? Co e freel gve he ore for
a arbrao . rbral awar are herefore c
cc.
ha agree o he arbrao (pr ple of auo om of pare).
S e he Phlpp e a ha me alrea a epe e Sae wa
ccccc
c'
$cc
c$cc
c>c$
.
O? SUCCESSYO? OF SVVES. Eve aum g ha he Phlpp e ma
be hel a he ueor ae of he US o Palma a he e re
Phlpp e arhpelago a ee ll woul o
reul
he Phlpp e
ueo o he US
oblgao . Furhermore
u er ex g er ao al law orm $$cccc
$c$$cc
c$c@c
,c$$
,c
c
. ee ae prae e.g. he ree l u fe
Germa a he ew ae of he former ugolava prove ha
Sae are c
cc$c
$c
,c9cc
,cc$$c.
VE PYLYPPY?ES S?
V GEED VO SUCCEED VE US Y? VE
PLS BYVVYO?. O he o rar all he Phlpp e
law a
Co uo ef e her error o he ba of horal le
lu g he mee a bou a o a e he Vrea of Par.
Vhere alo oh g he Vrea bewee he Phlpp e a he
U e Sae preparaor o he former]
aa me of
epe e e ha woul ae ha he former agree o uee
he laer o he Palma arbrao . Wha wa pulae wa o l
ha Vhe P] agree o aume all o u g oblgao aume
b he US] u er he Vrea of Peae ... o lue a Par ... a
u er he Vrea bewee he US] a Spa o lue a
h
6
Wah go he 7 a of ?ovember g900.
V
$00mV01
c
for reao of
cc
cc
houl #cc$. Vhe fa ha he
Vrea of Par reog e a ef g he error of he ou r
oe o gve uppoe eo a reog o . Y ea he
rea o l erve a
$ccc$c
of he
ou r a ef e b Spa . Vhe pr ple wa apple uh ae
a he %:5? 5
a he :5%
ae.
PLS WS "4"c'""%c -c"c ' c-cY %- ".Y' c
'>Y "'- b he Duh he rbrao u lke he US lam g
a par of he Phlpp e; he e Y o ea from mak g
uh a lam. mo Y o ea ma be reog e o have
overeg over he la b vrue of he Palma arbrao ;
purua o he U?CLOS he la o be g a par of a
arhpelagoma be e lave7 a gve ow erroral ea.
oher arra geme woul be o rar o he U?CLOS a woul
lea o a proporo ae a equable reul. Vhe urrou g
waer herefore eve u er he be e aro for Y o ea houl
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
=
2+?!3
$*!1VYY Y00 Y+ Y YY
Y Y Y !$0cc
Vhere wa a ollo a he hgh ea bewee a Fre h mal eamer
Lou wh he Vurkh oller Bo Kour. Vhe Bo Kour wa u wo
a a k. Egh Vurkh ao al o boar e. Vhe offer o wah
o boar Lou wa L. Demo a Fre h e . L. Demo wa
arree b he Vurkh auhore a wa ubjee o ral he
Vurkh our. Vhe Fre h gover me proee he ao of he
Vurkh auhore proe g h arre ema g h releae or
oba g ra fer of he ae from he Vurkh Cour o he Fre h
Cour. Vhe pare ubme he o fl o he Cour a he ague.
c
0 Y Y + +++Vhe ae u er er ao al
law a pree ha far from la g ow a ge eral prohbo o
he effe ha Sae ma o exe he applao of her law
a he juro of her our o pero proper a a
oue her error leave hem h repe a
c
c
c
$
whh c
c
c$
c$cc
c
. Y oher ae ever Sae rema free o aop he pr ple
whh regar a be a mo uable.
c
VY +
++ + Y Y ++
Vhough rue ha all em of law he
$
ccc
c$$cc$
c fu ame al equall rue
ha all or earl all hee em of law exe her ao o
offe e omme oue he error of he Sae whh aop
hem a he o o wa whh var from Sae o Sae. c
cc$
cc
cccc
$
cc
ccccc$
$
c
c
c
/c
c
! +
Y+Y
# Y
o
eear o o er he o e o ha a Sae a o pu h
$c$
c b a foreg er mpl b reao of he
ao al of he vm. For h o e o o l relae o he ae
where he
ccc
$
he o l rero o whh he
rm al juro of he Sae bae. Suh argume oul o l
be ue he pree ae f er ao al law forbae Vurke o
ake o o erao he fa ha he offe e proue effe
o he Vurkh veel a o eque l a plae amlae o
Vurkh error whh he applao of Vurkh rm al law
a o be halle ge eve regar o offe e omme here b
foreg er. Bu o uh rule of er ao al law ex.
c
YY Y Y +" YY+YY Y
Y '
Y YY era ha he our of ma ou re eve of
ou re whh have gve her rm al leglao a
$c
Page )2 of g *
c$$ erpre rm al law he e e ha offe e
he auhor of whh a he mome of ommo are he
error of a oher Sae are everhele o be regare a hav g
bee omme he ao al error f ccc$
c
ccc$ a more epeall
c$ have ake
plae here. Fre h our have regar o a vare of uao
gve eo a o g h wa of erpre g he erroral
pr ple.
c
MYY+ YY YY Y#
Y YY
+ Y
(
Yccc
c
ccc,c
c$c1$
cc
c
c
c
$
/cc
$*!1lhough boh e were able o pree eve e
eablh g her overeg over he area uh a expeo
gra g of o eo leglao e. wha wo for De mark
wa cc$0
$$ beaue of he Yhle Delarao .
lhough aquee e o a mea of aqur g le a proof of
a beer lam.
Vhere equal prepo era e of eve e pree e b boh ae
a o her oupao of a era poro of Gree la . owever
?orwa
poeo wa c
cc$$ccc
.e. here wa
c
c
whh o e of he 2 requreme of
overeg . Y o have he e o poe behalf of a
overeg . emember ha cc
$c
cc
c
Page )3 of g *
Vc
Y Ya
le b ueo a proof of ow erhp.
m
Page )J of g *
(
+)2
;;13
Vc
Vc
Vc
Vc
Vc
Vc
%&&(
25?+%32
;1>3
Vhe pue relae o he
ccccc$
c
bewee he former olo e of Upper Mola ( ow Burk a Fao) a
Sua ( ow al) a here from he Fre h am rao a
ex g a he mome of epe e e. YCJ ue he
/ a looke o eve e of olo al herage
Y +YcVh pr ple prove
c
cc$
c
ur g he olo al pero a
mpoe he oblgao o $c91
c
c
he eve of c$$
. Y am o $c$ccc
c
a he mome whe epe e e
aheve.cVhe rao ale for h pr ple ha he
$cc
c
cc0 ee a he
c$ orer o
preerve wha ha bee aheve b people who have ruggle for
her epe e e a o avo a rupo .
m
Y Y8Y
Y Y 8Y
Y "$
c$$
a
moe of aqur g le whh eek o prove le o he error. Vh
o ep eal wh he exere of overeg of a ae over a
parular error.
m
Y Y8++Y
Y Y8Y
Y/ .c$$
a moe of
aqur g le whh eek o prove am rave bou are. Vh
"!+2
;;<3
c
ccc aheve perma e e whh he
rea elf oe o eearl e jo.
Vc
Vc
Vc
rgh o he waer off oa. Seo he ea area l g wh he
bael e mu be loel l ke o he la oma o be ubje o
he regme of er al waer. Vhr he eo om ere peular o
he rego a eve e b lo g uage houl be o ere.
2
;D=3
% Y Y ++ Y Y
0&++- cVY
++ mea a error belo g g o o o e over whh overeg
a be $0
cc$$
. Vh beaue
g] ae prae ae ha a error habe b rbe hav g a
oo-polal orga ao o Y Y++8
2] Spa ever reae ae a oupao bu merel
proeo .
VY Y Y+Y+ Y Y YY YY Y Y 2
2 cBoh oroo a aura a lam o have legal e
wh Weer Sahara pror o olo ao b Spa hrough.
oroo lam o have mmemoral poeo a publ pla
of overeg u errupe a u o ee for e ure a
h
eve e b he rab o que 7 Ce ur D. Vhe our rejee
h o e o beaue here wa c
cc$ bu
c
c
$ of
( o all) of he oma people.
aura a bae lam o he aura e whh e oe he
ulural geographal a oal e ex g he rbe of
Weer Sahara. Vhe our rejee h o e o beaue here
wa c$
c
c$
?ccc
.
Y ao he YCJ ook oe of he follow g fa
g] he prae of axao wa o e b he people of Weer
Sahara for hemelve;
2] he oma aure of he rbe o rar o he o ep of
overeg ;
3] here wa o eve e he people reog e a furher
allega e oue her loal leaer.
Page ) of g *
&"
2+%@32
;0
3
Yf he la u habe phal oupao o eear.
Ope elarao uffe .
Clppero la Y ++ o er g hecerror wa
u habe a whou am rao . Sovereg over he la
wa elare b Fra e from he mome av member la e
o he la g858 a wa
c
cc>c VY
+ Y he ame ear.
+ 8 YY Fra e uefull aqure le
b oupao .
$c$$
o requre where
g] error Y ++8
2] a he me he oup g ae make appeara e here; a
3] ak g of poeo a e o poe how b a publ
elarao of overeg .
c
,
!, $*
Whe ol wa overe ma ou re la lam over . Ch a
bae lam o over effeve oupao a reog o .
Vhe Phlpp e bae lam o effeve oupao afer Japa
re ou e le over he la . Vhe arle ue he moe of
aqur g error.
2Y
%. VY 1
m
Y
Y%.
VY 1
m Y+ Eoppel a ge eral pr ple of er ao al law whh
prelue a oher lama from aqur g le.
Y 8 Y +YcDover alo e gve he lama merel a
hoae le. Vh mu o ur wh effeve oupao for here o
be aquo of proper (+
+Y). ?oe ha error
mu be Y ++
YPoeo a ro g eve e of le whe ouple wh
effeve oupao bu o e ough o ow for he aquo
of le. ?oe ha poeo requre YY
YYcVhere o ruve poeo of he whole
la or arhpelago where a oa of he la or a
la
le
rok of he arhpelago have bee auall oupe b
YY
Y
Page )+ of g *
++
YYY+
Y
YYY+Y Y+
Y
+0 Y# , Y +Y
YYY+
"Y Y +0 Y YY Y# m+ +Y
c
/c Y " 'c(' ".c
c
Y er al waer are all waer la war from he bael e of he
error (rver lake ba e). Sovereg over hee he ame
exe a overeg over la a o ubje o he rgh of
oe paage. owever 0% % he arbraor
a ha aor g o er ao al law por of ever ae mu be
ope o foreg veel a a o l be loe whe val ere of
he ae o requre. Bu aor g o ! 0a oaal ae
ma regulae ae o por.
Ba are well-marke e ao whoe pe erao uh
proporo o he wh of mouh a o o a la -loke waer
a o ue more ha a mere urvaure of he oa. Vo be
o ere a ba he area of he e ao mu be a large a or
larger ha ha of a em-rle whoe ameer a l e raw
aro he mouh of ha e ao ( YY( +Y Y ).
or ba are hoe whh are reae b he oaal ae a
er al waer o he ba of hor rgh ak owlege b oher
ae.
90 1
YYY+ ++ !m00 Y Y
V Y
Y Y, Y! , Y + Y Y
+0 Y+ Y Y +# Y+Y
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
C
ccc: #
c!
c
c
c # cccc!
c cc=c
c
cc# cc c cc c=cc c: )c) cc c !c
!c
Page * of g *
8
+2
;>=3
Cae volve he erpreao of ome erm ue he
Submerge La . Sae of Calfor a a he Feeral gover me
are r g o eerm e who ow a ha juro over he
ubol eabe of he o e al helf a he reoure loae
here alo g he Calfor a. Vo reolve uh he Cour ue he
ef o of releva marme erm.
Feeral gover me ow a ha exluve juro
over uh beo 3 mle eawar from he oal e. Calfor a ow
a ha exluve juro over uh wh 3 mle or he ela
alo g oa (ef e a he hore of he ma la a of la
bewee he l e of mea hgh waer a he l e of mea lower low
waer).
Y
Cour aop he ef o he Y er ao al
Co ve o o he Verroral Sea a he Co guou Zo e
Page g of g *
8+2
;>;3
Vhe ue abou he orre ef o of Y la Waer. U.S.
argue ha he ef o of la waer o a e he
Y er ao al Co ve o o he Verroral Sea (YCVS) houl preval
over Loua a
o e o ha houl be he Y la Waer L e
(YWL) fxe b he Comma a of he Coa Guar g895.
0 Y Y+
YCour ua he aopo of he YCVS
ef o he U.S. v. Calfor a ae. Vhe YCVS ef o preval
a a follow - "he l e of or ar low waer alo g ha poro
of he oa whh re o a wh he ope ea a he l e
mark g he eawar lm of la waer."
7Y+YVhe l e mark g he eawar lm of la waer alo
o be raw aora e wh he ef o of he Co ve o o
he Verroral Sea a he Co guou Zo e.
+YWheher parular waer are la ha epe e o
horal a well a geographal faor bu a we a U e
Sae v. Calfor a ge erall agree ha hor le a be
lame o l whe he "oaal ao ha rao all aere a
ma a e om o wh he aquee e of foreg ao ."
/Y
!+Y0YY YY +
+Y
Y,cc
c
#
,cc
>
c
c
,c
?eare o he ao '
hore are / Vhee
are ubje o he
omplee overeg
of he ao a muh
a f he were a par of
la error a
he oaal ao ha
he prvlege eve o
exlue foreg veel
alogeher.
Beo he la
waer a meaure
from her eawar
ege a bel k ow a
he. Wh he
oaal ao ma
exere exe ve
o rol bu a o
e he rgh of
oe paage o
foreg ao
c
0 +Y +Y
+ 5 YVhe pol favor of
a era a able oal e ro g a woul eearl
ouwegh ou erval g pol o erao u er he Submerge
La . We reog e Calfor a he erabl of "a gle
oal e for boh he am rao of he Submerge La a
he o u of our fuure er ao al relao ."
$/c . 'Y .c
c
Sra ue for er ao al avgao (o avgae bewee o e
par of he hgh ea or a EEZ a a oher par of he hgh ea or a
EEZ) are u er he purvew of U?CLOS bu he legal regme uh
ra whh paage regulae whole or par b lo ga g er ao al o ve o fore pefall rela g o
uh ra o affee. Vhrough hee waer hp a arraf
of all ou re are allowe ra paage a lo g a he
proeee whou ela a whou hreae g he borer g
ae.
Vra paage he exere of he freeom of avgao a
overflgh olel for he purpoe of expeou a o uou ra
(hu he mu proee whou ela) of he ra. Dur g ra
paage foreg hp lu g marme e f reearh a
hrograph urve hp ma o arr ou a reearh or urve
ave whou he pror auhorao of he borer g ae.
Vra paage applable hree a e
g.c f here ex hrough he ra a roue hrough he hgh
ea or a EEZ of mlar o ve e e whh ae he
freeom of avgao a overflgh woul appl
2.c f he ra forme b a la of a ae borer g he
ra a ma la a here ex eawar of he
la a roue o he hgh ea or EEZ of mlar
o ve e e whh ae he rgh of oe paage
woul appl
3.c f he ra bewee a par of he hgh ea or EEZ a he
erroral ea of a oher ae whh ae he rgh of
oe paage woul appl.
Page ) of g *
Page
of g *
c
rhpelag ae are hoe whh are mae up wholl of o e or
more arhpelago. For hee ae he ragh bael e are raw
bewee he ouermo po of he ouermo la prove
hee po are uffe l loe o o e a oher a ha wh uh
bael e are lue he ma la a a area whh he
waer area o la area rao bewee gg a 9g. ll waer e
hee bael e are arhpelag waer. Some guel e raw g
he bael e
g.c he le gh of uh bael e hall o exee g00 aual
mle exep ha up o 3% of all he bael e ma reah
up o g25 mle
2.c he raw g of he bael e hall o epar o a
appreable exe from he ge eral o fgurao of he
arhpelago
3.c uh bael e hall o be raw o a from low-e
elevao
4.c hee hall o be apple uh a ma er a o u off
from he hgh ea or EEZ he erroral ea of a oher Sae
Vhe oaal ae ha he rgh o explore a explo aural
reoure o ere eee allao a o ere a afe o e
over allao wh a rau of 500 meer. Vhee rgh o o
epe o oupao effeve or oo al or a expre
prolamao . Vh rgh oe o affe he rgh of avgao of
oher. oreover h rgh oe o exe o o -reoure maeral
he helf area uh a wreke hp a her argoe. Coaal
ae alo have he rgh o regulae auhore a o u mar e
e f reearh o he o e al helf.
Vake oe ha u er U?CLOS he waer e he arhpelag
bael e are alle arhpelag waer. whle arhpelag ae
ma eg ae ea la e a ar roue uable for o uou a
expeou paage over hee arhpelag waer f he arhpelag
ae oe o eg ae uh la e he rgh of arhpelag ea la e
paage ma ll be exere hrough roue ormall ue for
er ao al avgao . Vh re a be g u ul
bure ome for arhpelag ae. (% Y+ Y +Y
Y+Y+"Y Y + Y
U er he Phlpp e Co uo all waer o e g he la
are er al waer. Vhu whe he ou r rafe he U?CLOS a
elarao wa ae prov g ha
Vhe g g of he Co ve o hall o a ma er mpar or
prejue he overeg rgh of he epubl of he Phlpp e u er
a ar g from he Co uo Suh g g hall o a
ma er affe he overeg rgh of he epubl u er a ar g
ou of he Vrea of Par a he Vrea of Wah go Vhe
provo of he Co ve o o arhpelag paage hrough ea
la e o o ullf or mpar he overeg of he Phlpp e a a
arhpelag Sae over he ea la e a o o eprve of
auhor o e a leglao o proe overeg
epe e e a eur.
/c >"c- Y&-&.cB- "c
c
Vh a area of waer o exee g 24 aual mle from he
bael e. Y hu exe g2 aual mle from he ege of he
erroral ea. Vhe oaal ae exere auhor over ha area o
he exe eear o preve fr geme of uom fal
Vake oe ha he power of o rol oe o ha ge he aure of
he waer. Beo he erroral ea he waer are hgh ea a
o ubje o he overeg of he oaal ae.
2
;>;3
Vh ae o er e he elmao of he o e al helf he
?orh Sea whh volve De mark he ?eherla a Germa .
De mark a he ?eherla boh wa e o appl he equa e
pr ple whle Germa oppoe a h woul proporo ael
reue area ue o he o ave Germa oal e.
Y+ a proe whh volve eablh g he bou are
of a area alrea pr ple appera g o he oaal Sae a
o he eerm ao e ovo of uh a area. Delmao a
equable ma er o e h g bu o he ame h g a awar g a
ju a equable hare of a prevoul u elme area eve
hough a umber of ae he reul ma be omparable or eve
e al.
Y Y Y . Vhe rgh of he oaal Sae repe of
he area of o e al helf ha o ue a aural prolo gao
of la error o a u er he ea ex
a
b vrue of overeg over he la a a a exe o
of a exere of overeg rgh for he purpoe of explor g he
eabe a explo g aural reoure. Y hor here here a
here rgh. Y orer o exere o peal legal proe ha o
be go e hrough or have a peal legal a o be performe. Y
exe e a be elare bu oe o ee o be o ue.
Page of g *
"!+%
2
;1=3
Vh o er e he elmao of he o e al helf bewee
Lba a ala. Vhe eerra ea borere b Vu a (ea)
Yal ( orh) Greee (we) a Lba (ouh). ala a group of
la uae he eerra ea o he ouh of Yal a o he
orh of Lba. Lba
oa g fa l larger ha ha of ala.
m1 !$0 Y YY+
Y Y +
Y+
YY
Page 2 of g *
+"!
Lba a Vu a requee he YCJ o eerm e wha pr ple a
rule of er ao al law ma be apple for he elmao of he
area of he o e al helf appera g o Lba a o ha of
Vu a; ee aor g o 0
c
$
a he c
$
$
$ whh haraere he area a well a he ew
aepe re he Vhr Co fere e o he Law of he Sea; a
larf he praal meho for he applao of hee pr ple o
he a elm whou fful.
VY2Y
+
(Y
Page 3 of g *
he Cour gve he ee al geologal o u of he area (he
ur Deep were ju o ue he eabe a ubol whh
rup he ee al u of he o e al helf).
,Y Y
YY+Y Y Y+Vhe Cha el Yla
( o o uo all par of he UK bu re epe e e of he
Brh Crow whh were reae a par of he UK e he UK wa
he repo ble auhor wh regar o he o e al helf) are
uae o he Fre h e a wh he arm of a gulf o he
Fre h oa. Vhe pree e of hee la ha parular uao
urb he bala e or he geographal ruma e whh woul
oherwe ex bewee he Pare h rego a a reul of he
broa equal of he oal e of her ma la . Vhe legal
framework ha of wo oppoe Sae o e or whh poee
la errore loe o he oa of he oher Sae.
, Y Y avgao al efe e a eur ere
he rego .
+Y
+ + + YVhe queo wha
area of o e al helf are o be o ere a legall he aural
prolo gao of he Cha el Yla raher ha of Fra e. Y
er ao al law he o ep of he o e al helf a jural
o ep whh o oe he aural prolo gao u er he ea o
of a o e or geographal la ma bu of he la error of
eah Sae. Vh mea ha he ope a he o o for
applao are o eerm e exluvel b he phal fa of
geograph bu alo b legal rule. oreover lear (gve he
peal ruma e provo & empha o equable pr ple)
ha he fore of he ar al pr ple of aural prolo gao of
error o abolue bu ma be ubje o qualfao . Vhe
pr ple of aural prolo gao of error a o be a o requre
ha he o e al helf o he orh a orhwe of he Cha el
Yla houl be o ere a auomaall a eearl
appure a o hem raher ha o Fra e. e f he fore of he
pr ple of aural prolo gao of error were abolue a mall
la woul blok he aural prolo gao of he error of he
earb ma la he ame wa f o alwa o he ame exe
a a larger la . Vhe queo of he appure a e o he Cha el
Yla of he area of o e al helf exe g o her orh a
orh-we o herefore reolve merel b referr g o he
pr ple of aural prolo gao . Vhe pr ple of aural
prolo gao of error eher o be e ae or reae a
abolue a ae where la belo g g o o e Sae are uae
o o e al helf whh woul oherwe o ue a aural
prolo gao of he error of a oher Sae. Vhe applao of ha
pr ple uh a ae ha o be appreae he lgh of all he
releva geographal a oher ruma e a well a o a
releva o erao of law a equ.
+Y
Y. U er uomar law he meho aope for
elm g he bou ar mu e ure ha he elmao aor
wh equable pr ple. Vhe queo wheher he Cha el Yla
houl be gve he full be ef or he applao of he pr ple of
aural prolo gao he area o her orh a orhwe or
wheher her uao loe o he ma la of Fra e requre o
equable grou ome mofao of he applao of he
pr ple hoe area. Vhe or e of he equal of Sae a o
be o ere a o u g uh a equable grou (a h woul
have he effe of refaho g geograph). grou of equ o
be looke for he parular ruma e of he ae a he
parular equal of he wo Sae her geographal relao o
he o e al helf of he Cha el.
Charaer of he area approxmae equal of he ma la
oal e reul g equal of her geographal relao o he
Page J of g *
o e al helf of he Cha el f he Cha el Yla are lef ou of
aou . Yf he Cha el Yla are gve full effe h wll reul
a uba al m uo of he area of o e al helf whh woul
arue o Fra e. Vh fa appear o be prma fae a ruma e
reave of equ a all g for a meho of elmao ha
ome meaure reree he equ. Yf h o luo ee b
appl g he equa e-peal ruma e rule he pree e of
he Cha el Yla mu be o ere prma fae a a "peal
ruma e" juf g a elmao oher ha he mea l e.
VY (
++ Y Y++1 Fr o
ma a he approprae bala e bewee he wo Sae relao
o he o e al helf a rpara Sae of he Cha el wh
approxmael equal oal e he prmar bou ar bewee hem
hall be a mea l e. Y elm g oure he Cha el Yla
rego he Cha el Yla hemelve are o be regare e
her o e al helf mu be he ubje of a eo a eparae
elmao .
0Y Y o elm a eo bou ar eablh g v--v he
Cha el Yla he ouher lm of he o e al helf hel b
he Cour o be appure a o he Fre h epubl h rego o
he ouh of he m-Cha el mea l e.
,Y YY YVhe ee al o u or he o e al helf
of he E glh Cha el a la rego ha bee emphae. Y
alo ommo grou ha geologall he lgh ouhweerl re
of he o e al helf of he Cha el exe wewar o he
la rego alo g he l e of he ur Deep Faul Zo e. Vhe
o e al helf of he la rego o o f e wh he arm
of a omparavel arrow ha el bu o e exe g eawar fro
he oa of he wo ou re o he ope pae of he la
Oea . Y o eque e he area of o e al helf o be elme
le off raher ha bewee he oa or he wo ou re.
furher o eque e ha he o e al helf exe o eawar
of he oa of he wo ou re for grea a e. Vhe aual
oal e of he wo ou re abu g o he o e al helf o be
elme are omparavel hor a ha her geographal
relao o eah oher v--v he o e al helf o be elme
o e of laeral raher ha oppoe oa. oher ha he UK
oaal fro age proje furher o he la ha ha of Fra e.
Vh ha he e e o make he UK oa obrue upo he
o e al helf uae o eawar of he more weerl fa g
oa of he Fre h epubl ha rego . oher Fra e a he
UK are
he o l Sae whh abu o he la o e al helf.
Y+
Y "YU er r. 6 he abe e of agreeme a
u le a oher bou ar jufe b peal ruma e he
bou ar o be he l e whh equa from he eare
po of he bael e from whh he breah of he erroral ea of
eah Sae meaure. Vhere oh g he la guage of r. 6 o
mpl ha uao fal g u er paragraph g he vrue of he
equa e pr ple a a meho of effe g a equable
elmao are a wa uperor o hoe whh poee
uao fall g u er paragraph 2. Vhe approprae e of he
equa e or a oher meho for he purpoe of effe g a
equable elmao a gve ae alwa a fu o or
refleo of he geographal a oher releva ruma e of he
parular ae. Y hor he equable haraer of he elmao
reul o from he legal eg ao of he uao a o e of
"oppoe" Sae bu from aual geographal haraer a uh.
Smlarl he ae of "ajae " Sae he laeral geographal
relao of he wo oa whe omb e wh a large exe o of
he o e al helf eawar from hoe oa whh make
vual geographal feaure o eher oa more pro e o re er
Y + YY
Y+Y&
Y Y
Y+Y
(
2
;003
De mark ue ?orwa for oup g era errore Eaer
Gree la . Boh ou re are lam g ha he have he uperor
lam over h area.
Y
;0Y Y % ++ mY Y<Vwo eleme eah of
whh mu be how o ex
a. he e o a wll o a a overeg
b. ome aual exere or pla of uh auhor
Example Vax olleo mo opol av
gra law mak g
a e foreme
uhor reog o o ve o
reae publ ule
o eo
hu g
fh g expeo marme perm auhor
lghhoue
)$!; YY+<Y YY
Y YY
+Y Ym YY Y Ym Y
Page of g *
h
+2
;;>3H
!I
Vh a pue rela g o Ca aa
ame me of he Ca aa
+,Y Y
Y % b vrue of whh Ca aa purue
boare a ee a fh g veel he Ea; fl g he Spa h flag)
o he hgh ea orer o pu a op o he overfh g of Gree la
halbu b Spa h fherme .
rgume
Europea Commu
poo - he arre of a veel
er ao al waer b a Sae oher ha he Sae of whh he
veel fl g he flag a u er whoe juro fall a
llegal a u er boh he ?FO Co ve o a uomar
er ao al law a a o be jufe b a mea .
Ca aa
Poo - pue o er he aopo of meaure for
he o ervao a ma ageme of fhere ok wh repe o
veel fh g he ?FO egulaor rea a her e foreme
Spa
Poo - Spa argue ha he erm o ervao a
ma ageme meaure" mu be erpree aora e wh
er ao al law o mu exlue a u laeral meaure b a
Sae whh averel affee he rgh of oher Sae oue ha
Sae' ow area of juro .
Dor e
Y er ao al law o l 2 pe of meaure ake b a oaal
Sae oul prae be regare a "o ervao a
ma ageme meaure"
g] hoe rela g o he Sae' exluve eo om o e; a
2] hoe rela g o area oue ha o e o far a hee
ame wh he framework of a er ao al agreeme or were
ree a aele veel.
eaure o af g hee o o were o o ervao a
ma ageme meaure bu u lawful a pure a mple.
$*!1u
ubm veel gul of llegal fh g o
$$
bu mu
c hem upo he po g of a
ah bo .
%-'2+A32
;;;3
Vhe Saga a Cpro ol a ker ha wa arree a boare b
Gu ea auhore whe wa al g ouh of he ouher lm of
he exluve eo om o e of Gu ea. Vhe appla are
halle g g he val of he arre a wa amage. Gu ea
g ha he ha juro o arre a voke ho puru.
0&! + 5 !$0m! !m!>Vm0V rle 9g
paragraph g of he Co ve o prove "Vhere mu ex a ge u e
l k bewee he Sae a he hp." Vwo queo ee o be
aree h o eo .
(a) Vhe fr wheher he abe e of a ge u e l k bewee a
flag Sae a a
hp e le a oher Sae o refue o reog e he ao al
of he hp.
(b) Vhe eo queo wheher or o a ge u e l k exe
bewee he
Saga a Sa M e a he Gre a e a he me of he
e .
mm/5Y++ + + Y
+
+ ++ Y +Y? Vhe
Vrbu al oe ha u er he Co ve o a oaal Sae e le
o appl uom law a regulao erroral ea (arle 2
a 2g). Y he o guou o e a oaal Sae ma exere he
o rol eear o
(a) preve fr geme of uom fal mmgrao or
a ar law a regulao wh error or erroral ea;
(b) pu h fr geme of he above law a regulao
omme wh error of erroral ea.
owever he exluve eo om o e he oaal Sae ha
juro o appl uom law a regulao repe of
arfal la allao a ruure (arle 60 paragraph 2).
Vhe Co ve o oe o empower a oaal Sae o appl
uom law repe of a oher par of he exluve eo om
o e o me o e above.
mY 50 Y
!YY %V@ (;$Vm m0$,
!Vm!%V$!%%)< Y2 CO?DYVYO?S FO SVVE OF
?ECESSYV VO PPL ?OV EV. e ou arle 33 paragraph g
of he Y er ao al Law Commo ' Draf rle o Sae
epo bl are
(a) he a wa he o l mea of afeguar g a ee al
ere of he
Sae aga a grave a mm e perl; a
(b) he a o eroul mpar a ee al ere of he
Sae owar whh he oblgao exe.
Page + of g *
2ACCC3
Vhe Camouo a fh g veel fl g he flag of Pa ama. Y ow er
"ere-Pea (S..)" a ompa regere Pa ama. Y wa
boare b he Fre h urvella e frgae ,+ A+ he exluve
eo om o e of he Croe Yla . Vhe Fre h refue o releae he
veel a he aer u l a bo poe (exhau loal remee)
+ YYYYY YY Y Y
+Y+
rle 292 prove for a epe e reme a o a appeal
aga a eo of a ao al our. ?o lmao houl be rea
o arle 292 ha woul have he effe of efea g ver obje
a purpoe. Y ee arle 292 perm he mak g of a applao
wh a hor pero from he ae of ee o a o ormall
he ae ha loal remee oul
2+ Y Y++Y ++Y
Y
Y Y Y+Yrle 292
of he Co ve o eg e o free a hp a rew from
prolo ge ee o o aou of he mpoo of u reao able
bo mu pal juro or he falure of loal law o prove
for releae o po g of a reao able bo fl g hereb
avoable lo o a hp ow er or oher pero affee b uh
ee o . Equall afeguar he ere of he oaal Sae b
prov g for releae o l upo he po g of a reao able bo or
oher f a al eur eerm e b a our or rbu al referre o
arle 292 whou prejue o he mer of he ae he
ome forum aga he veel ow er or rew.
Y+YY
7% Vhe ba he value of he
ea e veel a of he argo ee he amou of he bo
mpoe b he ea g Sae a form bu he value of he
veel alo e ma o be he o roll g faor he eerm ao of
he amou of he bo or oher f a al eur f here o
eve e o uppor he aeme .
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egar g he elmao of he erroral ea bewee Sae wh
oppoe or ajae oa eher of hem e le o exe
erroral ea beo he mea l e ever po of whh
equa from he eare po o he bael e of eah of hem
u le he agree o o o or f hor le or oher peal
ruma e make eear o elm he erroral ea
oher wa.
Vhe elmao of he EEZ a o e al helf bewee Sae wh
oppoe or ajae oa mu be o e b agreeme o he ba
of er ao al law (ex. equable pr ple whh have a ormave
haraer a par of ge eral er ao al law). Pe g h he ma
make provo al arra geme of a praal aure a he mu
o jeopare or hamper he reah g of a f al agreeme . Yf o
agreeme a be reahe wh a reao able pero of me he
pare hall reor o peaeful mea of pue eleme .
Page * of g *
Page g of g *
Page ) of g *
@MY
YY. +Y Y
Y Y+ Vh
eear o l for he hr egme whh he real ubje of he
pue ue o he poe al reoure of he ubol a he fhere.
Some e qur wheher ao o he faor prove b he
geograph of he Gulf elf here are o oher ha houl be ake
o aou a u era able ep. Y mgh well appear ha
oher ruma e ough properl o be o ere ae g he
equable haraer of he reul proue b h poro of he
elmao l e. Vhee oher ruma e ma be umme up b
he aa prove b huma a eo om geograph a are hu
elgble for o erao a rera o be apple he elmao
proe elf ma be releva ae g he equable haraer of
a elmao fr eablhe o he ba of rera borrowe from
phal a polal geograph (ex. oral pree e he area
ave purue lke fh g a o ervao of reoure &
ooeo om ape) . Y h ae he Cour o lue ha here
are aboluel o o o of a exepo al k whh mgh
juf a orreo of he elmao l e ha wa raw . Vhe
elmao wa effee ompla e wh he gover g pr ple
a rule of law appl g equable rera a approprae meho
aor gl hu prou g a equable overall reul.
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c
Vhee are all par of he ea ha are o lue he erroral
ea or he er al waer of a Sae. Vhe hgh ea are ubje o 6
freeom
g.c freeom of avgao
2.c freeom of overflgh
3.c freeom of fh g
4.c freeom o la ubmar e able a ppel e
5.c freeom o o ru arfal la a ruure
6.c freeom of e f reearh.
Freeom of overflgh belo g o boh vla a mlar arraf.
Freeom of fh g alo lue he u o ooperae ak g
meaure o e ure he o ervao a ma ageme of he lv g
reoure of he hgh ea.
Ever Sae wheher oaal or la -loke ha he rgh o al hp
fl g flag o he hgh ea. Vhe flag ae ha exluve juro
over hp o he hgh ea o he exe o lme b agreeme .
B legal fo a hp a floa g par of he flag ae. warhp
whh e ou er o he hgh ea a foreg hp a boar he laer
o l f here a reao able grou for upe g ha
g.c he hp e gage pra
2.c he hp e gage lave rae
3.c he hp e gage u auhore broaa g a he
flag ae of he warhp ha juro
4.c he hp whou ao al
5.c hough fl g a foreg flag or refu g o how flag he
hp reall of he ame ao al a he warhp.
Pra refer o he follow g a
g.c a llegal a of vole e or ee o or a a of
epreao omme for prvae e b he rew or he
pae ger of a prvae hp or a prvae arraf a
ree o he hgh ea aga a oher hp or arraf
or aga pero or proper o boar uh hp or
arraf; or aga a hp arraf pero or proper a
plae oue he juro of a Sae;
2.c a a of volu ar parpao he operao of a
k ow prae hp or arraf;
3.c a a of g or of e o all fala g a of he
above a.
c
ll ae have he rgh for her ao al o e gage fh g o he
hgh ea ubje o her rea oblgao he rgh a ue of
oaal ae a he U?CLOS provo . Y l e wh h all ae
have he u o ake or o ooperae wh oher ae ak g
uh meaure for her repeve ao al a ma be eear for
he o ervao of he lv g reoure of he hgh ea (e.g.
eerm g he allowable ah).
52
;;;3
urala a ?ew Zeala allege ha Japa ha fale o ompl
wh oblgao o ooperae he o ervao of he ouher
blue f u a (SBV) ok b u erak g u laeral experme al
fh g for ouher bluef u a breah of oblgao u er
r 64 a gg6 o gg9 of U?CLOS relao o he o ervao a
ma ageme of he SBV. Vhe are alo ak g for provo al remee
he form of a orer omma g Japa o e from uh
u laeral experme al fh g.
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Whe eear wh
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erroral ea ha ma
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exere ubje o he
rgh of arhpelag ea
la e paage.
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Coaal ae ha era
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oe
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ppeal aga o vo for pra.
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of pra whh robber or forble epreao o he hgh ea
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oe maer ha he rme wa omme wh he
juro al 3-mle lm of a foreg ae "for hoe lm hough
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e laveme ur g warme me e Japa
wave
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- ?ormave value of law eve overeg a are o mmu e o
make u we o omm he volao .
Doe he US have juro over a ae volv g
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all ha e gage orure e a o ae lam a overeg
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u verall reog e pr ple. Y er ao al law "mmu "
ommo l u eroo a a exempo of he ae a orga
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ba fah a.
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rrepo bl a o -aou abl or gra a prvlege au
o lame b a oher offal of he epubl. a or omo
ha + Y a o be par of offal u bu a orou a.
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proeue whereb Y + he pero of a ambaaor or
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whom he ame oba e or proeue wheher a par or a
aor e a ever offer o er e exeu g " o oba or
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queo ha prvae repo e wa ue h pero al apa
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pero . Y ma a o e be ae ha eve f he Calo e jo
ploma mmu a mal of he ae a o be orere o
he grou of lak of juro over h pero bu raher for lak
of a aue of ao beaue eve f he omme he mpue a
a oul have bee oherwe mae lable herefor h mmu
woul bar a u aga hm o eo herewh a woul
preve reover of amage ar g herefrom.
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u wll o appl a ma o be voke where he publ offal
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he gover me remove he mome he are ue her
vual apa. Vh uao uuall are where he publ
offal a whou auhor or exe of he power vee
(&(+&
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er ao al age e jo g ploma mmu e jo g
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whoe error offe loae. O e of he ba mmu e of
a er ao al orga ao mmu from loal juro .e.
ha mmu e from he legal wr & proee ue b he
rbu al of he ou r where fou . Vhe obvou reao for
h ha he ubjeo of uh a orga ao o he auhor of
he loal our woul affor a o ve e meum hru whh he
ho gover me ma erfere her operao or eve flue e
or o rol pole a eo of he orga ao ; bee
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- Whou aba o g he uomar orm o mmu e he
Lor rule ha mmu exe o l o overeg a.
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er ao al orer.
- P ohe ae bu a were omme whle he wa he
overeg of Chle & overeg have mmu from u
Exrao UK rm al
- oue of Lor revewe he aure of h a; mmu
pera o l o overeg a o lu g ommo of
er ao al rmeome Saue mmu o a efe e
aga harge of er ao al rme.
P ohe exrae b Spa whle he wa Lo o eek g
meal reame for rme omme prmarl Chle ur g
h erm a hea of ae of Chle (he beame hea of ae afer a
ueful oup).
+Y + Y8Y Y
+ ?o all
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exrae WYV EGD VO harge afer Sep. 29 g988 (ae
whe Vorure beame a rme he UK). Pr ple of Double
Crm alcrequre ha he o u ompla e of mu o ue
a rme u er he law of boh Spa a of he UK. Vhe releva ae
he o u aemea g ha he o u houl be a rme
he UK a he me wa omme a o a he me he
exrao wa ough (reque ae).
P ohe a a former hea of ae e jo mmu Y
Y Y bu orure a ef e u er he Vorure o ve o
a o be a publ fu o o he oe o e jo mmu WYV
EGD VO hee a omme afer 09-29-88.
Vorure ow a er ao al rme o ow . YL prohb g
orure ha he haraer of #Y or a perempor orm .e.
o e of hoe rule whh have a parular au. U veral
Juro over orure jufe b #Y aure.
Ympora po from he orure o ve o
g) Vorure u er he Co ve o a o l be omme b "a
publ offal or oher pero a g a offal apa" bu
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- Sae mmu probabl grew from he horal mmu of he
pero of he mo arh. Suh pero al mmu of he hea of ae
per o he pree a he hea of ae e le o he ame
mmu a he ae elf.
Y
cc'
c
Vhe Me a Co ve o o Dploma elao g96ggg over he
mmu of he mbaaor. Y prove ha
Vc he mbaaor hall e jo h mmu a prvlege
from he mome he ake up po.
Vc fer h po over he hall ll e jo hee prvlege
a mmu u l he leave he ou r or o expr of a
reao able pero whh o o o bu hall ub u l ha me
eve ae of arme o fl.
e hall o ue o e jo mmu wh repe o a performe
he exere of h fu o (r. 39(2); lme mmu ; Y
Y Y).
9Ba Pr ple Of YL ha o e
- mmu e & prvlege he
overeg ae (he forum
mbaaor e joe eae he
ae) oe o ajuae o
mome he leave he ou r
he o u of a foreg ae.
afer h po. Bu o preerve he
egr of he ave of he
foreg ae ur g he pero
whe he wa ambaaor
eear o prove ha
mmu affore o h
+
a ur g h e ure po. Yf
h were o o e he overeg
mmu of he ae oul be
evae b all g queo a
o e ur g he prevou
ambaaor' me.
- foreg ae e le o
-Vh o u g paral mmu
proeural mmu from he
ffere from ha e joe
proee of he forum ae.
YY Y whle he wa
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
9
Page 2) of g *
ll po.
-S e he o lo ger repree h
ae he mer o parular
prvlege or mmu e a a
pero .
6+
Ker wa k appe from Peru & brough o Cook Cou US o fae
lare & embeleme harge.
Y+ Y
Y Y
Y #
Due proe of law
omple wh whe he par c
$ b he proper gra jur he ae our ha a ral
aor g o he form a moe prerbe for uh ral a
whe ha ral a proee g he
eprve of rgh o
whh he lawfull e le. For mere rregulare ma er
whh he wa brough o he uo of he law he
e le
o a ha he houl
be re for he rme wh whh he
harge a regular me .
Vh rea (of exrao ) or a oher rea oe
prove ha
a par flee g from he US o eape pu hme for rme beome
hereb e le o a alum he ou r o whh he ha fle. Y
o e e ha Peru oul
have orere Ker ou of he
ou r o h arrval or a a pero of h ree e here. ?or
a be oube ha Peru oul of ow aor whou a
ema from he US have urre ere Ker o a age of Yll o
a h urre er woul
ve bee val wh he om o of
Peru. Vhe rgh of he Peruva gover me o volu arl gve a
par Ker
o o a alum ha ou r que a
ffere h g from h rgh o ema a upo eur
uh a alum. Vhe rea o far a regulae he rgh of alum
e e o lm h rgh he ae of o e who prove o be a
rm al flee g from jue; o ha o proper ema a
proee g ha here he gover me of he ou r of he
alum hall elver hm up o he ou r where he rme wa
omme. o h exe he rea oe regulae or mpoe a
rero upo he rgh of he gover me of he ou r of he
alum o proe he rm al from removal. Y h ae he rea
wa
alle o operao or rele upo .
$*!1Org of he a-a -Pa or e.
cYmmu from Juro
Ge eral rule he juro of a ae wh error
omplee a abolue.
Page 2 of g *
+%2
3
&.:%+2
3
Clama eek amage for llegal arre & wro gful ee o .
$*!1
- Mal exrao u er er ao al law rea a offe e mu
af ccc$
(boh a me of happe g or
ommo a a he me of reque he offe e mu be ef e
boh errore). 2007 Bar]
- ou are c0
cc1
(for orure e.) from a ou r
oorou for volao of orure e. ( lu g he eah pe al)
- Polal rme are ef e Exrao Vrea a be g o exraable; pero aue for uh ma appl for refugee au
be a alum eeker.
lvare ue US & pa k apper afer he wa aque o harge
for whh he wa brough o he US.
> +Y Y %V% O he le Vor
Clam US oe o reog e a prohbo aga ra borer
k app g or a be a ha here er ao al aepa e
of uh a orm. he me of lvare' abuo he US-exo
Exrao Vrea o exe o ra borer abuo a
ee o of le ha a a followe b he ra fer of uo o
lawful auhore & a promp arrag me volae o orm of
uomar YL o well ef e a o uppor he reao of a feeral
reme. c
$*!1cc
SC Show jur from a offal a; equreme o break he
auao of eve (ommo mu be he US error). O
Soa CV avalable for vm of er ao al rme; f erve
b ummo US. CV oe o appljuro -gv g o l; c
$cc$
prove he law; k app g c
$c
c
c
cc$
c$
.
CV for +2 amage for polal murer e fore
appeara e.
CV ame e b Buh; ow avalable o l for orure (before
lue volao of law of ao war rme rme aga
huma laver orure) Y k app g a er ao al rme
(+&
Page 2 of g *
4+8#&
Burmee e ue for
u er he VC alleg g ha
c$
c fore hem o loae a he make
am.
0Y
+%V%+For purpoe of
c
ccc
$
c
o hal mera orporao ' volveme ga
ppel e proje a mar beaue of allege o u g volao
of huma rgh Burmee e lv g refugee amp
Vhala emo rae exe e of reble hrea ha he woul
be ubjee o huma rgh volao allegel omme
furhera e of ppel e proje b how g ha he are a ger of
be g forbl reparae o a mar eher a reul of Burmee
aak o refugee amp or Vha Y
+YY ao . Yf pla ff
eablhe a g o eek amage our ccc
c
c
0
cc0
c
. Yua e of ju o
o hal mera orporao ' volveme ga ppel e proje
a mar beaue of Burmee gover me ' allege o u g
volao of huma rgh wa o lkel o hal allege huma rgh
volao where bulk of orporao ' al apal veme ha
alrea bee mae a operao of ppel e wa wh reo
of pare who were o pare o lawu.
$*!1
Ppel e a mar; ge ou people fore o leave a he
work. Clam Feeral Cour u er CV. U?OCL wa vee
a a eparae ompa (jo ve ure). a mar o roll g hare
loal ubar.
Yue Wh pr pal ompa wa hel lable Eve f he o l ha
m or hare a he ma ageme wa wh he rul g ju a.
Vhere a relao of a of ju a a pero al of he moher
ompa (pave veor).
Cour E fore laver prohbo eve b 9c$.
Feeral Cour a ?o o rol over a mar.
Speal Cru Cour evere hel U?OCL lable.
+5
Y er ao al arre warra aga Co go Foreg er
proee a volao of uomar YL wh repe o ploma
abolue mmu ; er ha e lef he gover me .
, + + Y Y Y+ Dploma a
o ular age era hgh-ra k g offal a ae uh a he
ea of Sae ea of Gover me a er for Foreg ffar
e jo mmu e from juro oher ae boh vl a
rm al. Ymmu e aore o m er of foreg affar
uomar YL are aore o e ure he effeve performa e of
her fu o o behalf of her ae a o for her pero al
be ef. fer he YCJ o ere he aure of he fu o
Page 22 of g *
YY
YYY
Yc%c'
$cc.c
c
c
'/c)cY
cc$ccc. whe o u
o of a ao or omo
a. arbuable o he Sae u er YL; &
b. o ue a breah of a
l oblgao of he Sae.
c
'
cc$cc
c-ccc5'/c,c3,cJ8Ecc
cY
ccc5'/cc2,c,c+,cg*,cgg8/c
c
'/cg)cbreah - a of he Sae o o form wh wha
requre b he oblgao .
'/cg3cSae a g or a g a oher Sae omm g a
er ao all wro gful a (YW).
'/cgJcSae re & o rol a oher Sae omm g a YW.
'/cgcSae oere a oher Sae omm g a YW.
c
%c
c
c wro gful e of he a prelue f
o ec
'/c)gc lawful meaure of elf-efe e u er he U? Charer.
'/c))ca a ou ermeaure u er hee Draf rle.
'/c) cue o
Y#Y Y
'/c)co e o ave a lfe re o oher reao able mea .
'/ )2 ee.
'/ )3 o preluo f wro gful e YCOW a oblgao ar g
u er a preempor orm of ge eral YL.
'/c)+clegal o eque e of YW o o affe o ue u o
perform he oblgao breahe.
'/c *coblgao ae of YW
a. eae he a f o u g;
b. offer aura e of o -repeo .
'/c gEc repo ble Sae oblge o make reparao for jur
aue. Y jur lue a amage wheher maeral or moral
aue b he Sae
YW.
'/c )c er al law a
juf falure o ompl wh oblgao
'/c 2c repo ble Sae oblge o make reuo (re-eablh
uao before YW) o he exe ha reuo o maerall
mpoble & bure o ou of proporo o be ef of reuo
raher ha ompe ao .
'/c 3c repo ble Sae oblge o ompe ae for amage
aue f o reuo poble over g a f a all aeable
amage lu g lo of prof eablhe.
'/c Jcrepo ble Sae oblge o gve afao f o reuo
or ompe ao poble o g of ak owlegme of breah
expreo of regre formal apolog o ou of proporo o jur
o a wa o a o humlae he repo ble Sae.
Page 23 of g *
> Doe he Draf rle a whe here S Sr o o l a
whe here breah of a rea or a orm. Vo eerm e S look a
uba ve law. fer 80 ear of raf g here o o luo o
S beaue here o Co ve o aop g . Vhe o l wa o
f h he proje wa o leave he e fao of S o uba ve
law.
Y
l Vrbu al bewee Sae a pero error. ?ow
beo he ao al pr ple o o a o ao al.
> mum a ar for reame of people our error o
fxe; bae o ruma e.
Du ue lge e proeo of ale a her proper our
error. Gve re o breah of oblgao WYV EGD VO
reame of ale a her proper.
Draf rle
g.c Prove boh eleme breah + arbuo
2.c ew oblgao are repo bl o eae a e
aura e of o -repeo & reparao (reorao o
au quo a e or ompe ao f o reorao
poble; ex guh all o eque eChorow Faor
ae) .
> Sae repo bl a uhell
g. r. 2-f here
a breah ew oblgao are
-h arle he o e ou arle wha o ue breah
2. r. 30-o eae & e; o guara ee o -repeo
3. r. 3g-reparao o au quo a e
> Who a e gage ae repo bl
g. Sae orga - r. 4 alwa (lea problema); Orga u er YL
lue all bra he & rume ale of he gov
a ef e
u er o uo al or er al law.
2. prvae vual- (mo problema)
r. 5- empowere
r. 8- a g upo ruo or o rol (?aragua v. US)
r. 9- e fao
r.g0- ueful urreo al moveme
r.gg- a rafe b he Sae elf
> Yllurao P o emploe a eur guar US Bae
Yraq. Vhe o ra ?aragua (US fu e bu Cour a ha low
level uppor uffe o e gage S). re he a g a age
Y Burma U?OCL ue eur guar aga ge ou people
o rve hem awa from her a eral oma a he o fore
hem o bul am US prove fu ; lam wa WYV EGD VO
laver; ha a omprome agreeme bu prelm ar rul g wa
ha US wa lable for age ; efe e for eur. Y P prvae
eur guar ue ell e aga ?P f he e gage
frefgh u er YL are he eur guar ombaa (for he
ae) o -
l arme o fl
c
> Sa ar for he proeo of ale
Dor e of ao al ere or equal of reame ale
are reae he ame ma er a ao al of he ae where he
ree. Goo ame be ef. Ba he ae ra al a
mu pal law are harh a volave of huma rgh eve of
ow e he ale woul alo be ubje o uh harh law.
mum er ao al a ar however harh he mu pal
law mgh be aga a ae
ow e ale houl be
proee b era m mum a ar of huma e proeo .
Wel aepe a ar bu abra.
> Corporao a hareholer
7 Y+V Y Belgum lake # o exere
ploma proeo of hareholer a Ca aa ompa wh
repe o meaure ake aga ha ompa Spa . Whe a
ae am o error foreg veme or foreg
ao al bou o exe o hem he proeo of he law a
o aume oblgao o er g he reame affore hem. Bu
UK lam aga lba a
m e pla e he Corfu Cha el;
lba a lam ha overeg wa volae whe UK laer wep
he Sra for more m e.
,+ Y Y +Y Y Vhe la g of he m efel oul
o have bee aomplhe whou he k owlege of lba a
(loao le gh of oa a o ra guar po a raeg plae).
Y wa her u o of hpp g a epeall o war he hp
proee g hrough he Sra o O. 22 of he a ger o whh he
were expoe. ?oh g wa aempe b lba a o preve he
aer & hee grave omo volve her er ao al
repo bl.
lba a woul have bee jufe vew of hee exepo al
ruma e u g regulao repe of he paage bu
o prohb g uh paage or ubje g o he requreme
of peal auhorao . Vhe paage wa oe boh
pr ple e wa eg e o affrm a rgh whh ha bee
u jul e e a meho of exeuo whh were o
u reao able vew of he fr g from he lba a baer o a
g5h. Vhe Cour a o l regar he allege rgh of erve o a
he ma feao of a pol of fore whh a o f a plae
er ao al law. regar he oo of elf-help he Cour alo
u able o aep bewee epe e Sae he repe for
erroral overeg a ee al fou ao for er ao al
relao . Cera l he Cour reog e he lba a Gover me
omplee falure o arr ou ue afer he exploo a he
laor aure of ploma ?oe a exe ua g ruma e
for he ao of he U e K gom. Bu o e ure repe for
er ao al law of whh he orga he Cour mu elare
ha he ao of he Brh ?av o ue a volao of lba a
overeg .
c
8
28 3
US Emba & aff Yra were ee b proeor whou
Yra a auhore aemp g o preve uh bu wh laer
aeme of uppor b he aollah.
Y Vhe Cour a ha he
c9c
of he emba wa c
ccc. '
cc
Page 2J of g *
cccc
c
c
ccc$cc$
c
c
ccc. "YYcY . & Y- .c
cc$
c
ccc.. Vhe fr aeme mae b he Yra a
gover me were o uffe o make he mla he age of
he ae. Bu a o he eo aeme he how g of uppor
a e ourageme of he ee o of he hoage mae he
mla
a ha of he Yra a Sae. Vh gave re o Yra
er ao al repo bl for he a.
$*!1
Vc r. ggm ae ak owlege a aop he o u
g. o eve e o l k mob
aak o Yra
2. falure o proe he preme of he emba
ploma
mo
Vc Y er ao al law breah gro eglge e u of proe g
ale
Vc Sa ar ( o a ef ve formula) ao al a m mum
a ar of reame
Vc Suba ve orm ?eer Clam
Vc Y he P he elo Commo a ha here wa omma
repo bl labl o l a far a Palpara we . So f G
prae Palpara her SO? for a job well o e here
rafao u er r. gg
c
8#&
.
!
Pola
allege llegal exproprao labl o Germa ow er.
,+ Y Y +Y& Y Pola ha a pove u
o repe a affor proeo o he proper rgh of ale
lv g error. Y er ao al law a breah of a
e gageme volve a oblgao o make reparao ( oe wpe
ou a muh of he o eque e & reur o au . Y &
reuo or ompe ao ).
&!#
*
#
5
85 !28+
5
3
U o Brge lam amage ar g ou of he removal of he
maeral from Por Elabeh o he Ymperal lar alwa
Bloemfo e b arro he orekeeper of he Cape Gov
alwa a Por Elabeh a age of he Brh gov
whou
U o Brge
o e a ubeque ale.c
%
Y arro purpore o $cc
$
gve o hm a o g o he omme wo make a
muh a g) wa eural proper; a 2) wa e e for a roa
a o a ralwa brge. Vhe o g me of he maeral o
Blomfo e wa a wro gful erfere e wh eural proper a
wa wh arro
u a ralwa orekeeper o forwar
maeral b ral a he o u er ruo whh
1c
c
cc
c
. Vh
c
c#&((cc
$cc
ccccc
or ha he Brh ha c
cc
cc
. pplable YLC Draf arle
r. 4c
)28+%@3
mob klle hree US ao al a exa pole
aemp o
quell he mob u er he aor
ruo le o he ope fr g
upo he houe & more kll g.
%
Y 8
+ Y Y +Y Y #1
$c
c
ccc$ccc
wheher
g) oue he ope of her auhor; or
2) o e a prvae apa.
Clearl o e e b he rule o a ha cc$ of
a
$
c$
c
cc
$cc
ccc
a
mpoe repo bl o a gover me u er er ao al law
beaue uh wro gful a mu be o ere o be oue he
ope of h ompee . Yf h were he mea g e e b he
rule he o wro gful a omme b a offal oul ever be
o ere a a for whh he gover me oul be hel lable.
Vhe oler
parpao he murer a o be o ere a
a her prvae apa whe lear ha a he me of he
ommo of hee a he eb were o u u er he
mmeae upervo a he pree e of a omma g offer.
Y Yco 1$
cc
$cc$ccc
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.
pplable YLC Draf arle r. 4 & 7
c
F2
5
+83
Page 2 of g *
28+%@3
US lam amage for #1
$@c
cc1$
cc
$c
c
$
cc
ccc'
$.
0
Y Y
+Y Y Vhe proprear of
gover me al a houl be pu o he e of er ao al
a ar a ha he reame of a ale orer o o ue
a er ao al el que houl
ccc o c
o
c$cc or o a
$
$cc
c$
o far hor of er ao al a ar ha
ever reao able a mparal ma woul real reog e
uffe . Wheher he uffe proee from efe
exeuo of a ellge law O from he fa ha he law of he
ou r o o empower he auhore o meaure up o
er ao al a ar
.
c
%
Y US lable for he whole amage a he Ch ee
rew of /
are how o have parpae o a uba al
exe a he par hargeable o u k ow wro goer a o be
e fe. Bu ere o allowe beaue a o erable
hough u aera able par of he amage o hargeable o he
Ch ee rew of he /
. Vhere wa c$
c$ of he
Ch ee rew a he me whe he real amage ook plae. Vhe
aure of he rew he abe e of vl or mlar o rol ahore
a he uao of he eural proper were ruma e all g
for
$cccccc
c$ccc
c$cc
cc
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cc
.
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oe #
auomaall a mmeael juf a o luo ha he proper
ha bee ake b he gover me hu requr g ompe ao
u er er ao al law. Y h ae a o be regare ha
Sarre ha bee requee o reume he Proje. Y ha bee
prove ha a lea b he e of Ja uar g980 he Gover me of
Yra ha erfere wh he lama ' proper rgh he proje
o a exe ha re ere hee rgh o uele ha he mu be
eeme o have bee ake .
Clama rel o preee er ao al law whh ae
meaure of exproprao or ak g prmarl ame a phal
proper have bee eeme o ompre alo rgh of a o raual
aure loel relae o he phal proper. Y h ae
appear from he ver aure of he meaure ake b he
Gover me of Yra Ja uar g980 ha hee meaure were
ccc
cc.c
. Vhe proper ere ake b he
Gover me of Yra mu be eeme o ompre he phal
proper a well a he rgh o ma age he Proje a o omplee
he o ruo aora e wh he Ba Proje greeme
Page 2+ of g *
cc
o a o re er hem uele = reep g
exproprao or $$
c1
Vc 8+ " rle 5 houl o be rl
o rue eve whou a ao alao law.
Vc $?+ US ex-pa lef Yra a lam u ear e
wage. Ba of lam falure o oberve ue lge e
proe g proper rgh of ale . e a ha Yra uppore
he expulo of ale a elle o ra & allowe ge eral
urmol & orer o propagae. e mu prove wro gful
arbrar a (breah) & arbuo . Cour o breah; he
evoluo ar Guar were o urreo ; o proof ha
he Guar oere hm o leave; he fel u afe a freel
ee o leave; o ompe ao .
Vc +5, ?o breah beaue he ha bee gve x
mo h o leave; all ale o
have he rgh o a mu
be wh he o e of he ae.
Vc &%##+ 30-ear-lo g Khemo greeme .
evoluo ar gover me of Yra elare he agreeme ull
a vo va g980 S gle rle for he ao alao of
Yra a ol ur. Gover me ook over. Cour
ao alao o llegal per e bu llegal f o e o
eape oblgao e ere o b he ae a f here o
promp a aequae ompe ao ( lue + Y).
Vc Sae orga Whh ae mu epoue before he YCJ
Vc
Vc
Vc
Vc
Y
Y
Y
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Vc
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Vc
Vc
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Fcc# cc ) $c $cc cc
&
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c#(c& c #
c&$c #cc"
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c c !c $c
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Page 3* of g *
c
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cc4- c
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c$cccccccVhe
o e of a Sae o be bou b a rea ma be expree b
-
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o u g a rea
-
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- cc$$
or
- b cc
c
cc/
' /cgc-
ccccc$cccccc
cc
cc
c$c Sae oblge o refra from a
whh woul efea he obje a purpoe of a rea whe
(a) ha g e he rea or ha exha ge rume
o u g he rea ubje o rafao aepa e
or approval u l hall have
c
c
c$cc
c$
ccccc; or
(b) ha 1c
c $ o be bou b he rea
pe g he e r o fore of he rea a prove
ha uh e r o fore o u ul elae.
c
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Ever rea fore b g upo
he pare o a mu be performe b hem goo fah.
c
' /c )Jc Yc c c $c c
c par ma o
voke he provo of er al law a jufao for falure
o perform a rea. Vh rule whou prejue o r. 46.
c
' /c gcccc
cc
g. rea hall be erpree goo fah aora e wh he
or ar mea g o be gve o he erm of he rea her
o ex a he lgh of obje a purpoe.
2. Vhe o ex for he purpoe of he erpreao of a rea hall
ompre ao o he ex lu g preamble a
a exe
(a) a agreeme rela g o he rea whh wa mae
bewee all he pare o eo wh he o luo
of he rea;
(b) a rume whh wa mae b o e or more pare
o eo wh he o luo of he rea a aepe
b he oher pare a a rume relae o he rea.
3. Vhere hall be ake o aou ogeher wh he o ex
(a) a ubeque agreeme bewee he pare regar g
he erpreao of he rea or he applao of
provo ;
(b) a ubeque prae he applao of he rea
whh eablhe he agreeme of he pare regar g
erpreao ;
() a releva rule of er ao al law applable he
relao bewee he pare.
4. peal mea g hall be gve o a erm f eablhe ha
he pare o e e.
c
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c
cc
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whrawal of a par from or he upe o of operao a a
reul of he applao of he pree Co ve o or of he
provo of he rea hall o a wa mpar he u of a
Sae o fulfll a oblgao emboe he rea o whh
cc5/8c rea vo f a he me of
o luo o fl wh a perempor orm of ge eral
er ao al law. For he purpoe of he pree Co ve o a
perempor orm of ge eral er ao al law a orm aepe
a reog e b he er ao al ommu of Sae a a whole
a a orm from whh o erogao perme a whh a be
mofe o l b a ubeque orm of ge eral er ao al law
hav g he ame haraer.
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Vhe proureme proe for he mpleme ao of he CPY
proje gover e b EO 40 a Y o 9g84. EO 40
exprel reog e a a exepo o ope a
applao hoe gover me ommme wh repe o
b g a awar of o ra f a e parl or wholl wh
fu from er ao al f a g uo a well a from
blaeral a oher mlar foreg oure.
Vc Loa greeme ?o. P-P204 ake o ju o wh he
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gover me have reahe a u era g o er g
Japa ee loa o be exe e o he Phlpp e a ha hee
loa were ame a promo g our ou r
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aep g Sae repea he ex of he offer g Sae o reor
ae . Vhe g aore of he leer ma be gover me
er ploma or eparme al hea. Vhe eh que of
exha ge of oe freque l reore o eher beaue of
c$ or omeme o
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Vc Y ae ha "reae agreeme o ve o harer
proool elarao memora a of u era g
Y a exha ge of oe" all refer o " er ao al
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Me a Co ve o a he g986 Me a Co ve o o o
guh bewee he ffere eg ao of hee
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Co uo al of he Balkaa jo exere b he US a P
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Page 3g of g *
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Co uo al of he MF.
M+V Y Y Y Y Y m%+ Y Y Y rea
ef e u er rle 2 of he Me a Co ve o o he Law of
Vreae a "a er ao al rume o lue bewee Sae
wre form a gover e b er ao al law wheher
emboe a gle rume or 2 or more relae rume
a whaever parular eg ao ."
Seo 25 rle XMYYY rea "fer he exprao g99g of he
greeme bewee he epubl of he Phlpp e a he U e
Sae of mera o er g lar Bae foreg mlar bae
roop or fale hall o be allowe he Phlpp e exep
(g) u er a rea
(2) ul o urre b he Se ae a whe he Co gre o
requre rafe b a major of he voe a b he people a
ao al refere um hel for ha purpoe a
(3) reog e a a rea b he oher o ra g Sae."
U er h provo
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"reog e a a rea" mea ha he c$$
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ccc. US ee o
ubm he MF o he US Se ae for o urre e purua o
Co uo beaue h o aor oo r a mea g o he
phrae.
Y o eque al wheher he US rea he MF merel a a
exeuve agreeme (E) beaue c
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here o ffere e bewee reae a E her b g
effe upo ae a lo g a he
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he US Gover me hrough mbaaor ubbar ha ae ha
he US gover me ha full omme o lv g up o he erm of
he MF. For a lo g a he US ak owlege he MF a a rea a
b elf furher o ompl wh oblgao u er he rea
here a ompla e wh he ma ae of he Co uo a E
b g.
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ae ha E are b g eve whou o urre e of
he Se ae or Co gre beaue he rgh of he Exeuve o e er
o b g agreeme whou he ee of ubeque
Co greo al approval ha bee o frme b lo g uageVhe
val of hee ha ever bee eroul queo e b our our.
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or of he gover me a he ae ma be hrough whh he formal
aepa e of he rea prolame. Y 0
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whe
g] he rea prove for uh rafao
2] oherwe eablhe ha he egoa g Sae
agree ha rafao houl be requre
3] he repree ave of he Sae ha g e he rea
ubje o rafao or
4] he e o of he Sae o g he rea ubje o
rafao appear from he full power of
repree ave or wa expree ur g he egoao .
Vhe power o raf vee he Pree a o he
leglaure. Vhe role of he Se ae lme o l o gv g or
whhol g o e or o urre e o he rafao . Vhe role
of he Se ae relao o reae ee all leglave
haraer. Vhe Pree ae wh he o f e a lm of he
power vee hm b he Co uo . Eve f he erre
ubm g he MF o he Se ae for o urre e u er Seo 2g
ea of Seo 25 ll he Pree ma o be faule or
arre muh le be ajuge gul of omm g a abue of
reo ome pae gro a aprou ma er.
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e ae.
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a amu peo o ompel ra mal o he Se ae he g e
op of he ome Saue of he Y er ao al Crm al Cour (be g
hel b he DF) for rafao lam g ha Se ae ha he power
o raf a he P ha a m eral u o raf he rea e
we g e alrea.
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repree ave. Vhee repree ave are prove wh
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oher egoaor a he ar of he formal uo . Y
a ar prae for o e of he pare o ubm a raf of he
propoe rea whh ogeher wh he ou er-propoal
beome he ba of he ubeque egoao .
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of he pare; bu c#c
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c$ of he ae ae where
rafao of he rea requre. Vhe oume or arl
g e aora e wh he aler a ha eah of he
everal egoaor allowe o g fr o he op whh he
wll br g home o h ow ae.
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rafao ha b he ae o he provo hereof. Y fa
he ome Saue elf requre ha he g aure of he
repree ave of he ae be ubje o rafao aepa e
or approval of he g aor ae. afao he a b whh
he provo of a rea are
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he requreme of rafao of reae woul be po le a
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lhough he refual of a ae o raf a rea whh ha bee
g e behalf a erou ep ha houl o be ake lghl
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Challe ge o VC orer ra ferr g Da el Smh from he aka
C Jal o US uo u er a agreeme bae o he MF.
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(g) WO? he uual Defe e Vrea (DV) apple o he MF m
Vhere o room for applao of he DV he MF a here o
exer al arme aak o he Phlpp e o peak of.
(2) Wheher he wor mea wha a a apple lgh of
he u era g a he aura e mae ur g he rafao
b he Se ae of he MF a more mpora l he o ex of
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epeall hoe
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o b a reh of mag ao be o ere a Y
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g.c DV oe o appl o he MF
o rar o he lear e of
he MF US mlar fore o o merel v he Phlpp e
bu a o ef el ee ue g
2.c GDLEJ e er g o pae l u o uo al agreeme
wh US mbaaor a ra ferr g uo over Smh he
US uhore o er g ha
a.c MF erogae a fr ge o he exluve power of he
SC o promulgae rule of proeure (r. MYYY Se. 5 par. 5
g987 Co uo )
b.c MF volae peo er
rgh o ue proe a equal
proeo o uo of Smh
3.c MF u o uo al a volae Se. 25 r. XMYYY of he
Co uo . Y a o be ue o juf he ra fer of uo
of Smh.
4.c C
GDLEJ reog g he agreeme bewee US
mbaaor a Se. omulo a b g o he Phlpp e a
elar g he Smh peo moo ee Co uo al
requreme e 7 / wh regar o r. XMYYY
Seo 25.
5.c Publ repo e gravel abue her reo whe he
ra ferre uo of Smh o US auhore whou our
auhor.
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whh ha
bee $c b o e or more of he pare o he Co ve o
bu o b oher a be regare a be g a par o he
Co ve o f he reervao $
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Page 3 of g *
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fa o er ha he reerv g Sae ccccc
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be g ompable wh he obje a purpoe of he Co ve o
a fa o er ha he reerv g Sae a par o he
Co ve o . objeo o a reervao mae b a g aor Sae
whh ha o e rafe he Co ve o a have he legal effe
ae he repl o Queo Y o l upo rafao . U l ha
mome merel erve a a
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reervao mae b a Sae whh e le o g or aee bu
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rela g o he ompulor juro of
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?aragua elarao wa val a he me whe he queo of
he applabl of he ew Saue ha of he YCJ aroe e
u er he em of he PCYJ a elarao wa val o l o
o o ha ha bee mae b a Sae whh ha g e he
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u er ha Saue e ?aragua cc
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g.repree g e g Sae (SS) reev g Sae (S);
2. proe g S he ere of he SS & ao al
3. egoa g wh S
Gover me
4. aera g b all lawful mea o o & ev
S
& repor g o he Gov
of he SS; (L epo age; allowe
f o mae avalable elewhere)
5. promo g fre l relao bewee he SS & he S &
evelop g her eo om ulural & e f relao .
2. ?oh g here hall be o rue a preve g he
performa e of o ular fu o b a ploma mo .
- .&'c"' Y- .c
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(a) proe g ere of SS ao al boh vual & boe
orporae
(b) furher g ev
of ommeral eo om ulural & e f relao &
promo g fre l relao bewee SS & S
() aera g b all lawful mea o o & ev
S
ommeral
eo om ulural & e f lfe repor g o SS & gv g fo o pero
eree;
() u g papor & ravel oume o SS ao al & va or
oume o pero wh g o ravel o SS;
(e) help g & a g ao al of SS;
(f) a g a oar vl regrar mlar apae & perform g era
fu o of a am rave aure o o rar o S law
(g) afeguar g ere of SS ao al ueo S
per law of S
(h) afeguar g per S law ere of m or & pero lak g full
apa who are ao al of SS
() per S proeure repree g or arra g g repree ao for SS
ao al before S rbu al & auhore o ge provo al meaure for
preervao of rgh & ere of abe ao al
(j) ra m g jual & exrajual oume or exeu g leer
rogaor or ommo o ake eve e for SS our
(k) exer g rgh of upervo & peo per law of SS repe of
SS
veel & arraf & rew
(l) exe g aa e o veel & arraf (k) & o her rew ak g
aeme regar g he voage exam g & amp g he hp' paper
& whou prejue o he power of S auhore o u g
vegao o a e ur g he voage & el g pue of
a k bewee he maer offer & eame per SS law
(m) perform g fu o e rue o a o ular po b SS o prohbe
b S law or o objee o b S he agreeme
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g. ea of mo are ve o 3 lae
g. ambaaor or u o aree o ea of Sae
& oher hea of mo of equvale ra k;
2. e vo m er & er u o aree o ea
of Sae;
3. harge 'affare aree o er for Foreg
ffar.
2. Exep a o er preee e & equee here hall
be o ffere ao bewee hea of mo b reao
of her la.
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g. ea of mo hall ake preee e her
repeve lae he orer of he ae a me of
ak g up her fu o aora e wh rle g3.
2. lerao he ree al of a hea of mo o
volv g a ha ge of la hall o affe h
preee e.
3. Vh arle whou prejue o a prae aepe
b he S regar g he preee e of he repree ave of
he ol See.
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g. SS ma afer ha gve ue ofao o S
o er e are a hea of mo or ag a
member of he ploma aff o more ha g Sae u le
here expre objeo b a of he S.
2. Yf SS are a hea of mo o g or more oher Sae
ma eablh a ploma mo heae b a harge
'affare a erm eah Sae where he hea of
mo ha o h perma e ea.
3. hea of mo or a member of he ploma aff
of he mo ma a a repree ave of he SS o a YO.
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Vwo or more Sae ma are he ame pero a hea
of mo o a oher Sae u le objeo offere b
he S.
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g. Yf he po of hea of he mo vaa or f he hea
of he mo u able o perform h fu o a harge
'affare a erm hall a provo all a hea of he
mo . Vhe ame of he harge 'affare a erm hall
be ofe eher b he hea of he mo or ae he
u able o o o b he r for Foreg ffar of he
SS o he r for Foreg ffar of he S or uh oher
m r a ma be agree.
2. Y ae where o member of he ploma aff of he
mo pree he reev g Sae a member of he
am rave a eh al aff ma wh he o e of
he S be eg ae b he SS o be harge of he
urre am rave affar of he mo .
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g. S ma a a me & whou hav g o expla
eo of SS ha he hea of he mo or a
member of he ploma aff of he mo Y
Page 32 of g *
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g. ea of o ular po are ve o 4 lae
(a) o ul-ge eral;
(b) o ul;
() ve-o ul;
() o ular age .
2. Par. g of h r. o wa rer he rgh of a of he Co ra g
Pare o fx he eg ao of o ular offer oher ha he hea of
o ular po.
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g. ea of o ular po hall ra k eah la aor g o he ae of
he gra of he exequaur.
2. Yf he hea before oba g he exequaur
ame o he exere of h fu o provo all h preee e
hall be eerm e aor g o he ae of he provo al amo ; h
preee e hall be ma a e afer he gra g of he exequaur.
3. Orer of preee e a bewee 2 or more hea who oba e he
exequaur or provo al amo o he ame ae hall be eerm e
per he ae o whh her ommo or mlar rume or he
ofao referre o par. 3 of r. gg were pree e o S.
4. g hea of po hall ra k afer all hea &
a bewee hemelve ra k aor g o he ae he aume fu o
a a g hea per he
ofao gve u er par. 2 of r. g5.
5. o orar o ular offer who are hea hall ra k eah la afer
areer hea he orer & per rule la ow he forego g paragraph.
6. ea hall have preee e over o ular offer o hav g ha au.
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Vwo or more Sae ma wh he o e of S appo he ame pero a
a o ular offer ha Sae.
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g. Yf he hea of a o ular po u able o arr ou h fu o or he
poo of hea of o ular po vaa a a g hea of po ma a
provo all a hea of he o ular po.
2. Vhe full ame of he a g hea of po hall be ofe eher b he
ploma mo of he SS or f ha Sae ha o uh mo he S
b he hea of he o ular po or f he u able o o o b a
ompee auhor of he SS o he r for Foreg ffar of he S
or o he auhor eg ae b ha r. a ge eral rule h
ofao hall be gve ava e. S ma make he amo a a g
hea of po of a pero who eher a ploma age or a o ular
offer of he SS he S o o al o o e .
3. Vhe ompee auhore of he S hall affor aa e
a proeo o he a g hea of po. Whle he harge of he po
he provo of he pree Co ve o hall appl o hm o he ame
ba a o he hea of he o ular po o er e. S hall o however
be oblge o gra o a a g hea of po a fal prvlege or
mmu whh he hea of he o ular po e jo o l ubje o
o o o fulflle b he a g hea of po.
4. Whe he ruma e referre o paragraph g of h rle a
member of he ploma aff of he ploma mo of he SS he S
eg ae b he SS a a
a g hea of po he hall f he S oe o obje
hereo o ue o e jo ploma prvlege a mmu e.
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g. S ma a a me of SS ha a o ular offer Y
or ha a oher member of he o ular aff o aepable. SS hall
eher reall he pero or erm ae h fu o wh he o ular po.
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g. S hall perm e r of & gra exempo from all
uom ue axe a relae harge oher ha
harge for orage arage a mlar erve o
g. arle for he offal ue of he mo ;
2. arle for he pero al ue of a ploma age or
member of h faml form g par of h houehol
lu g arle e e for h eablhme .
2. Vhe pero al baggage of a ploma age hall be
exemp from peo u le here are erou grou
for preum g ha o a arle o overe b he
exempo me o e paragraph g of h rle or
arle he mpor or expor of whh prohbe b he
law or o rolle b he quara e regulao of he S.
Suh peo hall be o ue o l he pree e of
he ploma age or of h auhore repree ave.
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ploma age hall be exemp from all ue & axe
pero al or real ao al rego al or mu pal exep
g. re axe of a k whh are ormall orporae
he pre of goo or erve;
2. ue & axe o prvae mmovable proper S
error u le he hol o behalf of he SS for he
purpoe of he mo ;
3. eae ueo or hera e ue leve b he S
ubje o par. 4 of rle 39;
4. ue & axe o prvae ome hav g oure he
S & apal axe o veme mae ommeral
u erak g he S;
5. harge leve for pef erve re ere;
6. regrao our or reor fee morgage ue a
amp u WYV EGD VO mmovable proper ubje
o he provo of rle 23.
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g. SS & he hea of he mo hall be exemp from all
ao al rego al or mu pal ue & axe repe of
he preme of he mo wheher ow e or leae
oher ha uh a repree pame for pef erve
re ere.
2. Vh exempo hall o appl o uh ue & axe
paable u er S law b pero o ra g wh SS or he
hea of he mo .
'/c)*c
Vhe mo a hea hall have he rgh o ue he flag
a emblem of he e g Sae o he preme of he
mo lu g he ree e of he hea of he mo
a o h mea of ra por.
Y
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c
c
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g. Preme of he mo hall be volable. Vhe age of
he S ma o e er hem exep wh he o e of he
hea of he mo .
2. S u er a peal u o ake all approprae ep o
proe he preme of he mo aga a ruo or
amage a o preve a urba e of he peae of he
Page 33 of g *
2. Yf SS refue or fal wh a reao able me o arr
ou oblgao u er par. S ma eher whraw he exequaur from
he pero or eae o o er hm a a member of he o ular aff.
3. pero appo e a a member of a o ular po ma be elare
u aepable before arrv g he error of S or f alrea S before
e er g o h ue wh he
o ular po. SS hall whraw h appo me .
4. Y ae par. g & 3 of h rle S o oblge o gve o SS reao
for eo .
'/c2*c
g. S hall perm e r of & gra exempo from all uom
ue axe & relae harge oher ha harge for orage arage &
mlar erve o
(a) arle for he offal ue of he o ular po;
(b) arle for he pero al ue of a o ular offer or member of h
faml form g par of h houehol lu g arle e e for h
eablhme . Vhe arle e e for o umpo hall o exee he
qua e eear for re ulao b he pero o er e.
2. Co ular emploee hall e jo he prvlege & exempo pefe
paragraph g of h rle repe of arle mpore a he me of fr
allao .
3. Pero al baggage aompa g o ular offer & member of her
famle form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from peo . Y
ma be pee o l f here erou reao o beleve ha o a
arle oher ha hoe referre o ub-paragraph (b) of paragraph g of
h rle or arle he mpor or expor of whh
prohbe b he law a regulao of he S or whh are
ubje o quara e law a regulao . Suh peo hall be
arre ou he pree e of he o ular offer or member of h faml
o er e.
'/c+c
g. Co ular offer a o ular emploee a member of her famle
form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from all ue a axe
pero al or real ao al rego al or mu pal exep
(a) re axe of a k whh are ormall orporae he pre of
goo or erve;
(b) ue or axe o prvae mmovable proper uae he error of
S ubje o he provo of rle 32;
() eae ueo or hera e ue a ue o ra fer leve b
he S ubje o he provo of paragraph (b) of rle 5g;
() ue a axe o prvae ome lu g apal ga hav g
oure he S a apal axe rela g o veme mae
ommeral or f a al u erak g S;
(e) harge leve for pef erve re ere;
(f) regrao our or reor fee morgage ue a amp ue
ubje o he provo of rle 32.
2. ember of he erve aff hall be exemp from ue a axe o he
wage whh he reeve for her erve.
3. ember of he o ular po who emplo pero whoe wage or
alare are o exemp from ome ax he S hall oberve he
oblgao whh he law a regulao of ha Sae mpoe upo
emploer o er g he lev g of ome ax.
'
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g. Vhe SS hall have he rgh o he ue of ao al flag & oa-of-arm
he S per provo of h rle.
2. Vhe ao al flag of he SS ma be flow & oa-of-arm plae o
he bul g oupe b he o ular po & a he e ra e oor hereof
o he ree e of he hea of he o ular po & o h mea of
ra por whe ue o offal bu e.
3. Y he exere of h rgh regar hall be ha o he law regulao
a uage of he S.
'/c gc
g. Co ular preme hall be volable o exe here prove.
2. S auhore hall o e er ha par of he o ular preme whh
ue exluvel for he purpoe of he work of he o ular po exep
wh he o e of he hea of he o ular po or of h eg ee or of he
hea of he ploma mo . Suh o e ma be aume ae of fre
or oher aer requr g promp proeve ao .
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$
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1c
1
cc
cDc
$c
Y
c
c
A
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g. Prvae ree e of a ploma age hall e jo he
ame volabl & proeo a he preme of he
mo .
2. paper orrepo e e & exep a par. 3 of r.
3g proper hall alo e jo volabl.c
'/c c
Vhe fu o of a ploma age ome o a e Y
+
g. o ofao b SS o S ha he fu o of he
ploma age ha ome o a e ;
2. o ofao b S o SS ha aora e wh par. 2
of rle 9 refue o reog e he ploma age a a
member of he mo .c
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Vhe fee a harge leve b he mo he oure of
offal ue hall be exemp from all ue a axe.
c
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Vhe pero of a ploma age hall be volable. e
hall o be lable o a form of arre or ee o . Vhe
reev g Sae hall rea hm wh ue repe a hall
ake all approprae ep o preve a aak o h
pero freeom or g .
c
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c
c
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Ec
1$
c
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g. ploma age hall e jo mmu from he
rm al juro of S. e hall alo e jo mmu
from vl a am rave juro exep he
ae of
g. a real ao rela g o prvae mmovable proper
uae S error u le he hol o behalf of SS for
purpoe of he mo ;
2. a ao rela g o ueo whh he ploma
age volve a exeuor am raor her or legaee
a a prvae pero & o o behalf of SS;
3. a ao rela g o a profeo al or ommeral
av exere b he ploma age S oue h
offal fu o .
2. ploma age o oblge o gve eve e a a
w e.
3. ?o meaure of exeuo ma be ake repe of a
ploma age exep he ae u er here ub-par.
(a) (b) & () of par. g & prove ha uh meaure a
be ake whou fr g g he volabl of h pero or
ree e.
Page 3J of g *
3. Subje o par 2 of h rle S u er a peal u o ake all
approprae ep o proe he o ular preme aga a ruo or
amage a o preve a urba e of he peae of he o ular po or
mparme of g .
4. Co ular preme fur h g proper of he o ular po & mea
of ra por hall be mmu e from a form of requo for purpoe of
ao al efe e or publ ul. Yf exproprao eear for uh
purpoe all poble ep hall be ake o avo mpe g performa e of
o ular fu o & promp aequae & effeve ompe ao hall be
pa o he SS.
'/c)2c
Vhe fu o of a member of a o ular po hall ome o a e Y +
(a) o ofao b SS o S ha h fu o have ome o a e ;
(b) o whrawal of he exequaur;
() o ofao b S o SS ha he S ha eae o o er hm a a
member of he o ular aff.
'/c +c
g. Vhe o ular po ma lev S error he fee & harge prove b
SS law for o ular a.
2. Vhe um ollee he form of he fee & harge par. g of h
rle & he reep for uh fee & harge hall be exemp from all ue
& axe he S.
'/c*c
S hall rea o ular offer wh ue repe & hall ake all approprae
ep o preve a aak o her pero freeom or g .
'/cgc
g. Co ular offer hall o be lable o arre or ee o pe g ral
exep he ae of a grave rme a purua o a eo b he
ompee jual auhor.
2. Exep he ae pefe par. g of h rle o ular
offer hall o be omme o pro or lable o a oher form of
rero o her pero al freeom ave exeuo of a jual eo
of f al effe.
3. Yf rm al proee g are ue aga a o ular offer he mu
appear before he ompee auhore. ?everhele he proee g
hall be o ue wh he repe ue o hm b reao of h offal
poo & exep he ae pefe par. g of h rle a ma er
whh wll hamper he exere of o ular fu o a lle a poble.
Whe he ruma e par. g of h rle ha beome eear
o ea a o ular offer he proee g aga hm hall be ue
wh he m mum of ela.
'/c)c
Y he eve of he arre or ee o pe g ral of a member of he
o ular aff or of rm al proee g be g ue aga hm S
hall prompl of he hea of he o ular po. Shoul he laer be
hmelf he obje of uh meaure S hall of SS hrough he ploma
ha el.
'/c c
g. Co ular offer & o ular emploee hall o be ame able o he
juro of he jual or am rave auhore of S repe of
a performe he exere of o ular fu o .
2. Vhe provo of par. g of h rle hall o however appl repe
of a vl ao eher
(a) ar g ou of a o ra o lue b a o ular offer or a o ular
emploee whh he o o ra exprel or mplel a a age of
he e g Sae; or
(b) b a hr par for amage ar g from a ae S aue b a
vehle veel or arraf.
(
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c
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$
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S mu eve ae of arme o fl gra fale
orer o e able pero e jo g prvlege & mmu e
oher ha S ao al & member of he famle of uh
Page 3 of g *
'/c2c
g. SS ma wave WYV EGD VO a member of he o ular po a of
he prvlege & mmu e prove for r. 4g 43 & 44.
2. Vhe waver hall all ae be expre exep a par. 3 of h rle &
hall be ommu ae o S wr g.
3. Vhe ao of proee g b a o ular offer or a o ular emploee
a maer where he mgh e jo mmu from juro u er rle
43 hall prelue hm from vok g mmu from juro repe of
a ou er-lam rel o ee wh he pr pal lam.
4. Vhe waver of mmu from juro for he purpoe of vl or
am rave proee g hall o be eeme o mpl he waver of
mmu from he meaure of exeuo reul g from he jual
eo ; repe of uh meaure a eparae waver hall be eear.
'/c2 c
g. Ever member of he o ular po hall e jo here prvlege &
mmu e from he mome he e er S error o proee g o ake
up h po or f alrea error from he mome whe he e er o
h ue wh he o ular po.
2. ember of he faml of a member of he o ular po form g par of
h houehol & member of h prvae aff hall reeve he prvlege &
mmu e from he ae from whh he e jo prvlege & mmu e per
par. g of h rle or from he ae of her e r o S error or from
he ae of her beom g a member of uh faml or prvae aff
whhever he lae.
3. Whe he fu o of a member of he o ular po have ome o a
e h h faml
h prvae aff
prvlege & hall ormall eae a
he mome whe he pero o er e leave S or o he expr of a
reao able pero whh o o o whhever he oo er bu hall
ub u l ha me eve ae of arme o fl. Y he ae of he
pero par. 2 of h rle prvlege & mmu e hall ome o a e
whe he eae o belo g o he houehol or o be he erve of a
member of he o ular po prove ha f uh pero e leav g
S wh a reao able pero hereafer her prvlege & mmu e hall
ub u l he me of her eparure.
4. Bu WYV EGD VO a performe b a o ular offer or a o ular
emploee he exere of h fu o mmu from juro hall
o ue o ub whou lmao of me.
5. Y he eve of he eah of a member of he o ular po he member
of h faml form g par of h houehol hall o ue o e jo he
prvlege & mmu e aore o hem u l he leave S or u l he
expr of a reao able pero e abl g hem o o o whhever he
oo er.
'/c22c
g. Whou prejue o her prvlege & mmu e he u of all
pero e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e o repe he law &
regulao of S. Vhe alo have a u o o erfere he er al
affar of ha Sae.
2. Vhe o ular preme hall o be ue a ma er ompable wh
he exere of o ular fu o .
3. Par. 2 of h rle hall o exlue he pobl of offe of oher
uo or age e be g alle
par of he bul g whh he o ular preme are uae prove
ha he preme ag e o hem are eparae from hoe ue b he
o ular po. Y ha eve he a offe hall o be o ere o form
par of he o ular preme.
'/c2Jc
g. Career o ular offer hall o arr o for pero al prof a
profeo al or ommeral av S.
2. Prvlege & mmu e hall o be aore
(a) o o ular emploee or o member of he erve aff who arr o
a prvae ga ful oupao S;
(b) o member of he faml of a pero referre o ub-par. (a)
of h paragraph or o member of h prvae aff;
() o member of he faml of a member of a o ular po who
hemelve arr o a prvae ga ful oupao S.
'/c)3c
S hall eve ae of arme o fl gra o member of he o ular
po & member of he prvae aff oher ha S ao al & o member
of her famle form g par of her houehol rrepeve of ao al
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c
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Ac
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g. Exep ofar a ao al prvlege & mmu e ma
be gra e b S a ploma age who a ao al of or
perma e l ree S hall e jo o l mmu from
juro & volabl repe of offal a
performe he exere of h fu o .
2. Oher member of he aff of he mo & prvae
erva who are ao al of or perma e l ree S
hall e jo prvlege & mmu e o l o he exe
ame b S. owever S mu exere juro
over hoe pero o a o o erfere u ul wh he
performa e of he fu o of he mo .
Page 3+ of g *
eear me & fale o e able hem o prepare her eparure & o
leave a he earle poble mome afer he erm ao of he fu o
of he member. Y hall f eee plae a her poal eear mea
of ra por for hemelve & her proper oher ha proper aqure
S he expor of whh prohbe a he me of eparure.
'/c)Jc
g. Y he eve of he evera e of o ular relao bewee 2 Sae
(a) S hall eve ae of arme o fl repe & proe he o ular
preme ogeher wh he proper of he o ular po & he o ular
arhve;
(b) SS ma e ru he uo of he o ular preme wh he proper
o a e here & he o ular arhve o a hr Sae aepable o S;
() SS ma e ru he proeo of ere & of ao al o a hr
Sae aepable o S.
2. Y he eve of he emporar or perma e loure of a o ular po
ub-par. (a) of here par. g hall appl. Y ao
(a) f SS alhough o repree e S b a ploma mo ha a oher
o ular po he error of ha Sae ha o ular po ma be
e rue wh he uo of he preme of he o ular po whh ha
bee loe wh he proper o a e here & he o ular arhve &
wh he o e of S wh he exere of o ular fu o he r
of ha o ular po; or
(b) f SS ha o ploma mo & o oher o ular po S ub-par
(b) & () of par. g of h rle hall appl.
'/cJgc
g. Exep o far a ao al fale prvlege & mmu e ma be
gra e b S o ular offer who are ao al of or perma e l
ree S hall e jo o l mmu from juro & pero al
volabl repe of offal a performe he exere of her
fu o & he prvlege par. 3 of rle 44. So far a hee o ular
offer are o er e S hall alo be bou b he oblgao la ow
rle 42. Yf rm al proee g are ue aga uh a o ular
offer he proee g hall exep whe he u er arre or ee o
be o ue a ma er whh wll hamper he exere of
o ular fu o a lle a poble.
2. Oher member of he o ular po who are ao al of or perma e l
ree S & member of her famle &
member of he famle of o ular offer par. g of
h rle hall e jo fale prvlege & mmu e o l o far a
hee are gra e o hem b S. Vhoe member of
he famle of member of he o ular po & hoe member of he
prvae aff who are hemelve ao al of or perma e l ree S
hall lkewe e jo fale prvlege & mmu e o l o far a hee
are gra e o hem b S. S hall exere juro over hoe
pero uh a wa a o o h er u ul he performa e of he
fu o of he o ular po.
cFc%
$c
Ecc
c
c
'
$cgc%
c
"
cc
c$c
r. 2. Vhe eablhme of ploma relao bewee Sae &
of perma e ploma mo ake plae b muual o e .
r. 4.
g. o ular po ma be eablhe he error of he S o l
wh ha Sae' o e .
2. Vhe ea of he o ular po lafao a he o ular
r hall be eablhe b he SS a hall be ubje o he
approval of he S.
3. Subeque ha ge he ea of he o ular po
lafao or he o ular r ma be mae b he SS o l
wh he o e of he S.
4. Vhe o e of he S hall alo be requre f a o ulae-ge eral
or a o ulae ere o ope a ve-o ulae or a o ular age
a loal oher ha ha whh elf eablhe.
5. Vhe pror expre o e of he S hall alo be requre for he
ope g of a offe form g par of a ex g o ular po
elewhere ha a he ea hereof.
c
.
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; Co ular Saff D - r. gg; C - r. 20 ubje o
agreeme S ma requre ha he e of a mo be kep wh
lm o ere b o be reao able & ormal hav g regar o
ruma e & o o S & o he ee of he parular
mo & S ma equall wh mlar bou & o a
o rm aor ba refue o aep offal of a parular
aegor.
cc
cof ploma aff of mo (r. 8); of
o ular offer (r. 22) houl pr ple be of he ao al of
SS. Vhe ma o be appo e from amo g pero hav g he
ao al of S exep wh he o e of ha Sae whh ma
be whraw a a me. S ma reerve he ame rgh WYV
EGD VO ao al of a hr Sae who are o alo ao al of
SS.
"
of mo (r. g2); or o ular po (r. 6) mu be
wh o e of he S (whh ma allow o ular offer o exere
fu o oue h po).
$
a o member of mo faml of a member of
mo prvae erva (r. g0); a o member of o ular po
faml member form g par of h houehol prvae aff (r. 24.
ga-] & 2)
g. S r for Foreg ffar or oher m r a ma be
agree hall be ofe of
g. appo me of _________ arrval & f al eparure or
erm ao of fu o wh he mo ;
2. arrval & f al eparure of a pero belo g g o he
__________ & where approprae fa ha a pero beome
or eae o be a member of he faml of a member of he
mo ;
3. arrval & f al eparure of ________ of pero par. (a) of
h paragraph & where approprae fa ha he are leav g
uh emplo;
4. e gageme & harge of pero ree S a member
______ or prvae erva aff] e le o prvlege &
mmu e.
2. Where poble pror ofao of arrval & f al eparure hall
alo be gve .
'
$A$$
c
c
c$
of he mo (r.
2g); of he o ular po (r. 30) S hall eher falae
Page J* of g *
.$
c$
c1
for a ploma age (r. 33); member
of he o ular po (r. 48)
g. Subje o par. 3 of h rle _______ WYV EGD VO
erve re ere b hem for he SS & member of her famle
form g par of her houehol] hall be exemp from oal
eur provo whh ma be fore he S.
2. Vhe exempo par. g of h rle hall appl alo o member
of he prvae erva aff] who are he ole emplo of a
_________ o o o
(a) ha he are o ao al of or perma e l ree he S;
&
(b) ha he are overe b he oal eur provo whh are
fore he SS or a hr Sae.
3. ________ who emplo pero o whom he exempo par. 2
of h rle oe o appl hall oberve he oblgao whh he
oal eur provo of he S mpoe upo emploer.
4. Vhe exempo par. g & 2 of h rle hall o prelue
volu ar parpao he oal eur em of he S
prove ha uh parpao perme b ha Sae.
5. Vhe provo of h rle hall o affe blaeral or
mullaeral agreeme o er g oal eur o lue
prevoul & hall o preve he o luo of uh agreeme
he fuure. par. 5 o C]
"1
c
c
c
$ of ploma age (r. 35);
member of he o ular po & member of he famle form g
par of her houehol (r. 52) S hall exemp _______ from all
pero al erve from all publ erve of a k whaoever &
from mlar oblgao uh a hoe o ee wh
requo g mlar o rbuo & blle g.
Y
c
cc
c. of a ploma age (r. 40); o ular
offer (r. 54)
g. Yf a ______ pae hrough or he error of a hr Sae
whh ha gra e hm a va f a va wa eear whle
proee g o ake up or reur o h po or whe reur g o he
SS he hr Sae hall aor o hm volabl & all mmu e
prove for b he oher rle of he pree Co ve o a ma
be requre o e ure h ra or reur . Vhe ame hall appl
he ae of a member of h faml form g par of h houehol]
e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e who are aompa g he
_______ or ravel g eparael o jo hm or o reur o he SS.
2. Y ruma e mlar o hoe pefe paragraph g of h
rle hr Sae hall o h er he ra hrough her
error of oher member of he am rave & eh al or
erve aff of a mo o ular po] or of member of her
famle form g par of her houehol] hrough her errore.
3. Vhr Sae hall aor o offal orrepo e e & o oher
offal ommu ao ra lu g meage oe or
pher he ame freeom a proeo a he S bou o
aor u er he pree Co ve o . Vhe hall aor o
ploma o ular] ourer who have bee gra e a va f a va
wa eear & o o ular bag ra he ame volabl &
proeo a he S bou o aor u er he pree
Co ve o .
4. Vhe oblgao of hr Sae u er par g 2 & 3 hall alo appl
o he pero me o e repevel hoe paragraph & o
offal ommu ao & o ploma o ular] bag whoe
pree e he error of he hr Sae ue o
Y#Y Y."
c$
$cc$c
%
$c
c
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g. SS mu e ure ha he agrme of S ha bee gve for he
Page Jg of g *
Page J) of g *
'cc
g. ember of a o ular po ma be alle upo o ae a
w ee he oure of jual or am rave proee g.
o ular emploee or a member of he erve aff hall o exep
par. 3 el e o gve eve e. Yf a o ular offer houl el e
o o o o oerve meaure or pe al ma be apple o hm.
2. Vhe auhor requr g he eve e of a o ular offer hall
avo erfere e wh he performa e of fu o . Whe
poble ake uh eve e a h ree e or a he o ular po
or aep a aeme from hm wr g.
3. ember of a o ular po are u er o oblgao o gve
eve e o er g maer o ee wh he exere of her
fu o or o proue offal orrepo e e & oume & are
e le o el e o gve eve e a exper w ee WYV
EGD VO SS law.
'c3c
g. Co ular offer & o ular emploee & faml member
form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from all oblgao
u er S law regar o he regrao of ale & ree e
perm.
2. Par. g hall o appl o a o ular emploee who o a
perma e emploee of SS or who arre o a prvae ga ful
oupao S or o a member of he faml of a uh
emploee.
'cJc
g. ember of he o ular po hall WYV EGD VO erve
re ere for SS be exemp from a oblgao regar o work
perm mpoe b S law o er g he emplome of foreg
labour.
2. ember of he prvae aff of o ular offer & of o ular
emploee hall f he o o arr o a oher ga ful oupao
he S be exemp from he oblgao par. g.
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form g par of h houehol S
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me of h eah;
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r. 5962.
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hall be gover e b r. 6367.
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PCYJ wa o fore g945 for falure o raf he Saue of he
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Vhe expe e volve are hoe rela g o U? operao Co go
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wheher hee are 1ccc-
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Vhe YCJ wa requee o eerm e o he ba of he gloGerma Vrea of g890 a he rule a pr ple of er ao al
law he bewee ?amba a Bowa a arou
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wa mae hrough a .$
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bewee he 2 ae o
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Vrea of Peae bewee F la a ua g e a Dorpa a
he a exe Delarao of he ua Delegao regar g he
auo om of Eaer Carela o ue e gageme of a
er ao al haraer whh plae ua u er a oblgao o
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er ao al peae a eur". Y ha regar a mpoe o
Sae "a expl oblgao of ompla e f for example ue
a orer or omma . . . u er Chaper MYY" a a o ha e
"requre e foreme b oerve ao ". owever he Cour
woul emphae ha rle 24 refer o a prmar bu o
eearl exluve ompee e. Vhe Ge eral embl oe have
he Y +u er rle g4 o "reomme meaure for
he peaeful ajume " of varou uao . "Vhe o l lmao
whh rle g4 mpoe o he Ge eral embl he rero
fou rle g2." regar he prae of he U? boh he G
a he SC all erpree a apple rle g2 o he effe
ha he embl oul o make a reomme ao o a queo
o er g he ma e a e of er ao al peae a eur
whle he maer rema e o he Cou l' age a. owever h
erpreao ha evolve ubeque l. Y ee he Cour oe
ha here ha bee a rea g e e over me for he
Ge eral embl a he Seur Cou l o eal parallel wh
he ame maer o er g he ma e a e of er ao al peae
a eur. Vhe Cour o er ha he aepe prae of he
Ge eral embl a ha evolve o e wh rle g2
paragraph g of he Charer. Vhe Cour aor gl of he vew ha
he Ge eral embl eek g a avor op o from he
Cour o o rave e he provo of rle g2 paragraph g.
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Y.Y
Y eoluo 377 (M) Sae
ha "f he Seur Cou l beaue of lak of u a m of he
Page * of g *
8 he Cour ook he
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follow ha o Sae wheher a ember of he U e ?ao or
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cc
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Vhe o ep of huma rgh refer o ha orpu of
er ao all a u verall-reog e rgh ha are Y Y
ever huma be g .e. he are exrabl aahe o ever
pero from he me ha pero beome a huma be gg7. Y
ee e hee are he rgh ha ever ape of huma vlao
reog e a he bare m mum ha ever huma be g e le
o whou furher qualfao ; a reual ore of a e re em
of rgh ha a o furher be reue. Vh reog o bae o
abolue o e u of he er ao al ommu make huma
rgh Y + haraer. a logal exe o of he here
haraer of huma rgh huma rgh are alo o ere
+Y+Y or a o be eher poe of or ake awa
volu arl or volu arl. Vhe are alo Y +Y mea g
he a o be u eroo a hav g bee wave or forgo e b he
mere falure o aer or v ae hem hrough he paage of
me. uma rgh abue for example oul go o for a umber
of ear o e ae whou a oe ble oppoo bu uh fa
a o be ue o argue ha he people of ha ae have alrea
urre ere or wave v ao of her rgh a a me he
fuure. uma rgh are alo ++Y. e al or ra greo
of hee rgh o ue a o u g volao ; here ma be
jufao for hee whh woul era ae be uffe o
exemp he perperaor from a legal o eque e bu h oe
o ha ge he fa ha here YYa volao g8. O e
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argue ha he UD pr ple have alrea bee elevae o he
au of uomar law.
Yeall huma rgh are e fore omeall where
legal em have evolve her ow law pu h g he volao of
huma rgh23. Y efaul of uh law o e a have reor o
er ao al law bu o l f all oher avalable loal remee have
bee exhaue. uma rgh o ve o have pu plae
meha m for he rere of huma rgh volao ha a be
brough eve b vual ( o ee for epoual b her ae
epeall f he ae elf aue of he volao ) example of
hee are he Y er-mera Cour of uma gh eablhe
u er he mera Co ve o o uma gh a he Europea
Cour of uma gh u er he Europea Co ve o o uma
gh. Y he abe e of uh er ao al meha m (a he ae
a where he o l huma rgh our eablhe wa he
o e he rab o fere e) huma rgh volao ma be
aree he U? uma gh Cou l. Vhe C however a
o l a o ae b vegao a reomme ao . Y
u erake a pero revew of all U? member
huma rgh
reor o ou r a be pare from he revew a make
reomme ao o he Ge eral embl aor gl. Y a alo
o er emerge uao of huma rgh volao a make
he ame reomme ao o he G. Ulmael he furher
meaure ee o be a o e b he G. Yf a a properl
arbuable o a ae u er er ao al law a huma rgh
24
volao woul e al he er ao al repo bl of ha ae .
ae a herefore be brough before he YCJ prove ha he
aue woul be epoue b a ae a prove furher ha uh
ae epou g woul have uffe legal ere he pue. Y
um herefore huma rgh e foreme ver largel e ere
o ome leglao a er ao al rea oblgao . Y
efaul of boh a vual woul f har o lgae a ae of
volao . Vhe U? a o l ep o br g a ae before
er ao al ae o . Yf he huma rgh abue beome o
weprea a ema a o o ue a hrea o he peae or
a breah of he peae he he Seur Cou l a ep o he
pure prove all he reque are pree a all proeure are
omple wh a prove Chaper 7 of he U? Charer.
8$
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evelopme ). Vhe ebae ll o go g a he We have mae
ma pro ou eme ha he ulural relav argume be g
ue merel o juf ro g ae meaure ame a eo om
evelopme bu e al g arfe of vl a polal rgh. Y
he mea me he gle huma rgh oume formerl prepare
b he U? Commo o uma gh were pl o wo afer
muh ebae. Vhe YCCP oabl wa more palaable o all
o er e ae beaue o a abolue rule ha are eal
o ree whle he YCESC (whh prerbe a huma rgh
uh rgh a euao emplome a aequae a ar of
lv g) wa vewe a heavl o ge o he level of eo om
evelopme of he ae.
?O. Y er ao al huma rgh rume whh are he
o ree ofao of he huma rgh emboe he UD
reog e ha he exere of fu ame al huma rgh (lke
peeh expreo aembl lber of moveme a relgo )
ma be ubje o era lawful lmao . For uh lmao o
be lawful however he houl pa he hree-fol e of
lawful e (g) VE VESV OF LEGLYV . Vhe lmao mu be
emboe he law o ha e who have ever rgh o
exere her huma rgh o he fulle exe a be vall gve
oe of uh lmao . (2) VE VESV OF PUPOSE. Vhe lmao
mu be mpoe for o e or more pefe legmae purpoe a
uh purpoe houl alo be k ow o he publ. (3) VE VESV OF
POPOVYO?LYV . Vhe exere of huma rgh alwa
preume o be u erake a emora oe. U g hee
a ar he aure a exe of he lmao o he exere
of huma rgh mu be aequael proporo al o he purpoe
for whh he were mpoe. Vhe e o wheher he lmao
are erable or o harmful bu wheher here a lear a
ompell g oal purpoe ha wll be erve b uh a of
lmao .
@
? "
$
!
!"
Vhee are he rgh o lfe (ar. 6;7) he rgh o freeom
from orure or ruel huma or egra g reame or
pu hme lu g a prohbo o be g ubjee o meal
or e f experme ao whou o e
free o e (ar. 7;8)
he rgh o freeom from laver he lave-rae a ervue ar.
8(g) a (2)] he rgh o freeom from fore a ompulor labor
ar. 8(3)] he rgh o lber a eur of pero lu g
freeom from arbrar arre a ee o (ar 9;9) he rgh of
pero eprve of her lber o be reae wh huma a
wh repe for he here g of he huma pero (ar.
g0;g0) prohbo of mpro me merel o he grou of
abl o fulfl a o raual oblgao (ar. gg) lber of
moveme a freeom o hooe o e
ree e ar. g2(g)] he
rgh o be free o leave a ou r lu g o e
ow ar.
g2(2)] he rgh o o be arbrarl eprve of he rgh o e er
&
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o e
ow ou r ar. g2(4)] era legal afeguar aga
u lawful expulo of ale lawfull he error of a Sae par
(ar. g3;gg) he rgh o a far hear g rm al a vl ae b
a epe e a mparal rbu al (ar. g4;g2) freeom from ex
po fao law a he reroave applao of heaver pe ale
ha hoe ha oul be mpoe whe he rme wa omme
(ar. g5) he rgh o reog o a a pero before he law (ar. g6)
he rgh o o be ubjee o arbrar or u lawful erfere e
wh o e
prva faml home or orrepo e e or o u lawful
aak o o e
ho or a repuao (ar. g7;g3) he rgh o
freeom of hough o e e a relgo (ar. g8;g4) he rgh o
freeom of op o a of expreo (ar. g9;g5) prohbo of war
propaga a a of avoa of ao al raal or relgou hare
o u g eme o rm ao hol or vole e (ar.
20;g6) he rgh o peaeful aembl (ar. 2g) he rgh o freeom
of aoao (ar. 22) he rgh o marr freel o fou a faml
a o equal rgh a repo ble of poue a o marrage
ur g marrage a a oluo (ar. 23;g7) he rgh of he
hl o peal proeo whou rm ao ; he rgh o be
regere upo brh a he rgh o a ao al (ar. 24;g8) he
rgh o popular parpao publ affar; he rgh o voe
pero eleo b u veral a equal uffrage a ere ballo
a well a he rgh o have ae o publ erve (ar. 25;g9) he
rgh o equal before he law a he equal proeo of he law
(ar. 26;20) a he rgh of m ore o e jo her ow ulure
relgo a la guage (ar. 27.2g).
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ES. rle 4 of he YCCP k ow a he Derogao
29
Claue . Vhe r o o ha gover he rgh of he Sae
pare o reor o erogao from her legal oblgao u er
a rle are
(g) he o o of a publ emerge whh hreae he lfe of
he ao . Vhe Sae par e vag g a erogao mu be fa g a
uao of exepo al hrea ha jeopare he ao
lfe hu
exlu g m or or eve more erou urba e ha o o
affe he fu o g of he Sae
emora uo or
people
lve ge eral.
(2) he o o of offal prolamao he exe e of a publ
emerge whh hreae he lfe of he ao mu be offall
prolame. wa expla e ur g he raf g of arle 4 he
purpoe hereof wa o preve Sae from eroga g arbrarl
from her oblgao u er he Cove a whe uh a ao wa
o warra e b eve 30.
(3) he o o of o -erogabl of era oblgao . rle
4(2) of he Cove a e umerae ome rgh from whh o
erogao a ever be mae eve he re of uao . Vhee
rgh are he rgh o lfe (ar. 6) he rgh o freeom from orure
or ruel huma or egra g reame or pu hme (ar. 7)
he rgh o freeom from laver he lave-rae a ervue (ar.
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Eah Sae par o he Y er ao al Cove a o
Eo om Soal a Culural gh u erake o ake ep
vuall a hrough er ao al aa e a o-operao
epeall eo om a eh al o he maxmum of avalable
reoure wh a vew o ahev g progrevel he full realao
of he rgh reog e he ... Cove a b all approprae mea
lu g parularl he aopo of leglave meaure (ar.
2(g)). lhough he Cove a hu prove for progreve
realao a ak owlege he o ra ue o lm of
avalable reoure he Commee o Eo om Soal a
Culural gh emphae Ge eral Comme ?o. 3 ha alo
mpoe varou oblgao whh are of mmeae effe. Y he
vew of he Commee wo of hee are of parular mpora e
amel fr he u erak g arle 2(2) o guara ee ha he
rgh e u ae he ... Cove a wll be exere whou
rm ao o era pef grou ; a eo he
u erak g arle 2(g) o ake ep
whh elf o
qualfe or lme b oher o erao . Y oher wor whle
he full realao of he releva rgh ma be aheve
progrevel ep owar ha goal mu be ake wh a
reao abl hor me afer he Cove a
e r o fore for he
Sae o er e. Suh ep houl be elberae o ree a
argee a learl a poble owar mee g he oblgao
reog e he Cove a .
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Vhee are he rgh o work lu g he rgh o ga
o e
lv g b work freel hoe or aepe (ar. 6);
he rgh o e jo ju a favorable o o of work lu g
far remu erao for work of equal value whou o of a
k (ar. 7); he rgh o form rae u o a jo he rae u o
of o e
hoe (ar. 8); he rgh o oal eur lu g oal
ura e (ar. 9); proeo a aa e o he faml; marrage
o be freel e ere o; maer proeo ; proeo a
aa e o hlre a ou g pero (ar. g0); rgh o a
aequae a ar of lv g lu g aequae foo loh g a
hou g a o he o uou mproveme of lv g o o
(ar. gg); he rgh o he hghe aa able a ar of phal a
me al healh (ar. g2); he rgh o euao (ar. g3;35); he
u erak g o evelop eale pla of ao where ompulor
prmar euao o e eure (ar. g4;36); he rgh o ake
par ulural lfe o e jo he be ef of e f progre a o
be ef from he proeo of he moral a maeral ere
reul g from a e f lerar or ar prouo of whh
o e he auhor (ar. g5).
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?O. Vhe YCESC o a a ge eral lmao arle 4
whereb he Sae ma ubje he e jome of he rgh
guara ee b he Cove a o l o uh lmao a are
eerm e b law o l o far a h ma be ompable wh he
aure of hee rgh a olel for he purpoe of promo g he
ge eral welfare a emora oe. Furhermore lmao
rela g o he exere of pef rgh are alo o a e arle
8(g)(a) a () where he exere of he rgh o form a jo rae
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O 30 prl g992 he Serb Demora Par (SDS)
o ue a bloole ake-over of he ow of Prjeor wh he a
of he mlar a pole fore. Vhe aual ake-over wa
o ue he earl hour of he mor g whe arme Serb ook
up poo a hekpo hroughou Prjeor wh oler a
per o he roof of he ma bul g. lar po were
eree all over he a he Serba flag wh four Crll S' wa
flow from he C all. ugolav People
rm (J?) oler
wear g a vare of u form oupe all of he prom e
uo uh a he rao ao meal e re a ba k. Vhe
e ere bul g elare ha he ha ake power a
a ou e her eo o re ame he Prjeor u pal
Srpka op a Prjeor (Serb u pal of Prjeor). uharem
?erev he Eor- -Chef of ao Prjeor a he me wa
ummo e o he rao ao he earl mor g of 30 prl
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?O. Vhe or ar mea g of rle 5 make lear ha h
provo oe o requre all rme aga huma o have bee
perperae wh a rm aor e . Suh e o l mae
eear for o e ub-aegor of hoe rme amel
pereuo prove for rle 5 (h). logal o ruo of
rle 5 alo lea o he o luo ha ge erall peak g h
requreme o la ow for all rme aga huma .
Y ee f were oherwe wh houl rle 5(h) pef ha
pereuo fall u er he Vrbu al
juro f arre ou o
polal raal a relgou grou Vh pefao woul be
llogal a uperfluou. Y a eleme ar rule of erpreao
ha o e houl o o rue a provo or par of a provo a f
were uperfluou a he e po le he preumpo
warra e ha law-maker e a or agree upo rule ha are well
hough ou a mea gful all her eleme . Vhe erpreao
Page of g *
of rle 5 he lgh of obje a purpoe bear ou he above
propoo . Vhe am of hoe raf g he Saue wa o make all
rme aga huma pu hable lu g hoe whh whle
fulfll g all he o o requre b he oo of uh rme
ma o have bee perperae o polal raal or relgou
grou a pefe paragraph (h) of rle 5. Y lgh of he
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of he Saue o e fal o ee
wh he houl have eroul rere he la of offe e
om g wh he purvew of rme aga huma hu
leav g oue h la all he poble a e of erou a
weprea or ema rme aga vla o aou o l of
her lak g a rm aor e . For example a rm aor
e requreme woul preve he pe alao of ra om a
rm ae vole e e e o prea error amo g a vla
populao a a rme aga huma . foror he obje a
purpoe of rle 5 woul be hware were o be uggee ha
he rm aor grou requre are lme o he fve grou
pu forh b he Serear-Ge eral h epor a ake up (wh
he ao o e ae of he furher grou of ge er) he
aeme mae he Seur Cou l b hree of member.
Suh a erpreao of rle 5 woul reae g fa lau ae
b fal g o proe vm group o overe b he le
rm aor grou . Vhe expere e of ?a Germa
emo rae ha rme aga huma ma be omme o
rm aor grou oher ha hoe e umerae rle 5 (h)
uh a phal or me al abl age or frm or exual
prefere e. Smlarl he exerm ao of la e eme he
Sove U o ur g he g930 (amel a he ae of ?a
o u before he Seo Worl War a ourre e ha ook
plae me of peae o me of arme o fl) a he
eporao of he urba euae of Camboa u er he Khmer
ouge bewee g975-g979 prove oher a e whh woul
o fall u er he amb of rme aga huma bae o he
r e umerao of rm aor grou uggee b he
Serear-Ge eral h epor.
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5 -CG-c('cY#".c Y& '8c
Vhe ral reule from umerou war rme arbue o
he Empre of Japa (he e re l of aroe wa e he
eo a lo g. Mer lo g.) a hav g bee omme ur g
he e re pero mmeael pree g a ur g he Worl War
YY. Vhe jugme of he Vrbu al fr l ow all he oure of
er ao al legal oblgao of Japa owar he lle Power
a all ao ha he oupe ur g he war uh oblgao
hav g bee fou o have bee breahe. Vhee oblgao
ogeher wh her orrepo g oure are
g. Oblgao o preerve he erroral a am rave
epe e e of Ch a.
U e Sae Delarao of g90g
Ye ?oe of g908
? e-Power Vrea of g922
Cove a of he League of ?ao of g920
2. Oblgao o preerve for he worl he pr ple of equal
a mparal rae wh all par of Ch a he oalle "Ope Door Pol".
U e Sae Delarao of g900 o g90g
Ye ?oe of g908
? e-Power Vrea of g922
Page + of g *
ague M of g907
6. Oblgao o olve pue bewee
mea or meao or arbrao .
ao b ploma
Vhe Charer Y
Y Y Y Y Y
V +' o a arbrar exere of power o he par
of he vorou ao bu he expreo of
er ao al law ex g a he me of reao . Vhe
queo wha wa he legal effe of h pa (Pa of
Par ugu 27 g928) Vhe ?ao who g e he pa
or ahere o u o o all o em e reoure o
war for he fuure a a rume of pol a exprel
re ou e . fer he g g of he pa a ao
reor g o war a a rume of ao al pol break
he pa. Y he op o of he Vrbu al he olem
re u ao of war a a rume of ao al pol
eearl volve he propoo ha uh a war
llegal er ao al law; a ha hoe who pla a
wage uh a war wh evable a errble
o eque e are omm g a rme o o g. Vhe
pr ple of er ao al law whh u er era
ruma e proe he repree ave of a ae
a o be apple o a whh are o em e a
rm al b er ao al law. Vhe auhor of hee a
a o heler hemelve beh her offal poo
orer o be free from pu hme approprae
proee g. Vhe maxm ' ullum rme e lege' o a
lmao of overeg bu ge eral a pr ple of
jue. Vo aer ha u ju o pu h hoe who
efa e of reae a aura e have aake
eghbour g ae whou war g obvoul u rue
for uh ruma e he aaker mu k ow ha he
o g wro g a o far from be g u ju o pu h
hm woul be u ju f h wro g were allowe o go
u pu he. Vhe Charer pefall prove . . . 'he fa
ha a efe a ae purua o orer of h
Gover me or of a uperor hall o free hm from
repo bl bu ma be o ere mgao of
pu hme .' Vh provo o form wh he law
of all ao . . . Vhe rue e whh fou var g
egree he rm al law of mo ao o he
exe e of he orer bu wheher moral hoe wa
fa poble.
Vhe Vrbu al alo eablhe he rao ale for hol g repo ble
gover me offal for he ll-reame of pro er ur g he
war. Y pla g he bure of e ur g he proper reame of
pro er upo he gover me (raher ha merel he mlar
offer auall e gage war he fel) of he ae hol g
hem ee o he Vrbu al rao ae
Page +* of g *
Page +g of g *
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Ge oe
Crme aga huma
War rme
Crme of aggreo Cour hall exere juro over
h o e a provo aope ef g h rme.
r 6 $
- a omme wh
co ero whole or par a
ao al eh al raal or relgou group a uh
(a) Kll g member of he group;
(b) Cau g erou bol or me al harm o member of
he group;
() Delberael fl g o he group o o of lfe
alulae o br g abou
phal eruo whole or par;
() Ympo g meaure e e o preve brh wh
he group;
(e) Forbl ra ferr g hlre of he group o a oher
group.
r 7
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-a of he follow g a whe omme a par of a (g)
weprea or ema aak ree aga a vla
populao (2) wh k owlege of he aak
(a) urer;
(b) Exerm ao ;
() E laveme ;
() Deporao or forble ra fer of populao ;
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Vhe Cour hall have juro repe of war rme
parular whe omme a
par of a pla or pol or a par of a large-ale ommo of uh
rme.
Page + of g *
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(b) Y he eo plae where approprae
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lu g he eablhe pr ple of he er ao al
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cc erve b he
Cour from ao al law of legal em of he worl
lu g a approprae he ao al law of Sae ha
woul ormall exere juro over he rme
prove ha hoe pr ple are o o e wh
h Saue a wh er ao al law a er ao all
reog e orm a a ar.
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Page +2 of g *
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. owever a
pero who aba o he effor o omm he rme or
oherwe preve he ompleo of he rme hall o
be lable for pu hme u er h Saue for he
aemp o omm ha rme f ha pero ompleel
a volu arl gave up he rm al purpoe.
rle 26 "1$
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Vhe rme wh he juro of he Cour hall o be ubje o
a aue of
lmao .
rle 33 .
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g. Vhe fa ha a rme wh he juro of he Cour
ha bee omme b a pero
purua o a ccc
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wheher mlar or vla hall o
releve ha pero of rm al repo bl u le
(a) Vhe pero wa ccc
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obe orer of he Gover me or he
uperor queo ;
(b) Vhe pero
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2. For he purpoe of h arle orer o omm
ge oe or rme aga huma are
ma fel u lawful.
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r. 2. Y ao o he provo whh hall be mpleme e
peaeme he pree Co ve o hall appl o all ae of
elare war or of a oher arme o fl whh ma are
bewee wo or more of he gh Co ra g Pare eve f he
ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
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r. 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
ourr g he error of o e of he gh Co ra g Pare eah
Par o he o fl hall be bou o appl cc
he
follow g provo
(g) Pero ak g o ave par he hole lu g
member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
aue hall all ruma e be reae huma el whou a
avere o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex
brh or wealh or a oher mlar rera.
Vo h e he follow g a are a hall rema
prohbe a a me a a plae whaoever wh repe o
he above-me o e pero
(a) vole e o lfe a pero parular murer of all k
mulao ruel reame a orure;
(b) ak g of hoage;
() ourage upo pero al g parular humla g a
egra g reame ;
() he pa g of e e e a he arr g ou of exeuo
whou prevou jugeme pro ou e b a regularl o ue
our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog e a
pe able b vle people.
(2) Vhe wou e a k hall be ollee a are for.
mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al
Commee of he e Cro ma offer erve o he Pare o
he o fl.
Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g o
fore b mea of peal agreeme all or par of he oher
provo of he pree Co ve o .
Vhe applao of he pree g provo hall o affe he legal
au of he Pare o he o fl.
r. 4. ?eural Power hall appl b a alog he provo of he
pree Co ve o o he wou e a k a o member of
he meal pero el a o hapla of he arme fore of he
Pare o he o fl reeve or er e her error a well
a o ea pero fou .
r. 5. For he proee pero who have falle o he ha of
he e em he pree Co ve o hall appl u l her f al
reparao .
r. 7. Wou e a k a well a member of he meal
pero el a hapla Y YY par
or e re he rgh eure o hem b he pree Co ve o
a b he peal agreeme referre o he forego g rle f
uh here be.
r. 9. Vhe provo of he pree Co ve o o ue o
obale o he huma ara ave whh he Y er ao al
Commee of he e Cro or a oher mparal huma ara
r. g3. Vhe pree Co ve o hall appl o he wou e a k
belo g g o he follow g aegore
(g) ember of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl a well a
member of mla or volu eer orp form g par of uh arme
fore.
(2) ember of oher mla a member of oher volu eer
orp lu g hoe of orga e rea e moveme
belo g g o a Par o he o fl a opera g or oue her
ow error eve f h error oupe prove ha uh
mla or volu eer orp lu g uh orga e rea e
moveme fulfl he follow g o o
(a) ha of be g omma e b a pero repo ble for h
ubor ae;
(b) ha of hav g a fxe ve g reog able a a a e;
() ha of arr g arm ope l;
() ha of o u g her operao aora e wh he law
a uom of war.
(3) ember of regular arme fore who profe allega e o a
Gover me or a auhor o reog e b he Dea g Power.
(4) Pero who aompa he arme fore whou auall be g
member hereof uh a vl member of mlar arraf rew
war orrepo e uppl o raor member of labour u or
of erve repo ble for he welfare of he arme fore prove
ha he have reeve auhorao from he arme fore whh
he aompa .
(5) ember of rew lu g maer plo a appre e of
he merha mar e a he rew of vl arraf of he Pare o
he o fl who o o be ef b more favourable reame
u er a oher provo er ao al law.
(6) Y haba of a o -oupe error who o he approah of
he e em po a eoul ake up arm o re he va g fore
whou hav g ha me o form hemelve o regular arme
u prove he arr arm ope l a repe he law a
uom of war.
r. g4. Subje o he provo of rle g2 he wou e a k
of a bellgere who fall o e em ha hall be pro er of war
a he provo of er ao al law o er g pro er of war
hall appl o hem.
Page +J of g *
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r. g9. Fxe eablhme a moble meal u of he
eal Serve ma o ruma e be aake bu hall a all
me be repee a proee b he Pare o he o fl.
Shoul he fall o he ha of he avere Par her pero el
hall be free o purue her ue a lo g a he apur g Power
ha o elf e ure he eear are of he wou e a k
fou uh eablhme a u /c
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r. 22. Vhe follow g o o hall o be o ere a eprv g
a meal u or eablhme of he proeo guara ee b
rle g9
(g) Vha he pero el of he u or eablhme are arme a
ha he ue he arm her ow efe e or ha of he
wou e a k her harge.
(2) Vha he abe e of arme orerle he u or eablhme
proee b a pke or b e re or b a eor.
(3) Vha mall arm a ammu o ake from he wou e a
k a o e ha e o he proper erve are fou he u
or eablhme .
(4) Vha pero el a maeral of he veer ar erve are fou
he u or eablhme whou form g a egral par
hereof.
(5) Vha he huma ara ave of meal u a
eablhme or of her pero el exe o he are of vla
wou e or k.
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r. 24. eal pero el exluvel e gage he earh for or
he olleo ra por or reame of he wou e or k or
he preve o of eae aff exluvel e gage he
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r 2. Y ao o he provo whh hall be mpleme e
peaeme he pree Co ve o hall appl o all ae of
elare war or of a oher arme o fl whh ma are
bewee wo or more of he gh Co ra g Pare eve f he
ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or
oal oupao of he error of a gh Co ra g Par eve f
he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e.
lhough o e of he Power o fl ma o be a par
o he pree Co ve o he Power who are pare hereo hall
rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore
be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a Power f he
laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
r 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
ourr g he error of o e of he gh Co ra g Pare eah
Par o he o fl hall be bou o appl cc
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follow g
provo
(g) Pero ak g o ave par he hole lu g
member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
aue hall all ruma e be reae huma el whou a
avere o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex
brh or wealh or a oher mlar rera.
Vo h e he follow g a are a hall rema prohbe a a
me a a plae whaoever wh repe o he aboveme o e pero
(a) vole e o lfe a pero parular murer of all k
mulao ruel reame a orure;
(b) ak g of hoage;
() ourage upo pero al g parular humla g a
egra g reame ;
() he pa g of e e e a he arr g ou of exeuo
whou prevou jugeme pro ou e b a regularl o ue
our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog e a
pe able b vle people.
(2) Vhe wou e k a hpwreke hall be ollee a are
for.
mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al
Commee of he e Cro ma offer erve o he Pare o
he o fl.
Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g o
fore b mea of peal agreeme all or par of he oher
provo of he pree Co ve o .
Vhe applao of he pree g provo hall o affe he legal
au of he Pare o he o fl.
r 4. Y ae of hole bewee la a aval fore of Pare
o he o fl he provo of he pree Co ve o cc
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.
Fore pu ahore hall mmeael beome ubje o he
provo of he Ge eva Co ve o for he melorao of he
Co o of he Wou e a Sk rme Fore he Fel of
ugu g2 g949.
r 5. c ccccche provo of he
pree Co ve o o he wou e k a hpwreke a o
member of he meal pero el a o hapla of he arme
fore of he Pare o he o fl reeve or er e her
error a well a o ea pero fou .
r 7. Wou e k a hpwreke pero a well a member
of he meal pero el a hapla ma o ruma e
re ou e par or e re he rgh eure o hem b he
pree Co ve o a b he peal agreeme referre o
he forego g rle f uh here be.
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r g2. ember of he arme fore a oher pero me o e
he follow g rle who are a ea a who are wou e k
or hpwreke hall be repee a proee all
ruma e be g u eroo ha he erm "hpwrek"
mea hpwrek from a aue a lue fore la g a ea
b or from arraf.
Suh pero hall be c
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he Pare o he o fl whoe power he ma be whou a
avere o fou e o ex rae ao al relgo
polal op o or a oher mlar rera. aemp upo
her lve or vole e o her pero hall be rl prohbe;
parular he hall o be murere or exerm ae ubjee o
orure or o bologal experme ; he hall o wlfull be lef
whou meal aa e a are or hall o o expo g
hem o o ago or feo be reae.
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r 22. lar hopal hp ha o a hp bul or equppe
b he Power peall a olel wh a vew o a g he
wou e k a hpwreke o rea g hem a o
ra por g hem ma o ruma e be aake or
apure bu hall a all me be repee a proee o
o o ha her ame a erpo have bee ofe o
he Pare o he o fl e a before hoe hp are emploe.
Vhe haraer whh mu appear he ofao
hall lue regere gro o age he le gh from em o er
a he umber of ma a fu el.
r 23. Eablhme ahore e le o he proeo of he
Ge eva Co ve o for he melorao of he Co o of he
Wou e a Sk rme Fore he Fel of ugu g2 g949
hall be proee from bombarme or aak from he ea.
r 24. opal hp ule b ?ao al e Cro Soee b
offall reog e relef oee or b prvae pero hall have
he ame proeo a mlar hopal hp a cc1
c
c$ f he Par o he o fl o whh he epe ha
gve hem a offal ommo a o far a he provo of
rle 22 o er g ofao have bee omple wh.
Vhee hp mu be prove wh erfae from he
repo ble auhore a g ha he veel have bee u er
her o rol whle f g ou a o eparure.
r 28. Shoul fgh g our o boar a warhp he k-ba hall
be repee a pare a far a poble. 0"( Y
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Y Y+ Y Y Y. Y
Y
Y". ?everhele he omma er o whoe power
he have falle ma afer e ur g he proper are of he wou e
a k who are aommoae here appl hem o oher
purpoe ae of urge mlar ee.
r 29. 'c
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r 30. Vhe veel erbe rle 22 24 25 a 27 hall
affor relef a aa e o he wou e k a hpwreke
whou o of ao al.
Vhe gh Co ra g Pare u erake o o ue hee
veel for a mlar purpoe.
Suh veel hall o we hamper he moveme of
he ombaa .
Dur g a afer a e gageme he wll a a her ow
rk.
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ra por)
r 38. Shp harere for ha purpoe hall be auhore o
ra por equpme exluvel e e for he reame of
wou e a k member of arme fore or for he preve o of
eae prove ha he parular regar g her voage have
bee ofe o he avere Power a approve b he laer. Vhe
avere Power hall preerve he rgh o boar he arrer hp bu
o o apure hem or ee he equpme arre.
B agreeme amo g he Pare o he o fl eural
oberver ma be plae o boar uh hp o verf he
equpme arre. For h purpoe free ae o he equpme
hall be gve .
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r 4g. U er he reo of he ompee mlar auhor he
emblem of he re ro o a whe grou hall be plae o he
flag armle a o c0
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?everhele he ae of ou re whh alrea ue a emblem
plae of he re ro he re ree or he re lo a u o
a whe grou hee emblem are alo reog e b he erm of
he pree Co ve o .
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r 50. Vhe gh Co ra g Pare u erake o e a a
leglao eear o prove effeve pe al a o for pero
omm g or orer g o be omme a of he grave breahe
of he pree Co ve o ef e he follow g rle.
Eah gh Co ra g Par hall be u er he oblgao
o earh for pero allege o have omme or o have orere
o be omme uh grave breahe a hall br g uh pero
regarle of her ao al before ow our. Y ma alo f
prefer a aora e wh he provo of ow leglao
ha uh pero over for ral o a oher gh Co ra g Par
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o er e prove uh gh Co ra g Par ha mae ou a
prma fae ae.
Eah gh Co ra g Par hall ake meaure eear
for he uppreo of all a o rar o he provo of he
pree Co ve o oher ha he grave breahe ef e he
follow g rle.
Y all ruma e he aue pero hall be ef b
afeguar of proper ral a efe e whh hall o be le
favourable ha hoe prove b rle g05 a hoe follow g of
he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of
War of ugu g2 g949.
r 5g. c$ o whh he pree g rle relae hall
be hoe volv g a of he follow g a f omme aga
pero or proper proee b he Co ve o wlful kll g
orure or huma reame lu g bologal experme
wlfull au g grea uffer g or erou jur o bo or healh
a exe ve eruo a approprao of proper o
jufe b mlar ee a arre ou u lawfull a
wa o l.
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r 2. Y ao o he provo whh hall be mpleme e
peae me he pree Co ve o hall appl o all ae of
elare war or of a oher arme o fl whh ma are
bewee wo or more of he gh Co ra g Pare eve f he
ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or
oal oupao of he error of a gh Co ra g Par eve f
he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e.
lhough o e of he Power o fl ma o be a par
o he pree Co ve o he Power who are pare hereo hall
rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore
be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a Power f he
laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
r 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
ourr g he error of o e of he gh Co ra g Pare eah
Par o he o fl hall be bou o appl a a
he
follow g
provo
(g) Pero ak g o ave par he hole lu g
member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
aue hall all ruma e be reae huma el whou a
avere o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex
brh or wealh or a oher mlar rera. Vo h e he
follow g a are a hall rema prohbe a a me a a
plae whaoever wh repe o he above-me o e pero
(a) vole e o lfe a pero parular murer of all k
mulao ruel reame a orure;
(b) ak g of hoage;
() ourage upo pero al g parular humla g a
egra g reame ;
() he pa g of e e e a he arr g ou of exeuo
whou prevou jugme pro ou e b a regularl o ue
our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog e a
pe able b vle people.
(2) Vhe wou e a k hall be ollee a are for.
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r g4. Pro er of war are e le all ruma e o repe
for her pero a her ho our.
Wome hall be reae wh all he regar ue o her
ex a hall all ae be ef b reame a favourable a ha
gra e o me .
Pro er of war hall
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whh
he e joe a he me of her apure. Vhe Dea g Power ma
o rer he exere eher wh or whou ow error of
he rgh uh apa o fer exep o far a he apv
requre.
r g5. Vhe Power ea g pro er of war hall be bou o
prove free of harge for her ma e a e a for he meal
ae o requre b her ae of healh.
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r g7. Ever pro er of war whe queo e o he ubje
bou o gve o l h ur ame fr ame a ra k ae of brh
a arm regme al pero al or eral umber or fal g h
equvale formao .
Yf he wlfull fr ge h rule he ma re er hmelf
lable o a rero of he prvlege aore o h ra k or au.
Eah Par o a o fl requre o fur h he pero
u er juro who are lable o beome pro er of war
wh a e ar how g he ow er' ur ame fr ame
ra k arm regme al pero al or eral umber or equvale
formao a ae of brh. Vhe e ar ma furhermore
bear he g aure or he f gerpr or boh of he ow er a
ma bear a well a oher formao he Par o he o fl
ma wh o a o er g pero belo g g o arme fore.
far a poble he ar hall meaure 6.5 x g0 m. a hall be
ue uplae. Vhe e ar hall be how b he pro er
of war upo ema bu ma o ae be ake awa from hm.
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Y Y Y YY+ Y YY +Y
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Pro er of war who ow g o her phal or me al
o o are u able o ae her e hall be ha e over o
he meal erve. Vhe e of uh pro er hall be
eablhe b all poble mea ubje o he provo of he
pree g paragraph.
Vhe queo g of pro er of war hall be arre ou
a la guage whh he u era .
r g8. ll effe a arle of pero al ue exep arm hore
mlar equpme a mlar oume hall rema he
poeo of pro er of war lkewe her meal helme a ga
mak a lke arle ue for pero al proeo . Effe a
arle ue for her loh g or fee g hall lkewe rema
her poeo eve f uh effe a arle belo g o her
regulao mlar equpme .
o me houl pro er of war be whou e
oume . Vhe Dea g Power hall uppl uh oume o
pro er of war who poe o e.
Bage of ra k a ao al eorao a arle
hav g above all a pero al or e me al value ma o be ake
from pro er of war.
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Pro er of war wh he exepo of offer mu alue a
how o all offer of he Dea g Power he exer al mark of
repe prove for b he regulao appl g her ow fore.
Offer pro er of war are bou o alue o l offer of a hgher
ra k of he Dea g Power; he mu however alue he amp
omma er regarle of h ra k.
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r 49. Vhe Dea g Power ma ule he labour of pro er of
war who are phall f ak g o aou her age ex ra k
a phal apue a wh a vew parularl o ma a g
hem a goo ae of phal a me al healh.
?o -ommo e offer who are pro er of war hall
o l be requre o o upervor work. Vhoe o o requre ma
ak for oher uable work whh hall o far a poble be fou
for hem.
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Vhroughou he urao of hole Pare o he
o fl hall e eavour wh he ooperao of he eural Power
o er e o make arra geme for he aommoao eural
ou re of he k a wou e pro er of war referre o
he eo paragraph of he follow g rle. Vhe ma ao
o lue agreeme wh a vew o he re reparao or
er me a eural ou r of able-boe pro er of war who
have u ergo e a lo g pero of apv.
?o k or jure pro er of war who elgble for
reparao u er he fr paragraph of h rle ma be
reparae aga h wll ur g hole.
r gg0. Vhe follow g hall be
re
(g) Y urabl wou e a k whoe me al or phal f e
eem o have bee gravel m he.
(2) Wou e a k who aor g o meal op o are o
lkel o reover wh o e ear whoe o o requre
reame a whoe me al or phal f e eem o have bee
gravel m he.
(3) Wou e a k who have reovere bu whoe me al or
phal f e eem o have bee gravel a perma e l
m he.
Vhe follow g ma be aommoae a eural ou r
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r. 2. Y ao o he provo whh cc
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he pree Co ve o hall appl o all ae of
elare war or of a oher arme o fl whh ma are
bewee wo or more of he gh Co ra g Pare eve f he
ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or oal
oupao of he error of a gh Co ra g Par eve f he
a oupao mee wh o arme rea e.
lhough o e of he Power o fl ma o be a par o he
pree Co ve o he Power who are pare hereo hall
rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore
be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a Power f he
laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
r. 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
ourr g he error of o e of he gh Co ra g Pare eah
Par o he o fl hall be bou o ,ccc
he
follow g
provo
(g) Pero ak g o ave par he hole lu g
member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
aue hall all ruma e be reae huma el whou a
avere o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex
brh or wealh or a oher mlar rera.
Vo h e he follow g a are a hall rema prohbe a a
me a a plae whaoever wh repe o he aboveme o e pero
(a) vole e o lfe a pero parular murer of all k
mulao ruel reame a orure;
(b) ak g of hoage;
() ourage upo pero al g parular humla g a
egra g reame ;
() he pa g of e e e a he arr g ou of exeuo
whou prevou jugme pro ou e b a regularl o ue
our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog e a
pe able b vle people.
(2) Vhe wou e a k hall be ollee a are for.
mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al
Commee of he e Cro ma offer erve o he Pare o
he o fl.
Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g o
fore b mea of peal agreeme all or par of he oher
provo of he pree Co ve o .
Vhe applao of he pree g provo hall o affe he legal
au of he Pare o he o fl.
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r. 4. Pero proee b he Co ve o are hoe who a a
gve mome a a ma er whaoever f hemelve
ae of a o fl or oupao
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r. g5. Par o he o fl ma eher re or hrough a
eural Sae or ome huma ara orga ao propoe o he
avere Par o eablh he rego where fgh g ak g
plae
?c? e e o heler from he effe of war
he follow g pero whou
o
(a) wou e a k ombaa or o -ombaa ;
(b) vla pero who ake o par hole a who whle
he ree he o e perform o work of a mlar haraer.
Whe he Pare o er e have agree upo he
geographal poo am rao foo uppl a upervo
of he propoe eurale o e a wre agreeme hall be
o lue a g e b he repree ave of he Pare o he
o fl. Vhe agreeme hall fx he beg g a he urao of
he euralao of he o e.
r. g8.
c
orga e o gve are o he wou e a
k he frm a maer ae
c
cc$
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$.
Sae whh are Pare o a o fl hall prove all
vla hopal wh erfae how g ha he are vla
hopal a ha he bul g whh he oup are o ue for
a purpoe whh woul eprve hee hopal of proeo
aora e wh rle g9.
Cvla hopal hall be marke b mea of he emblem
prove for rle 38 of he Ge eva Co ve o for he
melorao of he Co o of he Wou e a Sk rme
Fore he Fel of g2 ugu g949 bu o l f o auhore b
he Sae.
Vhe Pare o he o fl hall o far a mlar
o erao perm ake he eear ep o make he
ve emblem a g vla hopal learl vble o he
r.24. Vhe Pare o he o fl hall ake he eear meaure
o e ure ha hlre u er ffee who are orpha e or are
eparae from her famle a a reul of he war are o lef o
her ow reoure a ha her ma e a e he exere of
her relgo a her euao are falae all ruma e.
Vher euao hall a far a poble be e rue o pero of a
mlar ulural rao .
Vhe Pare o he o fl hall falae he reepo of
uh hlre a eural ou r for he urao of he o fl
wh he o e of he Proe g Power f a a u er ue
afeguar for he oberva e of he pr ple ae he fr
paragraph.
Vhe hall furhermore e eavour o arra ge for all
hlre u er welve o be e fe b he wear g of e
or b ome oher mea .
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r. 27. Proee pero are e le all ruma e o
repe for her pero her ho our her faml rgh her
relgou o vo a prae a her ma er a uom.
Vhe hall a all me be
reae a hall be proee
epeall aga all a of vole e or hrea hereof a aga
ul a publ uro.
Wome hall be epeall proee aga a aak o
her ho our parular aga rape e fore prouo or a
form of ee aaul.
Whou prejue o he provo rela g o her ae
of healh age a ex all proee pero hall be reae wh
he ame o erao b he Par o he o fl whoe power
he are whou a avere o bae parular o
rae relgo or polal op o .
owever he Pare o he o fl ma ake uh
meaure of o rol a eur regar o proee pero a
ma be eear a a reul of he war.
r. 28. Vhe $ccc$cc
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r. 35. ll proee pero who ma ere o he error
a he oue of or ur g a o fl hall be e le o o o u le
her eparure o rar o he ao al ere of he Sae. Vhe
applao of uh pero o leave hall be ee aora e
wh regularl eablhe proeure a he eo hall be
ake a rapl a poble. Vhoe pero perme o leave ma
prove hemelve wh he eear fu for her jour e a
ake wh hem a reao able amou of her effe a arle of
pero al ue.
Yf a uh pero refue permo o leave he
error he hall be e le o have refual reo ere a oo
a poble b a approprae our or am rave boar
eg ae b he Dea g Power for ha purpoe.
Upo reque repree ave of he Proe g Power
hall u le reao of eur preve or he pero o er e
obje be fur he wh he reao for refual of a reque for
permo o leave he error a be gve a expeoul a
poble he ame of all pero who have bee e e permo
o leave.
r. 38. Wh he exepo of peal meaure auhore b he
pree Co ve o parularl b rle 27 a 4g hereof he
uao of proee pero hall o ue o be regulae
pr ple b he provo o er g ale me of peae. Y a
ae he follow g rgh hall be gra e o hem
(g) he hall be e able o reeve he vual or olleve relef
ha ma be e o hem.
(2) he hall f her ae of healh o requre reeve meal
ae o a hopal reame o he ame exe a he ao al
of he Sae o er e.
(3) he hall be allowe o prae her relgo a o reeve
prual aa e from m er of her fah.
(4) f he ree a area parularl expoe o he a ger of
war he hall be auhore o move from ha area o he ame
exe a he ao al of he Sae o er e.
(5) hlre u er ffee ear preg a wome a moher of
hlre u er eve ear hall be ef b a prefere al
reame o he ame exe a he ao al of he Sae
o er e.
r. 40. Proee pero ma be ompelle o work o l o he
ame exe a ao al of he Par o he o fl whoe
error he are.
Yf proee pero are of e em ao al he ma
o l be ompelle o o work whh ormall eear o e ure
he fee g heler g loh g ra por a healh of huma
be g a whh o rel relae o he o u of mlar
operao .
Y he ae me o e he wo pree g paragraph proee
pero ompelle o work hall have he be ef of he ame
work g o o a of he ame afeguar a ao al worker
parular a regar wage hour of labour loh g a
equpme prevou ra g a ompe ao for oupao al
ae a eae.
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r. 42. Vhe er me or pla g ag e ree e of proee
pero ma be orere o l f he eur of he Dea g Power
make aboluel eear.
Page ggg of g *
ccc-$$
c ccc
c$c
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c,c
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Vhe eah pe al
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proee pero u le he ae o of he our ha bee
parularl alle o he fa ha e he aue o a ao al
Page gg) of g *
r. 8g. Pare o he o fl who er proee pero hall be
bou o prove cc$cc
c
$ a o gra
hem alo he meal ae o requre b her ae of healh.
?o euo from he allowa e alare or re ue
o he er ee hall be mae for he repame of hee o.
Vhe Dea g Power hall prove for he uppor of hoe
epe e o he er ee f uh epe e are whou
aequae mea of uppor or are u able o ear a lv g.
cYY/c $ccY
c
r. 83. Vhe Dea g Power hall o e up plae of er me
area parularl expoe o he a ger of war.
Vhe Dea g Power hall gve he e em Power hrough
he ermear of he Proe g Power all ueful formao
regar g he geographal loao of plae of er me .
Whe ever mlar o erao perm er me
amp hall be ae b he leer YC plae o a o be learl
vble he ame from he ar. Vhe Power o er e ma
however agree upo a oher em of mark g. ?o plae oher
ha a er me amp hall be marke a uh.
r.84. Y er ee hall be $$
cc
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r. 89. Dal foo rao for er ee hall be uffe
qua qual a vare o keep er ee a goo ae of
healh a preve he evelopme of uro al efe e.
ou hall alo be ake of he uomar e of he er ee.
Y er ee hall alo be gve he mea b whh he a
prepare for hemelve a ao al foo her poeo .
Suffe r k g waer hall be upple o er ee.
Vhe ue of obao hall be perme.
Y er ee who work hall reeve ao al rao
proporo o he k of labour whh he perform.
Expea a ur g moher a hlre u er ffee
ear of age hall be gve ao al foo proporo o her
phologal ee.
r. 90. Whe ake o uo er ee hall be gve all
fale o prove hemelve wh he eear loh g
foowear a ha ge of u erwear a laer o o proure furher
upple f requre. Shoul a er ee o have uffe
loh g aou be g ake of he lmae a be u able o
proure a hall be prove free of harge o hem b he
Dea g Power.
Vhe loh g upple b he Dea g Power o er ee
a he ouwar mark g plae o her ow lohe hall o be
g om ou or expoe hem o rule.
Worker hall reeve uable work g ouf lu g
proeve loh g whe ever he aure of her work o requre.
cY4/c>
cc#
$c'
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r. 9g. Ever plae of er me hall have a aequae frmar
u er he reo of a qualfe oor where er ee ma have
he ae o he requre a well a a approprae e. Yolao
war hall be e ae for ae of o agou or me al eae.
aer ae a er ee uffer g from erou
eae or whoe o o requre peal reame a urgal
operao or hopal are mu be ame o a uo
where aequae reame a be gve a hall reeve are o
feror o ha prove for he ge eral populao .
Y er ee hall for prefere e have he ae o of
meal pero el of her ow ao al.
Page gg of g *
Page gg of g *
cc
cc$cc
$,ccc$
c
c
/c
.$
c4/cY
c1ccc'$c
r. g36. Upo he oubreak of a o fl a all ae of
oupao eah of he Pare o he o fl hall eablh a
offal Y formao Bureau
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Eah of he Pare o he o fl hall wh he hore poble
pero gve Bureau formao of a meaure ake b
o er g a proee pero who are kep uo for more
ha wo week who are ubjee o ag e ree e or who
are er e. Y hall furhermore requre varou eparme
Page gg2 of g *
hall reeve from he Pare o he o fl all reao able fale
for effe g uh ra mo .
Vhe gh Co ra g Pare a parular hoe whoe
ao al be ef b he erve of he Ce ral ge are
requee o gve he a ge he f a al a ma requre.
Vhe forego g provo hall o wa be erpree a rer g
he huma ara ave of he Y er ao al Commee of he
e Cro a of he relef Soee erbe rle g42.
r. g4g. Vhe ao al Y formao Bureaux a he Ce ral
Y formao ge hall e jo free poage for all mal lkewe he
exempo prove for rle gg0 a furher o far a
poble exempo from elegraph harge or a lea greal
reue rae.
c
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PV g GE?EL POMYSYO?S
Preamble
Vc ear e wh o ee peae preval amo g people
Vc ever Sae ha he u o refra from he hrea or ue of fore
aga he overeg erroral egr or polal
epe e e of a Sae
Sope (rle g)
Vc Y ae o overe b h Proool or b oher er ao al
agreeme vla a ombaa rema u er he
proeo a auhor of he pr ple of er ao al law
erve from eablhe uom from he pr ple of huma
a from ae of publ o e e.
Vc appl o all ae of elare war or of a oher arme o fl
whh ma are bewee wo or more of he gh Co ra g
Pare eve f he ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
Vc appl o all ae of paral or oal oupao of he error of
a gh Co ra g Par eve f he a oupao mee wh
o arme rea e.
Vc lhough o e of he Power o fl ma o be a par o he
pree Co ve o he Power who are pare hereo hall
rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall
furhermore be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a
Power f he laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
Vc arme o fl whh people are fgh g aga olo al
om ao a ale oupao a aga ra regme he
exere of her rgh of elf-eerm ao
Def o (rle 2)
Vc ule of er ao al law applable arme o fl" mea he
rule applable arme o fl e forh er ao al
agreeme o whh he Pare o he o fl are Pare a he
ge erall reog e pr ple a rule of er ao al law
whh are applable o arme o fl
Vc Proe g Power" mea a eural or oher Sae o a Par o
he o fl whh ha bee eg ae b a Par o he o fl
a aepe b he avere Par a ha agree o arr ou
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
,C
Page gg3 of g *
Sope (rle 9)
Vc hall appl o all hoe affee b a uao referre o rle
g whou a avere o fou e o rae olour ex
la guage relgo or belef polal or oher op o ao al or
oal org wealh brh or oher au or o a oher mlar
rera.
Proeo of Pero (rle gg)
Vc ll he wou e k a hpwreke o whhever Par he
belo g hall be repee a proee
Vc Vhe phal or me al healh a egr of pero who are
he power of he avere Par or who are er e ea e or
oherwe eprve of lber hall o be e a gere b a
u jufe a or omo
Vc prohbe o arr ou o uh pero eve wh her o e
phal mulao meal or e f experme removal of
ue or orga for ra pla ao
Vc Exepo o he prohbo o l he ae of o ao of
bloo for ra fuo or of k for graf g prove ha he are
gve volu arl a whou a oero or ueme a
he o l for herapeu purpoe
Proeo of eal U
Vc eal u hall be repee a proee a all me a
hall o be he obje of aak (rle g2)
Vc U er o ruma e hall meal u be ue a aemp
o hel mlar objeve from aak (rle g2)
Vc proeo o whh vla meal u are e le hall o
eae u le he are ue o omm oue her huma ara
fu o a harmful o he e em (rle g3)
Vc o be o ere a a harmful o he e em ha he
pero el of he u are equppe wh lgh vual weapo
for her ow efe e or for ha of he wou e a k her
harge ha he u guare b a pke or b e re or b a
eor ha mall arm a ammu o ake from he wou e
a k a o e ha e o he proper erve are fou
he u ha member of he arme fore or oher ombaa
are he u for meal reao (rle g3)
Proeo of vla meal a relgou pero el (rle g5)
Vc Cvla meal pero el hall be repee a proee
Vc Vhe Oup g Power hall affor vla meal pero el
oupe errore ever aa e o e able hem o perform
o he be of her abl her huma ara fu o
Vc Cvla relgou pero el hall be repee a proee
ole of he vla populao a of a oee (rle g7)
Vc Vhe vla populao hall repe he wou e k a
hpwreke eve f he belo g o he avere Par a hall
omm o a of vole e aga hem
Ye fao (rle g8)
Vc vla meal pero el a vla relgou pero el houl
be reog able b he ve emblem a a e ar
erf g her au
Vc a Par o he o fl ma auhore he ue of ve g al
o e f meal u a ra por
eal Vra porao
Vc eal vehle hall be repee a proee he ame
wa a moble meal u (rle 2g)
Page ggJ of g *
Page gg of g *
Page gg+ of g *
Page g)* of g *
c.$c $c
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$c'
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ccc $
cc4
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Vhe rule oberve er ao al arme o fl are alo
applable o - er ao al arme o fl.
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'/c"= - Y' Y- c'(c
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D ve Emblem (rle 2)
Vc Vh Proool reog e a ao al ve emblem
ao o a for he ame purpoe a he ve
emblem of he Ge eva Co ve o . Vhe ve emblem
hall e jo equal au.
Vc Vh ao al ve emblem ompoe of a re frame
he hape of a quare o ege o a whe grou hall o form
o he llurao he ex o h Proool. Vh ve
emblem referre o h Proool a he "hr Proool
emblem".
Y ave ue of he hr Proool emblem (rle 3)
Vc ?ao al Soee of hoe gh Co ra g Pare whh ee
o ue he hr Proool emblem ma u g he emblem
o form wh releva ao al leglao hooe o
orporae wh for ave purpoe
a) a ve emblem reog e b he Ge eva Co ve o or
a omb ao of hee emblem; or
b) a oher emblem whh ha bee effeve ue b a gh
Co ra g Par a wa he ubje of a ommu ao o he
oher gh Co ra g Pare a he Y er ao al Commee of
he e Cro hrough he epoar pror o he aopo of h
Proool.
r
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9
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Page g) of g *
he pr ple of he law of Lba ommo o he pr ple of
er ao al law a he abe e of uh ommo pr ple
he b a aora e wh he ge eral pr ple of law
lu g uh of hoe pr ple a ma have bee apple b
er ao al rbu al. Furher u er he o eo o ra a
pue ar g from he erpreao of he erm of he
agreeme ( lu g allege breahe of he ablao laue)
hall be ubme o er ao al arbrao .
((( Y! Y+
Y Y 0Y Y Y ! +
Y Y
% Y Y Y! YY +%Y+ 4YYY
4C?
@+"!
;%E Y +-Y& +- +Y Y+Y
YYY Y
YY Y Y
YY Y<
Y g973 a g974 Lba ee o ao ale he propere a
ae of wo mera ompa e whh were gra e o eo
o ra o explo a exra ol. Vhe o e o e er o wo
laue he o eo o ra (g) he ablao laue
whh prove ha he o raual rgh exprel reae b h
o eo hall o be alere exep b muual o e of he
pare a (2) he gover g law laue whh prove ha he
o eo hall be gover e b a erpree aora e wh
5+"!
c
;VYY Y Y Y
8Y YYY
Y
+ Y YY Y Y+ Y
Y Y YY
Y+ Y &+
+ +Y
Y<
BP Explorao Compa (BP) ha a o raual agreeme wh he
Gover me of Lba (Lba) whh allowe BP o operae Lba
for he exrao proe g a expor of peroleum. Vhe area
whh BP wa allowe o operae wa alle Co eo 65; ha a
area of over 8000 q. km. he hear of he Sarr eer. O
?ovember 29 a 30 of g97g he Gover me of Yra oupe 3
Yla he Gulf (bu ua a he Greaer a Leer Vumb).
Vhee Yla were ll u er Brh proeo hough he rea
whh prove uh proeo woul la o l u l ?ov. 30 g97g.
Vhe Brh however o rea o he oupao a were
blame o be he aue of he lo of he Yla . Y Deember 7 of
g97g Lba pae he BP ?ao alao Law whh ao ale
he operao of BP Co eo 65 reor g o he Sae
ow erhp of all propere rgh ae a hare he
operao o ue he a area a he ra ferr g hee
o a ew ompa he raba Gulf Explorao Compa . Vhe law
wa pae reao o Bra
falure o a o he Yra a
oupao of hree proeorae la he Gulf. Vhe
ao alao law prove ha he Sae houl pa
ompe ao o BP whh wa o be eerm e b a ommee
eablhe b he er of Peroleum. Vhe eo of uh a
Page g) of g *
.
!
+"!
(4;0Y Y Y
YY YY
+ Y ++ Y Y Y +<
;%
Y YY#Y
Y
+<
; + Y Y Y
++ " YY
Y +<
;Y+ Y
Y YY "+
+Y
Y ++8 Y
.
Y
Y
YY + YY Y "+
+<
Y g973 a g974 Lba ao ale boh LYCO' rgh u er he
o eo a era of ol rll g equpme . Follow g
u ueful egoao regar g ompe ao LYCO rejee
he erm of he ao alao a ae proee g u er he
arbrao laue. Lba ma a g ha he ao alao
uperee he o eo alogeher refue o parpae he
Ge eva proee g. LYCO afer oba g a favorable rul g
br g ao o he Dr Cour of he Dr of Columba o
o frm a e fore uh rul g. Y br g g he u LYCO
voke he juro of he Cour purua o mera Law o
o ga Foreg Sae argu g ha Lba o mmu e
u er he Foreg Sovereg Ymmu e (FSY). LYCO furher
o e ha he Co ve o o he eog o a E foreme
of Foreg rbral war (Co ve o ) requre he o frmao of
he awar. Lba oe o halle ge he val of he u erl g
awar. Y ea mou a wo pro ge efe e argu g fr ha
he Cour whou juro a eo ha eve houl he
Cour f juro houl refra from e for g he awar
u er he Co ve o beaue of he a of ae or e. Vh ae
wa brough before a mera Cour o beaue ha where
wll be lgae bu beaue LYCO wa e he arbral eo
re ere Ge eva o be o frme he U e Sae.
Vhe Dr Cour of he Dr of Columba mae everal
pro ou eme releva u er er ao al law. Fr hel ha
he arbrao laue of he o eo o ra bewee LYCO
a Lba uffe o br g pue ar g u er wh he
amb of er ao al law. uh a far a mera law
o er e ha aqure juro over Lba owha g
uppoel mmu e au a a ae beaue of he arbrao
laue (whh prove ha arbrao houl ake plae eher
where he pare agree or where he arbraor mgh agree)
ha o emplae arbrao a where he worl lu g he
U e Sae.
Seo h ae releva exproprao law beaue
reog e ha meaure fall g wh he a of ae or e47
a o be queo e b a oher foreg ae. Y oe o mea
ha he our before whh a ae brough a be eprve of
juro properl aqure a h ae. Y o l mea ha
lga g a lam all he pare o he pue lu g he our
woul ake a a gve ha a a of ae val a legmae. Y
hor all oher po of ue ma be lgae exep wheher or
o he home ae jufe expropra g.
U er mera law parularl he ke looper me me o
48
he Foreg a e a of ae ma be pae upo f
uh woul amou o a o faor ak g volave of er ao al
law a he Pree of he U e Sae oe o exere h
prerogave b reao of foreg pol o prelue mera our
from o g o. U er h o erao he Dr Cour me
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Page g)2 of g *
LYCO
lam a be g o juable a mae wo
pro ou eme releva o exproprao law he ak g
requreme of he ke looper ame me wa o afe
beaue (g) o raual rgh are o proper a he
repuao of o raual oblgao o a ak g wh he
mea g of he law; a he volave of er ao al law reque
wa alo o afe beaue (2) a ak g o re ere volave
of er ao al law mpl beaue he veor o afe wh
he amou of ompe ao he home ae prepare o pa; a
lo g a here ex a meha m for ompe ao wh he law of
he home ae he ak g lawful.
c
4;m Y YY+ YYYY8
+ Y+ YY
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c c ) $c c ) "c
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c c # c c c !#c c ! c c
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Seo l he Sare ae alo g fa beaue eparure
from he %2$ vew o raual rgh are eeme o be
proper for purpoe of exproprao law. Vhe or e of he ae
ha meaure of exproprao or ak g prmarl ame a
phal proper have bee eeme o ompre alo rgh of a
o raual aure loel relae o he phal proper. Vhe
o raual rgh referre o b he Vrbu al lue uh
a gble ae a ma ageme rgh legmae veme bake expeao he ompleo of he ve ure a rgh o
proee. Vhe Vrbu al um la ow he or e ha
exproprao ma be re or re a ha ma be
u erake hrough a leral ak g of a phal ae or hrough a
eprvao of ow erhp rgh loel relae o a phal
proper.
6
+&
;%Y Y Y Y+Y
Y 8
Y
+ YYY Y
Y Y Y Y
Y+ + YY Y Y Y "
+ YY Y+ Y
Y <
m ol a mera ompa whh wa gra e a ol
o eo b Kuwa. owever Kuwa b Deree erm ae he
agreeme before expr a ra ferre he o eo ae o
elf. m ol queo he legal of he erm ao u er he
ablao laue of he o ra parularl r g7 a r
gg(B). Vhe provo prohb a ao alao of he ol ve ure. r
g7 ae ha o alerao hall be mae he erm of h
greeme exep he eve of he Shakh a he Compa
jo l agree g ha erable he ere of boh pare o
make era alerao eleo or ao . r gg(B) ae
ha ave a aforea h greeme hall o be erm ae
before he exprao of he pero pefeexep b urre er a
prove rle g2 or f he Compa hall be efaul u er he
arbrao provo of rle g8. Kuwa efe e of
ao voke he pr ple of overeg over aural reoure
whh aor g o a mperave rule of ju oge . Vh
pr ple prohb Sae from gv g guara ee aga he exere
of he publ auhor over aural reoure.
Y o ra wh Dupu
arbral eo he VY ae he
arbral our %+ exprel reerae ha here o rule
er ao al law aboluel prelu g a home ae from
expropra g. Vhe o l lmao (a o abolue exepo ) o
h rule are hree-fol Sae ma plege o o ao ale bu
o l f a] for a erou u erak g; b] exprel pulae
for; ] over a lme pero. Y hor a home ae ma vall
wave expropraor prerogave o l for a lme me (he
prohbo aga ak g a o be perpeual) o l upo erou
u erak g (oher veme of a maller ale ma be
exproprae more expeoul) a a ae a uh
lmao mu be emboe he o ra. Vhe expropraor
power of he ae he ge eral rule a herefore a lmao
o exere a o be mple. Y o er g he legal
o eque e of a expropraor a o erao mu be gve
o wheher he veor ha bee aequael proee b expre
provo of he o ra rela g o ompe ao . Vhe
ompe abl of a expropraor a ro gl mlae aga he
preumpo ha he home ae a ake proper whou
eear legal o eque e he exere of overeg . Vhe
Vrbu al alo erpree r g7 a gg(B) a o aboluel
forb g ao alao beaue mplel requre ha
ao alao hall o have a o faor haraer. Lal he
Vrbu al gave ue re o he fa ha he a of Kuwa wa
purua e of a legmae ae pol. Y o ere ha he
u erak g (he exrao of ol) wa a fr ree o arrow
parmo al e ha a a f a al ve ure e ere o b he
Kuwa gover me for gover me al purpoe. Laer beame
a ee al rume he eo om a oal progre of he
Sae a eve e b he progreve evelopme of Kuwa law
wh a vew o ak g a ave role he evelopme of ow
reoure wh error. uh he exproprao h ae
Page g)3 of g *
&
+
$*! ao alao o llegal per e bu llegal f
o e o eape oblgao e ere o b he ae a f here
o promp a aequae ompe ao ( lue + Y).
(g) Exproprao ma be o e for a publ purpoe a o merel
for publ ul
(2) Compe abl he orm; he proe or qua um of
ompe ao o. exproprao herefore eeme lawful a
lo g a provo for ompe ao ex alhough ma be
u afaor o he veor ubje o he ubmo of a
pue o arbrao
(3) Vak g ma be o e ueve age; he fa ha he
e re eo om bra h o whh a e erpre belo g wa o
exproprae o eearl a bage of rm aor e
(4) home ae o bou b oblgao o rae b prvae
e e wh errore. For a uh oblgao o are a lear
u o he par of he home ae mu be emboe he
o ra
moo a Sw ompa a a wholl ow e ubar of
Sa ar Ol a mera ompa . moo e ere o a jo
ve ure wh ?PC a Yra a ompa o rolle b he Yra a
gover me o form Khemo a Yra a ompa jo l ow e
a ma age b moo a ?PC. Vhe ve ure ough o proe
a ell Yra a aural ga eah o ra g par hav g 50%
hare he prof o be reale. Y g980 he Khemo greeme
whh wa b erm val for 35 ear wa elare ull a vo
b he Yra a gover me follow g he g979 Yra a revoluo a
he mpleme ao of Yra a leglao (he S gle rle of
g980) ha wa e e o omplee he ao alao of he
Yra a ol ur. moo fle a u for ompe ao for he
ak g of ere Khemo.
Vhe fr or e of foreg veme law ha wa pro ou e
moo ha he grou for exproprao whh wa formerl
lme o publ + (a expree he - ae) ha bee
expa e o he more ge eral erm publ Y. Y herefore
o eee for he expropra g home ae o prove ha wa e
o exere ow erhp over he proper ake for he ue of he
publ. Y e ough ha he ak g be o e purua e of ome
publ purpoe49.
Seo l he ae reerae he or e LYCO ha a ak g
afe er ao al a ar of lawful e whe prove for a
meha m for he pame of ompe ao . U er he S gle
rle a peal ommo wll be o ue o eerm e
he amou of ompe ao ue o he foreg veor a
agreeme over he qua um of whh ma be ubme for
arbrao . moo o aval of h reme a o a o be
a ha he exproprao wa u lawful Y Ybeaue o
gra ompe ao uh ma er a wh uh me a o
af he veor. Wha woul make a a of ak g u lawful
u er er ao al law woul be he abe e of a provo for
ompe ao .
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*
c $cc
c c# c c#$c c% cc c $cc
c ( c c c ) c $
c c ) c ! c c $c ! c
! c c
$c c Kc c
$c c c%(!
c& cc 3c
Vhrl he moo ae alo ruve wh regar o he ue of
rm aor ak g. Y he 7
ae he Vrbu al auall fou
ha here wa a rm aor exproprao beaue wa
u erake o l aga BP a o aga oher mlar ve ure of
oher ao ale. Vhe Vrbu al he % ae o rule ha
a exproprao Y Y u lawful beaue ree o l aga
a parular e wh a larger ur. Vhe Vrbu al h ae
reog e ha he a of exproprao whh he prerogave of
he home ae ma be u erake uh ma er a o be
eerm e b he home ae purua e of pole. Vhe o exproprao of a e re bra h of eo om av o elf
rm ao abe a eve e of pae ba fah or
rm aor eg . Sa he Vrbu al eao pef o he
o -exproprae e erpre or o he exproprae o e or o boh
ma juf uh a ffere e of reame . Furhermore a
oberve b he arbral rbu al %2!$ a ohere pol of
ao alao a reao abl be operae grauall ueve
age.
Lal he mpora or e la ow h ae ha
ablao laue mu be lear ema g from he home
ae oblgao whh he veor ae a e fore aga .
be uh u equvoal pulao he o ra he home ae
a o be eeme o have bee a par o he o ra a a o
herefore be hel lable u er erm. Y h ae o lear
oblgao wa mpoe b he o eo o ra o he Yra
gover me . Vhere wa o how g ha he o ra o a e a
ablao laue ha woul have oblgae he Yra a
gover me o ulae he o ra from a ha ge ome
law ha woul affe he o ra
operao . uh he Yra a
gover me a o be a o have exproprae moo
proper
breah of oblgao beaue o oblgao ex o par. Y
o luo he Vrbu al orere Yra
ompe ao of moo a a
eear legal o eque e of he ak g a uh exproprao
wa lafe a a lawful o e u er er ao al law hereb
ega g he propre of a awar of amage.
+
4;m +Y Y YY
Y Y Y + <
;,+Y YY
Y
YY Y
Y Y Y
YY Y<
;VY Y"
Y Y
Y
Y YY YY +Y<
Phllp e ere o a Jo Sruure greeme wh Yra a
Gover me o explo ol. Ymam Khome park a revoluo
uum of g978 a uee oppl g over he pa regme
Februar g979. Vhe revoluo ar gover me ee o whraw
all ol o ra wh foreg ompa e u er he gue of
?ao alao
-weer e me . Vhe ompa he ue for
reover of ompe ao form he Yra a gover me .
Vhe
++ ae g fa ha reerae he or e o
re exproprao eablhe he 0 Y ae. Vh ae
however furher qualfe he o ep of re exproprao b
pro ou g ha (g) exproprao ee o be of o raual rgh
loel relae o a phal proper; merel requre ha he
ak g amou o a Y
Y (2) exproprao
mu be o e
+ a o merel ephemeral (3) he fou
mu be o he Y
Y
YY Y
Y a o o he e o of he home ae or he ma er
whh he exproprao u erake h heav fou o he
effe of expropraor a o he veor more ha he
Page g)J of g *
/c""c '%" c
Vhe u of foreg veme law woul o be
omplee whou elv g o o e of he mo progreve fel of
er ao al ommere free rae. Vhe u erl g ba for he
weprea promoo of lberal marke paragm he
er ao al eo om he propoo ha rae a a rule
alwa be efal a he more u hampere a equal he rae
he greaer he eo om be ef o be reape a ulmael he
greaer he level of evelopme ha all ae a aheve. g
from he ahe of Worl War YY he ao of he worl ame o he
agreeme ha aelera g he reover of evaae ae
woul e al he promoo of a er ao al meha m ha
woul falae he flow of er ao al apal from hoe who
have o hoe who ee mo. Vhe Breo Woo regme
eablhe from uh agreeme beame he preuror of moer a er ao al free rae aga wh he u erl g aumpo
ha rae ee all be efal a ha er ao al rae
woul be more falave of evelopme f were o be
u erake u er a regme of progrevel erea g arff a
rl e fore meha m o afeguar aga u far rae
prae. From he Breo Woo agreeme aroe uo
group he member of whh agree o o u er ao al rae
u er muuall favourable erm u g a mo favore ao
framework. From h uo group ame he Ge eral
greeme o Varff a Vrae. Ulmael he Worl Vrae
Orga ao wa bor a he ma feao of he ae
ere o
o u mullaeral rae wh a vew o eablh g a eo om
orer where arff are progrevel ereae a u far rae
prae are offe b eo om e foreme meaure.
Vhe Phlpp e arguabl he o l juro amo g all
he ae g aore o he WVO rea where he legal of he
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
<9
rea elf ha bee pro ou e b he hghe our of he la .
Y he ae of V% he Supreme Cour ha ha
oao o elare ha (g) he Flp o-Fr pol purporel
e hr e he Co uo ju a horaor provo whh
a o be legall e fore a a maer of rgh whou a
uppor g leglao (2) he Phlpp e oe o ahere o a
olao eo om pol a fa aommoave of
er ao al rae arra geme ha are a hore o he pol of
equal a repro (3) he WVO greeeme o ue a
rea oblgao whh he Phlpp e bou o perform u er
he pr ple of paa u erva a; a uh e he paa u
erva a or e par of er ao al law b g o he
Phlpp e b vrue of he Co uo
Y orporao Claue (4)
he er ao al free rae regme emboe he WVO
greeme repree he be poble eo om opo for he
Phlpp e o er g he preval g er ao al eo om
o ex. Vh la pro ou eme of he Cour wa u alle for a
he ver lea be g a aeme of pol whh he Cour ha o
ompee e o make. Y e g he ae he wa herefore
he Supreme Cour o o l olfe he argume ha he WVO
greeme a val rea oblgao bu alo mae he u ole
pro ou eme of he rae regme
wom a propre.
Vhe mpleme ao of he WVO greeme he
ou r however o whou ue. expee ma
o e ou o rovere have o fro e he ou r prmarl
he fel of proe g aga u far rae meaure of oher ae.
We mu remember ha he WVO eablhe o o l a pol of
progreve lower g of arff alo pu plae era meaure
of eo om e foreme o e ure ha rae bewee ao are
a equal a poble. Vhee eo om e foreme meaure are
a -ump g meaure ou erval g meaure a afeguar
meaure
(g) a -ump g meaure here ump g whe he
expor pre of a ommo le ha ormal value
he expor g ae. -ump g meaure eek o
equale rae uh ma er a for he ommo o
auall refle value from he a ar of he
expor g ae. Suh meaure mu be u erake o l
afer wa prove ha (g) a ump g ex (2) here wa
a aual jur o a ome ur (3) here a aual
l k bewee he ump g a he jur. Y ao he
meaure mu be ae b 25% of a ur affee.
(2) ou erval g meaure a ub a f a al
o rbuo b a gover me where here eher a
re fu ra fer a reve ue whh oherwe ue
forgo e or whe a gover me prove goo a
erve. Y uh ae ou erval g meaure ma be
emploe b he mpor g ae o make he prou
refle aual value ak g o o erao he
ub ha ma ufaurer have reeve. Suh
meaure ma be u erake o l f wa prove ha (g)
a ump g ex (2) here wa a aual jur o a
ome ur (3) here a aual l k bewee he
ump g a he jur.
(3) afeguar meaure afeguar meaure are
emploe whe here a how g of a rama reae
he mpor of a parular ommo. Dump g or
u far ub ee o be prove o juf reor o hee
meaure be g e ough ha urge mpor prove
alo ge a erou jur or hrea of jur ha he
former ha aue or wll aue a ha he prou
Page g) of g *
3.c %
$$c$cc5 +5.8 he
applao for remee mu follow he proe e ou
he rea; h ae he ae houl have bee brough
before he GVV a o he WVO beaue he meaure
were mpoe u er GVV.
4.c .
cc588Ec cc588Ec
cc
c
cc588cFche US mu mpoe
rae rero ha are o ju o wh rero
o ome prouo or o umpo a mu mpoe
hem aga o o l mpore bu loall harvee
prou.
Y alo releva ha o e of he reog e val grou
for he mpoo of rae rero are he o-alle
Sa ar a Phoa ar Sa ar (SPS) whh allow a
mpor g ae o mpoe rae meaure o proe huma
a mal or pla lfe or healh he error of member ae
eher from (g) e r eablhme or prea of pe or
eae (2) rk ar g from ave o am a ox or
eae-au g orga m (3) from a rk ar g from a eae
or pe arre b a a mal or pla (4) o preve or lm
oher amage he error of member ae ar g from
he rouo eablhme or prea of pe. Vhe
mpoo of hee meaure however are ubje o he
how g of uffe e f ba a he u erak g of rk
aeme meaure. halle ge o he val of SPS
meaure mu be a hore o he propoo of a avalable
aler ave o he meaure be g halle ge ha woul (g)
prove he ame or a hgher proeo ha ha gve b he
halle ge meaure a (2) be le rerve of rae.
5.c c>
cc58+(88 rk aeme a
prereque he mpoo of SPS meaure
6.c cc58+(88 qua ave rae prefere e
are volao of he mo favore ao provo of he
WVO greeme . Vhe ame arff ue mu be mpoe
o mlar prou regarle of he org .
Page g)+ of g *