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1.1 Lime
One of the oldest manufactured building materials used a

mortar and plaster by early civilizations.

B. CONCRETE
1. Cementing Materials

1.2 Gypsum

1.3 Cement

Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated, when it loses

The romans were the first to develop cement made by

about three-fourths of its combined water.

mixing slaked lime with pozzolana which hardened under

the water. An Englishman rediscovered hydraulic cement
an English bricklayer and mason invented and patented
Portland Cement today, the word cement generally refers
to Portland Cement which is principal type of cement in
use.

2. Concrete

Qualities of Good Concrete

The proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and

Should be strong, durable, of uniform quality and

water.
The Hardening of concrete is called Setting.
When cement is mixed with water and a fine aggregate or
less than 6mm(1/4) it is known as Mortar or Cement
Plaster.
When a large aggregate of more than 6mm (1/4) in size
is added to cement water and fine aggregate the product
is Concrete.
Concrete strengthened by having steel embedded is
called Reinforced Concrete.
Concrete without reinforcement is called Plain or mass
concrete.

thoroughly sound.
Good Qualities obtained through:
1. Careful selection of materials
2. Correct Proportioning
3. Thorough Mixing
4. Careful transporting and placing
5. Proper Curing or protection of the concrete after it is
placed.

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Materials of Concrete

Cement

Cement employed in reinforced-concrete

should be high grade Portland cement

conforming to ASTM standard
specifications and test for Portland
Cement.

Tests made are:

1. Soundness, or
constancy of volume
2. Time of setting
3. Fineness
4. Tensile strength of
standard sand
mortar.

Aggregates
Fine Aggregates
A good sand is well
graded from fine to
coarse has a
minimum voids.
FA shall consists of
hard, tough,
durable, uncoated
particles.
The shape of the
sand shall be
rounded or cubical
and reasonably free
form flat or
elongated pieces.

Water
Coarse Aggregates
Consists of crushed
stones, gravel.
For RC coarse
aggregates should
be well graded in
size which will
readily pass
between reinforcing
bars. (From to 1
for beams, floor
slabs, thin walls, 2
for footings, thick
walls)

Should be free from

The strength of the

oil, acid and

vegetable matter.
Should be clear and
clean.
The use of brackish
or sea water is not
allowed.
The water combines
with the cement to
form a paste which
coats and surround
the aggregates,
binds the mass
together upon
hardening.

mixture depends
directly upon the
strength of the paste.
THE LESS WATER
USED IN MIXING,
THE BETTER THE
QUALITY OF
CONCRETE.

Water-cement ratio

Slump Test

The amount of water used per bag of cement, usually

Used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix,

varies from 5-7 gallons with 6.5 gallons average for

ordinary job conditions.

defined as state of fluidity of the mix, and it includes the

entire range of fluidity from the wettest to the dries
possible mixtures

The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable.

It should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to

place in forms, not too wet that separation of the

ingredients result.

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Slump Test

Proportioning of Concrete
Class AA

1 : 1.5 : 3

Class A

1:2:4

For slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs, walls of

4 thickness

Class B

1 : 2.5 : 5

For wall thicker than 100mm(4) footings, steps, RC

on slab on fill

Class C

1:3:6

Class D

1 : 3.5 : 7

For slabs on fill

Ultimate Compressive Strength = 28 days

Mixture

Cylinder, height =
twice height

Cube 150mmx
150mmx 150mm

Class AA

2400 psi

2800 psi

Class A

2000

2400

Class B

1600

2000

Class C

1300

1600

Class D

1000

1200

Concrete mixture may be classified as

either:
a) Designed Mixture contractor is responsible in

establishing the mixture proportion

Concrete mix designs are often given by the

following ratio:

b) Prescribed Mixture the designing engineer

specify the mixture proportion. The

contractors responsibility is only to provide a
properly mixed concrete containing the right
proportions as prescribed in the plan.

Grade of Concrete/Concrete Mix

Design
add

Assume based
M20 = 1:1.5:3
on standard
Volume = 1+1.5+3=5.5
Total volume ingredients for using =1.57
Volume of broken stone Require = (3/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.856 m3
Volume of sand Require = (1.5/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.471 m3
Volume of cement = (1/5.5) x 1.57 = 0.285 m3
= 0.285m3 x1440kg/m3 = 411 kg
Ratio x total
volume x total vol.
For 1m3 of M20 (1:1.5:3)
of ingredients
Broken stone = 0.856 m3
Sand = 0.472 m3
Cement = 8.22 bag

Mixing of Concrete
A. Machine Mixing
Batch Mixing
Continuous Mixers
B. Hand Mixing

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Curing of Concrete
Concrete must be allowed to cure or harden it is placed.

The hardening process continues as long as the

temperatures are favourable and moisture is present, the
three main factors affecting the hardening are age, or
time, temperature and moisture.

Curing period or Time Required for the

Removal of Forms:
Footings

a. Massive Footings
b. Cantilever Footings
c. Slab Footings

a. 1 day (24 hours)

b. 5 days (120 hours)
c. 5 days (120 hours)

Walls and Plasters

a. Massive walls, 30cms. Thick

or more
b. Thin walls less than 30 cms
thick
c. Cantilever walls, buttresses
counter forts, diaphragms.

a. Up to 2m high, 1 day
(24hrs)
b. 2 days (48 hrs)
c. Without loads same as
b.

Columns

a. Ratio of height to at least

diameter up to 4
b. Ratio of height to least
diameter from 4 to 15

a. 2 days (48 hrs)

THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE INCREASES WITH

AGE WHEN THE CURING CONDITIONS REMAINS

FAVORABLE.

Shrinkage of Concrete and Temperature

Changes

Admixtures

Due to hardening and contraction from

Substances added to cements, mortars.

temperature changes, causes cracks the size of

which depends on the extent of the mass
In long continuous length of concrete, it is better

to place contraction joints.

Concrete admixtures includes:

Accelerators speed up setting time and to develop

earlier strength to reduce the length of time for protection.

Retarders used during very hot weather to slow down
hydration of the cement.
Air-entraining Agents minute air bubbles throughout
the concrete which generally increases the resistance of
concrete to freezing.
Waterproofing decrease the water absorption of the
concrete or mortar, it does not render concrete
waterproof.

Admixture can be grouped into 3 categories:

1. For mixing into concrete
2. Those for mixing into mortar
3. Those for surface application or finish.

Plain and Reinforced Concrete

Plain Concrete artificial

stone as a result of mixing

cement, fine aggregates
and water.
Reinforced Concrete-

concrete with reinforcement

properly embedded in a
manner that two materials
act together in resisting
forces.

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Forms for Concrete Construction:

Forms for Concrete Construction:

Forms for Concrete Construction:

Difference of Plywood and Lumber

Plywood is lumber. Lumber just refers to
wood, while plywood is a lumber product
that is made by gluing layers (plys) of thin
pieces/sheets of wood together.

Difference of Plywood and Plyboard

Plywood is thin layers of wood peeled off a log,

Plywood

glued together, and dried under pressure.

Plyboard is made from wood chips coated with

glue and dried into the board shape.

Plywood is stronger, water resistant (with the right

glue) , and more attractive to look at whether

painted or stained..

Plyboard

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Metal Reinforcement for Concrete

Steel Bars or Rods

Bars may be plain or

deformed (with lugs or

projections for better
bonding to the
concrete).
They are called billet
steel bars or rail steel
bars. Billet steel bars
are made by the open
hearth furnace.

Metal Reinforcement for Concrete

Wire Fabric wire fabric made

of cold-drawn steel wire.

Welded Wire fabric consists of

Metal Reinforcement for Concrete

Triangle-mesh Wire built up of

either single or stranded

longitudinal wires with cross
wires running diagonally.

a series wires welded together

to form a grid pattern.
Expanded Mesh manufactured

from solid steel sheets.

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